COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003

Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : svcst_leganes@yahoo.com

COO – FORM 12

SUBJECT TITLE: Civic Welfare Training Service

INSTRUCTOR: ALMERIA, JOHN REY D., LPT
SUBJECT CODE: NSTP1

FINALS MODULE

Topic 1: First Aid

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:

1. Know who the first aider is.
2. Elaborate the qualities of a good first aider.
3. Classify where the duty of a first aider starts and ends.
4. Analyze the importance of a first aider.

NOTES:

1.1. Definition

At any moment, you or someone around you could experience an injury or

illness. Using basic first aid, you may be able to stop a minor mishap from getting
worse. In the case of a serious medical emergency, you may even save a life.

Definition of first aid

When you provide basic medical care to someone experiencing a sudden

injury or illness, it’s known as first aid.
In some cases, first aid consists of the initial support provided to someone in
the middle of a medical emergency. This support might help them survive until
professional help arrives.

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 In other cases, first aid consists of the care provided to someone with a
minor injury.

Who is a first aider?

A first aider is someone who has been trained to give immediate medical help
in an emergency. He or she would have completed training appropriate to what is
needed in their workplace. They will have a certificate of competence in either first
aid at work, emergency first aid at work or another equivalent qualification.

1.2. The Qualities of a Good First Aider

Millions of people are hurt or killed from injuries every year because
adequate and timely assistance is not provided. Effectively, first aid reduces deaths,
injuries and impact during disasters and daily emergencies.

Ten Qualities of a Good First Aider

1. Good communicator. Communications is important for emergency

management/ managers to fully prepare, and respond in a timely manner.
Communications is the key to effective mitigation, preparedness, response
and recovery.
2. Quick and Smooth. First aid providers have to be very quick in their
actions.
3. Controlled and calm. Without showing any panic, you should be able to
perform in front of the people and the victim.
4. Intelligent and decisive. You should be able to decide the course of
treatment within seconds. Depending on what is there in front of you, you
should take an immediate yet a wise call, and keep the injured person stable
till help arrives.
5. Resourceful. Your first aid kit should, at all times, have the required
material without fail. In case you don’t have it, you should make immediate
arrangement or look for the right alternatives off what is available.
6. Reassuring and sympathetic. It is your duty as a first aider to reassure
the victim that you are there to take care of him and that help is on its way.
The victim needs reassuring words.
7. Skilled. A first aider has the basic medical skills. You are trained to perform
these skills under pressure. You should have the right skills to judge the
problem depending on the symptoms and make quick calls.
8. Efficient. You should be able to start the first aid without the victim feeling
too much pain or without increasing his pain anymore.
9. Team Player. Teamwork is an essential and integral part of the successful
management of sudden mass casualty incidents and disasters. A good first

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 aider must be able to work with other first aiders and medical staff to reduce
deaths, injuries and impact during disasters and daily emergencies.
10.Confident. As a first aid provider, you must have faith in yourself and your
actions before you start first aid on the victim.

1.3. The Need for First Aid

Any of the skills you learn could equip you with the knowledge you need
to save a life, as well as improve the outcomes for someone who has had an
accident.
1. First aid saves lives. Basic first aid can mean the difference between life
and death.
2. First aid reduces recovery time. First aid can have a huge impact on
someone’s chances of recovery.
3. First aid reduces hospital time. Early intervention with first aid can reduce
the length of time the patient needs to stays in hospital .
4. First aid prevents medical situations deteriorating. Knowing the basics
of first aid can prevent a bad situation from getting worse.
5. First aid can reduce unnecessary visits to hospital. Not every accident
ends up in hospital but still needs medical attention.
6. Competent first aid can reduce the amount of pain experienced by
casualties. Knowing how to respond helps you stay calm in an emergency
situation.
7. Crucial communication for emergency services. Staying with the patient
until the emergency services arrive to take over means you can convey vital
information about how the patient sustained the injury or information about
their condition.
8. First aid increases awareness and reduces your susceptibility to
accidents. Learning first aid and becoming alert to potential hazards and
medical issues increases our health awareness and allows us to take better
care of ourselves, our friends and families.
9. First aid makes you feel empowered. Learning first aid will give you the
confidence to act appropriately when an accident occurs. It is vitally
important to deal with any life-saving injuries before reaching for the phone
to call for an ambulance.
10.Be prepared for anything. First aid also equips you to deal with bleeding,
burns, breathlessness, bites, shocks stings, splints and fainting so whatever
medical situation life throws at you, you can respond effectively.

