CCE410:Digital Communication

Lecture 5
Digital to Analog Conversion
(QAM)

Dr. Shimaa Salama

 References
• B.P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”
(3rdEdition), Oxford University Press, 1998 .
• Behrouz A. Forouzan“Data Communication and Networking” (5thEdition),
McGraw Hill International Edition, 2015.
• Leon W.Couch “Digital and Analog Communication Systems” (8th Edition),
Prentoce Hall International Edition, 2012.
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• PSK is limited by the ability of the equipment to distinguish small differences
in phase. This factor limits its potential bit rate.

• So far, we have been altering only one of the three characteristics of a sine
wave at a time; but what if we alter two

The idea of using two carriers, one in-phase and the other quadrature, with
different amplitude levels for each carrier is the concept behind quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM).
QAM theory

The general QAM signal is

 Constellation diagrams for some QAMs

➢ Figure a shows the simplest 4-QAM scheme (four different signal element types) using
a unipolar signal to modulate each carrier. This is the same mechanism we used for
ASK (OOK).
➢ Part b shows another 4-QAM using polar, but this is exactly the same as QPSK.
CODE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CDM)
→
 Code-division multiplexing (CDM)
• CDM is used often for cell phones as it provides the most flexibility in a
multiuser environment. It is also relatively secure because it is difficult to
intercept the signal in view of its coded nature.
• The components needed for any CDM system are the encoder and decoder
located at the transmitter and receiver ends.
• The encoder spreads the signal spectrum over a much wider range than the
minimum bandwidth necessary for transmission by means of a unique code.
• The decoder uses the same code for compressing the signal spectrum and
recovering the data.

Code division multiplexing (CDM) is a networking technique in which multiple data

signals are combined for simultaneous transmission over a common frequency band.