INTRODUCTION

TO
FIRST AID
 FIRST AID
is an immediate help provided to a sick
or injured person until professional
medical help arrives or becomes
available
 OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

PRESERVE LIFE
PREVENT FURTHER HARM
PREVENT FURTHER COMPLICATION
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL HELP
PROVIDE REASSURANCE
 HEALTH HAZARDS and RISKS
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Airborne Transmission
Bites/Vector
COMMON TRANSMITTABLE DISEASES
Herpes
Meningitis
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis / HIV
 LEGAL CONCERNS

CONSENT
DUTY TO ACT

STANDARD OF CARE

NEGLIGENCE

CONFIDENTIALITY
ABANDONMENT
 According to the Article 12 No.4 of Act
No.3815 of the Philippine Revised Penal
Code Book One
“any person who, while performing a
lawful act with due care, causes an
injury by mere accident without fault or
intention of causing it” is exempted from
criminal liability.
 HEALTH HAZARDS and RISKS

DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Airborne Transmission
Bites/Vector
COMMON TRANSMITTABLE DISEASES

Herpes
Meningitis
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis / HIV
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

SCENE SIZE-UP

PRIMARY ASSESSMENT

SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
 SCENE SIZE-UP

Scene safety
Know what happen
Role of bystanders
Number of casualties
Asking permission or consent
 PRIMARY ASSESSMENT

I. ASSESSING RESPONSIVENESS

A – Alert
V – Responsive to Voice
P – Responsive to Pain
U – Unresponsive/Unconscious
II. ACTIVATING MEDICAL HELP

III. CHECK THE VICTIMS ABC

Airway (Open Airway)
Breathing (Look,Listen,Feel 10 sec.)
Circulation (Bleeding/Shock/Skin
Color,Temp & Moisture)
 SECONDARY ASSESSMENT

 Interview
 S.A.M.P.L.E History
 Head to Toe Exam (D.O.T.S.)
Deformities
Open Injuries
Tenderness
Swelling
 COMMON
EMERGENCIES
 HEART ATTACK
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage to the heart muscle and preventing
blood from circulating effectively.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Call the emergency number immediately.
Have the person stop what he or she is doing
and rest comfortably.
Loosen tight or uncomfortable clothing.
Closely watch the person until advanced medical
personnel take over.
Be prepared to perform CPR and use an AED, if
available, once the person loses consciousness
and stops breathing.
 Ask the person if he or she has a history of heart
disease.
Offer aspirin if it is prescribed by his/her
physician for his/her condition and only if the
patient can swallow.
Be calm and reassuring.
Talk to bystanders and if to possible the person
to get more information.
Do not try to drive the person to the hospital
yourself.
 CARDIAC ARREST

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops contracting and

no blood circulates thru the blood vessels and vital organs
are deprived of oxygen.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

CPR is combination of chest

compressions and rescue
breathing.
 TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

ACTION ADULT

Center of the Chest

Compression Area
Lower half of the sternum
ACTION ADULT
Depth At least 2 inches

How to 2 Heels of Hand

compress (One hand on top of
the other)
 ACTION ADULT

RATE At least 100/min

Compression to Ventilation 30 : 2
ratio (1 or 2 Rescuers)
Mouth to Mouth
Mouth to Nose
Ways to Ventilate
Protective Equipment to
Ventilate:
Face shield/Face Mask, and Bag
Valve Mask Device
 WAYS TO VENTILATE THE LUNGS

1. Mouth-to- 2. Mouth-to-
Mouth Nose

3.Mouth-to-
Stoma
 BARRIERS TO VENTILATE THE LUNGS

5. Mouth-to- 7. Bag valve

Face Shield Mask Device

6. Mouth-to-
Mask
 ACTION ADULT
RATE At least 100/min
Number of Cycle per 2 5 Cycles
minutes (1 or 2 Rescuers)
Counting for 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10
11*12*13*14*15*16*17*18*19*20
Standardization 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9 and 1 then 2
Purposes breath
(…..up to 5 cycles)
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION SEQUENCE

Survey the scene (360 degree check)

Personal Protective Equipment On
Introduce Self and Ask Consent
Check Responsiveness
Call for Help
Check A.B.C. (Airway, Breathing & Circulation)
Perform CPR (30:2:5:2)
Recheck for Breathing and Pulse
Recovery Position/re-introduce your self
Secondary Assessment (S.A.M.P.L.E. / D.O.T.S.)
 CHEST COMPRESSIONS ONLY
Hands-Only CPR

Continue giving chest compressions until EMS

personnel take over or you notice an obvious sign of
life, such as breathing. 100-120 Pumps/min
 WHEN TO STOP CPR

Spontaneous signs of breathing and circulation.

Turned over to professional provider.
Operator is exhausted.
Physician assumes responsibility.
Scene becomes unsafe
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
WHAT IS AN AED ?
AEDs are computerized device
that is attached to a pulseless
victim with adhesive pads. It
will recommend shock delivery
only if the victim’s heart rhythm
is one that a shock can treat.
 AED OPERATION

AEDs should be used only when

patients have the following 3
findings :

No Response
No Breathing
No Pulse
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION
 TYPE OF OBSTRUCTION

Mild airway obstruction

Severe Airway
Obstruction
 EMERGENCY CARE FOR AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

Conscious victim

5 Back Blows
5 Abdominal Thrust
5 Chest Thrust
BLEEDING
TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL BLEEDING

DIRECT PRESSURE
PRESSURE BANDAGE
 PRESSURE BANDAGE

DIRECT PRESSURE
A wound is any physical injury involving a
break in the layers of the skin. Wounds are
generally classified as either closed or open.
 CLOSED WOUND

is a wound where the outer layer of the

skin is intact and the damage lies below
the surface.
 OPEN WOUND

the outer layer of skin is broken. The

break in the skin can be as minor as a
scrape of the surface layers or as severe
as a deep penetration.
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUND

PUNCTURE

LACERATION
AMPUTATION

AVULSION
ABRASION
 BURNS
are injuries to the skin and to other body
tissues that is caused by heat, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.
FRACTURE AND
DISLOCATION
DISLOCATION is the movement of a
bone at a joint away from its normal
position.

FRACTURE is a complete break, a

chip or a crack in a bone. In general,
fractures are not life threatening.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

REST
IMMOBILIZED
COLD
ELEVATE
 FAINTING
Fainting is a partial or complete loss of
consciousness resulting from a temporary
reduction of blood flow to the brain.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Position the victim on his or her back. Elevate
the legs about twelve inches to keep blood
circulating to the vital organs.
Keep the victim in a lying position,
Loosen any restrictive clothing
Check for any other life-threatening and non- life-
threatening conditions.
Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.
Do not slap the victim or splash water on his/ her
mouth.