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Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 1. Blood is carried through the body in blood vessels. ____________________

____ 2. Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by the respiratory system. ____________________

____ 3. The upper chambers of the heart are called the ventricles. ____________________

____ 4. Blood from the right ventricle flows into the aorta. ____________________

____ 5. Contraction of the heart is initiated by a cluster of cardiac muscle cells called the sinoatrial node.
____________________

____ 6. Pulmonary arteries return oxygen-rich blood to the heart from the lungs. ____________________

____ 7. The superior vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
____________________

____ 8. Arteries contain valves that prevent the backward flow of blood. ____________________

____ 9. The walls of arteries contain a layer of cardiac muscle. ____________________

____ 10. Blood plasma is composed primarily of water. ____________________

____ 11. Plasmas are bits of cytoplasm pinched off from cells in bone marrow. ____________________

____ 12. A person with type AB blood can donate blood to a person with any blood type. ____________________

____ 13. A antibodies react to B antigens. ____________________

____ 14. Type O blood contains neither A nor B antigens. ____________________

____ 15. People with type A blood have A antigens on their red blood cells. ____________________

____ 16. The lymphatic system returns fluids from around cells back to the blood vessels. ____________________

____ 17. The smallest bronchioles end in clusters of air sacs called alveoli, where gases are exchanged in the lungs.
____________________

____ 18. Hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide to the lungs. ____________________

____ 19. The majority of lung cancer cases are attributed to air pollution.

____ 20. Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, which causes coughing.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which of the following is not a function of the human cardiovascular system?
helping the body maintain a constant body temperature a.
carrying wastes to the urinary system b.
distributing nutrients throughout the body c.
filtering wastes out of the blood d.
____ 2. The heart chamber that receives blood from the venae cavae is the
left ventricle. c. left atrium. a.
right ventricle. d. right atrium. b.
____ 3. The ventricles are
the upper chambers of the heart. a.
the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body. b.
the chambers of the heart that receive blood from the lungs and the rest of the body. c.
lower chambers of the heart that beat independently of the atria. d.

____ 4. Refer to the illustration above. The vessels indicated by C carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are
parts of the aorta. c. the pulmonary arteries. a.
part of the atria. d. the pulmonary veins. b.
____ 5. Refer to the illustration above. The chamber indicated by F is the
right ventricle. c. right atrium. a.
left ventricle. d. left atrium. b.
____ 6. Refer to the illustration above. The aorta is indicated by
G. c. C. a.
H. d. D. b.
____ 7. Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, blood in chamber A
is oxygen-poor. c. is full of oxygen. a.
has very little plasma. d. is returning from the venae cavae. b.
____ 8. Blood entering the right atrium
is deoxygenated. c. is full of oxygen. a.
is low in plasma and platelets. d. is returning from the lungs. b.
____ 9. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the
left atrium. c. left ventricle. a.
right ventricle. d. right atrium. b.
____ 10. The pacemaker responsible for starting a heartbeat
is located in the brain. a.
squeezes the ventricles shut. b.
is a small bundle of cells at the entrance to the right atrium. c.
is in the aorta. d.
____ 11. Which type of blood vessel is both strong and elastic?
vein c. capillary a.
venule d. artery b.
____ 12. Which of the following has the thickest layer of muscle?
a venule c. a vein a.
an artery d. a capillary b.
____ 13. The smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body are the
arteries. c. venules. a.
capillaries. d. veins. b.
____ 14. An artery
usually carries oxygen-rich blood. a.
has thin, slightly elastic walls. b.
has valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. c.
is smaller than an arteriole. d.
____ 15. If a blood vessel has valves, it probably is a(n)
arteriole. c. vein. a.
capillary. d. artery. b.
____ 16. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries. c. veins. a.
venules. d. capillaries. b.
____ 17. Mature red blood cells
promote clotting. c. can live for about a year. a.
do not have a nucleus. d. are the largest cells in the blood. b.
____ 18. Infections generally result in an increase in the number of
platelets. c. white blood cells. a.
alveoli. d. red blood cells. b.
____ 19. The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called
hemoglobin. c. plasma. a.
carbonic acid. d. ferric oxide. b.
____ 20. Red blood cells
destroy viruses. c. transport respiratory gases. a.
transport cholesterol. d. combat bacterial infection. b.
____ 21. Defending the body against bacterial infection and invasion by foreign substances is a function of
 platelets. c. red blood cells. a.
white blood cells. d. plasma. b.
____ 22. An abnormality involving the platelets would probably affect the process of
fighting bacterial infections. c. breathing. a.
blood clotting. d. locomotion. b.

