National Disaster

Awareness and
Management
(NDAM) :
Basic First Aid
Education
Dr. Teresita B. Bayaron
Professor
Topics
 Principles of first aid
education;
 Responsibilities of a First Aider
 First Aid Skills during
emergency situations
 First Aids Kits
Learning Objectives:
 Explain the meaning and
principles of first aid
education;
 Hone and apply first aid
skills during emergency
situations; and
 Participate actively in the
delivery of first aid services.
First Aid
It is a simple medical treatment
given as soon as possible to a
person who is injured or who
suddenly becomes ill.

it involves home care and self-

care if medical assistance is
delayed or not available
First Aid
 First aid refers to the emergency
or immediate care you should
provide when a person is injured
or ill until full medical treatment
is available.
 Forminor conditions, first aid
care may be enough.
 For serious problems, first aid
care should be continued until
more advanced care becomes
available.
Aims of First Aid :
 Preserve life.
 Prevent the escalation
of illness or injury.
 Promote recovery.
 Provide pain relief.
 Protect the
unconscious.
Objectives of First Aid
 Always to save the life of the endangered
person and reducing the damage done to
him/her to the minimum.

 It is preferred to be done within the golden

hour (in case of accidents, the first hour is the
most important for saving the life of the
patient and to minimise the injuries).

 First aid should be given as soon as possible

and as soon as it is seen to be necessary.
First Aider
First Aider
First Aider deals with the
whole situation involving the
patient and the injury or illness.
Someone in an organization
who has been trained to give
immediate medical
assistance/ help in an
emergency situation
Characteristics of
a Good First Aider
A good aider should be:
Gentle - should not cause pain
Resourceful - should make the
best use of things at hand.
Observant - should notice all
signs.
Tactful - should not alarm the
patient
Skills needed to be a
First Aider?
 Communication skills / interpersonal
ability. First aid is all about people!
 Confidence. We believe a certain
amount of confidence is required to
be a first aider.
 Ability to work under pressure.
 Attention to detail.
 Teamwork & Leadership.
The Role and Responsibilities
of a First Aider:
1.Immediately transfers the
medical task and care of the
victim to a qualified
physician who comes to
rescue.
2. Insures the safety of
bystanders.
3. Assesses the condition of
the victim.
5. Identifies the risk or threats to the
victim’s life.
6. Calls for medical assistance as
needed.
7. Provides the immediate and
necessary care.
8. Assists the medical personnel.
9. Records the situation.
 Fundamental things that a first aider
should always keep in mind:

1 . Must determine the best way of

rescue such as removing the
victim from water, fire, or a place
filled with carbon monoxide or
smoke.

2. Must ensure that the victim has an

open airway and must administer
mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-
nose artificial respiration if
necessary, including controlling
severe bleeding.

Above all, the first aider should

3.

know the limits of his/her

capabilities.
The four basic steps of
First Aider
 1: Assess the situation. Assess the
situation and check for any
potential dangers to yourself,
bystanders or the patient
 2: Plan for interventions. Get help
 3: Implement first aid.
 4: Evaluate the situation.
5. In minor accidents send the patient
to a physician after first aid has been
applied.

6. Do not fuss. Always keep cool and

use encouraging words to the patient
unless it is safe to do so, the victim
should not be moved at once.

7. The patient should be kept in the

position best suited to the condition
or injury.
 General Directions for
First Aider
1. A first aider must not apply care he
has not been taught.

2. In major (or severe) accidents send

for a physician, giving a clear report of
what has occurred.

3. It is best to give the right information

as to where the accident happened,
the nature and extent of injury and
what first aid measures were given.
Basic Skill of First Aid
First Aid Skills
 1. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) is the most well-known, and most
important first aid skill—CPR. Learning
CPR is very simple, it takes about five
minutes, and it could save a life.

 CPR provides artificial ventilation that

can preserve brain function, blood
circulation, and breathing in a person.

