National Service Training Program 1

First Aid WELCOME NSTP 1 STUDENTS!

FIRST AID
I. INTRODUCTION:
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We do not know when an emergency may occur and therefore we need to know how to
react quickly to such a situation. Knowing how to react essential in applying first aid which is
very crucial. The most serious public health problems are injury. Injuries are the leading cause
of death and disability in children and adults. Because of the size and magnitude of the injury
problem, everyone must expect sooner or later to be present when an injury or sudden illness
strikes, Therefore, every individual should be aware and trained in providing first aid.

II. OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define what is first aid

2. Learn and practice common safety, first aid for the home and in the community. 3.
Demonstrate the respond breathing and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as first
aid and emergency safety measures.
National Service Training Program 1 o
First Aid o
o
III. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES:
o

GREAT!!!
You may now proceed to the main lesson.
Before you proceed
to the main lesson, test yourself in this activity. Page 2 of 14
∙ Give 5 examples of an accident that needs to
perform First Aid o
 National Service Training Program 1
First Aid

IV. LESSON PROPER

LET’S BEGIN!

FIRST AID
First aid is the first and immediate
assistance given to any person suffering from
either a minor or serious illness or injury with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the condition
from worsening, or to promote recovery. It
includes initial intervention in a serious condition
prior to professional medical help being available,
such as performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)
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while waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as
applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical
training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health,
while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing
PTSD.
There are many situations which may require first aid, and many countries have
legislation, regulation, or guidance which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in
certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the
workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator), the provision of specialist first aid cover
at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. First aid, however, does not
necessarily require any particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve improvisation
with materials available at the time, often by untrained people.
Learning basic first aid techniques can help you cope with an emergency. You may be
able to keep a person breathing, reduce their pain or minimize the consequences of injury or
sudden illness until an ambulance arrives. This could mean the difference between life and
death for them. It is a good idea to take a first aid course so that you can recognize an
emergency and give basic first aid until professional help arrives.

Types of first aid which require training

There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional
training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.

Aquatic/Marine first aid

is usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or
in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after
water-based rescue or delayed MedEvac.
National Service Training Program 1 Battlefield first aid
First Aid Page 4 of 14
 takes into account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non
combatants during armed conflict.

Conflict First Aid

focuses on support for stability and recovery of personal, social, group or system
well being and to address circumstantial safety needs. Shown here is an
example of a way for people to practice CPR in a safe and reliable manner.

Hyperbaric first aid

may be practiced by underwater diving professionals, who need to treat
conditions such as decompression sickness.

Oxygen first aid

is the providing of oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in
hypoxia. It is also a standard first aid procedure for underwater diving incidents
where gas bubble formation in the tissues is possible.

Wilderness first aid

is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency
responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to
constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be
necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.

Mental health first aid

is taught independently of physical first aid. How to support someone
experiencing a mental health problem or in a crisis situation. Also how to
identify the first signs of someone developing mental ill health and guide
people towards appropriate help.

Learn the first aid method of DRSABCD

First aid is as easy as ABC – airway, breathing and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). In any
situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan.

DRSABCD stands for:

Danger
✔ always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person.
Make sure you do not put yourself in danger when going to the assistance of another
person.

Response
National Service Training Program 1 Page 5 of 14
First Aid

✔ is the person conscious? Do they respond when you talk to them, touch their hands or
 squeeze their shoulder?

Send for help

✔ Call 911. Don’t forget to answer the questions asked by the operator.

Airway
✔ Is the person’s airway clear? Is the person breathing? If the person is responding, they
are conscious and their airway is clear, assess how you can help them with any injury.
If the person is not responding and they are unconscious, you need to check their
airway by opening their mouth and having a look inside. If their mouth is clear, tilt their
head gently back (by lifting their chin) and check for breathing. If the mouth is not clear,
place the person on their side, open their mouth and clear the contents, then tilt the
head back and check for breathing.

Breathing
✔ check for breathing by looking for chest movements (up and down). Listen by putting
your ear near to their mouth and nose. Feel for breathing by putting your hand on the
lower part of their chest. If the person is unconscious but breathing, turn them onto their
side, carefully ensuring that you keep their head, neck and spine in alignment. Monitor
their breathing until you hand over to the ambulance officers.