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 1.4. Where the duty of the First Aider starts and ends

First aider’s duty includes the following:

1. Assess the situation quickly and calmly to get an understanding of what
happened. This involves determining whether anyone is in danger, the cause of
the situation, and how many people are affected.
2. Comfort, reassure, stay calm and take charge. You should introduce
yourself to the casualty, explain what’s happening and why, and explain what
you’re going to do before you do it.
3. Protect yourself and the casualty from any danger. You should always
protect yourself first and only move the casualty if leaving them would cause
more harm.
4. Prevent infection between you and them. You should wash your hands or
use hand sanitizer, wear disposable gloves, and not cough or sneeze over a
casualty.
5. Assess the casualty. If there are multiple casualties, you must help those with
life-threatening injuries or conditions first.
6. Give first aid treatment, such as CPR or applying pressure to bleeding
wounds. Life-threatening injuries and conditions must be prioritized before
giving treatment to less serious cases.
7. Arrange for the right kind of help. Call for an ambulance if it’s serious, or
take/send them to a hospital if it’s serious but unlikely to get any worse. For less
serious conditions, suggest they see a doctor if they are concerned or if the
condition worsens. You should always stay with them until you can leave them
in the right care.

This duty of care ends only when one of the following occurs:

1) The casualty recovers and no longer needs help

2) A Paramedic or other medical professional takes over from you.
3) It becomes dangerous for you to continue
4) You have become Physically incapable of continuing care due to fatigue

 It is important that a First Aider does not attempt to provide care that is
beyond their level of training.

Exercises:

1. What are some basic first aid skills?

2. What are the skills needed to be a first aider?
3. Why is first aid important in our life?
4. As a student, how can you help if there’s an accident?
5. Give an example of first aid.

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Topic 2: Family Planning and Good Parenting

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:

1. Identify
NOTES:

2.1. Introduction

Family planning is "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and

attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It
is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary
infertility. Family planning may involve consideration of the number of children a
woman wishes to have, including the choice to have no children and the age at
which she wishes to have them. These matters are influenced by external factors
such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, and any
disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them. If sexually
active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques
to control the timing of reproduction.
Family planning has been of practice since the 16th century by the people
of Djenné in West Africa. Physicians advised women to space their children, having
them every three years rather than too many and too quickly. Other aspects of
family planning include sex education, prevention and management of sexually
transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management,
and infertility management. Family planning, as defined by the United Nations and
the World Health Organization, encompasses services leading up to
conception. Abortion is not a component of family planning, although access to
contraception and family planning reduces the desire for abortion.
Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism for access to
and the use of contraception. However, it often involves methods and practices in
addition to contraception. Additionally, many might wish to use contraception but
are not necessarily planning a family (e.g., unmarried adolescents, young married
couples delaying childbearing while building a career). Family planning has become
a catch-all phrase for much of the work undertaken in this realm. However,
contemporary notions of family planning tend to place a woman and her
childbearing decisions at the center of the discussion, as notions of women's
empowerment and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many parts of
the world. It is usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the
number of children they have or control pregnancy timing (also known as spacing
children).
Family planning has been shown to reduce teenage birth rates and birth
rates for unmarried women.

