Health 2 PDF

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Reviewer Lualhati F. Callo, SST IV, Main Campus

Writer Joselito N. Englatera, SST III, Main Campus
Team Leader Jasmine S. Gumapac, SST IV, Caraga Region Campus
Cover Design/Lay-out Kevin Daga-as, SST III, SOCCSKSARGEN Region Campus
Photo Credit K15 through https://www.unsplash.com/
(for the photo used in the cover design)
Postal Address Research, Policy and Academics Division
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Philippine Science High School System
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ISBN 978-621-453-334-3
Published by: Philippine Science High School System

Department of Science and Technology
Printed by: The Philippine Science High School (by regional campus)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Third Quarter, SY 2020-2021 Volume III, January 2021
Subject Code Health 2 The Adolescent: Enhancing Life Skills and Resilience
Module Code 1.0 First Aid
Lesson Code 1.1 First Aid Basics
Time Frame 30 minutes/1 session
Components Tasks TAa ATAb

Target At the end of this learning guide, you should be able to:
1. discuss basic information about first aid (objectives, principles
characteristics of a good first aider and first aid kit); 1
2. analyze the risks at home;
3. value the importance of safety.
One important lesson that this pandemic has taught us is prioritizing
Hook personal and family health. This, among others, has, in any way, kept us
safe from contracting the virus that took many lives, weakened the 5
economy, and challenged the health sector and governments. %XW KRZ
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HYHQVDYHOLYHV7KLVOHVVRQZLOOWHDFK\RXWKHEDVLFVRIILUVWDLGDQGLWV
LPSRUWDQFHWRDWHHQDJHUOLNH\RX
Checkout this video for a short introduction of first aid. Just copy
and paste/type the link in your browser and run it to view:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Byum9PT6djA
Ignite
I. Definition of First Aid
First Aid refers to the immediate medical care or initial support

provided to someone experiencing a sudden injury, illness, or when
caught in a medical emergency which might help them survive until
professional help arrives. 16
First aid is provided to someone with a minor injury such as minor

burns, cuts, and insect stings or with more serious injuries like
fractures, wounds, or heart attack
As we go along, you will learn more of the emergencies and the first
aid appropriate for these. Let us first learn the basics of first aid.
II. Roles of First Aid

● It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the
physician
● It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the
services of the physician
● It ends when the services of a physician begins
Health 2 | Page 1 of 5
III. Objectives of First Aid
● To alleviate suffering
● To prevent further injury or danger
● To prolong life
IV. Characteristics of a Good First Aider

Gentle Tactful
Resourceful Empathy
Observant Respectable
V. Principles In Giving Emergency Care
1. Getting Started
2. Planning of action
3. Gathering of needed materials
4. Initial response as follows:
A – Aid for help

I – Intervene
D – Do not do further harm
Ask for help. In a crisis, time is of essence.

The more quickly you recognize an emergency, and the
faster you call for medical assistance, the sooner the victim
will get help. Immediate care can greatly affect the outcome
of an emergency.
Intervene. To intervene means to do something for the

victim that will help achieve a positive outcome to an
emergency. Sometimes, getting medical help will be all you
can do, and this alone may save a life. In other situations,
however, you may become actively involved in the victim’s
initial care by giving first aid. Let the golden rules of
emergency care guide your effort.
Do not do further harm. Keep in mind your goal which is

to give medical care and not to do anything that might cause
the victim’s condition to worsen.
5. Instruct helpers
VI. What to do in case of an emergency?

In case of an emergency, do the primary survey to quickly
assess the situation and the casualty. Follow the Danger,
Response, Airway, Breathing and Circulation. (DRABC)
steps by St. John Ambulance.org (n.d.).
Watch this instructional video for more information:

How to do the Primary Survey - First Aid
Training-St. John Ambulance (2016)
https://youtu.be/ea1RJUOiNfQ
Danger. Before approaching the casualty,
always make sure the area is safe.
Response. Check if the casualty is

responsive or unresponsive. As you
approach them, introduce yourself and ask
them questions to see if you can get a
response. Kneel next to their chest and
gently shake their shoulders, asking, ‘What
has happened?’, ‘Open your eyes!’.
● If the casualty opens their eyes, or
gives another gesture, they are responsive.
● If they do not respond to you in any
way they are unresponsive and should be
treated as quickly as possible.
Airway. Next, you need to check that the

airway is open and clear. Open the airway by
placing one hand on the forehead to tilt the
head back and use two fingers from the other
hand to lift the chin.
● If they are unresponsive, you need to
move on to breathing as quickly as possible.
Breathing. You now need to check if the

casualty is breathing normally. Place your
ear above their mouth, looking down their
body. Listen for sounds of breathing and see
if you can feel their breath on your cheek.
Watch to see if their chest moves. Do this
for 10 seconds.
● If they are unresponsive and not
breathing, you need to call for emergency
help and start CPR straight away. Ask a
helper to find and bring a defibrillator
(AED).
● If they are responsive and breathing
move on to circulation.
Circulation. Once you have established they

are breathing, look and check for any signs
of severe bleeding.
● If they are bleeding severely you
will need to control and treat the bleeding by
applying direct pressure to the wound. Call
for emergency help.
● If they are unresponsive and
breathing but with no bleeding, put them in
the recovery position and call for emergency
help.
Photo: St. John Ambulance.org
VII. The First Aid Kit (From American Red Cross, n.d.)
Your kit will serve as your tool in giving first aid.

The Red Cross recommends that all first aid kits for a
family of four include the following:
● 2 absorbent compress dressings (5 x 9
inches)
● 25 adhesive bandages (assorted sizes)
● 1 adhesive cloth tape (10 yards x 1 inch)
● 5 antibiotic ointment packets (approximately 1 gram)
● 5 antiseptic wipe packets
● 2 packets of aspirin (81 mg each)
● 1 emergency blanket
● 1 breathing barrier (with one-way valve)
● 2 pair of nonlatex gloves (size: large)
● 2 hydrocortisone ointment packets (approximately 1 gram each)
● 1 3 in. gauze roll (roller) bandage
● 1 roller bandage (4 inches wide)
● 5 3 in. x 3 in. sterile gauze pads
● 5 sterile gauze pads (4 x 4 inches)
● Oral thermometer (non-mercury/non glass)
● 2 triangular bandages
● Tweezers
● Emergency First Aid guide
● Include any personal items such as medications and emergency
phone numbers or other items your healthcare provider may
suggest
Remember to check the kit regularly: check the expiration dates and
replace any used or out-of-date contents.

How to Use First Aid Kit & Contents-First Aid
Training-St. John Ambulance (2015)
https://youtu.be/gn6xt1ca8A0
Non-Graded Formative Activity
Navigate 7
Avoiding Accidents at Home
As you have learned, at any time, accidents may happen and it will be
best not to be caught in one. In this activity, identify the risks around
your home and the safety measures to avoid them.
Risk Cause/s Safety Measure/s

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Knot Learning first aid is very important and useful. Accidents and
emergencies may happen anytime and anywhere. By being 1
knowledgeable on first aid, you will be able to be prepared to save
yourself and others too.
a
suggested time allocation set by the teacher
b
actual time spent by the student (for information purposes only)
References:
Adivoso, Angelica. (2015). First aid. Slideshare. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/angelicaadivoso/first-aid-45154455
American Red Cross. (n.d.) Make a first aid kit. Retrieved from
https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/anatomy-of-a-first-aid-kit.html
Hepler, Linda. (2018). Introduction to first aid. Healthline. Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/health/first-aid#heart-attack
Montalan, Cyrus. (2014). Philippine Red Cross Learn First Aid. Scribd. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/207508700/Philippine-Red-Cross-Learn-First-Aid-pdf
Save A Life Certifications by NHCPS. (n.d.). First aid. Retrieved from

https://nhcps.com/lesson/cpr-first-aid-first-aid-basics/
St. John Ambulance. (n.d.). How to do the Primary Survey (DRABC). Get Advice. Retrieved from
https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/how-to/how-to-do-the-primary-survey/
St. John Ambulance. (2016 August 31). How to do the Primary Survey - First Aid Training - St. John
Ambulance [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ea1RJUOiNfQ
St. John Ambulance. (2015 June 13). How to use first aid kit & contents - First Aid Training - St. John
Ambulance [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/gn6xt1ca8A0
Prepared by: Michael George E. Jacla Reviewed by: Lualhati F. Callo

Position: Special Science Teacher III Position: Special Science Teacher IV
Campus: PSHS-IRC Campus: PSHS-MC
© 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain
proprietary information and may only be released to third parties with approval of management.
Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not subject to update
notification.
Lesson Code 1.2 Types and Management of Open Wounds
Time Frame 30 minutes (1 session)
Components Tasks TAa ATAb

Target At the end of this learning guide, you should be able to:
1. explain the different types of open wounds;
2. analyze situations and "identify" appropriate first aid 1
procedures for minor cuts and severe bleeding; and,
3. identify ways to avoid wound injuries.
Hook In the past lesson, you have learned about the basics of first aid, some of
its principles, and the contents of the first aid kit. In this lesson, you will
be learning a common injury – open wounds. You may check out the 2
video below to find out more. Just copy and paste/type the link in your
browser to view: https://youtu.be/66Dmwpantt4
Ignite WOUNDS
Herman and Bordoni (2020) define wound as any damage to the integrity
of biological tissue, including skin, mucous membranes, and organ
tissues.
I. Causes
This injury can be caused by a cut, a burn, when you fall from your 20
bicycle, slipped while running or even by simply walking.
Other causes according to Finnish Red Cross (n.d.) include:
● Scratch, or flesh wound: graze, falling.