____ 23. Refer to the illustration above. The cells shown are
red blood cells. c. filled with plasma. a.
white blood cells. d. platelets. b.
____ 24. Refer to the illustration above. The cells shown
can live for at least a year. a.
are the largest cells in the circulatory system. b.
maintain osmotic balance. c.
contain hemoglobin. d.
____ 25. vitamins, salts, and proteins : plasma ::
arteries and veins : lymphatic vessels a.
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets : blood b.
platelets and plasma : Rh factor c.
white blood cells and platelets : red blood cells d.
____ 26. People with antigen A on their red blood cells can give blood to someone with blood type(s)
only AB. c. A and AB. a.
only O. d. B and AB. b.
____ 27. The fluid between cells is transported to the bloodstream by the
respiratory system. c. renal circulation. a.
lymphatic system. d. cardiovascular system. b.
____ 28. Normal blood pressure for a young adult is about
120/80. c. 145/95. a.
100/50. d. 130/100. b.
____ 29. A heart attack can result from the blockage of a blood vessel because of
plaque buildup. c. iron deposits. a.
excessive hemoglobin. d. hypothyroidism. b.
____ 30. Hypertension is another name for
high blood pressure. c. arteriosclerosis. a.
heart murmur. d. stroke. b.
____ 31. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled X is the
trachea. c. diaphragm. a.
larynx. d. pharynx. b.
____ 32. Alveoli in the lungs are connected to the bronchi by a network of tiny tubes called
capillaries. c. arterioles. a.
bronchioles. d. venules. b.
____ 33. The actual exchange of gases occurs at the site of the
larynx. c. trachea. a.
alveoli. d. nasal passageway. b.
____ 34. Each alveolus
is surrounded by capillaries. c. contains many air sacs. a.
is a large air sac. d. attaches directly to the larynx. b.
____ 35. bronchiole : alveoli ::
larynx : pharynx c. alveoli : bronchi a.
bronchi : bronchioles d. bronchi : larynx b.
____ 36. When the diaphragm and rib cage muscles relax,
exhalation occurs. c. the chest cavity enlarges. a.
it is impossible to breathe. d. inhalation occurs. b.
____ 37. The dome-shaped muscle below the chest cavity is called the
diaphragm. c. larynx. a.
pharynx. d. trachea. b.
____ 38. Which of the following occurs as air rushes into the lungs from the environment to equalize air pressure?
exhalation c. inhalation a.
speech d. contraction b.
____ 39. Gas exchange occurs when
oxygen diffuses out of the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. a.
oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the white blood cells. b.
the red blood cells take up oxygen in the cells of the body tissues. c.
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli through the capillary walls to the blood. d.
____ 40. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in all of the following ways except
as bicarbonate ions. c. dissolved in plasma. a.
by white blood cells. d. combined with hemoglobin. b.
____ 41. A respiratory disease in which airways in the lungs become narrow because of sensitivity to certain stimuli is
called
emphysema. c. asthma. a.
alveolar reduction. d. bronchitis. b.

Completion
Complete each statement.

1. The ____________________ system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, food molecules, hormones, and other
material to and from the cells of the body.

