ISSN: 0011-9342

Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 332 - 337

A Novel Artificial Intelligence based

Autonomous E-Cycle
Dr.Harihara Gopalan.S1, Ajaitaarak V.S2, Akilasuba. S 3,Ashmitha Shree. C4 , Dhanush. J.S5
1
Associate Professor, SriRamakrishnaEngineering College, Coimbatore, India
2,3,4,5
Student, SriRamakrishnaEngineering College, Coimbatore, India
ABSTRACT
The developing world demandsadvancedtechnologythatwill solve current and future issues. The fuelshortageis the
maindrawbacknowadays. Considering the current rate of usage of fossilfuels can letits life up to the next 5 decadessolely.
SuddenUndesirableclimatemodificationis an indication of global warming in and aroundus. The best solution to
overcomethiseconomicalproblemis to switch to electrical-Cycle. Furtherelectriccycleisclaimed to have a
significantlylowerenvironmental impact thanotherautomobiles and are generallyseenas an environmentallydesirableproduct. The
electric Bicycle wedesignedfocuses on the energy, safety, and price. Thiscyclehasuniquesalientfeatureswhichincorporates with
Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things. The features include high efficiency, electricallypowered,
lightweightweightvehicles.We put forwardis a hybrid of E-bike and E-cycle. It can be drivenas an autonomousvehicle and as
normalE-bikewith pedallingsystem. Wepresent a cyclewhichisuser-friendly, environmentally sound, convenient, and with health
benefits
Keywords:
Electricvehicle (EV), E-Cycle (Electriccycle), Pluggablehybridelectricvehicle (PHEV), PedalAssisting System (PAS), Advance
Driver Assistance System (ADAS)

1. INTRODUCTION
This article focuses on various problems faced by people in their day-to-day travel. Firstly, we emphasized
the rise in global warming. As global warming is the observed and projected increases in the average temperature of
Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The major global warming contributor to rising temperatures on our planet is the
emission of man-made CO2. Road emissions make roughly 50% of the transport sector, resulting in 7% of the global
CO2 emissions, even if this is a relatively low number there is a lot of focus to restrict emissions of this sector [5].
Even if we substituted gasoline cars with EVs and PHEV recharged by our existing utility grids, we might see a 42
percent national average reduction in CO2 emissions, based on a study done by Peter Lilienthal of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory [8]. Although Government agencies and organizations have developed more strict
standards for fuel consumption and emissions, there have been increased tensions in part of the world due to the
energy crisis. We have taken this problem into account and designed the vehicle which comes under zero tailpipe
emissions which produce a very less amount of CO2 emission.
The second problem we encounter in the environment is with the increase of the world population, the demand for
vehicles for personal transportation has increased dramatically in the past decade. Our dependence on petroleum
makes us helpless to price spikes and supply disruptions. According to statistics the U.S. used nearly nine billion
barrels of petroleum last year, two-thirds of which went towards transportation, India fossil fuel consumption for
2014 was 73.58%, a 1.29% increase from 2013, China consumed an estimated 14.5 million b/d of petroleum and
other liquids in 2019[3]. The Oil that is burned cannot be recovered, reused, or recycled. EVs can help to have a
greater diversity of fuel choices available for transportation. We used Lithium-ion batteries to run our vehicle. As the
Nobel prize committee eloquently put it: “Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized our lives since they first entered
the market in 1991. They have laid the foundation of a wireless, fossil-fuel-free society, and are of the greatest
benefit to humankind” [4].
The third issue we found that major health issues are due to lack of exercise. This physical inactivity leads to chronic
diseases. We propose our vehicle as E-Cycle because this has PAS where the user will pedal the cycle with the
assistance of the motor. As this system makes the user pedal, he/she can be fit and healthy. The mobile application
we designed for this cycle will monitor the ride, gives direction, updates health status, and acts as the control system
for the cycle. This paper describes the features of E-Cycle and development.

2. OVERVIEW OF E-CYCLE

The E-Cycleisbuilt from the framework of an electric bike. An electric bike consists of an electricmotor. For the
power source, severalmethods can be usedbutsinceourcycleneeds to be cost-efficient and pollution-free, wehaveopted
to go for batteriesasour source of power.