● Puncture wound: needle, nail, or other sharp object.
● Cut: paper, knife.
● Bruise: falling, being hit, being squeezed.
● Bite: the bite of a human or animal.
● Gunshot wound: firearm, nailer, or similar.
II. Signs
Healthdirect (2019) listed the following signs of a wound:

● A cut in the skin
● A graze to the skin
● Redness and swelling around a mark
III. Types of wounds
There are different types and more scientific ways of classifying wounds.
The following are the most common types of wounds based on the article
of Julie Roddick in Healthline (2018):
A. Abrasion
An abrasion ”occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a rough or

hard surface”. Road rash is an example of an abrasion. There’s usually not
a lot of bleeding, but the wound needs to be scrubbed and cleaned to avoid
infection.
Photo from todayonline.com
Laceration
A laceration is “a deep cut or tearing of your skin”. Accidents with knives,

tools, and machinery are frequent causes of lacerations. In the case of
deep lacerations, bleeding can be rapid and extensive.
Puncture
A puncture is “a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail

or needle”.
Punctures may not bleed much, but these wounds can be deep enough to
damage internal organs. Experts advise that if you have even a small
puncture wound, visit your doctor to get a tetanus shot and prevent
infection.
Avulsion
An avulsion is a “partial or complete tearing away of skin and the tissue

beneath”. Avulsions usually occur during violent accidents, such as
body-crushing accidents, explosions, and gunshots. They bleed heavily
and rapidly.
First Aid for
Wounds
Some wounds may be treated at home and others may require a trip to
your doctor for a medical approach. Here is a first aid treatment according
to the IFRC.
For minor cuts and grazes (Finnish Red Cross, n.d.):
● Stop the visible bleeding by applying pressure to the wound.

● Clean the wound under cool running water.
● Apply medical tape to close the edges of a small cut.
● Do not remove a foreign object attached to the tissue.
● Cover the wound with a protective bandage.
● Ensure that your tetanus vaccine is valid (validity 10 years, a
booster vaccination can be given after 5 years, if necessary).

How to Treat Cuts and Grazes-First Aid Training-St.
John Ambulance (2015)
https://youtu.be/4e7evinsfm0
For heavily bleeding wounds (First Aid-IFRC Mobile App, n.d.):
1. Put pressure on the wound with whatever is available to stop

or slow down the flow of blood.
You are acting as a plug to stop the blood escaping. The pressure
you provide will help the blood clot and stop the bleeding. You
can use anything clean to put pressure on the wound (e.g. your
hand, a shirt, a towel).
2. If the bleeding is severe, call an emergency hotline as soon as

possible, or get someone else to do it.
3. Keep pressure on the wound until help arrives.

How to Treat Severe Bleeding- First Aid Training-St.
John Ambulance (2016)
https://youtu.be/NxO5LvgqZe0
When to see a
doctor
Roddick (2018) explained that although you can treat some wounds at
home, you should see a doctor if:
● an open wound is deeper than 1/2 inch
● bleeding doesn’t stop with direct pressure
● bleeding lasts longer than 20 minutes
● bleeding is the result of a serious accident
The Finnish Red Cross (n.d.) also advises the patient to seek medical care
within 6 hours of the creation of the wound, if: Health 3 | Page 4 of 6
● the wound is tattered, deep, or several centimetres long;
● bone, muscle, or other tissue is visible in the wound;
● there is a foreign object in the wound;
● bleeding cannot be stopped;
● there is dirt in the wound and you are unable to clean it;
● you need a tetanus vaccination;
● the wound is a bite wound;
● the wound is in a joint area or on the face; and,
● the wound is infected.
Non Graded Formative Assessment

Navigate 6
Avoiding Wound-causing Hazards
After learning about wounds, look for wound-causing hazards at home

and identify ways how to avoid them.
Wound-causing Hazards Safety Measures

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wounds are the most common injuries that may happen at home, in
Knot school, and anywhere else. 1
May it be a minor or major wound, the most important thing to do is to

ensure that the wound is clean and avoid or stop the bleeding.
Like any other injuries, although can be managed easily, wounds may
cause further damage like infections to the patient that’s why immediate
care must be given and if possible, avoid hazards at all times.
a
suggested time allocation set by the teacher
b
actual time spent by the student (for information purposes only)
References:
Chan, Lyn. (n.d.). Emergency! Bleeding-injuries. Today online. Retrieved from

https://www.todayonline.com/brandstudio/emergency/bleeding-injuries
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies (n.d.). Bleeding. First
Aid-IFRC Mobile App.
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi8yduYv
NHtAhVsyYsBHeG4BWsQFjAAegQIBhAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2F
apps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dcom.cube.gdpc.fa%26hl%3Den%26gl%3DUS&usg=AOvVaw0JkETToPu
PNttBGwYSF0gQ
Finnish Red Cross. (n.d.). Wounds. Retrieved from
https://www.redcross.fi/learn-first-aid/first-aid-instructions/wounds
Healthdirect. (2019). What causes wounds, cuts and grazes. Retrieved from
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/what-causes-wounds-cuts-and-grazes
Herman, Timothy F. & Bordoni, Bruno. (2020). Wound Classification. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554456/
Roddick, Julie. (2018). Open Wound. Healthline. Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/health/open-wound
St. John Ambulance. (2015, January 8). How to treat cuts and grazes - First Aid Training - St. John
Ambulance [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/4e7evinsfm0
St. John Ambulance. (2016, August 30). How to treat severe bleeding - First Aid Training - St. John
Ambulance [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/NxO5LvgqZe0
Prepared by: Michael George E. Jacla Reviewed by: Lualhati F. Callo

Campus: PSHS-IRC Campus: PSHS-MC
notification.
Lesson Code 1.3 Basic Life Support: Dressing, Bandaging
Time Frame 30 minutes/ 1 session
Component Tasks TA ATA

(min) (min)
1
Target By the end of this learning guide module 1.3, the students will be able to:
1. Explain the function of dressing and bandaging as well as the principles of
wound dressing.
2. Illustrate appropriate bandaging techniques
3. Analyze situations/condition and apply appropriate first aid
10
Hook Activity: Video Watching
Direction: Copy the link below and paste/type it in your browser to view
the 5-min long video about earthquake indicidents.
https://youtu.be/_hUGhoB2FnM
A. After watching the video, find out and identify 3 or more possible
injuries that people may experience in the Earthquake incident.
1. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
B. What first aid would you give to the scene?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. What immediate action would you take to protect yourself and the patient?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
BANDAGING TECHNIQUES 15
Ignite What are the techniques in bandaging and dressing of wounds?
Wounds should be cleaned and bandaged after bleeding is stopped. Covering
wounds prevent infection and control bleeding. Proper wound care enhances
healing, comforts and helps in fast recovery. Improper wound care can cause
infection and may even result in loss of body parts.
Note for Personal Safety: Always put on BSIP (Body Substance Isolation
Precaution) such as face mask, gloves and other protection to avoid contact with
the victim’s blood that might compromise personal safety.
What is Bandage?
A piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or
splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a
wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialized shaped bandages
designed for a specific limb or part of the body, although bandages can often be
improvised as the situation demands, using clothing, blankets or other material.
What are the 3 types of bandages?