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 2.2. Advantages of Family Planning

Preventing pregnancies that are unintended and births that are unplanned means:
 Improving maternal health and child survival. Helping women avoid
becoming pregnant too early, too late or too often benefits them and their
children. Meeting the unmet need for contraceptives would further reduce
global rates of maternal mortality by 35%, and a three-year interval between
births in developing countries would further lower rates of infant mortality by
24% and rates of child mortality by 35%.
 Reducing the number of abortions overall, especially unsafe
abortion. Closing the gap in the unmet need for contraceptives would
further reduce the number of abortions worldwide by 64% each year. More
than half of all abortions occurring in developing countries are unsafe, and
fewer unsafe abortions would lead to fewer maternal deaths and injuries.
 Preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including
HIV/AIDS. Improved access to condoms, both male and female, reduces
the rate at which STIs, including HIV, are spread. Moreover, to the extent
that HIV-positive women are better able to prevent unplanned pregnancies
and births, they are also helping to reduce the rate of new HIV infections.
 Empowering women. Women who can control the number and timing of
their children can take better advantage of educational and economic
opportunities, improving their own future and that of their families.
 Promoting social and economic development and security. High
population growth hampers poor countries’ economic development as their
expanding populations compete for limited resources such as food, housing,
schools and jobs. Rapid and unsustainable population growth renders
societies more unstable and can lead to greater civil unrest.
 Protecting the environment. Since so many women worldwide want fewer
children than their mothers did, increasing their access to voluntary family
planning services will further slow population growth rates. Rapidly growing
population exacerbates environmental degradation and strains the world’s
resources.

2.3. Methods of Family Planning

It has been years since former President Benigno S. Aquino III signed the
Reproductive Health (RH) Law. As of 2019, contraceptive use in the Philippines
stands at 40%, which is still a long way to go from the government’s goal of 65%
by 2020. To reach this milestone, health and medical professionals must educate
the public about family planning and responsible parenthood.

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 For the road to parenthood to go smoothly, family planning is a must. The
guide below will discuss 18 family planning methods available today.
 Abstinence – Pregnancy cannot happen without intercourse. Complete
disengagement from all forms of sexual activity is the most straightforward
measure of avoiding it.
 Birth Control Implant – The birth control implant is administered by a health
professional. The doctor will inject hormones called progestin into the arm of
the woman to prevent pregnancy for a few years.
 Birth Control Pills – These are packs of hormone medication ingested by
females daily. Available in pharmacies, these hormone-filled pills are
designed to stop fertility.
 Birth Control Patch – It is a wearable contraceptive that contains estrogen
and progestin. Once worn and absorbed by the body, the hormones thicken
the mucus of the cervix to hinder ovulation.
 Birth Control Shot – A series of hormonal injections that prevent ovulation
and thicken cervical mucus; these shots will only be effective if they are
administered every three months.
 Birth Control Sponge – A soft plastic inserted inside the vagina before
intercourse; the sponge covers the cervix and prevents the sperm from
reaching the egg.
 Birth Control Vaginal Ring – It is a small flexible ring inserted inside the
vagina that stops sperm cells from merging with an egg.
 Breastfeeding – Due to the secretion of specific hormones, women who are
breastfeeding generally do not ovulate. Engaging in intercourse during this
period under certain conditions will prevent unplanned pregnancies.
 Cervical Cap – It is a small and soft device made out of silicone inserted
inside the vagina.
 Diaphragm – Similar to the cervical cap, the diaphragm is a cup-shaped
device designed to cover the cervix.
 Internal/Female Condom – It is a soft and elastic pouch inserted inside the
vagina that creates a barrier against sperm. The outer ring covers the
vaginal opening.
 Intrauterine Device (IUD) – It is a tiny, T-shaped plastic device inserted in
the uterus and is one of the most effective contraceptive methods. This
device impairs the movement of sperm cells within the vaginal canal and
prevents them from reaching the ovary.
 Male Condom – This thin, elastic, and stretchable cover is one of the most
common and widely available contraceptives. This is worn on the penis
during intercourse to prevent the sperm from meeting the egg.
 Rhythm Method – Also known as the calendar method, this requires couples
to abstain from sexual activity during fertile periods of the female.