2. The ____________________ node starts each contraction of the heart.

3. The large vein carrying oxygen-poor blood into the heart is the ____________________
____________________.

4. The blood vessels that connect the arteries to the veins are ____________________.

5. arteriole : artery :: ____________________ : vein

6. The major function of ____________________ is to assist in the blood-clotting process.

7. The primary role of hemoglobin in the blood is to carry ____________________.

8. The iron-containing molecule in red blood cells is called ____________________.

9. Defending the body against bacterial infection and invasion by other foreign substances is the function of
____________________ ____________________ cells.

10. Antigens that determine blood type are carried on the surface of ____________________
____________________ cells.

11. Excess fluids and proteins in the body are returned to the blood by a system of vessels called the
____________________ system.

12. blood : blood vessels :: lymph : ____________________ ___________________

13. The condition that results when blood pressure is consistently higher than normal is called
____________________.

14. A(n) ____________________ ____________________ occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is
severely reduced or stopped.

15. Many drugs, including alcohol and ____________________, can cause cardiovascular disease.
 16. The ____________________ is a long, straight tube that carries air from the back of the throat to the lungs.

17. When the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax, ____________________ occurs.

18. Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to both oxygen and ____________________ ____________________.

19. A disease in which the lung tissue loses its elasticity is ____________________.

Short Answer

1. Why do atria have thinner walls than ventricles?

2. What is the function of the atrioventricular node?

3. What is the function of the wall between the right and left sides of the heart?

4. What kind of blood vessels are wide, contain valves, and have a thin layer of smooth muscle in their walls?

5. List the 3 main types of blood vessels.

6. Where are red blood cells produced?

7. What antigen found on the surface of red blood cells can result in danger to a fetus?

8. List all the kinds of blood that a person with type A blood can safely receive.

9. List all the kinds of blood that a person with type AB blood can safely receive.

10. What kind of antigens does type AB blood contain?

11. Name the two primary body systems to which the lymphatic system contributes?

12. When does a stroke occur?

13. What is another term for high blood pressure?

14. List the four main cardiovascular diseases.

15. What is the immediate cause of a heart attack?

16. Name the three main controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

17. What happens when the diaphragm and rib muscles contract?

18. Breathing rate is determined primarily by the concentration of what three substances in the blood?

19. What disease results from destruction of elastic fibers in the lungs?
Essay

1. Do arteries carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood? Explain.

2. Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood.

3. Describe the antibody-antigen interactions that would take place when an Rh - person who has blood type B
receives blood from an Rh+ person who has blood type AB.

4. How is air moved in and out of the lungs from the environment?

5. Every living cell in the human body must have an energy supply. Cells take up glucose or a related chemical
and break it down inside the mitochondria to produce ATP. ATP is the form of energy that cells use for their
various activities. The breakdown of glucose occurs in the process of cellular respiration. A summary of this
process is shown in the following equation (note that this is not a balanced equation):
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
O2, which is a gas, is consumed in this process, and CO 2, also a gas, is produced. Trace the pathway of a
molecule of O2 from where it enters the human body, across any cell membranes it must pass, until it reaches
a muscle cell in the right leg. Then, trace the pathway of a molecule of CO 2 from inside that muscle cell,
where it is produced in cellular respiration, until it leaves the body.

6. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves poorly in plasma. While it can be carried by hemoglobin, the ability of red
blood cells to transport it on hemoglobin is limited. Thus, 70 percent of the CO 2 that leaves the body is carried
out in a third way. Explain what happens.

7. Asthma and emphysema are two diseases that cause problems with normal respiratory function. Briefly
describe what each disease does to a person.

