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SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ASSESSMENT - JUNE GAT
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SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ASSESSMENT - A CASE IN
CHENNAI
A RESERACH ARTICLE SUBMITTED
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

MASTER’S IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

Mentored by,
Mr. Valliappan AL,
Assistant Professor
Submitted by
Siva sankari S
Reg. No : 2190400113

DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING
SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

JUNE - 2021

2019-2021

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ASSESSMENT : A CASE IN

CHENNAI
Siva Sankari S
Master’s student pursuing Urban and Regional planning,
Department of Planning, School of planning and Architecture,
Vijayawada.
Mr. Valliyappan
Assistant Professor, Department of Planning, School of planning
and Architecture, Vijayawada.

ABSTRACT
The peripheral resettlement of slum dwellers from the centre of
the city has become the predominant mode of slum clearance in
Chennai these days, large resettlement colonies housing several
thousands of slum-dwellers from slums across the city suffer
from distant relocation . Lack of adequate social amenities
nearby, coupled with lack of appropriate and affordable transport
options impact the mobility, work and livelihoods. The alternative
livelihood provided by TNSCB is not adequate enough for the
people for their day to day life. These mass evictions of urban
poor families are justified by state agencies on the grounds that
these families receive alternate accommodation and livelihood in
“integrated townships” with access to all amenities.
The study tries to understand the impacts of the relocation of
slum dwellers to the fringes of the city and tries to give
alternative livelihood oppurtunities for the resetteled slum
dwellers. Sustainable livelihood approach is been used to
understand and analyse the livelihoods of the relocated slum
dwellers through Sustainable livelihood framwork.
The resettlers face a number of obstacles in post resettlement
period that includes water scarcity, unaffordable tenure status,
lack of electricity, increased distance from household to
educational institutions, market places and working zones. The
concluding finding of such relocation process is that it affected
the symbiotic relationship of housing and livelihood opportunity.
Therefore, this paper suggests that policy makers, planners,
public officials, private officials and researchers should pay
attention to the improvement of human, social, financial and
natural capitals rather only focusing on physical capital during
the process of resettlement.
This study also tries to structure livelihood restoration
Programmes that provide alternative economic opportunities and
sources of income generation; and to improve the overall quality
of life of beneficiaries.
KEY WORDS: Forced eviction, resettlement, Kannagi Nagar,
Perumbakkam, gudapakkam, TNSCB, Distant relocation,
impacted negatively, sustainable livelihood approach
INTRODUCTION
Across the country, forced eviction and resettlement of urban
disadvantaged communities is frequent, and Tamil Nadu is no
exception. The state is particularly well-known for its enormous
relocation sites for the city's impoverished on the outskirts.
Over 21,000 families in Chennai have already been displaced
from their principal source of income and ghettoised in locations
such as Kannagi Nagar, Semmencherry, and Perumbakkam, as
well as Gudapakkam, which are 25 to 30 kilometres away from
their original habitation. Another 31,912 families were recently
relocated to these resettlement communities on the outskirts of
the city. These relocation programmes have now become the
most common method of slum eradication in Chennai. The
replacement has had a detrimental influence on the enormous
resettlement colonies housing thousands of slum-dwellers from
slums all across the city, resulting in a fundamental upheaval of
lifestyles, livelihoods, and social networks from their previous
residences.
The mobility, jobs, and lives of the great majority are significantly
impacted by long-distance relocation and a lack of acceptable
and inexpensive transportation options. Both men and women
are badly affected, although in different ways. Lack of sufficient
and inexpensive transportation choices, as well as a lack of
adequate social amenities nearby, have all had a negative
influence on livelihoods. The alternative livelihood supplied by
TNSCB is insufficient for the people's day-to-day needs.