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  Spermicide – It comes in the form of a gel or cream that is applied to the
vagina before intercourse. Usually paired with other devices such as a
cervical cap, this product contains properties that eliminate sperm.
 Sterilization – It is a surgical procedure performed on females that can
temporarily or permanently close the fallopian tubes to prevent ovulation.
 Vasectomy – A surgical operation performed on a male that cuts tubes inside
the scrotum; this permanent contraception for men prevents sperm from
leaving the body.
 Withdrawal – It is the process of pulling out the penis from the vagina before
ejaculation, preventing sperm from reaching the egg during intercourse.

2.4. Definition of Responsible Parenthood

Responsible parenthood simply means the responsibilities of father and

mother to their children. It also means tasks on parents to ensure the proper
upbringing of their children. Parenthood is defined within the concept of family.
Responsible Parenthood is the will and ability of parents to respond to the
needs and aspirations of the family and children. It is a shared responsibility of the
husband and the wife to determine and achieve the desired number, spacing, and
timing of their children according to their own family life aspirations, taking into
account psychological preparedness, health status, socio-cultural, and economic
concerns.

2.5. Parenting

As a parent you give your children a good start in life—you nurture, protect
and guide them. Parenting is a process that prepares your child for independence.
As your child grows and develops, there are many things you can do to help your
child. These links will help you learn more about your child’s development, positive
parenting, safety, and health at each stage of your child’s life.

2.6. Three Aspects of Parenting

Parenting is a topic that drives deep emotion, raises key questions and
unique to every family. To different people, parenting means different things. While
there are no set rules, official handbooks, school or special classes that teach
parents about good parenting skills, it is a skill that can be learned and mastered.
Parenting skill is not something you discover or you are good at, it is more of
practicing your responsibility as a parent in a loving but practical means.
Good parenting skills play the biggest role in the development of a child. It
officially starts when you gave birth to your child. As a parent, your best teacher is
actually your daily experiences. Most parents would agree that raising children
require a lot of patience, trustworthiness, nurturing, humor and guidance. However,

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how and when to apply these skills is something most parents learn through
practice.
Parenting skills also differ. Some are very innovative and caring while others
are firm and total disciplinarian. It is important to also know that a parenting skill
that works for one child may not work for another as every child is unique, and
moods and situations change on daily basis. You don’t have to worry. Parenting
skills do take time and are not developed and/or enhanced overnight. As your child
grows, you also grow in dealing with them. However, there are some parenting
skills that are very crucial in an effective and good parenting. They include:
 SELF CONTROL
Showing self-control before a child does two different things: It shows a child
how to manage their emotions and act accordingly; It protects a child from possible
abuse that occurs when short-tempered emotions drive a parent’s actions. By
learning to control your personal behaviors, you are already giving the child the
tools they need to ascend to a responsible adulthood.
 FOCUS
With lots of distractions in our world of today, parenting a child requires
focus. As a parent, we need to pay attention to our children, know their
whereabouts, address their needs, wants and also assure their safety. By so doing,
we can recognize those things that ought to be done to effectively raise them.
 YOU MUST BE INVOLVED
Parenting is a social behavior, and the most significant social interaction you
can have is with your child. Be involved with their life, know their friends and talk
to them on daily basis. Doing this in a positive way makes the child understand that
you truly care about them. Although teenagers, in particular may dislike your
interference, but do not stop. Always tell them that love them and that your
interest in everything they do is your parental responsibility. By developing the
above important parenting skills, you can adapt your unique parentin g approach to
every child.