8. The diagram below shows two human blood vessels, A and B, connected by capillaries, C. Blood pressure is
higher in vessel B than in vessel A. The arrows indicate the direction of diffusion of O 2 and CO2.
Refer to the figure and identify the type of blood vessel that vessel A is and that vessel B is, and determine
whether this diagram illustrates blood circulation through the body or through the lungs. Identify where the
concentration of O2 in the blood be higher, at X or Y, and name one other substance typically found in blood
that would move out of the capillaries and into body tissues along with the O 2 shown in the diagram.
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Answer Section

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I

OBJ: 35.1.1
2. ANS: F, cardiovascular

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.1

3. ANS: F, atria

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.2

4. ANS: F, left ventricle

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2

5. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 38.1.2
6. ANS: F, Pulmonary veins

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2 | 35.1.3

7. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 35.1.2 | 35.1.3
8. ANS: F, Veins

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3

9. ANS: F, smooth

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3

10. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 35.1.4
11. ANS: F, Platelets

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

12. ANS: F, type O

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

13. ANS: F, A antigens

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

14. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 35.1.4
15. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 35.1.4
16. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I
OBJ: 35.1.5
 17. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: I
OBJ: 35.3.1
18. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: II
OBJ: 35.3.3
19. ANS: F, smoking

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.4

20. ANS: F, Bronchitis

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.1

2. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
3. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.2
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
5. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
6. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
7. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
8. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3
12. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3
13. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.3
14. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3
15. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3
16. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.3
17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.4
20. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4
22. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
23. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4
24. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4
25. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
26. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.5
28. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.1
29. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.1
30. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.2.1
31. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.1
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.1
33. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.1
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.1
 35. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.1
36. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.2
37. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.2
38. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.2
39. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.3
40. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.3
41. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.4

COMPLETION

1. ANS: cardiovascular

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.1

2. ANS: sinoatrial

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.2

3. ANS: vena cava

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.2

4. ANS: capillaries

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.3

5. ANS: venule

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.3

6. ANS: platelets

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

7. ANS: oxygen

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

8. ANS: hemoglobin

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.4

9. ANS: white blood

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

10. ANS: red blood

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

11. ANS: lymphatic

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.1.5

12. ANS: lymphatic vessels

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.5

13. ANS:
hypertension
 high blood pressure

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.2.1

14. ANS: heart attack

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.2.1

15. ANS: tobacco

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.2

16. ANS: trachea

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.1

17. ANS: exhalation

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.2

18. ANS: carbon dioxide

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.3 | 35.1.4

19. ANS: emphysema

PTS: 1 DIF: I OBJ: 35.3.4

SHORT ANSWER

1. ANS:
Atria only have to pump blood to the ventricles, while ventricles have to pump blood to the lungs or to the
rest of the body.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.2

2. ANS:
to stimulate contraction of the ventricles

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.2

3. ANS:
It separates oxygen-rich blood in the left side of the heart from oxygen-poor blood in the right side of the
heart.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.2

4. ANS:
veins

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3

5. ANS:
arteries, veins, and capillaries

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.3

6. ANS:
in the red bone marrow
 PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4
7. ANS:
Rh factor

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.1.4

8. ANS:
A, O

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4

9. ANS:
A, B, AB, O

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4

10. ANS:
A antigens and B antigens

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4

11. ANS:
the cardiovascular system and the immune system

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.5

12. ANS:
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel to the brain is blocked or bursts.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.2.1

13. ANS:
hypertension

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.1

14. ANS:
high blood pressure, clogged and hardened arteries, heart attack, and stroke

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.1

15. ANS:
A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is greatly reduced or stopped.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.2.1

16. ANS:
physical inactivity, high blood cholesterol levels, and recreational drug use

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.2.2

17. ANS:
Air is inhaled into the lungs.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.2

18. ANS:
O2, CO2, and H+ ions

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.3

 19. ANS:
emphysema

PTS: 1 DIF: II OBJ: 35.3.3

ESSAY

1. ANS:
An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood, but
some arteries carry deoxygenated blood. The pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the
lungs, carry deoxygenated blood that has been returned to the heart from the rest of the body. The arteries that
carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body carry oxygenated blood that has been returned to the heart
from the lungs.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.3