This necessitates an immediate investigation into the current
situation in the resettlement colonies and the provision of a
sustainable livelihood for those who have lost their primary
occupation as a result of the replacement. The effects of
residential relocation on relocated households' livelihoods,
education, living circumstances, and chances for socioeconomic
mobility are highlighted in this study; The paper also mentions
Tamilnadu's lack of relocation and rehabilitation policies. It
identifies the people, families, and groups that are the most
vulnerable to the negative effects of relocation. It identifies gaps,
needs, and places in slum resettlement and rehabilitation
policies where more intervention and improvement is needed.
This research aims to find a long-term remedy for the people
who have been affected.
New concepts concerning slum relocation are taking shape after
multiple attempts by various governments throughout the world
to eradicate slum growth and thereby poverty, and their
subsequent failures. Governments are changing their slum
dweller relocation methods, with a sustainable livelihood
approach being one of them. This strategy has matured in a
number of countries. However, in India this is relatively a new
concept.
Slum residents and civil society organisations in Chennai have
been battling arbitrary evictions and relocation to TNSCB
tenements in far-flung locations like Kannagi Nagar and
Chemmenchery for many years. The TNSCB has continued the
negative trend of creating large-scale resettlement colonies on
the outskirts of the city without addressing their worries and
fears.
The Perumbakkam and Gudpakkam project is the most recent
addition to the list of completed resettlement communities.
People in the slum regions refused to move in, so the majority of
the tenements remained vacant until recently. The recent floods
in Chennai provided the government with a chance, and it
wasted no time in relocating flood-affected slum people to these
tenements.
Despite acknowledging that massive housing projects are
undesirable, the Tamil Nadu government has continued to build
44,870 tenements as "Integrated Townships" in the state's mega
cities—namely, Chennai, Madurai, and Coimbatore—to resettle
families living in "objectionable locations" under JNNURM at a
cost of Rs 2,431.16 crore14. A total of 29,864 dwellings are
being built as part of this project.
Under the pretence of "housing programme," about 129,000
people living in various settlements in Chennai's central
neighborhoods were relocated to the above-mentioned
resettlement locations, all of which are located on the outskirts of
the city. Over 169,000 people living in various parts of the city
will be relocated to the above-mentioned remote sites, which are
far from their places of work, study, and healthcare. 4,404
tenements have been occupied out of 33,924 tenements at
various phases of completion. Approximately 22,000 people
lived in these tenements as of May 2016. After the relocation
scheme was completed, 59,752 families containing 298,000
people would have been evicted and forced to live on the
outskirts of the city.
Map 1 : EVICTION SITE AND RESETTLEMENT SITES
(Source: Information and Resource Center for Deprived Urban
Communities )
Despite the fact that the Tamil Nadu government wants to
relocate 50,096 families, there are still significant gaps in the
state government's rehabilitation and resettlement efforts. There
is currently no clear policy or set of criteria governing
rehabilitation and resettlement in Tamil Nadu at the state level.
The government's current rehabilitation and resettlement
procedures are diverse; they are either project-based or
department-based.
OBJECTIVES AND RESERACH METHODOLOGY:
To document the impacts of relocation of the slum dwellers
Comparitive analysis: The impacts of relocation in slum dwellers,
before and after relocation. Mostly for education amenties,
health services, employment oppurtunities etc
To assess the sustainable livelihood of the slum dwellers in the
resettlement colonies.
landuse change analysis - The land use change analysis reveals
the major land uses, pre and post relocation. This analysis helps
to identify and relate the causes and effect of the issues
concerned.
Sustainable livelihood analysis -To analyse the Capabilities and
assets and rank them according to the index value.
To study and analyse the gap in the existing livelihood strategies
and programmes by government.
Identification of existing strategies and its gap by
governmentorganisation
Planning a livelihood strategies or programmes and livelihood
outcomes.
3. STUDY AREA