● Roller- a strip of gauze material prepared in a roll,
can be used to immobilize injured parts of the body and to provide pressure to
control internal and external bleeding, secure dressings and also absorb
drainage.
● Tubular- elastic bandage used to provide 360 degrees standard
compression and support to prevent /reduce edema or swelling as well as
treating post –burn scarring.
● Triangular- a cloth which has been cut into a triangle and can be folded
down into a cravat
Improvising Dressings and Bandages

In some emergency situations, you may not have access to commercial dressings
or bandages, in those injury situations you need to improvise very quickly just to
provide proper care for a patient.
Adaptability and creativity are more important in dressing and bandaging by using
available materials on the site of injury emergency for as long you meet the
following conditions:
● The materials you use are as clean as possible
● Never touch the wound itself or the part of the dressing that touches the
wound
● If bleeding is controlled, generally, you should not bandage any wound
with anything other than a pressure bandage until bleeding has stopped.
Sample of improvised dressings for an emergency:

● To improvise a roller bandage, use a necktie or strips of cloth torn from
sheets or other clean fabric
● To improvise a sling for an arm, you can use a belt, scarf, necktie, or
other wide strip of fabric
● To improvise dressing you may use cloth by ironing it with hot iron for a
few minutes before applying it to the wound and to stop severe bleeding
you may use sanitary napkin.
Principles of Dressings and Bandaging
It is essential that you dress a wound carefully and appropriately to ensure proper
care.
● The dressing is opened carefully and handed so it does not get
contaminated. Never use fluffy cotton, paper towels, toilet tissue or any
other material that could shred, disintegrate, or cling to the wound. Most
likely cotton balls since cotton fibers can contaminate the wound.
● Always wash your hands before and after dressing and bandaging a
wound. You may also use medical gloves for your own safety
● Bandage should cover all edges of the dressings.
● Bandages are not too loose, neither the dressing nor the bandage should
shift or slip.
● Bandages are not placed directly against the wound
● The original dressing is not removed, if blood soaks through, just add
another dressing on top of the original.
● Wounds are bandaged snugly but not too tightly.
● Tips of the fingers and toes are left exposed so you can check for impaired
circulation.
● Never use a circular bandage around the neck.
● Ask the patient how the bandage feels, if it is too tight, loosen it and make
it comfortable but snug.
Pressure dressings are those applied snugly enough to create pressure against the
wound. Use a pressure dressing to control profuse bleeding.
Slings are used to support injuries of the shoulder, arms, or ribs.
PARTS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
GUIDELINES:
● Tie not too tight, not too loose
● Tie using square knot
● Secure the tail or ends (to keep it clean)
● Fold forward
● C-careful
● A-accurate
● N-neat
● E-ends with square knot (quick release)
● S-speed
THE SQUARE KNOT used in tying triangular bandages.

(click the link)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e3X_5RA2VtFakUt6yoNzL49YCx7tygcv/view?u
sp=sharing
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BANDAGES using Triangular bandage: ( click the

link )
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qmgkiPpc9xNGEIwQen3_ErgPklBXohQh/view?
usp=sharing
1. Triangular Bandage- commonly used to support fractures and

dislocations, apply splints, as slings, and make improvised tourniquets as
last resource.
OPEN PHASE :
● Top of the head
● Back of the head
● Burned face
● Arm sling / underarm sling
● Arm sling with swathe
● Chest and back of the chest
● Hand and foot bandage
BROAD CRAVAT
● Knee bandage
● Pelvic Dislocation
● Abdominal binder
SEMI-BROAD CRAVAT
● Shoulder bandage
● Pelvic dislocation
NARROW/ CRAVAT
● Forehead / Eye Injury
● Ear / Cheek /Jaw
● Neck
● Clove hitch or High Elevated Sling
● Arm, forearm, leg and thigh pressure
● Close Palm (Horizontal Wound)
● Open Palm (Vertical Wound)
● On Shoe /Off Shoe
Watch this video : ( click the link )
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dH53scS-OPGT7xjyAUyeelv3Mc8DJqyf/view?us
p=sharing
Bandaging , Dressing & Splinting

● Sprained Ankle
Do the R-E-S-T
● R-Rest
● I-Ice
● C-ompress
● E-levate
https://www.slideshare.net/c
oached23/basic-first-aid-awarenes
s-by-mtpb-fru
Bandaging of Impaled Objects:

● Do not remove or pull the impaled object
● Make a doughnut roll and place the object inside the circle or opening of
the doughnut roll and immobilize the object
● Stabilized the object by bandaging tape, if available you can place a cover
over the object to prevent from moving.
https://www.slideshare.net/coached23/basic-first-aid-awareness-by-mt
pb-fru
Emergency care on bleeding wounds using roller bandage
● Use proper Body Substance Isolation

Precaution (BSIP)
● Treatment Priority remember ABC
Control Bleeding
● Apply dry, sterile dressing over entire
wound
● Maintain pressure and secure dressing
with a roller bandage.
https://www.slideshare.net/c
oached23/basic-first-aid-aw
areness-by-mtpb-fru
3
Navigate ACTIVITY : FIRST AID CHALLENGE !
From pictures of different types of wounds and injuries, what kind of bandage
would you use if you were the first aider and why ?
Answer:
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock75416662
Answer:
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
https://pixabay.com/photos/474279/
Answer:
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
https://haemophilia.ie/623x415.jpg
Answer:
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
https://www.besoccer.com/new/523789
“PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE “. Practicing this principle 1
Knot promotes safety awareness which is essential in achieving quality of life. No place
is considered safe, not even in the comfort of our own homes.
Accidents may happen to anybody at any time and place. Taking the right safety
measures greatly helps prevent accidents and possible injuries. Nevertheless, when
accidents happen, it is important to have an idea of basic life support and skills to
deal with them.
Having knowledge and skills on First Aid could help you, your loved one’s and
other people in your community during emergency situations that are beyond our
expectations.
TA- time allocation suggested by the teacher

ATA-actual time allocation spent by the student (for information purposes)
REFERENCES:
BOOKS :
1. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Heartsaver: CPR AED workbook. (n.l.): (n.p.).
2. Crosby, L. A., & Lewallen, D. G. (1997) Emergency care and transport of the sick and
injured ( 6th ed.). American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
3. Emergency Care Academy and Rescue Unit Inc. (n.d.). ECARU emergency response
training manual. ecaruems.simplesite.com
4. International Federation of Red Cross. (2016). International first aid and resuscitation
guidelines. h ttp://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/F
5. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2016). Giving
hilippine Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.ph/
emergency care in first aid. P
6. Karren, k. J., Hafen, B. Q., Limmer, D., & Mistovich, J. J. (2008) First aid for colleges
and universities ( 9th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc, CA
7. Mckie, P. (2005) Active first aid. (2nd ed.).
8. Philippine Red Cross. (n.d.). Emergency first aid participant’s handbook. (ver 2.14).
Quezon City: Philippine Red Cross.
9. The Quezon City Red Cross. (n.d.). Hand-out on standard first aid. Quezon City: A
Chapter of The Philippine National Red Cross.
10. Schottke, D., Briese, G. L. (1997). First responder: Your first response in emergency
care. (2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
ONLINE SOURCES:
Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-boy-fell-bike-park-image75416662

Retrieved from https://pixabay.com/photos/hand-injury-skin-abrasion-gall-474279/
Retrieved from https://haemophilia.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/cuts-and-grazes-623x415.jpg
Retrieved from https://www.besoccer.com/new/messi-avoided-two-months-out-523789
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=baVBEAai_Tg
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqzj8er01hI
Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MZcxAJ32v3zvx_zvvUDjprkodoM1R792/
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/coached23/basic-first-aid-awareness-by-mtpb-fru
Prepared by: Joselito N. Englatera Reviewed by: Lualhati F. Callo

Campus: PSHS-MC Campus: PSHS-MC
notification.
Lesson Code 1.4 Basic Life Support: Checking for VITAL SIGNS
Time Frame 30 minutes / 1 session

( min) (min
)
1
Target By the end of the Learning Guide Module 1.4, the students will be able to:
1. Discuss the importance of vital signs.
2. Understand the importance and functions of checking for vital signs
8
Hook Title of Activity: Introduction to Vital Signs
Direction: Please copy the link below and paste/type it in your browser to
view the 6-minute long video about vital signs.
https://youtu.be/N6aJTDUab_0
A. What are the sites to take a body

temperature?
1.__________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
B. Give the five Vital Signs
1.__________________________
2.__________________________
3.__________________________
4.__________________________
5.__________________________
10
Ignite VITAL SIGNS
Vital signs reflect the function and measurement of our body ‘s most basic
processes such as the body temperature, pulse rate, respiration, and blood
pressure which are essential for life. It measures to detect any function and is
used to determine response to treatment.
Signs are things you can observe about the patient such as bleeding and
symptoms are things the patient describes to you, such as “abdominal pain”.
A. BODY TEMPERATURE
- measurement of the body’s
capacity to produce and eliminate
heat. The most common place to
take a person’s temperature is the
mouth or oral, forehead, armpit and
wrist . The standard body
temperature varies on gender,
recent activity, food and liquid
intake, time of day, and
menstruation for women.
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/8509578.htm
Factors that affecting body temperature:

● Exercise
● Illness
● Age
● Time of day
● Medications
● Infections
● Emotions
● Hydration
● Clothing
● Environmental temperature
Heat Loss comes from:

● Respiration (breathing)
● Perspiration (sweating)
● Excretion (bowel movement)
Instrument used to measure body temperature:

● Tympanic thermometers- used by inserting the thermometer into the
ear
● Oral thermometer used by placing the thermometer under the tongue
and waiting for the alert that the reading is complete
● Rectal thermometer -some oral thermometer used as rectal
thermometer
● Forehead or temporal thermometer-take a temperature reading through
an infrared scan of the temporal artery of the forehead.
Normal temperature range for adults:
● Axillary (is taken for eight to ten minutes) 96.6℉ or 35.9℃ to 98.6℉
36.7℃
● Oral (is taken for one minute) 97.6℉ or 36.4℃ to 99.6℉ or 37.6℃
● Rectal (is taken for three to five minutes) 98.6℉ or 37.0℃ to 100.6℉ or
38.1℃
(Note: Clean thermometer before and after use. Use lukewarm soapy water,
then rinse with water and dry. Or you can also use alcohol.)
NOTE: You must delay in taking oral temperature for 10-15 minutes if the
patient has been smoking, eating or drinking hot or cold liquids.
B. PULSE RATE
● the heart rate or the count
of heart beats per minute. It
also indicates heart rhythm
and strength of the pulse.
Adults with pulses of
60-100 per minute are in
good health condition while
normal pulse rate for
infants 120-160 beats per
minute and for children
90-130 beats per minute.
Pulse Strength:
0 = Pulse is absent
1+ = Pulse is weak
2+ = Pulse is normal
3+ = Pulse is bounding
Nine Pulse Spot to consider in checking the pulse:

● Radial (at the base of your
thumb)
● Temporal (at the side of your
forehead)
● Carotid (at the side of your
neck)
● Brachial (at the inner aspect of
the elbow)
● Femoral (with the inner aspect
of the upper thigh)
● Popliteal (right behind the
knee)
● Dorsalis pedis (on the top of
your foot)
● Apical pulse (over the apex of
your heart on the left side of
the chest and is taken with a
stethoscope)
● Posterior tibial artery (inside of
the ankle found in between the
back of medial malleolus
which is the bony part of
Achilles tendon)
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/major-330572663
How to document pulse rate?
● Rhythm- regular / irregular
● Strength- strong / weak
Factors that affect the pulse:

● Age
● Sex
● Position
● Drugs
● Illness
● Emotions
● Activity level
● Temperature
● Physical training
Note: If the respiratory rate is “low” it is called “bradypnea”. The causes are
lightheadedness, dizziness and tiredness. If “high” it is called
“hyperventilation”. This happens when the person is in pain or anxiety.
If the pulse rate is “low” it is called “bradycardia”. The causes are fainting,
heart failure and cardiac arrest. If “high” it is called “tachycardia”. It is
usually observed in the following lung problem conditions such as Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, pleural effusion,
pulmonary embolism, cardiac heart failure, allergic reaction, fainting and
stroke.
C. RESPIRATION
● the number of breaths a person takes per minute usually measured
during a person’s rest. The
normal rate for an adult
person ranges from 12-16
breaths per minute. A
breath consists of inhaled
and exhaled air during
breathing.
Factor affecting respirations:

● Age
● Activity level
● Position
● Drugs
● Sex
● Illness
● Emotions
● Temperature
Qualities of normal respirations:

● Quiet
● Effortless
● Regular
Documenting Respiratory rate:
-Note the number of inhalations and exhalations per minute. If it is regular or
irregular and if it is shallow, deep, are labored.
Counting Respirations:
● Count for one full minute right after you take the pulse rate.
D. BLOOD PRESSURE
● The force of blood

pushing the artery
walls is measured
with blood pressure
cuff and stethoscope.
The normal blood
pressure reading
should be less than
120/80.
https://imgbin.com/png/3kwfKyxT/-png
Factors influencing blood pressure:

● Weight
● Sleep
● Age
● Emotions
● Sex
● Heredity
● Viscosity of the blood
● Illness or disease
The Highs and Lows of Blood Pressure

● Hypertension-elevated blood pressure (below normal 80/60 mm Hg)
● Prehypertension-a condition of slightly elevated blood pressure
which is likely to worsen in time. (130/90 mm Hg)
● Diastolic-pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats
(100 to 139)
● Systolic-pressure of the blood in the arteries when the heart pumps (60
to 89)
● Sphygmomanometer-a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure.
Note: The patient must be relaxed at least 5minutes before the first reading.
He/She should sit upright with their upper arm positioned level with their heart
and feet flat on the floor. Remove clothing that might interfere with the BP cut
off or constrict blood flow in the arm. Remind the patient to keep silent while
reading.
9
Navigate Non Graded Formative Assessment
1. What is the purpose of Vital Signs?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. What measures the pulse?

1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
3. What are the reasons for Heat Loss?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4. List down at least 5/10 factors that affect body temperature.

1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
4._____________________________________________________
5._____________________________________________________
5. How many minutes does the axillary temperature take?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6. Identify the body points to take a temperature.

1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
4._____________________________________________________
7. What is hypertension?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
8. How to document pulse rate?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
9. Reasons to delay in taking oral temperature for 10-15 minutes.

1._______________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
10. What measures the blood pressure?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Knot People need to know what to do in an emergency before medical help arrives. 1
Since you may be faced with an emergency in your life, it’s important that you
know how to recognize an emergency to non -emergency and how to respond.
The intent of this Learning Guide is to help everyone feel more confident of
their ability to respond appropriately in the event of an emergency and to
acquire knowledge of checking the vital signs.
When seconds count, an emergency is life threatening if the victim is

unconscious, is not breathing, is breathing with difficulty, has no pulse, or is
bleeding so badly. In a life threatening emergency, you must help at once. It
may only be a matter of seconds before a person dies. Be a life SAVER !
REFERENCES:
BOOKS :
1. American Heart Association. (n.d.). Heartsaver: CPR AED workbook. ( n.l.): (n.p.).
injured ( 6th ed.). American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
3. Emergency Care Academy and Rescue Unit Inc. (n.d.). ECARU emergency response training
manual. ecaruems.simplesite.com
5. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2016). Giving emergency
care in first aid. Philippine Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.ph/
6. Karren, k. J., Hafen, B. Q., Limmer, D., & Mistovich, J. J. (2008) First aid for colleges and
universities ( 9th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc, CA
8. Philippine Red Cross. (n.d.). Emergency first aid participant’s handbook. (ver 2.14). Quezon
City: Philippine Red Cross.
9. The Quezon City Red Cross. (n.d.). Hand-out on standard first aid. Quezon City: A Chapter
of The Philippine National Red Cross.
10. Schottke, D., Briese, G. L. (1997). First responder: Your first response in emergency care.
(2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
ONLINE SOURCES:
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBnlYGl3T2k&feature=emb_rel_pause

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUWJ-6nL5-8&t=103
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwibm58hEYs
Retrieved from https://clipartstation.com/child-thinking-clipart-4/
Retrieved from
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/checking-body-temperature-public-spaces_8509578.htm
Retrieved from https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/thinking.html?qview=7527259
Retrieved from https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/heart-foundation-offers-free-pulse-checks
Retrieved from https://webstockreview.net/explore/breathe-clipart-breathing-rate/
Retrieved from https://imgbin.com/png/3kwfKyxT/cartoon-blood-pressure-measurement-png
Retrieved from
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/major-arteries-pulse-points-head-arms-330572663
Retrieved from https://www.suntechmed.com/manual-blood-pressure-measurement

notification.
Lesson Code 1.5 Basic Life Support: Artificial Respiration (AR),
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

(min) (min)
1
Target By the end of the Learning Guide 1.5, students will be
able to:
1. Illustrate proper first aid and procedures of AR,
CPR and CCR.
2. Enumerate the criteria to start CPR and when to
STOP CPR.
7
Hook Activity : WATCH AND LEARN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lwRQTGzKcw
● How much oxygen is present in the air we

breathe?
● How much oxygen is present when we exhale?
● How many liters of blood circulates in our body?
● How long can the brain survive without oxygen

without having a possible brain damage?
● What are the two components of CPR?
Ignite What is Basic Life Support or BLS? 18
An emergency procedure that consists of recognizing
respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a victim
recovers or advanced life support is available.
What is CPR?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (30 compressions, 2
Breaths) 5 cycles
What is CCR?
Cardio Cerebral Resuscitation (purely compressions to
breaths)
Watch this :
https://www.redcross.org.uk/first-aid/learn-first-aid/unres
ponsive-and-not-breathing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpEvQuOWME0
How does CPR work?
Retrieved from
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectureforemp1medtech-1411200831 28-
conversion-gate02/95/lecture-for-ems-1-med-tech-uphsl-binan-39-
638.jpg?cb=1416472449
Step by Step Basic Life Support Procedures:
CPR Standard Application
(Start CHECK-CALL-CARE)
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT(DRCAB)
D-DANGER
R-RESPONSIVENESS C-
CIRCULATION
A-AIRWAY
B-BREATHING
Step 1- I HAVE MY BSIP ON!