 CPR allows the rescuer to revive a

person in cardiac arrest by keeping
oxygen moving to their brain until help
arrives or the person recovers.
CPR steps: Quick
reference
 Call 911 or ask someone else to.
 Lay the person on their back and open
their airway.
 Check for breathing. If they are not
breathing, start CPR.
 Perform 30 chest compressions.
 Perform two rescue breaths.
 Repeat until an ambulance or
automated external defibrillator (AED)
arrives.
2 . Heimlich Maneuver
 If someone is choking, the Heimlich can
dislodge whatever it is that is blocking their
airways to save their life or prevent potential
brain damage.
 Typically, a person who has had their airways
cut off has about five minutes before brain
damage occurs.

 This skill allow a bystander to perform the

correct techniques to clear a blocked
airway.

 If a patient is suffering from a blockage in

the upper airway he is at risk of going into
respiratory arrest.
 3. Set a Splint

 Ifyou are far away from help and

someone in your group has suffered a
broken bone, you’ll need to set a splint.

 Ifthe injury is not set before moving the

injured person, it could get worse and
cause excessive pain. A split can be
set with household items or with a stick
and clothing if you out on the trails or in
the mountains.
How to apply a Splint
 Attend to any bleeding. Attend to
bleeding, if any, before you attempt
to place the splint.
 Apply padding. Then, apply a
bandage, a square of gauze, or a
piece of cloth.

 Place the splint.

 Watch for signs of decreased blood
circulation or shock.
 Seek medical help.
 4. Stop the Bleeding
 Learning how to make a tourniquet is simple and extremely
helpful . When you’re in a situation where someone is bleeding
excessively, it’s important to stop the bleeding. Stopping the
bleeding could be a matter of life or death..
 The injured person could be bleeding from a main artery or vein,
in which case they could bleed out in 10-15 minutes.

 5. Treat a Burn
 There are three degrees of burn injuries and treating each
degree is different. First degree burns really just need topical
remedies and loose gauze. Second-degree burns will be
blistered and a little swollen.

 Run it under cool water, then treat similar to a first-degree burn.

Third-degree burns are classified by whitening of the skin,
blistering, and numbness. These burns should be treated by a
doctor.
 4. Stop the Bleeding
Learning how to make a tourniquet is simple and
extremely helpful . When you’re in a situation where
someone is bleeding excessively, it’s important to
stop the bleeding. Stopping the bleeding could be
a matter of life or death..
The injured person could be bleeding from a main
artery or vein, in which case they could bleed out in
10-15 minutes.
How to stop the bleeding
 After putting on clean latex gloves,
apply firm pressure to the wound
with a folded cloth or bandage for
about 10 minutes. If blood soaks
through, add another ...
 5. Treat a Burn

 There are three degrees of burn

injuries and treating each degree
is different. First degree burns
really just need topical remedies
and loose gauze. Second-degree
burns will be blistered and a little
swollen.

 Run it under cool water, then treat

similar to a first-degree burn. Third-
degree burns are classified by
whitening of the skin, blistering,
and numbness. These burns
should be treated by a doctor.
Steps to follow to treat
Minor Burns,
 Cool the burn. Hold the burned
area under cool (not cold)
running water or apply a cool, wet
compress until the pain eases.

 Remove rings or other tight items.

 Don't break blisters.

 Apply lotion.
 Bandage the burn.
 Take a pain reliever.
 Consider a tetanus shot.
6. Spot a Concussion
 Concussions are dangerous and require medical
attention. After a blow to the head, you should check for
symptoms like dizziness, pupil dilation, coherence, etc. If
left untreated a concussion can have long term effects on
the brain. Seek medical attention if there are any signs of a
concussion.

7. Support a Sprain

 Sprains are common injuries. The sprained joint should be
wrapped with an ace bandage and elevated until a
doctor can take a look at it. Usually, the best treatment for
sprains is R.I.C.E.—rest, ice, compression, elevation. If a
sprain is not properly taken care of it can cause long-term
cartilage and tissue damage.
RICE (rest, ice, compression,
and elevation)
 RICE (rest, ice, compression, and
elevation) is the first line of treatment for
most sprains and strains.