Map 2: Location of the study area

Map 4 : perumbakkam

Map 3: Gudapakkam
The Gudapakkam resettlement site is in Thiruvallur District's
Gudapakkam Village Panchayat, 14 kilometres from the
Poonamallee Bus Stand and about 2 kilometres from the
Pudhuchattram bus stop on the Thiruvallur High Road.
The Perumbakkam resettlement site is in Kanchipuram District's
Perumbakkam Village Panchayat, some 10 kilometres from
another older resettlement site called Kannagi Nagar and behind
the older resettlement colony of Semmenchery.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS:
EDUCATIONAL AMENTIES

Access to schools before and after relocation

INFERENCE:
65.02 percent of Gudapakkam residents and 62.1 percent of
Perumbakkam residents travel more than 15 kilometres to get to
school.
Gudapakkam's 47 percent and Perumbakkam's 46 percent
travel more than 20 kilometres,
a significant increase over the distances travelled from their
previous locations of habitation, where fewer than 5 percent
travel more than 15 kilometres and more than 80 percent travel
less than 5 kilometres.
HEALTH SERVICES:
In Gudapakkam, the number of families seeking healthcare
within a 10-kilometer radius for both major and small illnesses
has dropped dramatically, while the number of families having to
travel more than 20 kilometres has increased, particularly for
significant illnesses. In Perumbakkam, mild ailments are treated
differently. Even after relocating, the majority of the families
travelled less than 5 kilometres to reach health care facilities for
minor diseases. This is due to the fact that the property has a
functioning PHC and is well connected to the city. For major
illnesses, however, half of the families travelled more than 20
kilometres for Healthcare services.

MODE OF TRAVEL FOR SCHOOL AND EMPLOYMENT:

Around two-thirds of workers at both sites claim to have walked
to work in their prior residences. Only 2% of Gudapakkam
workers and 1% of Perumbakkam workers are now able to do so
after migration. On the other hand, the percentage of workers
who travel by bus or car has increased significantly. In
Gudapakkam, the proportion of workers who use automobiles
(including sharing automobiles) to commute to work after
relocating is exceptionally high. 15% of workers use vehicles as
their sole means of transportation, while another 18% use
“multiple” modes, which frequently involve autos or shared autos
for part of the journey. While more than a third of Gudapakkam
students walked to school in their prior residences, just
approximately 6% do so now, with the majority utilising buses
(nearly half the school-going children from Gudapakkam). The
surge in students who use private transportation, primarily
automobiles, to get to school – from around 10% in previous
areas to 25% here – is particularly noticeable. In Perumbakkam,
the number of children walking to school has decreased by half,
while the number of students utilising buses has increased by
twofold.
Thirty-eight workers in Gudapakkam and thirteen in
Perumbakkam claimed to have switched jobs as a result of the
transfer. The main reasons for this were (68 to 69 percent).
because of the distance between their previous job places.
Data from the surveys in gudapakkam and perumbakkam
revealed that large numbers of men and women had lost their
jobs and remained unemployed for few months after the
relocation, due to distance, poor transport facilities and inability
to reach their workplaces in time. Womwn had also opted out of
work because they had nobody to take care of their infants and
toddlers.