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

✔ if an adult is unconscious and not breathing, make sure they are flat on their back and
then place the heel of one hand in the center of their chest and your other hand on top.
Press down firmly and smoothly (compressing to one third of their chest depth) 30
times. Give two breaths. To get the breath in, tilt their head back gently by lifting their
chin. Pinch their nostrils closed, place your open mouth firmly over their open mouth
and blow firmly into their mouth. Keep going with the 30 compressions and two breaths
at the speed of approximately five repeats in two minutes until you hand over to the
ambulance officers or another trained person, or until the person you are resuscitating
responds. The method for CPR for children under eight and babies is very similar and
you can learn these skills in a CPR course.

Defibrillator
✔ for unconscious adults who are not breathing, apply an automated external defibrillator
(AED) if one is available. They are available in many public places, clubs and
organizations. An AED is a machine that delivers an electrical shock to cancel any
irregular heart beat (arrhythmia), in an effort get the normal heart beating to re-
establish itself. The devices are very simple to operate. Just follow the instructions and
pictures on the machine, and on the package of the pads, as well as the voice prompts.
If the person responds to defibrillation, turn them onto their side and tilt their head to
maintain their airway. Some AEDs may not be suitable for children.
National Service Training Program 1 2. to prevent added injury or danger
First Aid 3. to prevent suffering or death
OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AID 4. to train people to do the proper thing at the right
time
1. to prolong life
5. to provide proper treatment when emergency the victim 2. Observant : He should notice all
occurs signs in the body of the victim 3. Resourceful : He
should make the best use things at hand 4.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER Sympathetic : He should know how to comfort the
1. Gentle : He should not cause pain in handling victim
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5. Tactful : He should not alarm the patient as it may cause a nervous breakdown 6.
Cheerful : If the person has a happy expression, he can inspire confidence in the victim
NINE GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR FIRST AIDERS

1. Adjust the proper position of the victim.

2. Examine the victim.
3. Give immediately needed first aid.
4. Maintain the victim's body temperature.
5. Call a doctor.
6. Keep curious people away.
7. Make the victim happy and comfortable.
8. proper and comfortable transportation should be given to the victim together with
tender loving care.
9. Don't give any liquid to an unconscious victim.

GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

A. Getting Started
1. Planning of action
2. Gathering of necessary materials
3. Initial respond as follows: (A-I-D)
a. Ask for help
b. Intervene
c. Do no further harm
4. Instruct helper
B. Emergency Action Principles (EAP)
 1. Survey the scene
2. Do a primary survey of the victim.
National Service Training Program 1 Breathing
First Aid ▪ If unconscious, start immediately airway
management (Open airway)
3. Arrange for transport facility
4. Do a secondary survey of the victim.
▪ Is the victim breathing?
C. Check for the vital body function or the
▪ If the breathing is breathing, is it shallow or
ABC’s
deep?
▪ Does he/she appear to be choking
Airways
▪ Is he/she cyanotic, suggesting poor oxygenation
▪ Is the victim conscious?
▪ If the victim is not breathing, provide initial
▪ If conscious assess as described in B.
ventilation ▪ Remember: LLF …… Look, Listen
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and Feel for breathing
CIRCULATION
▪ Is the victim hearth beating?
▪ Id pulseless, perform CPR
▪ Is the victim severely bleeding?
▪ If he/she is, control bleeding

THREE DETAILS TO SAY WHEN CALLING FOR A DOCTOR

1. Say your name clearly and tell directly your needed assistance
2. Exact place where the accident happened, give the landmarks so that the place can
be located easily
3. Explain exactly what happened.

YOUR BASIC FIRST AID KIT

A basic first aid kit may contain:
o plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
o small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings
o at least 2 sterile eye dressings
o triangular bandages
o crêpe rolled bandages
o safety pins
o disposable sterile gloves
o tweezers
o scissors
o alcohol-free cleansing wipes
o sticky tape
o thermometer (preferably digital)
National Service Training Program 1 hydrocortisone or calendula o cream or spray to
First Aid relieve insect bites and stings o antiseptic cream
o skin rash cream, such as Page 8 of 14
 o painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not
to be given to children under 16), or ibuprofen
o cough medicine
o antihistamine cream or tablets
o distilled water for cleaning wounds
o eye wash and eye bath
It may also be useful to keep a basic first aid manual or instruction booklet with your
first aid kit. Medicines should be checked regularly to make sure they're within their
use-by dates.

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest

compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain
function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing
in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is recommended in those who are unresponsive with no
breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations.
CPR is very useful for those who become unresponsive with no breathing or
abnormal breathing. Below mentioned are some of the important CPR techniques, have a
look:

High-Frequency Chest Compressions:

High-Frequency Chest Compressions is an important CPR technique that helps to
improve resuscitation from cardiac arrest.