2.7. Duties and Responsibilities of Parents

The following outline provides eight essential responsibilities that parents must
adhere to in order to foster their child's physical and/or emotional well-being:

 Provide an environment that is SAFE.

o Keep your child free from physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
o Keep unsafe objects locked up or out of reach of your child.
o Get to know your child's caregivers (get references or background
checks).
o Correct any potential dangers around the house.
 Provide your child with BASIC NEEDS.
o Water

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 o Plenty of nutritious foods
o Shelter
o A warm bed with sheets, blankets, and a pillow
o Medical care as needed/Medicine when ill
o Clothing that is appropriate for the weather conditions
o Space (a place where he or she can go to be alone)
 Provide your child with SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS.
o Accept your child's uniqueness and respect his or her individuality.
o Encourage (don't push) your child to participate in a club, activity, or
sport.
o Notice and acknowledge your child's achievements and pro-social
behavior.
o Encourage proper hygiene (to look good is to feel good, or so they say!).
o Set expectations for your child that is realistic and age-appropriate.
o Use your child's misbehavior as a time to teach, not to criticize or ridicule.
 Teach your child MORALS and VALUES.
o Honesty
o Respect
o Responsibility
o Compassion
o Patience
o Forgiveness
Generosity
 Develop MUTUAL RESPECT with your child.
o Use respectful language
o Respect his or her feelings
o Respect his or her opinions
o Respect his or her privacy
o Respect his or her individuality
 Provide DISCIPLINE which is effective and appropriate.
o Structured
o Consistent
o Predictable
o Fair
 Involve yourself in your child's EDUCATION.
o Communicate regularly with your child's teacher(s)
o Make sure that your child is completing his or her homework each night.
o Assist your child with his or her homework, but don't DO the homework.
o Talk to your child each day about school (what is being studied, any
interesting events, etc.).
o Recognize and acknowledge your child's academic achievements.
 Get to KNOW YOUR CHILD.
o Spend quality time together.

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 o Be approachable to your child.
o Ask questions.
o Communicate. Communicate. Communicate.

Exercises:

1. What does family planning do?

2. How Filipino parents raise their child?
3. As a student, what do you think is the hardest thing about raising children?
4. In what way a family planning can help our country?
5. What is the most important role of parents in society?

Topic 3: Leadership

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:

1. Define leadership.
2. Explain the role of a leader.
3. Elaborate the types and traits of a leader.

NOTES:

3.1. Introduction

Leadership can be defined as one’s ability to influence and motivate others to

bring the best out in them. It focuses on encouraging individuals to add more to the
overall effectiveness of an organization.
Leadership is often defined as a process wherein an individual, influences and
encourages others to achieve the organizational objectives and directs the
organization so that it becomes more coherent and cohesive to work.
Moreover, a person who can bring out the change is the one who possesses
the ability to be a leader. A good leader is the one who always looks out after
others before himself and is proactive. Proactive refers to a leader’s tendency of
being three steps ahead of others, thinking of all the possibilities of a scenario.
Leadership is all about developing people, in turn helping them to reach their
maximum potential. In the simplest of terms, Leadership is an art of motivating the
people to help achieve a common goal.

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 3.2. Functions of Leadership

Leadership is an essential component required where a group of people are working to

achieve the common goal.

Here are seven functions a leader needs to perform:

1. Setting goals
A leader's most important function is to set goals for team members to
encourage them to work confidently and enthusiastically. They also then
make strategies to achieve those goals. Their motive is to create a roadmap
for their team members to how to direct them on the right path and help
them achieve the set goals.
2. Organizing
A leader's other important function is to organize the group of people
into a task which they can perform effectively. They should know how to
assign the roles to the individuals as per their ability to bring out the best
from them. Thus, this function is vital to increase the team's and individual's
productivity.
3. Take initiatives
One of the important functions of leaders is to take initiatives in the
team's interest or the organization. Leaders should be confident to share
their new ideas and also encourage others to do the same. They should also
ensure that each individual in the group feels comfortable sharing their
innovative ideas with them.
4. Cooperation among employees
Leaders have to work to align the interests of the individuals with the
organization. A leader's approach plays a vital role in doing the same. They
have to ensure the individuals of the group voluntarily cooperate to work
towards the common objectives.
5. Motivation and direction
Motivating and showing the right direction to the team or the
individual is the primary function of the leader. They need to motivate the
team members to work towards achieving their goals and guide them when
they face difficulties during working in that direction. They also constantly
encourage them by appraising their work and supporting them when
required.

