MT3239 Polimer Hayati

(3 SKS)
Dr. Lia Asri & Steven, ST., MT.

lia.asri@material.itb.ac.id steven@material.itb.ac.id

Program Studi Teknik Material

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara
 Rencana Pembelajaran

Pertemuan TOPIK (LIA) Pertemuan TOPIK (STEV)

1 Pendahuluan: Polimer dan 8 UTS
Biopolimer.
2 Protein 9 Bioplastik
3 Polisakarida: Starch 10 Bioplastik (Project)
4 Polisakarida: Lignoselulosa 11 Bioplastik
5 Polisakarida: kitin, kitosan, alginate 12 Biopolimer untuk aplikasi struktural
6 *Kuliah Tamu (24 Februari 2021) 13 Biopolimer untuk material maju
7 Biobased Polymer 14 Biopolimer untuk aplikasi biomedis
Pertemuan TOPIK (LIA)
1 Pendahuluan: Polimer dan Biopolimer. a. Overview polimer
b. Definisi biopolymer, polimer alam, biobased polymer
c. Klasifikasi
d. Sumber biopolimer
2 Protein a. Asam amino dan protein
b. Struktur protein (primer, sekunder, tersier, kuartener)
c. Sifat umum protein, Protein vs polisakarida
d. Contoh protein dan material berbasis protein
3 Polisakarida: Starch a. Karbohidrat
b. Sakarida, polisakarida dan strukturnya
Tugas c. Struktur dan komposisi pati
d. Struktur granula pati
e. Material berbasis pati
4 Polisakarida: Lignoselulosa a. Sumber selulosa
b. Fiber selulosa dan komposisinya
c. Isolasi selulosa
d. Struktur selulosa; molekular vs supermulekular
e. Struktur selulosa: bentuk kristalin
f. Nanosleulosa
g. Aplikasi selulosa
Tugas Individu-2
• Membuat rangkuman dengan topik aplikasi nanoselulosa
• Sumber: review paper 5 tahun terakhir
• Dibuat min 1 halaman A4, spasi 1,5
• Dikumpulkan via asisten
• Paling lambat dikumpulkan hari Selasa, 16 Februari jam 17.00
CELLULOSE
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
8. Physical Properties of cellulose
9. Nanocellulose: Nanofibrillar cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals
10. Cellulose derivatives
11. Cellulose-based products
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
 What is cellulose

Cellulose was first

discovered by the French
chemist Anselme Payen
in 1838.

• Cellulose can also be described as a β-1-4-polyacetal of cellobiose

• The degree of crystallinity varies between 40 - 99 %
• Crystalline cellulose is resistant to hydrolysis
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
Sources of cellulose
(1) Bacterial cellulose
(2) Animal cellulose (Tunicate cellulose)
 • Herbaceous plants
• Agro fibres

(3) Plants cellulose • At least the part above ground dies after the growing season
• Woody plants
• Wood fibres
• Remain alive during dormant season; reinforced by secondary xylem

i.e. Flax. Jute,

i.e. Wood, Cotton Kenaf, Bamboo,
Ramie, Sisal
Lignocellulosic biomass
• Hardwood (hybrid poplar, sweetgum,…)
• Softwood (pine, spruce,…)
• Grasses (switchgrass, miscanthus,…)
• Agricultural residues (wheat straw, corn stover, …)
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
Wood fibers
Cellulose fiber
Chemical composition of Fibers
Cellulose
Main structural element!
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Extractives
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
Isolation of cellulose Fibers
Cellulose extraction is generally difficult as it does not melt and is not soluble in
either water or common organic solvents. This is due to the hydrogen bond network
and its partially crystalline structure.

In order to utilize fibres, they must be isolated from a plant matrix that confines
them to a rigid template

General methods (wood fibers):

1. Mechanical force (mechanical pulping)
2. Chemical means (chemical pulping)
Mechanical pulping of wood
• Grinding or refining
• Mechanical force separates the fibres from each other
• Consumes large amounts of energy
• Very high yield
• The chemical composition of the mechanically pulped fibres is nearly
identical to that of pristine wood fibres
• Used for newspaper and several cardboard grades and partially for
higher quality papers, like light-weight coated (LWC) grade for
magazines
Chemical pulping of wood
The dominant process: sulphate or kraft pulping
• NaOH and Na2S used to delignify and isolate fibres
• Elevated temperatures (around 170ºC)
• Nearly full recovery of inorganic chemicals
• Generates energy (removed lignin is burned)

Additionally to pulping, a bleaching step is included:

• Kraft pulping is not able to remove lignin completely
• Bleaching with, e.g., oxygen, chlorine dioxide, ozone and hydrogen peroxide
(always in combinations) is introduced after pulping to remove the rest of the
lignin
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs.
supramolecular
Molecular Structure
Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
Outlines
1. What is cellulose
2. Sources of cellulose
3. Fibers and chemical composition of fibers
4. Isolation of cellulose
5. Cellulose structure: molecular vs. supramolecular
6. Cellulose structure: crystalline forms of cellulose
7. Morphology of native cellulose: microfibril
Cellulose allomorphs
Methods for measuring the crystalline forms
and crystallinity of cellulose
Native cellulose: Cellulose Iα Cellulose Iβ
Distinction: cellulose Iαand cellulose Iβ
Distinction: cellulose Iα and cellulose Iβ
• Cellulose Iβ is the predominant form in higher plants(wood, cotton
etc.) and tunicate(cellulose in tunicate animals)
• Cellulose Iα is the predominant form in algae and in cellulose emitted
by microbes (bacterial cellulose)

NOTE:Cellulose Iα and cellulose Iβ ALWAYS coexists with each other in

nature, usually within the same microfibril.
Cellulose II
Distinction between cellulose I and II
Distinction between cellulose I and II
Distinction between cellulose I and II
Distinction between cellulose I and II
Conversion into cellulose III
Cellulose Iβ
• Hydrogen bonds only between
cellulose molecules within the sheets
• van der Waals bonds between the
sheets

Cellulose IIII
• Hydrogen bonding also between the
sheets
Consequences of the different crystalline
forms
Stiffness properties
Sorptive Properties of Cellulose
• Crystalline cellulose does not dissolve in most solvent
- Molecular length
- Intermolecular bonding

• Amorphous regions have large number of hydrogen bonding sites available

- Cellulose can absorb large amount of water
-Fully hydrated cellulose very flexible
- dry cellulose inflexible and brittle

• Swelling of cellulose
-8.5-12% NaOH
-others