Many women, were obliged to return to work due to a lack of

resources.Those that returned to their old workplaces
discovered that they would have to travel almost 2 hours each
way and change three buses to get there. Their health was
suffering as a result of this. Vendors on the street encountered
additional difficulties because their days started early and they
were unable to make it to the main market in Koyambedu on
time.
However, because of poor transportation connectivity, travel
distances, and costs, even men working in the painting,
construction, and other informal industries have lost their jobs.
LANDUSE CHANGE ANALYSIS :
GUDAPAKKAM
WATERBODY: The wet land, which includes the river,
waterlogged regions, and small ponds, has grown from 4.27 km2
(4%) to around 4.6 km2 (5%) in 2021. This is because, in
comparison to five years ago, the amount of rainfall in
Gudapakkam has grown in recent years. There was a drop in
yearly rainfall in 2014, with 1 percent of waterbodies in the
research region having one of the lowest annual rainfall records,
followed by a sharp increase the following year, with 1416 m.m
rainfall, one of the highest recorded so far.
VEGETATION : The shrub/grass group, which includes trees,
shrubs, and grasses, has decreased over the last decade. This
is due to the fact that the majority of farmers in the study region
have stopped farming and are now involved in other types of
companies. Vegetation steadily drops from 20% in 2011 to 18%
in 2014, and barely 6% in 2021, according to the LULC of 2011.
This is the outcome of agricultural land being converted to
various uses over the last ten years. Paddy rice agriculture
dominates crop production in the peri-urban areas surrounding
Chennai. Despite the fact that the state government backs these
crop cultivations with MSP, due to the real estate boom in these
areas, farmers tend to sell their land for a good acceptable price
to realters rather than farming it.
BUILTUP AREA: According to the analysis, the built up area,
which includes low, medium, and high densities, as well as the
road network and other manmade constructions, has increased
significantly. The overall built-up area, which was estimated to
be 42.7 km2 in 2003, has expanded to 65.4 km2 in 2013. This
was due to a high demand for housing from both city dwellers
and emigrants from rural areas and surrounding cities. The
majority of Chennai's population began to disperse across the
city's peri-urban suburbs, which fall under the jurisdiction of other
districts.
BARREN LAND: This includes elements like rock outcrops and
ditches that can be found in Settlements and their surroundings.
The amount of other land has also decreased, since a greater
fraction has been replaced by built-up territory, and some of the
ditches have been used as garbage disposal sites, according to
this study.
PERUMBAKKAM:

WATERBODY: The wet land, which is made up of the river,

waterlogged areas, and tiny ponds, has stayed consistent from
an initial 1.61 km2 (2%) in 2011, to about 1.6 km2 (2%) in 2014,
and then 2.1 sq. km of roughly 2 percent of total area in the
LULC of 2021. This is because, in comparison to five years ago,
the amount of rainfall in Gudapakkam has grown in recent years.
VEGETATION : This group includes both shrub/grass, which
includes trees, shrubs, and grasses, and has shown a significant
decrease in the recent decade. This is due to the fact that the
majority of farmers in the study region have stopped farming and
are now involved in other types of companies. One of the major
reasons is the real estate boom in Perumbakkam as a result of
the IT sector's expansion over the last decade. 2011's LULC The
amount of vegetation diminishes over time, from 15% in 2011 to
7% in 2014 and barely 6% in 2021. This is the outcome of
agricultural land being converted to various uses over the last
ten years. Paddy rice agriculture dominates crop production in
the peri-urban areas surrounding Chennai. Despite the fact that
the state government provides MSP for crop cultivation, due to
the real estate boom in certain areas, farmers prefer to sell their
land for a good affordable price to realters rather than farming.
BUILTUP AREA: According to the data, the built up area, which
includes low, medium, and high densities, as well as the road
network and other manmade structures, has increased
significantly over the last decade. The overall area covered by
the built-up area expanded from 38.23 km2 (39%) in 2011 to
73.37 km2 (77%) in 2014, with a progressive increase of roughly
3.5 sq.m over the next seven years.This is a significant growth in
just three years. This was due to a high demand for housing
from both city dwellers and emigrants from rural areas and
surrounding cities. As the city grew in size over the last decade,
the majority of the city's population began to disperse to the peri-
urban parts of the city, which now fall under the jurisdiction of
other districts. As a result, the state government began
relocating slum people to the outskirts of the city.As a result,
there was no difference in development after 2014, with just a
modest increase in development from 2014 to 2021.
BARREN LAND: This includes elements like rock outcrops and
ditches that can be found in Settlements and their surroundings.
The amount of other land has also decreased, since a greater
fraction has been replaced by built-up territory, and some of the
ditches have been used as garbage disposal sites, according to
this study.
LIVELIHOOD PENTAGON ASSET ANALYSIS : The land use
change analysis reveals the major land uses, pre and post
relocation.
METHOD ADOPTED: MEASURING INDEX VALUE:
Five types of livelihood asset capital and relevant indicators
have been designed and presented in the Table . Therefore,
various scaling and indexing methods is adopted to make them
comparable and to allow meaningful interpretation. Most of the
indictors will be determined using rating scale methods in terms
of different Weightage with 6 values 1-6 is taken into
consideration reflecting worst, Poor, Average, Good , Very Good
and excellent respectively. Entropy method is used for
weightage of each indicator.