 For the first day or two after an injury, wrap

a sprain or strain in compression
bandages. Sprains and strains are
common Orthopedic injuries.

 Apply ice right away to reduce swelling

the first 3 days. Wrap the ice in cloth. After
3 days, either heat or ice may be helpful if
you still have pain.

 Rest the pulled muscle for at least a day.

 Try not to use a strained muscle while it is
still painful.
8. Sutures and Stitches
 Hopefully, you never find yourself
in a situation where you need to
perform stitches, but you never
know.
 You may find yourself in a
situation where you need to
closure up a wound before
getting medical help.

 Sutures (or stitches) are

typically applied using a
needle with an attached
piece of thread and are
secured with surgical knots.
9. Correct Administration of
an EPIPEN or ANAPEN
 Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) is a
life threatening condition, which is
affecting more and more people .
 Effective first aid is conducted through the
administration of adrenaline via an auto
injector such as the EPIPEN or ANAPEN.
 Knowing these first aid skills may make the
difference between a successful or
unsuccessful outcome.
10. Management of a
suspected spinal/ head
injury

 Understanding the principles

of spinal and head injuries is
essential to saving lives and
to prevent causing further
injury.

 Just by partaking in a basic

first aid course one will learn
the correct way to deal with
and handle spinal and head
injuries
Suspected person with
spinal injury:
 Get help. Call 911 or
emergency medical help.
 Keep the person still. Place
heavy towels or rolled sheets
on both sides of the neck or
hold the head and neck to
prevent movement.
 Avoid moving the head or
neck.
 Keep helmet on.
 Don't roll alone.
Materials Commonly
Used in First Aid
First Aid Kits
 Some people try their best to assist someone in
need of first aid, even if they don't have the
knowledge. However, often a person fears
they will make a mistake if they try to help a
victim, thus paralyzing them into inaction.
 The first step in first aid is wanting to help.
Whether it is reading a pamphlet or taking a
first aid course offered by the Red Cross, local
school or hospital, there are places that teach
first aid basics that will last a lifetime and
possibly save a life.
Basic First Aid Kit
Plasters in a variety of different
sizes and shapes.

Small, medium and large

sterile gauze dressings.

At least 2 sterile eye dressings.

triangular bandages.

Crêpe rolled bandages.

safety pins.

Disposable sterile gloves.

Tweezers.
Top 10 First Aid Kit Items
 Gloves/Eye Protection.
 CPR Pocket Mask.
 Tourniquet.
 Roller Gauze.
 4×4 Gauze Pads.
 Medical Tape.
 Two Triangular
Bandages.
 Sam Splint.
8 First Aid Essentials
Tweezers
 1. Tweezers are an essential part of any first aid kit,
particularly if you enjoy hiking or other outdoor
activities. The safest way to remove a splinter or a
tick is with a clean pair of tweezers. Disinfect the
tweezers with alcohol well before and after each
use.

Hydrocortisone Cream
2. For itchy bites, consider carrying a small tube of
1% hydrocortisone cream. This topical steroid
provides quick relief from itching and reduces
inflammation.
 Hand Sanitizer and Gloves
 3. If you or a friend gets injured on the go, the last
thing you want to do is tend the wound with dirty
hands. Alcohol-based gel or wipes can sanitize
your hands when soap and water aren't readily
available. Sanitize before, slip on a pair of latex or
non-latex exam gloves, and sanitize again after
treating the wound.

Pain Relievers
4. No first aid kit would be complete without
medication to relieve pain and bring down a fever.
Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen are popular
over-the-counter pain relievers. Aspirin should not be
given to anyone under age 18 because of the
danger of Reye's syndrome.
 Gauze and Tape
 5. For cuts and scrapes, you can use gauze pads to
apply pressure to small wounds until the bleeding
subsides. When used with tape, gauze can also serve as
a bandage to cover and protect wounds. Adhesive
bandages of different sizes can also help protect minor
cuts and scrapes.