3.3. Types of Leadership

The total pattern of leaders’ actions as perceived by their subordinate is called

leadership style. It represents the leaders’ philosophy, skills and attitudes in
practice.

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Positive and Negative Leaders
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership
An autocratic leader centralizes power and decision-making in himself. He
gives orders, assigns tasks and duties without consulting the employees. The leader
takes full authority and assumes full responsibility.
Autocratic leadership is negative, based on threats and punishment.
Subordinates act as he directs. He neither cares for their opinions nor permits them
to influence the decision. He believes that because of his authority he alone can
decide what is best in a given situation.

2. Democratic or Participative leadership

Participative or democratic leaders decentralize authority. It is characterized
by consultation with the subordinates and their participation in the formulation of
plans and policies. He encourages participation in decision-making.
He leads the subordinates mainly through persuasion and example rather
than fear and force. Sometimes the leader serves as a moderator of the ideas and
suggestions from his group.

3. The Laissez-faire or Free-rein leadership

Free-rein leaders avoid power and responsibility. The laissez-faire or non-
interfering type of leader passes on the responsibility for decision-making to his
subordinates and takes a minimum of initiative in administration. He gives no
direction and allows the group to establish its own goals and work out its own
problems.
The leader plays only a minor role. His idea is that each member of the group
when left to himself will put forth his best effort and the maximum results can be
achieved in this way. The leader acts as an umpire. But as no direction or control is
exercised over the people, the organization is likely to flounder.

4. Paternalistic leadership
Under this management style the leader assumes that his function is fatherly
or paternal. Paternalism means papa knows best. The relationship between the
leader and his group is the same as the relationship between the head of the family
and the members of the family. The leader guides and protects his subordinates as
members of his family.

3.4. Traits and Characteristics of a Leader

You’ve probably heard the expression “born leader.” The phrase implies that
the qualities that make a good leader are innate—you’re either born with the skills
it takes to be a leader, or you’re not .

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Five Qualities of Effective Leaders

1. They are self-aware and prioritize personal development.

Effective leaders focus on developing their emotional intelligence. Leaders
that work to refine this quality are more adaptive, resilient, and accepting of
feedback from others. They are also effective listeners and open to change.
2. They focus on developing others.
This leadership quality builds on the principles of the situational leadership
theory, which suggests that effective leaders adapt to whether an individual or
group is ready, willing, and able to take specific action. Delegating, coaching, and
mentoring are important tasks for situational leadership
3. They encourage strategic thinking, innovation, and action.
As a leader, you have to look forward. You have to think about where the
organization is going. Leaders must consider internal organizational factors, as well
as external factors, when making strategic decisions.
4. They are ethical and civic-minded.
Strong leaders consider the ethical consequences of the decisions that they
make.
5. They practice effective cross-cultural communication.
Respected leaders are able to clearly communicate with individuals, business
units, the entire company, and to stakeholders outside the organization. In an
increasingly global economy, leaders must also acknowledge and respect different
communication traditions.

Exercises:

1. What makes an effective leader?

2. What do think is/are the difficulty of being a leader?
3. Do you have to be smart to be a leader?
4. Describe a time when you disagreed with someone in a leadership position.
What did you do?
5. How can a leader fail? Give an example of that.

References:
https://www.makatimed.net.ph/news-and-exhibits/news/responsible-parenthood-
18-family-planning-methods-you-should-know-about
https://www.publichealth.com.ng/10-qualities-of-a-good-first-aider/
https://www.northeastern.edu/graduate/blog/top-5-leadership-qualities/

END OF FINALS MODULE

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