Step 2 – (Check the area) THE SCENE IS SAFE!
Step 3- I HAVE ONE VICTIM HERE.
Step 4- MY NAME IS , A TRAINED
FIRST AIDER, CAN I HELP? (IF YES)
Step 5 - CHECK RESPONSIVENESS: Hey Sir! wake
up! Can you hear me? Can you blink your eyes or move
your fingers? Can you feel this?
(if the patient is unresponsive, identify someone from

the crowd)
Ask him/her to activate Medical Emergency Services

(EMS) and get an Automated External Defibrillator (as I
assess the patient).
Step 6- Check for OPEN AIRWAY (CAB)

● CIRCULATION: Look for the pulse using
CAROTID OR RADIAL.
● AIRWAY look for any obstruction (head tilt,

chin lift or jaw thrust maneuver)
● BREATHING) Look for the rise and fall of the

chest, listen and Feel for breathing.
Palpate carotid pulse for adults & child, brachial pulse for
infant (10 seconds)
The Pulse:
● CAROTID (located below the ear) the strongest
and most easily accessible of all the pulse points.
● RADIAL (wrist)is often the easiest to find.
Pointers:
● RATE (hold the pulse and count for 15seconds
and multiply by 4 for the actual PULSE RATE.
● Note the rate, rhythm (regular/ irregular) and
strength (strong/weak)
Regular Rate:
● Adult: 60-100 beats per minute
● Children: 90-130 beats per minute
● Infant: 120-160 per minute (children and babies
have a faster heart rate than adults).
Negative pulse, negative breathing (cardiac arrest) after

determining unconsciousness DO the:
● C-compression
● A-airway
● B-breathing
*apply immediate “CPR”
Step-7- FOLLOW UP EMS (ask the same person who

has been asked before to follow up EMS and get an
AED) please follow up EMS and get an AED as I
perform CPR. (When giving CPR compressions, the
ideal tempo is 100 beats per minute and to achieve that
tempo you can listen to a CPR Song like Staying Alive).
Step 8-Compression (30x)
● Airway (Head, Tilt, Chin Lift)
● Breathing (2 Breaths)
(DO it for 5 cycles)
Allow complete recoil of the chest after each
compression, to allow the heart to fill completely before
the next compression
Number of cycles per minute:

Counting : 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,&1,2,3,4,5
Note: After 5 cycles, if still UNCONSCIOUS, Re-check

breathing and pulse (circulation) for 10 seconds after 5
cycles (2 minutes) of CPR
If REVIVED, DO the RECOVERY POSITION (5

seconds rest position)
RUB the back of the patient and FEEL THE
BREATHING from the nose or mouth of the patient.
Step 9- SECONDARY ASSESSMENT (ask the same

person who has been asked before to follow up EMS)
Please follow up EMS as I DO the SECONDARY
ASSESSMENT.
Ask the patient for:
● P-patient’s name
● A-age
● S-sex
● A-address
● C-contact number
Note: During CPR

Avoid the following:
● Bouncer
● Jerker
● Rocker
● Massager
● Bender
Chest Compression: Not too fast, Not too hard
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCY AND ARTIFICIAL

RESPIRATION
Respiratory Arrest –when breathing stops & circulation

continues for quite some time
Causes:
● Obstruction
1.Anatomical Obstruction-tongue drops
back, acute asthma, croup, diphtheria and
swelling.
2. Mechanical Obstruction-foreign objects,
fluids
● Diseases
● Other causes:
1. Electrocution
2. Circulatory collapse
3. External Strangulation
4. Chest compression
5. Drowning
6. Poisoning
7. Suffocation
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (RESCUE

BREATHING)- a procedure of causing air to flow into
and out of the lungs when natural breathing ceased or is
inadequate.
METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

● Mouth to mouth resuscitation
● Mouth to nose resuscitation
● Mouth to mouth & nose resuscitation (for infant
or small child)
● Mouth to stomach resuscitation (for
laryngectomy)
OBJECTIVES OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

● To open airway, maximum head tilt-chin lift
maneuver
● Jaw ventilate the lungs (for head, neck & spinal
cord injuries)
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL

RESPIRATION
● Get started immediately.
● Apply artificial respiration 10-12 times per minute
or 1 breath of 1.5 to 2 seconds (adult).
● Maintained normal body temperatures as
supplementary help.
● Continue giving artificial respiration even during
transportation if still needed.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT COMPARATIVE
CHART
Adult Child Infant

Head Tilt Maximu Neutral Neutral
m head plus
tilt
Heart 60-80 80-100 100-120 /min.
Rate/Min /min. /min.
Breathing 12-16 16-20 /min. 20-25 /min.
Rate/Min /min.
AR 12 vents. 20 20 vents.
blows/Min /min. vents./min. /min.
AR 1 vent. /5 1 vent. /3 1 vent. /3 sec.
Vents./Sec sec. sec.
CPR 15 ECC:2 5 ECC:1 5 ECC: 1
Ratio of vent. vent vent.
ECC to (4 sets (20 sets / (20 sets /
Ventilatio /min.) min.) min.)
n
Depth of 1.5 to 2 1 to 1.5 .5 to 1 inch
ECC inches inch
Manner of 2 hands 1 hand 2 fingers
Compressi
on
Site of 2 fingers Just above 1 finger
Compressi above the the xiphoid below the
on substerna process imaginary
l notch nipple line
When to Stop CPR
▪ S-spontaneous signs of circulation are restored

▪ T-turned over to medical services or properly
trained and authorized personnel
▪ O-operator (rescuer) is too exhausted and
cannot continue CPR
▪ P-physician assumes responsibility (declares
death, takeover)
▪ S-scene becomes unsafe
Navigate 3
Graded Formative Assessment:
Now it’s time to test what you have learned so far.
Give the sequence procedure in administering CPR
HARD & FAST
Key Changes in the New Guidelines 1

Knot
● CAB instead of ABC
● Compression first
● No more Look Listen and Feel
● Push HARDER at least 2inches compression
deep
● FAST at least 100 beats per minute compression
● Check for normal breathing together with check
for unresponsiveness
● Hands only CPR for the untrained lay rescuer
● Use BSIP and PPE before administering any
contact first aid procedures most specially this
time of pandemic
● Cover the mouth and nose of the victim with a
face mask or cloth
High Quality CPR

Take Note:
● Not too HARD, Not too FAST.
● Allowing full chest recoil
● Switching rescuers every 2 minutes
● Minimizing interruptions in compressions
● Avoid excessive ventilations
In a life –threatening emergency, you must help at once.

It may only be a matter of seconds before the person dies.
An emergency is life-threatening if the victim is
unconscious, is not breathing, is breathing with difficulty,
if has no pulse or is bleeding so badly.
CPR is performed properly and promptly before “sudden

death” helps to receive treatment by advanced medical
techniques. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation helps
reestablish the heart and lung function which occurs due
to cardiac arrest. The technique is used as an emergency
first aid and procedure to provide basic life support until
more advanced life support is available or available.
Time like the one we are experiencing today, it is

important to be prepared and knowledgeable about first
aid procedures as well as on how to respond in the event
of emergency to help one another to save life, prevent
injury and prolong illness.

REFERENCES:
BOOKS:
injured (6th ed.). American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
3. Emergency Care Academy and Rescue Unit Inc. (n.d.). ECARU emergency response training
manual. ecaruems.simplesite.com
guidelines. http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/F
5. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2016). Giving emergency
care in first aid. Philippine Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.ph/
6. Karren, k. J., Hafen, B. Q., Limmer, D., & Mistovich, J. J. (2008) First aid for colleges and
universities (9th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc, CA
8. Philippine Red Cross. (n.d.). Emergency first aid participant’s handbook. (ver 2.14). Quezon
City: Philippine Red Cross.
9. The Quezon City Red Cross. (n.d.). Hand-out on standard first aid. Quezon City: A Chapter
of The Philippine National Red Cross.
10. Schottke, D., Briese, G. L. (1997). First responder: Your first response in emergency care.
(2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
ONLINE SOURCES:
1. Retrieved from
https://www.stephenbabcock.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Accident-Injuries-1024x678.j
peg
2. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpQuOWME0
3. Retrieved from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1htEIaca5JPetvSkK77R0PKYnrOU961Mk/view?usp=sharing
4. Retrieved from
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectureforemp1medtech-141120083128-conversion-gate02/9
5/lecture-for-ems-1-med-tech-uphsl-binan-39-638.jpg?cb=1416472449
5. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lwRQTGzKcw
6. Retrieved from
https://www.redcross.org.uk/first-aid/learn-first-aid/unresponsive-and-not-breathing

notification.
Lesson Code 1.6 Basic Life Support: Emergency Action Principles of Patient
Assessment (Primary, Secondary and Ongoing Surveys)

( min) (min
)
1
Target By the end of the Learning Guide 1.3, students will be able to:
1. Enumerate the Emergency Action Principles of Patient
Assessment; and
2. Compare the Primary, Secondary, and Ongoing Assessment
Activity: Video Watching 10