Open-Chest CPR:
Open chest CPR is a technique in which the heart is accessed through a thoracotomy.
Compressions are performed using the thumb and fingers, or with the palm and
extended fingers against the sternum. This technique helps to generates forward blood
flow and coronary perfusion pressure.

Interposed Abdominal Compression CPR:

Interposed Abdominal Compression or IAC CPR is basically a 3-rescuer technique-an
abdominal compressor, the chest compressor and the rescuer providing ventilations.
This technique includes, conventional chest compressions combined with alternating
abdominal compressions. The IAC CPR helps to increases diastolic aortic pressure
and venous return, leading to improved coronary perfusion pressure and blood flow to
other vital organs.
National Service Training Program 1 CPR 101: THESE ARE THE CPR STEPS
First Aid EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW
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If a person is not breathing, his heartbeat will stop. Do CPR (chest compressions and
rescue breaths) to help circulation and get oxygen into the body. (Early use of an AED—an
 automated external defibrillator—if one is available, can restart a heart with an abnormal
rhythm.

First, open a person’s airway to check if they are breathing (don’t begin CPR if a patient is
breathing normally). Then, get help. If you are not alone, send someone to call for help as soon
as you have checked breathing. Ask the person to come back and confirm that the call has
been made. (Check out these emergency first-aid kit essentials.)

Position your hand (above). Make sure the patient is lying on his back on a firm
surface. Kneel beside him and place the heel of your hand on the centre of the
chest.

Interlock fingers (above). Keeping your arms straight, cover the first hand with the heel of
your other hand and interlock the fingers of both hands together. Keep your fingers
raised so they do not touch the patient’s chest or rib cage.

Give chest compressions (above). Lean forward so that your shoulders are directly over
the patient’s chest and press down on the chest about two inches. Release the
pressure, but not your hands, and let the chest come back up.

Open the airway (above). Move to the patient’s head. Tilt his head and lift his chin to
open the airway again. Let his mouth fall open slightly.

Give rescue breaths (above). Pinch the nostrils closed with the hand that was on the
forehead and support the patient’s chin with your other hand. Take a normal breath,
put your mouth over the patient’s, and blow until you can see his chest rise.

Watch chest fall. Remove your mouth from the patient’s and look along the chest,
watching the chest fall. Repeat steps five and six once.

Repeat chest compressions and rescue breaths. Place your hands on the chest again
and repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions, followed by two rescue breaths. Continue
the cycle.

We had just finished the discussion on First Aid Let’s move on to the next higher level of
activity/ies or exercise/s that demonstrates your potential skills/knowledge of what you
have learned.
National Service Training Program 1 Name:
First Aid Year & Section:

V. ANALYSIS, APPLICATION AND

EXPLORATION Direction: answer the question/s below

ACTIVITY 1 1. Explain what is First Aid and its importance?

Page 10 of 14 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM 1
FIRST AID
ACTIVITY 2

Date:
Score:
Date:
Page 11 of 14 Name:
Year & Section: Score:

Direction: Explain why does the following first aid

required training. 1. Aquatic/Marine first aid

2. Battlefield first aid

3. Conflict First Aid

4. Hyperbaric first aid

5. Oxygen first aid

6. Wilderness first aid

7. Mental health first aid

TRAINING PROGRAM 1 FIRST ACTIVITY 3
Name: AID

Date:
NATIONAL SERVICE
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Year & Section: Score:

Direction: explain Step by Step on how to conduct a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Finally, let us summarize the lesson of what we had discussed today.

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING VI. GENERALIZATION
PROGRAM 1 FIRST AID Page 13 of 14

Learning basic first aid techniques can help you cope with an emergency. You may be
able to keep a person breathing, reduce their pain or minimize the consequences of injury or
sudden illness until an ambulance arrives. This could mean the difference between life and
 death for them. It is a good idea to take a first aid course so that you can recognize an
emergency and give basic first aid until professional
help arrives.

KUDOS!
You have come to an end of Module 13.
OOPS! Don’t forget that you have still an
assignment to do. Here it is….

VII. ASSIGNMENT

Name: Course & Section: Direction/Instruction:

answer the question/s below
1. What are the top 10 accidents in the world?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f. _ g.
h.
i.
j.
This assignment will be submitted on .)

After your long journey of reading and accomplishing the

module, let us now challenge your mind by answering the
evaluation
part of this module.
NATIONAL the end of this module! You may now
SERVICE proceed to the next module.
TRAINING
PROGRAM 1 FIRST AID Page 14 of 14

CONGRATULATIONS!!! on reaching
Don’t forget to submit all the exercises,
activities and portfolio on .
KEEP UP THE GOOD WORK.
Well Done!!!