REVIEW OF FIRST AID

3. Call for Help

Definition - Activate Emergency Medical Services
- Immediate and temporary treatment (​EMS​)
- Performed while waiting for professional - Point to someone specifically
care and tell him/her to call an
- Not intended to replace a physician ambulance

Purpose (APP) 4. Introduce yourself and Get Consent

- Alleviate Pain - Ask if you can conduct first aid
- Prolong life - Patient → Family → Acquaintances→
- Prevent further damage/injuries Crowd → Self

Principles (4C) 5. Check Circulation/Airway/Breathing

- Check the scene - Open Airway
- Calmly take charge - Head-tilt, chin lift
- Call for help - Check Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- Carefully apply first aid (​ABC​)
- Look-Listen-Feel (​LLF​)
Characteristics of a Good First Aider - No more than 10 seconds
- G​entle - Breathing, bleeding, shock
- A​lert (BBS)
- S​ympathetic
- T​actful Treating for Shock​ (Sign: Cyanosis)
- O​bservant - Face is ​RED​, raise the ​HEAD
- R​esourceful - Face is ​PALE​, raise the ​TAIL
-
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
Conducting CPR and Rescue Breaths
1. Survey the scene Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (​CPR​) is a skill
- Check the Scene that is used when a person is having ​cardiac
- Wear Personal Protective Equipment arrest or when the patient has NO PULSE ​and
- Beware of ​Body Substance NO BREATHING.
Isolation
- Introduce Yourself Cardiac arrest
- “I am (name) and I know first - Sudden loss of blood flow resulting from
aid.” the failure of the heart to effectively
- Ask if there are any medical pump
personnel present.
Symptoms
2. Check for Responsiveness - Loss of Consciousness
- “Hey hey are you okay?” x3 - Abnormal/Absent Breathing
- Establish ​AVPU - Suddenly Collapses
- A​lert
- V​erbal CPR is done for ​5 cycles ​with one cycle
- P​ain consisting of 30 chest compressions and 2
- U​nresponsive rescue breaths.
Proper Distance, Stance, Preparatory - clavicle
- Shoulders perpendicular to patient’s - Upper Torso
chest - Ribcage
- Locates Sternum - Abdominal injury (4 quadrants)
- Dominant over non-dominant hand - Pelvis
position - crepitus
- Fingers lifted from chest wall - priapism
- 2-2.4 depth of chest compression
- Lower and Upper Limbs
- Proper Counting
- Legs
- 30:2 ​(Chest Compression:
- Knee caps
Rescue Breaths)
- PMS
Rescue Breaths
- Back
- Pinch nose during rescue breaths - Spinal cord
- Unpinch nose after
- Look-Listen-Feel ​and check for ​ABC 2. Medical History (SAMPLE)
(10 secs) - S​igns and Symptoms
- Vital signs
When patient ​HAS PULSE, NO BREATHING - A​llergies
proceed with ​Rescue Breathing ​given every 5 - M​edication
(1, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005) seconds then LLF - P​revious Medical History
for 10 seconds - L​ast Intake
- E​vent History
Recovery Position
Traumas
When patient is conscious or being transported
- Soft Tissue Injuries
via stretcher, put patient in recovery position.
- RICE ​(Rest Ice Compression
Elevation)
- NO ​HARM ​Protocol (Heat
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
Alcohol Injury Massage)
- Wound
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
- Open Wound
1. Check for DOTS
- Closed Wound
Check patient for ​Deformity, Open Wounds, - Skull Injury
Tenderness ​(possibility of internal bleeding) - Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
and Swelling (DOTS). Hierarchy of - Musculoskeletal Injuries
assessment as follows: - Closed and Open Fracture
- Signs and Symptoms:
- Head & Face - Deformity
- Check Cerebrospinal Fluid - Tenderness or Pain
(CSF) - Swelling
- Pupil, Equal, round, reactive to - Crepitus
light and accommodation - A sound or
(PERRLA) feeling of
- Racoon eyes broken bones
- Mouth rubbing
- Neck together
- Alignment of trachea PATIENT HAND OFF
- Chest Transferring patient to medical personnel
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION forcefully and wheeze
(FBAO) between coughs
It is anything that blocks the nasal passages, - With poor air exchange
the back of the mouth, or the throat. Also - Patient is weak,
known as ​Choking. ineffective cough, has
high pitched noise,
CAUSES OF FBAO possible cyanosis and
clutching of the neck
1. ANATOMICAL COMPLETE OBSTRUCTION
Obstruction due to: - Object fully blocks the patient's airway
- Tongue - Patient is unable to speak,
- Epiglottitis cough and breath
- Tonsillitis
- Blood clots FIRST AID TO FBAO VICTIMS
- Cancerous condition of the mouth or 1) Encourage them to cough up the
throat foreign body
- Severe allergic reaction or 2) DO NOT ​make any specific attempts
Anaphylaxis to relieve the obstruction
- 3) Never ​leave the patient till you are
2. MECHANICAL certain the airway is clear and there
Obstruction due to: are no other threats to the airway
- Food
- Broken dental bridges HEIMLICH MANEUVER
- Mouth guard - J motion
- Small toys or object INCASE VICTIM IS UNCONSCIOUS
- Position the patient face up (supine)
SIGNS/RECOGNIZING FBAO - Activate EMS
- Clutching the neck with hands - Perform Head Tilt Chin Lift
- Audible, noisy breathing, or no breath - Proceed with CPR
sounds
- Ability to nod but inability to speak or FIRST AID TO SNAKE BITE VICTIMS
cough DON’T
- Labored use of muscles required in - Suck the wound
breathing - Cut the wound open
- Flared nostrils - Wash the wound as it may help
identify the poison
TYPES OF FOREIGN AIRWAY - Aggravate the snake
OBSTRUCTION - Assume the snake being venomous or
not
PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION DO
- Object caught in throat but does not - Immobilized affected limb through
fully block breathing splinting
- With good air exchange - Dress and bandage wound
- Patient is responsive, - Cover the wound
able to speak, cough - Keep patient calm and still
- Keep infected limb below the heart
APPLYING TOURNIQUET Square Knot
Meant to stop or control the loss of blood in Right ​over ​Left, Left ​over ​Right
emergency situations (Grave wounds)