Hook Direction: Click the link and watch the video
https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/thinking.html
SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
Direction: Read each statement and circle your chosen answer.
1. TRUE OR FALSE: Patient assessment

includes conducting an interview and
physical examination of the patient.
2.TRUE OR FALSE: If the patient is

unresponsive check this order: circulation,
airway, breathing and bleeding.
3. TRUE OR FALSE: Patient Assessment

requires first responders to identify, prioritize
and care for major signs and symptoms and
diagnose patient’s specific problems.
4.TRUE OR FALSE: If the patient is

responsive check this order: airway,
breathing, circulation and bleeding.
5.TRUE OR FALSE: The first step in scene

size-up is Body Substance Isolation
Precaution.
https://www.netclipart.com/isee/ihhbTwT_qu
estion-mark-bracket-clip-art-man-sitting-on/
What are your impressions as you approach the incident?
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/accident-scene-with-car-crashing-bike_593497
6.htm
● Take the time to look at the scene for anything that may threaten
your safety or the safety of those around the scene.
● Look for the number of casualties involved. Look also for
bystanders who may be able to supply the information on what
happened and the number of casualties.
● Quickly confirm in your mind just what is present, bystanders,

other vehicles, power lines, or collapsed structures.
15
Ignite
PATIENT ASSESSMENT ALGORITHM
Component of Patient Assessment
A. SCENE SIZE - UP
1. Survey the scene. Is the scene
safe?
2. Wear BSIP/PPE for your own
safety
3. What happened? Cause of injury
and nature of illness.
Two types of incidents TRAUMA
caused by external forces resulting in
physical injury. MEDICAL caused
by an illness/disease of the body.
Check for MECHANISM OF
INJURY (MOI), the way in which
an injury occurs, as well as the
forces involved in producing the
injury in which possible to happen
due to trauma.
4. How many people are injured?
5. Are there bystanders who can
help?
6. Identify yourself and get consent. There are two types of consent:
EXPRESSED (awake, conscious patient) IMPLIED (unconscious)
B. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE (Call first or Care first?)

What to REPORT?
1. What happened?
2. Exact Location with
landmarks
3. Number of patient & their
condition
4. Observation in the scene
5. Telephone number from
where call is made
6. Name of person who called
medical help. Person must
identify himself and hang
up the phone last.
https://www.google.com/search?q=free
+images+of+calling+911+medical+support&tb
m=Dr7SgZOA40Kt_M
C. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
(Detect and Correct all immediate life threatening problems. Not to
compromise ABC-B)
1. General Impression:
● formed to determine the

priority of care
● based on your immediate
assessment
● make note of the persons:
Age, gender, race, overall
● appearance, level of distress,
position of patient, stable or
unstable
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo
/an-accident-of-a-man-worker-at-the-cons
truction
2. Level of Consciousness
A patient’s response level can be
summarized in the AVPU
mnemonic as follows:
● ALERT(responsive)
● VERBAL Stimuli (responsive
to voice)
● PAINFUL Stimuli (responsive
to pain)
● UNRESPONSIVE
(unconscious)
IF RESPONSIVE IF UNRESPONSIVE
ABC-B CAB-B
Airway an open airway allows Circulation
air to enter the lungs for the
person to breathe,
Breathing Airway If the airway is
blocked, the person cannot
breathe
Circulation Breathing (while
maintaining an open
airway, look for the rise and
● Pulse-check for pulse at fall of the chest ,listen &
carotid/radial area for Feel for no more than 10
adult or child seconds)
● Bleeding-quickly look
for severe bleeding by
looking over the
person’s body from
head to toe for signs
such as blood-soaked
clothing or blood
spurting out of a wound
● Shock-if left untreated,
shock can lead to death.
Always look for the
signs of shock.
● Skin color. temperature
,and moisture can tell
you more about the
patient’s circulatory
system
Bleeding ( severe) Bleeding
3. Rapid Assessment (Using hand)
Scan the body to identify injuries

that must be managed immediately.
● Take 60-90 seconds perform
● Not a focused physical
examination
● If bleeding, expose that part
of the injury to check how severe
the damage and treat immediately
https://www.emsworld.com/arti
cle/10318988/transition-series-t
opics-emt-trauma
D. SECONDARY ASSESSMENT (detailed assessment using

Fingertips)
If an injured or ill person is not in an immediately life threatening
conditions, begin to check for other conditions that may be need care:
● Interviewing the person and bystanders
● Checking the person from head to toe
● Checking for vital signs
Look for DCAP-BTLS (Responsive & Unresponsive)
● DEFORMITY
● CONTUSION
● ABRASION
● PUNCTURE
● BURN
● TENDERNESS
● LACERATION
● SWELLING
DO the HEAD to TOE examination

HEAD Look and feel for cuts &
bruises
EYES Check and compare pupils
NOSE,EAR,& MOUTH Check for fluid or blood
NECK Feel for injury
COLLAR BONE Check and compare
shoulders
CHEST/RIBS Check and compare chest
ABDOMEN Check for tenderness, press
abdomen using flat parts of
the fingers
HIP BONE Press slowly, inward &
upward
LEG One at a time
ARM One at a time
SPINAL COLUMN Press gently from cervical
region down to the lumber
Note: Record all Assessment and Time
ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Family members, bystanders, first responders, patient
unresponsive or unable to provide medical history.
E. ONGOING ASSESSMENT
✔ Reassessment
✔ Repeat Primary Assessment-re-check for the level of
consciousness
✔ Check and adjust for interventions as appropriate
NOTE: When to REPEAT?
If the patient is UNRESPONSIVE or critical
✔ Do the ongoing assessment for every 5 minutes before
the medical assistance arrives
If RESPONSIVE
✔ Do the ongoing assessment for every 15 minutes
before the medical assistance arrives
Non-Graded Formative Assessment: 3

Navigate FIRST AID CHALLENGE:
You have learned the emergency action steps that can be applied in any
emergency –CHECK, CALL, and CARE. Would you know what to do
in an emergency? Test your knowledge of the emergency action steps by
deciding what you would do in each of the following situations below. (5
Points each).
1. She is complaining of an “unusual

tightness” in her chest and nausea
for several hours. Suddenly she
experiences severe pain in her chest
and now has trouble breathing.
What would you do?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. You witnessed your
neighbor grasp his chest
and suddenly collapse
on the ground while
doing something outside
his backyard. He does
not appear to be
breathing. What would
you do?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. A man collides with a

parked car. He lost his
balance and fell on his
bicycle. What would you
do?
Answer:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Accurate casualty treatment and medical treatment depends on how 1

Knot accurate and detailed information from the incident scene. This not only
allows you to gain information, but also presents you as someone who
knows what they are doing. The attitude imparts confidence to the
casualty and bystanders.
People need to know what to do in an emergency before medical help
arrives. Since you may be faced with an emergency in your life, it’s
important that you know how to recognize an emergency and how to
respond.
The intent of this Learning Guide is to help everyone feel more confident
of their ability to respond appropriately in the event of an emergency. Be
a life SAVER ! Always remember the CHECK - CALL and CARE
principle.
Always establish respect and comfort with the patient by introducing
yourself and explaining that you are there to help. Ask for consent before
giving any treatment to the patient. During the primary survey, check for
any life threatening injuries involving the airway, breathing and
circulation.
Apply look , listen and feel to assess the vital signs including pulse ,
respiration, temperature and as well as the skin color. When taking the
report, ask open-ended questions when possible and takenote for the
SAMPLE mnemonic.
You should provide care for the problems you find during the secondary
survey depending on the time you have before medical health arrives.
Takenote of the full body assessment which you check for the less
injuries and medical problems.

REFERENCES:
BOOKS :
emergency care in first aid. Philippine Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.ph/
and universities ( 9th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc, CA
ONLINE SOURCES:
Retrieved from https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/accident-scene-with-car-crashing-bike_5934976.htm

Retrieved from
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/an-accident-of-a-man-worker-at-the-construction-royalty-free-
image/1173287224?adppopup=true
Retrieved from
https://firstaidlearningforyoungpeople.redcross.org.uk/first-aid-skills/unresponsive-and-breathing/
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anfhjDlF4SE
Retrieved from https://www.emsworld.com/article/10318988/transition-series-topics-emt-trauma
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0PwXY9-Jb8

proprietary information and may only be released to third parties with approval of management. Document
is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not subject to update notification.
Lesson Code 1.7 Basic Life Support: Emergency /Non- Emergency Move

( (min
min) )
1
Target By the end of the Learning Guide Module 1.7, the students will be able to:
1. Describe various types of one-man, two man moving techniques
2. Explain when to lift and when not to lift the patient
Activity: PICTURE ANALYSIS 5

Hook Direction: Look at the image and answer the following questions below:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_Septemb
er_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center
1. What do you think is the scenario?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What have you observed in the image above?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. What do you think is the relevance of this image to our main topic?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13
Ignite What is Emergency Rescue?
A procedure of moving a patient from a safe place or from an emergency scene to a safer
place.
Moving /Transporting Victims

Body Mechanics-defined as the safest method of using the body to gain mechanical
advantage.
Body Mechanics
● The use of proper body mechanics and lifting techniques reduces the likelihood of
being injured
● Incorporates knowledge of the way muscles work into principles for safety
performing physical activities such as lifting, sitting, and pushing heavy objects
Simple principles of Body Mechanics:

● Keep the weight of objects as close to the body as possible.
● To move a heavy object use leg, hip and gluteal muscles plus contracted
abdominal muscle.
● reduce the height or distance through which the object must be moved.
Critical situations to move victim prior to assessment and care:
https://www.60secondsofsafety.org/
● Fire or threats of fire at the accident scene.