Wipes or Solution for

Cleaning a Wound
6. Before you bandage, you'll want to clean scrapes or
wounds. Antiseptic wipes or sprays are handy for
cleaning injuries when there's no clean water nearby.
Sterile water or saline, such as contact lens saline
solution, is good to have for flushing out eye injuries and
can be used on other wounds. Available in small bottles,
it can also be easy to pack.
 Antibiotic Cream
 7. An antibiotic cream or ointment has several key
uses. It can help protect minor wounds from
infection. It can keep the area moist, which may
promote healing. And it can help prevent the
wound from getting stuck to a bandage.

8. Allergy Medication
8. Be ready to counter a mild allergic reaction with
antihistamines. People with serious allergies should carry
injectable epinephrine. It can save a life in the case of
anaphylaxis -- a severe and potentially deadly allergic
reaction to triggers such as insect stings or food
Cloth Material Used
in First Aid
1. Dressing is any germ-
free fabric material
used to plaster wound.
2. Bandage is any clean
or sterilized fabric
material that holds the
dressing in place.
The techniques adapted on
bandages and bandaging
from Survive Outdoors (Jalic
Inc., n. d.)
Bandages and Bandaging
Techniques
Bandages and dressing are both used
in wound or fracture management. A
bandage is a piece of cloth or other
material used to bind or wrap a
diseased, injured, or fractured part of
the body.

Usually shaped as a strip or pad,

bandages are either placed directly
against the wound or used to bind a
fracture of the body.
Bandaging Upper And
Lower Extremities
SHOULDER BANDAGE
To apply bandages attached
to the field first aid dressing-
1. Take one bandage across
the chest and the other
across the back and under
the arm opposite the injured
shoulder.

2. Tie the ends with a non-slip knot.

 Elbow Bandage
To apply a cravat bandage
to the elbow-
1. Bend the arm at the elbow
and place the middle of
the cravat at the point of
the elbow bringing the
ends upward
2. Bring the ends across,
extending both downward
3. Take both ends around the
arm and tie them with non-
slip knot at the front of the
elbow
Hand Bandage
To apply a triangular bandage to
the hand-
1. Place the hand in the middle of
the triangular bandage with
the wrist at the base of the
bandage. Ensure that the
fingers do not come in contact
with the absorbent material to
prevent chafing and irritation of
the skin.
2. Place the apex over the fingers
and tuck any excess material
into the pleats on each side of
the hand.
3. Cross the ends on top of the
hand, take them around the
wrist, and tie them.
To apply a cravat bandage
to the palm of the hand
1. Lay the middle of the cravat
over the palm of the hand
with the ends hanging down
on each side

2. Take the end of the cravat at

the little finger across the
back of the hand, extending
it upward over the base of
the thumbs. Then, bring it
downward across the palm.
3. Takeend under the thumb
and across the back of the
hand, over the palm and
through the hollow between
the thumb and palm

4. Take the ends to the back of

the hand and across; then,
bring them over the wrist
and cross them again.

5. Bring both ends down and tie

them with non-slip knot on top
of the wrist.
Leg (Upper And Lower) Bandage
To apply a cravat bandage to
the leg, place the center of the
cravat over the dressing.

2.Take one end around and up

the leg in a spiral motion and the
other end around and down the
leg in a spiral motion,
overlapping in each preceding
turn.

3. Bring both ends together and

tie them with a non-slip knot.
Knee Bandage
In applying a cravat bandage to the
knee as illustrated in the picture
below, use the same technique in
bandaging the elbow.
The same caution for the elbow also
applies to the knee.
Foot Bandage
To apply a triangular bandage
to the foot-

1. Place the foot in the middle

of the triangular bandage
with the heel well forward of
the base.

Ensure that the toes do not

come in contact with the
absorbent materials to
prevent chafing and
irritation of the skin.
FOOT BANDAGE

Place the apex over the

top of the foot and tuck
any excess material into
the pleats on each side
of the foot.

3. Cross the ends on the

top of the foot, take
them around the ankle,
and tie them at the front
of the ankle.
Thank You
Very Much !!