Step 1: ​Tie the tourniquet then do an

overhand knot
- Place tourniquet two to four inches
above the wound. If the wound is near
the joint exceed four inches to apply
tourniquet
Step 2: ​Place a sturdy or rigid elongated
DIFFERENT BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
object on top then do a square knot
Remember to always apply dressing to the
Step 3: ​Twist the object until the tourniquet is
wound before bandaging it.
tight around the limb
Step 4: ​Note the time “​T​”
Cravat of the Head
Step 5: ​Treat victim for shock if present
Used for head injuries
Note: ​Keep the wound clean as much as
possible, and check the patient's well-being.
Loosen the tourniquet, for the blood to flow on
the constricted limb, depending on the
situation, then tighten it immediately
afterwards
Cravat of the Jaw
- Combat: ​Two to Three hours
- Non-combat: ​Every 15 minutes

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Used to support a part of the body,
immobilized injury, apply pressure, secure
dressings and splints

Arm Sling

Types of Cravat
1) Open phase cravat
2) Broad Cravat (fold once)
3) Semi-broad cravat (fold twice)
4) Narrow cravat (fold thrice)
Cravat of the Back/Chest KINDS OF CARRY
Is used usually on burns at the chest or back SADDLEBACK CARRY
or possible abrasions

Hand Cravat (open fist)

For ​Vertical Cut/Open Wound

FIREMAN’S CARRY

Hand Cravat (closed fist )

For ​Horizontal Cut/Open Wound

TWO HAND SEAT CARRY

SPLINTING
Usually used for immobilizing or stabilizing
any suspected fracture of broken bone or
dislocation. An effective splint helps prevent
further injury and to provide relief
NECK DRAG