● There are explosives or other hazardous materials involved at the accident scene.
● You are unable to protect the accident scene from oncoming traffic, downed
electrical wires, toxic fumes, or other hazards.
● You are unable to reach other victims who need lifesaving care without moving
one or more of victims.
● You are unable to properly treat the victim without moving him.
Body mechanics and Lifting Techniques:

● Know your physical ability and limitations
● Plan the lift, choose the evacuation techniques that will be safe least harmful both
to rescuer and the patient
● Ensure good grip
● Test the load
● Each movement should be performed as deliberately and gently as possible
● Lift with using your legs, not with your back
● Keep patient’s weight close to your body
● Avoid twisting your back during the lift
● Communicate clearly with your patient and EMS providers
● Use good posture
Patient Positioning:
● Reposition a patient when only when necessary
● Reposition a breathing, unresponsive, non-trauma patient in the recovery position
● Don’t move or reposition a trauma patient unless necessary to treat life threatening
condition
● Allow responsive patient to assume comfortable position
● Move only the patient if his ABC’s are stable
● As much as possible, let the patient move on his own
● Always ask the permission of the patient and keep him inform
● Observe ergonomics in lifting and transfer
Pointers for the selection of correct method

● Nature or severity of the injury
● Size of the victim
● Physical capabilities of the first aider
● Number of personnel and equipment available
● Nature of evacuation route
● Distance to be covered
● Sex of the patient
Helps keep airway open

● Allows fluid to drain from mouth
● Prevents aspiration
● If possible, put victim onto left side
● Comfort to monitor breathing
Recovery Position:
● Extend patient’s arm farther from you
above victim’s head
● Position patient’s other arm across chest
● Grab patient’s knee and bend nearer leg at
knee
● Put forearm nearer patient’s head under
patient’s nearer shoulder with hand under
hollow of neck
● Roll patient away from you by pushing on
patient’s flexed knee and lifting with
forearm while hand stabilizes head and neck
● Continue to support the head and neck. Position patient’s hand palm down. Rub
patients back.
● Check airways and open mouth to allow drainage
Techniques for moving Patients Safety
● Keep the back in locked-in position
● Use a power grip-palm and fingers in contact
● Use a power lift or squat lift
● Reach no more than 20 inches from front of body
● Use log-rolling –spinal injury
● Push rather than pull
Click this link and watch:

https://youtu.be/66qCkgqVhaI
How to carry an injured person by yourself during first aid

Do not move an injured patient unless they are in a life-threatening situation. Moving an
injured patient can worsen the injury. If the patient has a spinal injury it can cause them to
be permanently paralyzed.
If the patient is not in immediate, life threatening danger, call emergency responders for
medical help. If you do need to move the patient out of the threatening danger, it is
important to do it correctly to reduce the risk to the life injured patient and to yourself.
EMERGENCY MOVES
● If there is some potential danger for rescuer or the patient
● If necessary to reach another patient who needs life saving care
● f unable to properly assess patient due to location
CLOTHES DRAG
● Grasp the patient’s clothing
underneath his or her shoulders. You will
have to bend over in order to pull the victim
away.
● Support the patient’s head by
keeping an arm along each side of it. Lean
back and use your weight to drag the
patient. Pull the victim away, keeping the
body as aligned as possible.
If the patient has injuries on both the arms and legs, it may be necessary to drag them by
their clothing. If you use this method, pay attention to the clothing to make sure that it
doesn’t suddenly tear and cause the patient’s head to bang on the ground.
Note: This is not applicable for rescuers with back injuries
ARM DRAG — This method is necessary when the patient has leg injuries.
● Bend your legs and keep your back

straight. This will protect your own back.
● Lift the patient’s arms above the head
and grasp the patient by the elbows.
● Squeeze the elbows against the sides of
the head so that it remains supported and
does not drag on the ground.
● Use your own weight to lean back and slowly drag the patient to safety.
LEG/ FEET DRAG —This drag method is a last resort. Moving a patient in this manner
will most certainly be uncomfortable for the patient and will likely cause greater injury.
It’s life over limb technique. This can really be accomplished only if the patient is
unconscious because of the pain of dragging their torso and head along the ground.
● Squat at the feet of the patient

and grasp his ankle.
● Lean back and slowly and
steadily use your weight to drag the
person to safety. Be careful not to drag
the person over surfaces or objects that
may injure them.
● If you are sure that the person
has not suffered a spinal injury, you
can lift the head and put something
underneath to protect it. If you think
the person might have a spinal injury, you should move the head as little as
possible.
CRUTCH METHOD (one person walking assist) In this

method, conscious patient can use rescuers in swinging their
legs. For unconscious patient, this procedure moves the
victim out of immediate danger quick and easy.
● With the patient on the ground, rescuer stand on
either side of the patient’s chest.
● Rescuer’s hand nearest the feet grabs the patient’s
wrist on the side of the patient while the other hand
grasps the clothing of the shoulder nearest to him.
● Put the patient in a sitting position by pulling and
lifting the patient’s arm.
● The conscious patient, stand with rescuer’s
assistance and rescuer’s hands around the patient’s
waist.
● For unconscious patients, rescuers will hold the belt
or waistband of the patient’s clothing.
● The rescuer will squat down, placing the patient’s arm over his shoulder and
ending up facing the same direction as the patient.
● Using their legs, they stand with the patient and move out, dragging the patient’s
legs behind.
PACK-STRAP / PIGGY BACK CARRY - this method is better for longer distance
to lift a patient safely.
● Place both the patient’s arms over your

shoulders.
● Cross the patient’s arms, grasping the patient’s
opposite wrist.
● Pull the arms close to your chest.
● Squat slightly and drive your hips into the
patient’s while bending slightly at the waist.
● Balance the load on your hips and support the
patient with your legs.
FIREFIGHTER’S CARRY -This technique is for

carrying a victim longer distances.
Getting the victim into position requires a very strong
rescuer or an assistant.
● Make sure that there’s no possibility of

spinal injury before moving the patient.
● Roll the patient onto his stomach if he’s
on his back.
● Hook your elbows under his armpits.
● Raise the patient to his feet.
● Place your right leg between the
patient’s legs.
● Grab the patient’s right hand with your
left.
● Squat down.
● Wrap your right arm around the back of
the patient’s right knee.
● Rise up and lift the patient right thigh
over your right shoulder.
SHOULDER DRAG –The shoulder drag is another maneuver for when a patient needs to
be moved quickly. This drag is difficult to perform over long distances as it’s physically
taxing on the rescuer. This is applicable for short distances over a rough surface.
● Place the patient in a seated position

● Squat behind the patient and reach under arms
grasping your own wrist.
● Stand lean back, and walk backward dragging the
patient to safety.
BLANKET DRAG- Along the same line of thought as the chair carry, utilize what you
have available to you when performing a patient drag. The blanket drag can be performed
with a blanket or a sheet, curtains, towel,
tarp or anything else that accomplishes the
same purpose.
Lay out a blanket on the floor as close

to the patient as possible.
● Roll or lift the patient carefully
onto the blanket with 2 ft. from one
corner of the blanket.
● You should keep the head and
neck as aligned as possible while
transferring the patient to the
blanket.
● Adjust the blanket so the patient is centered.
● Grab the blanket by the end near the patient’s head.
● Pull with your legs with your back as straight as possible.
● Keep pulling on a straight line as possible to safety.
CRADLE CARRY- This method is useful for children or very light weight patient.
● Put your arms under the patient’s knees and

around their back
FIREMAN’S DRAG-This method may be used to drag an unconscious patient for a short
distance. This is useful when you need to crawl underneath a low structure or the area is
full of smoke.
● Place the patient face up.