2. ANS:
Red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing protein that gives blood its red color.
Oxygen easily binds to the hemoglobin iron, making red blood cells efficient oxygen carriers that circulate
throughout the body as they flow with the plasma.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4 | 35.3.3

3. ANS:
An Rh- person who has blood type B has only blood antigen B. A person having this antigen would produce
antibodies to antigens A and the Rh factor. A Rh+ person who has blood type AB has blood antigens Rh, A,
and B. When these antigens enter the recipient’s blood, antibodies to the A antigen and Rh factor will produce
clumping of the red blood cells. The B antigen of the donor’s blood will not cause clumping because the
recipient does not produce antibodies to this antigen.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.4

4. ANS:
When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, the diaphragm moves downward, and the rib cage moves up
and outward. This expands the chest cavity, lowering the air pressure in the lungs and causing air to flow in.
When the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax, the diaphragm moves upward, and the rib cage moves down
and inward. This reduces the size of the chest cavity, increasing the pressure of the air in the lungs and
causing air to flow out.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.2

5. ANS:
 The O2 molecule would enter the body through one of the nostrils, pass through the pharynx, the trachea, one
of the two bronchi, and then enter a bronchiole in the lung. It would then move into an alveolus and then
move across the alveolus wall and capillary wall and enter the blood. Once in the blood, the O 2 would move
across the cell membrane into a red blood cell. It would then be transported in the blood, leaving the lungs in
the pulmonary vein, which takes blood to the heart. The O 2 in blood would enter the heart in the left atrium,
move to the left ventricle, and then be forced out of the heart into the aorta. The O 2 in blood would then be
transported into smaller arteries, still smaller arterioles, and finally the capillaries in the muscle in the right
leg. The O2 would then move out of the red blood cell across its cell membrane, and across the capillary wall
and muscle cell membrane to enter a muscle cell. A CO2 molecule produced by aerobic respiration in this
muscle cell would leave the cell by moving across its cell membrane. It would then enter the blood through
the capillary wall. In the blood, it might move across the cell membrane of a red blood cell or it more likely
would remain dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions. The CO 2 in blood would then be transported into
venules, and then into veins, until it returned to the vena cava. From the vena cava, it would reenter the heart.
The CO2 in blood would enter the right atrium of the heart, move to the right ventricle, and then be forced out
of the heart into the pulmonary artery. From there, it would be transported to one of the lungs. In a lung, the
CO2 would move out of the red blood cell by moving across its cell membrane. It would then move across a
capillary wall, then an alveolar wall. From the alveolus, the CO 2 would pass through a bronchiole, a bronchus,
the trachea, the pharynx, and then leave the body through one of the nostrils.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.3 | 35.1.1 | 35.3.1

6. ANS:
With the help of an enzyme, the remaining 70 percent of carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood
plasma to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Because carbonic acid is unstable, hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate
(HCO3-) ions quickly form. When the blood reaches the lungs, chemical reactions occur that reverse the
process, releasing carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood plasma into the alveoli in the
lungs. It is then exhaled with water vapor.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.3

7. ANS:
Asthma is a respiratory disease in which certain airways in the lungs become constricted because of
sensitivity to certain stimuli. The narrowing of the airways reduces the efficiency of respiration, which
decreases the amount of oxygen reaching body cells.
Emphysema, usually the result of cigarette smoking, causes lung alveoli to lose their elasticity. This loss of
elasticity makes it difficult to release air during exhalation and also greatly reduces the efficiency of gas
exchange in the lungs. Severely affected individuals must breathe from tanks of pure oxygen in order to live.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.3.4

8. ANS:
Vessel A is a vein, and vessel B is an artery. The diagram shows the circulation loop through the body, and the
concentration of O2 in the blood is higher at Y. Substances that move out of capillaries and into body tissues
include food molecules, water, vitamins, hormones, and white blood cells, among others.

PTS: 1 DIF: III OBJ: 35.1.3