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Electricbicycles are stillcalledbicyclesratherthan a motorcycle. Thisisbecauseitsidentityas a

bicycleisstillfixedwhichismost of itsparts are belong to the bicycle. So, itisnotincluded in transportation law
whichrequires the certification and operationas on the goodmotorvehicle. A licenseisnotneeded to drive
thismotorcycle.

The electricbicycleisnot a fullymotorizedvehicle, it’s a semi-motorizedcycle, whichstillhaspedals, frame design, etc.

In ourprototype, weused a Lead acid battery pack due to itscuttingcosts. Butafterourtestingphase, wefound out
thatlead-acid batterieswerebulky, and also the batterywasdrainingquickly. Hence, weswitched to usinglithium-ion.

The Li-ionis a common powersupplyused on an electricbicycle. Thiskind of batteryisrechargeable, lighter, and

densercapacitybatterieswhichmakes the designing of an electricbicycle more handful and easier. The
electricmotoruseslowerpowerconsumptioncompared to the motorcyclewhichisbecause the bicyclestillneeds the rider
to pedal the ECycle.

From a technicalpoint of view, one can divide the broadgroup of electricbicyclesinto more specificgroups. The first
importantdifferenceis the location of itselectricmotor.

Mainlytwopossibilities are used:

1. electricbicycleSsequipped with a hubmotor

2. electricbicycles with a motormounted to the side of the rearwheel.

Moreover, electricbicyclesequipped with a hubmotor can be distinguishedbased on the hubmotorbeingmounted in the

front wheel or the rearwheel. In exceptionalcases, another location for the motorisused. Consideringallthesetypes of
motorswedecided to go for a side-mountedmotor (2) whichhas the same performance as a Hubmotor and reducing the
cost 1/3 times of the hubmotor. Furthermore, a front-wheel-drive motormakes the steeringheavier and less
responsive. Also, tractioniscomparativelyless.

Evenlow-powerones start to slip and spin on loosesurfaces and steephills, whichisnotonly a bit worrying,
butitwears out yourtirequickly. Hence a rear-wheel-drive issuggested. Severalfeatures in our E-Cycleuses Image
processing and Artificial intelligence technologywhichrequires a high-performance computing GPU to processit.
Werequire the computer to be compact and lesspowerconsuming and so a NVidia Jetson Nano comes in handy,
asitsatisfiesallourneeds

Fig 1 shows the performance of differentmodels on Jetson Nano GPU

Coming to the software side of our project we have 3 features in our cycle:
1. Smart Summon Mode
2. Semi-Self driving Mode (Automatic driver assistance system)
3. Rear accident-avoidance System
Firstly, to integrate our features in our cycle we need a way to communicate effectively with our cycle. The most
convenient way for the user would be using a mobile application. An alternate way would be to have a series of
buttons on the cycle, but since it would be damaged easily, we have opted to develop an android mobile application.
The android mobile app is
developed using Android Studio and supports all devices running an OS version above 4.4 (KitKat). The
application has an authentication feature which makes it much secure. Coming to the home page of the app it consists
of all three modes mentioned and a PAS mode.

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3. DESIGN OF SMART CYCLE

In thiscontext, wehavedesigned a smart bike to overcomepollution, fuelpricehike, with the aim of providingsafety
and comfort for the riders. This design hasuniquefeaturescontrolledthrough a manualswitch and through the
applicationwhicheveryuser can getinstalledbefore a drive.

a. Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs) had become a salient feature for safety in modern vehicles. They are
also a key underlying technology in emerging autonomous vehicles. In our smart cycle, we have designed ADAS
using AI and ML algorithms. The cameras are used to provide the input to the processor and the processor which is
feed with AI and ML programs gives directional output to the front motor i.e., that Left(L) Right(R) for turns. This
system uses images for processing, a lane is detected in those images, and a vehicle is maintained between those
lanes. This system is also designed for detecting objects which in turn makes the vehicle move accordingly. In simple
words the user can enter the place where he/she wants to go in application ADAS will take to there.
b. Pedal Assistance System (PAS)
Pedal-assist is a mode in our smart cycle that provides power from the motor to help you pedal easier and move
faster. This system is also designed to distribute the energy between pedals and motor. When the roads are plain the
system will split the force i.e., half of it will be produced by the pedals and another half by the motor to move the
vehicle, in the uphill motor will produce more force to move the vehicle and less to be handle by the riders on pedals
vies versa in downhill.
c. Smart Summon Mode (SSM)
Smart summon mode makes the cycle follow the user automatically while walking and packing. The cycle gets the
input from the user I.e., body image, detects the user while walking. This mode can be activated using the application
and helps the user while packing and walking. One can initiate the smart summon mode through the application.
d. Remote Control
The application has buttons for remote control mode. Remote control mode helps the user to move the cycle left,
right, and straight, just like a remote car.
e. Location Updates
We have a mobile application to route the cycle. This also aids the rider to locate charge points and important
locations as well. Traffic analysis on maps supports the cyclist to plan their ride accordingly. GPS tracker attached to
the cycle helps to locate the vehicle.
f. Health and Wellness Updates
A low-cost sensor is installed to collect the data about the user’s travel distance, gather information about the
rider’s workout, in terms of physical exercise. Accelerometers, bicycle tachometers, heart rate monitors, etc. can
provide interesting and useful data in this sense. Travel planners can be used to support the estimation of the calories,
which will be consumed while riding a proposed route. All this information is available in the mobile application.
g. Battery and Charge Updates
Our cycle has a Lithium-ion battery which is so compact and efficient. This battery gives up to 40kms of a ride in
a single charge, with a maximum speed of 25 km/hr. The battery level is updated in mobile applications using
sensors.
h. Self-balanced System
Self-balancing is achieved through a gyroscopic sensor. The vehicle dynamic is designed in such a manner to
achieve self-balancing.
i. Electronic Braking System (EBS)
The braking system is most vital in vehicle our cycle consist of the electric braking system. When a panic brake is
applied, this system uses a Gyro sensor along with Disc tech to make sure the rider does not fall off.
Additional features:
i. Two ways to start.
The vehicle can be started through application and also through a manual switch.
ii. Manual lock for handlebar
A lock is provided to stop the manual interventions in the handlebar during self-driving mode. Auto gear will turn
the handlebar when the cycle is in self-driving mode.
iii. Pluggable Charger
As this vehicle comes under PHEV it has a separate charging socket for charging the batteries.
iv. Additional Parts
It has a key holder with a key to start and front light, rear lights, a horn.

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4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

Limitations:
 The ADAS needs local network connection.
 The application needs internet connection.
 The ADAS will work in well-constructed roads with lane.
Results:

Fig 2: Position of Assembling parts

Specification:
S.No: Part Name
1 Controllers
2 Battery box
3 Front motor
4 PAS
5 Key holder, camera, light, horn

6 Motor for acceleration

7 Free wheel

Fig 3: View of Assembled E-Cycle

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The goal of thisprojectis to develop a vehiclethatwillovercome the fossilfuelcrisis and motivate people to
switch to electricity. The reason to getmotivationalso the factthatwealreadyhavelessenergy in this world in the form
of fossilfuel and untilthereispossibilitygained for some stablesolutions. Itisbetter to be careful and notfinish off
thisfossilfuel option. Itmighthavemanyother benefits than just the fuel for vehicles. Therefore,
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thoseparticularitiesweshouldneverundermine are always a saferchoice, whichis the moral lesson of thisstudy.

Besideswhenpeople use a car, usuallypeople ride alone to go to offices and otherplaces, when the capacityconsisting
of four, suggestingclearlythatitis the wasting of scarcefossilfuel for limited gain. Wemay some situationswherethereis
no better option than car riding, butstill, there are so manypossibilitieswhereit can be easilyreplaced with
othertransportationservices, and importantly the fuel-savingservices. Thatiswhy, to suggest the possible area we
propose this e-bike asone of the betteroptions for savingenergy, especially in short distanttraveling. Thishelpssave the
fuel and also the environmentaltogether by reducingpollutionscausingmainly by combustionengines.
Aftercompleting the prototype of the E-Cycleitisobservedthat by usingthistechnologywe create a more sustainable,
safe, and more advancedcyclethereeveris. Furthermore, the major advantageisthat E-Cycle’sArtificial Intelligence
technology can be implemented in an electric bike/ vehicle. Although the prototypeisnotveryreliable and isnot ready
to be used in the real world, thereis room for improvements. Thisproject shows usthatthereis a possibility to
implementadvancedtechnologiesnotlimited to carsbutalsotwo-wheelers.

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