Where C is the criteria score for each asset or capital (0≤ C≤1),
n denotes nth indictor of criteria (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . n); I denotes
indicator; T denotes the total number of indicators

Generally speaking, the entropy evaluation method [59,60] was

used to determine the weight of data on multiple samples to
overcome information overlapping and subjectivity caused by
artificial weighting. The process of using the entropy evaluation
method is as follows:
where x0 ij is the normalized value of livelihood assets indicator j
of sample i, pij is the weight of livelihood assets indicator j in
sample i, ej represents the entropy value of livelihood assets
indicator j, and wj is the weight of livelihood assets indicator j.
Also:

where LA is the value of a livelihood asset, and household

assets value in this paper is an average among sampled
households in the research areas.

Chart 2: Livelihood Asset pentagon - Gudapakkam

Chart 1: Livelihood Asset pentagon - Perumbakkam

GUDAPAKKAM
Table 1: MEASURING LIVELIHOOD INDEX VALUE :
GUDAPAKKAM

PERUMBAKKAM:

Table 2 : MEASURING LIVELIHOOD INDEX VALUE :

PERUMBAKKAM
CONCLUSION:
Livelihood outcomes
Income levels
Livelihood security
Poverty reduction
Employment opportunities
Livelihood strategies
Training programme
Agriculture
Entrepreneurship

EXISTING PROGRAMMES BY TNSCB:

The Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board had provided livelihood
training to 44 people in Gudapakkam and six people in
Perumbakkam. The bulk of the 50 people who had taken part in
livelihood training programmes at both sites had gotten training
in tailoring and jewellery manufacturing.Due to a lack of capital
to build up products for sale, as well as a lack of marketing
connections, these trainings failed to generate any cash. The
TNSCB's skills training did not include anyone over the age of
35, and it was only available to CRRT evictees. Others, such as
Sri Lankan repatriates, were barred from taking part in similar
programmes.Many households in Perumbakkam appeared to be
oblivious of the TNSCB's programmes. Even women who had
attended skills training claimed they were unsure what they
should do thereafter.Only 107 people in Gudapakkam and 2 in
Perumbakkam had attended the TNSCB's employment fairs.
Only 17 people from Gudapakkam and two from Perumbakkam
were able to find work at the job fairs. Many individuals who had
attended job fairs stated that recruiters did not always contact
those who were chosen for jobs at the job fair, or that they were
later rejected for various reasons. According to focus groups,
adults over the age of 35 were unable to find jobs at these job
fairs since recruiters were primarily looking for younger
candidates. Only 6 people from Gudapakkam and 1 from
Perumbakkam have benefited from the state government's Adi
Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department initiatives.
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMME:
The main aim of this programme is to channelize benefits of
various programme into one programme to develop the financial
and human capital of the targeted population.

Chart 2: SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMME

This paper also suggests department wise recommendations for
infrastructural and service related amenties
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research papers and reports:
From Deluge to Displacement: The Impact of Post-flood
Evictions and Resettlement in Chennai - by Information and
Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities
Vulnerability of Slums to Livelihood Security: A Case Study of 3
JJ Clusters, Delhi
Household Livelihood Security Assessments A Toolkit for
Practitioners - TANGO International Inc.
Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets - THE DEPARTMENT
FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
Building Urban Resilience Assessing Urban and Peri-urban
Agriculture in Chennai, India - A. Arivudai Nambi, Raj
Rengalakshmi, Manjula Madhavan and Lingappan
Venkatachalam.
Assessment of Sustainable Livelihood Assets of Farming
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 End of report
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