● Cross the patient’s wrists and tie them together with bandage.
● Kneel astride the patient and lift the arms over your head so that the patient’s
wrists are at the back of your head.
● When you crawl forward, raise your shoulders high enough so that the patient’s
head will not bump against the deck.
NON EMERGENCY MOVES

● Used to move patient when no threat to life
● Performed by multiple rescuers
● Not used if patient has suspected spinal injury, internal bleeding or uncontrolled
external bleeding
● Generally used to prepare patient for transport
● Stabilized patient before moving
● Minimize any chance of aggravating illness or injury
● These moves are usually performed by responding EMS personnel
EXTREMITY LIFT
● Rescuer 1 squats at the patient’s

head and grasps the patient from behind at
the midsection.
● Rescuer 2 squats between the
patient’s knees, grasping the outside knees.
● Both rescuers rise to a standing
position.
CHAIR LITTER CARRY –This is a good method for carrying patient’s up and down
stairs or through narrow or uneven areas.
● Pick the patient up , and place him or

have him sit in a chair.
● The rescuer at the head grasps the
chair from the sides of the back,
palms in.
● The rescuer at the head then tilts the
chair back onto its rear legs.
● For short distances or stairwells, the
second rescuer should face in and
grasp the chair legs.
● For the longer distances, the second
rescuer should separate the patient’s
legs, back into the chair and, on the
command of the rescuer at the head, both rescuers stand using their legs.
FOUR-HANDED SEAT-This method entails carrying conscious and alert patients to
moderate distances. This is only used when patients are able to stand unsupported and hold
themselves upright during transport.
● Rescuers grab wrists as shown

forming the seat.
● Allow the patient to sit by lowering

the seat using legs, not the back. Patient’s
arms were placed around the rescuer’s neck.
● Rescuers stand using legs, and keep
their back straight.
TWO- HANDED SEAT – The two-handed seat carry should only be conducted on a
conscious patient. Rescuers will utilize their arms to create a seat and the patient will need
to be able to hold on the balance and stability.
● Both rescuers squat down on either side of the

patient and reach under the patient’s shoulders and
under the knees.
● Rescuers grasp each other’s wrist and stand with
proper lifting technique.
● Place your free arms under the patient’s knees and
link arms.
● Place the patient's arms around the shoulders of
rescuers and stand together.
● Walk in the direction where the patient is facing.
GROUND LIFT CARRY-This method is for lifting a

patient into a bed or stretcher, or for transporting to short
distances.
● Each rescuers kneels on the knee nearest the patient’s feet

● On the command of the lead rescuer at the head, the rescuers lift the patient up and
rest the patient on their knees.
● If the patient is being placed on a low stretcher, on the command of the lead
rescuer at the head, the patient is placed down on the stretcher.
● If the patient is to be carried, at this point, the rescuers will rotate the patient so
that the patient is facing the rescuers, resting against the rescuers chests.
● On the command of the lead rescuer at the head, all the rescuers will stand.
● To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same foot, walking in line abreast.
Sample Equipment
The use of special devices for lifting and moving makes the task easier, safer, and
more comfortable both for the rescuer and the patient.
● Please refer to this link and watch for PATIENT CARRYING DEVICES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_XN2Lq4QAY
Lifting Scoop Stretcher
Ambulance Stretcher
https://free3d.com/3d-model/ambulance-stretchers-3d-models-collection-5318.html
Stretcher
https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/stretcher.html
Wheelchair
https://free3d.com/3d-model/wheelchair-5927.html
The Improvised Stretcher from shirts, jackets and poles
https://www.slideshare.net/Abdullah.sachwani/victim-evacuation-techniques
Triage
● Classify into care and transportation priorities
PRIORITY COLOR CASE

1 RED Immediate /life threatening
2 YELLOW Can be delayed up to 1
hour
3 GREEN Can be delayed up to 3
hours
4 BLACK No care required
Non-Graded Formative Assessment 10

Navigate
1. Describe the principles of body mechanics.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2. List three types of moves?

1.___________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________
3.___________________________________________________
3. What are the basics of lifting and moving?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4. Name five patient-carrying devices.

1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
4._____________________________________________________
5._____________________________________________________
5. When placing all fingers and the palm in contact with the object being lifted, you
are using?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6. What factors should be considered before lifting any patient?

1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
7. When lifting a patient, a basic principle is?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
8. What is true regarding body mechanics?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
9. If an injured patient needs to be moved but is not in immediate danger from

fire or building collapse, what you should do first?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
10. Where should you position the weight of the object being lifted?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1
Knot The intent of this Learning Guide 1.7 is to help everyone feel more confident of their
ability to respond appropriately in the event of an emergency and to acquire knowledge
when to lift and when not to lift the patient.
Once you decide to move a patient, you must quickly decide how to move the patient.
Carefully consider your safety and the safety of the patient. Base your decision on the
dangers you are facing, the size and the condition of the patient, your ability and capacity,
and whether you have any help.
Do No FURTHER HARM! Be a life SAVER !

REFERENCES:
BOOKS :
guidelines. http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/F
emergency care in first aid. Philippine Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org.ph/
and universities (9th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc, CA
ONLINE SOURCES:
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/66qCkgqVhaI

Retrieved from https://www.60secondsofsafety.org/
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_XN2Lq4QAY
Retrieved from https://slideplayer.com/slide/7496864/
Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_the_September_11_attacks_on_t
he_World_Trade_Center
Retrieved from https://www.60secondsofsafety.org/
Retrieved from
https://free3d.com/3d-model/ambulance-stretchers-3d-models-collection-5318.html
Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/stretcher.html
Retrieved from https://free3d.com/3d-model/wheelchair-5927.html
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/Abdullah.sachwani/victim-evacuation-techniques

Document is uncontrolled unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not subject to
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Published by: Philippine Science High School System

Components Tasks TA​a ATA​b

I. Definition of First Aid

First Aid refers to the immediate medical care or initial support

First aid is provided to someone with a minor injury such as minor

II. Roles of First Aid

IV. Characteristics of a Good First Aider

V. Principles In Giving Emergency Care

A​ – Aid for help

Ask for help​. In a crisis, time is of essence.

Intervene​. To intervene means to do something for the

Do not do further harm. ​Keep in mind your goal which is

VI. What to do in case of an emergency?

Watch this instructional video for more information:

Response. Check if the casualty is

Airway. Next, you need to check that the

Breathing. You now need to check if the

Circulation. Once you have established they

Your kit will serve as your tool in giving first aid.

Watch this instructional video for more information:

Risk Cause/s Safety Measure/s

Adivoso, Angelica. (2015). First aid. Slideshare. Retrieved from

Hepler, Linda. (2018). Introduction to first aid. Healthline. Retrieved from

Save A Life Certifications by NHCPS. (n.d.). First aid. Retrieved from

Prepared by: Michael George E. Jacla Reviewed by: Lualhati F. Callo

Components Tasks TAa ATAb

Other causes according to Finnish Red Cross (n.d.) include:

● Scratch, or flesh wound: graze, falling.

Healthdirect (2019) listed the following signs of a wound:

III. Types of wounds

An abrasion ”occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a rough or

Photo from todayonline.com

A laceration is “a deep cut or tearing of your skin”. Accidents with knives,

Photo from todayonline.com

A puncture is “a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail

Photo from todayonline.com

An avulsion is a “partial or complete tearing away of skin and the tissue

Photo from todayonline.com

For minor cuts and grazes (Finnish Red Cross, n.d.):

● Stop the visible bleeding by applying pressure to the wound.

Watch this instructional video for more information:

For heavily bleeding wounds (First Aid-IFRC Mobile App, n.d.):

1. Put pressure on the wound with whatever is available to stop

2. If the bleeding is severe, call an emergency hotline as soon as

Watch this instructional video for more information:

Non Graded Formative Assessment

After learning about wounds, look for wound-causing hazards at home

Wound-causing Hazards Safety Measures

May it be a minor or major wound, the most important thing to do is to

Chan, Lyn. (n.d.). Emergency! Bleeding-injuries. Today online. Retrieved from

Roddick, Julie. (2018). Open Wound. Healthline. Retrieved from

Prepared by: Michael George E. Jacla Reviewed by: Lualhati F. Callo

Component Tasks TA ATA

B. What first aid would you give to the scene?

What are the 3 types of bandages?

Improvising Dressings and Bandages

Sample of improvised dressings for an emergency:

Slings ​are used to support injuries of the shoulder, arms, or ribs​.

PARTS OF TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

THE SQUARE KNOT ​used in tying triangular bandages.

Components Tasks TAa ATAb

A – Aid for help

Ask for help. In a crisis, time is of essence.

Intervene. To intervene means to do something for the

Do not do further harm. Keep in mind your goal which is

Slings are used to support injuries of the shoulder, arms, or ribs.

THE SQUARE KNOT used in tying triangular bandages.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BANDAGES using Triangular bandage: ( click the

1. Triangular Bandage- commonly used to support fractures and

7. Mckie, P. (2005) Active first aid. (2nd ed.).

Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-boy-fell-bike-park-image75416662

A. What are the sites to take a body

B. Give the five Vital Signs

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBnlYGl3T2k&feature=emb_rel_pause