DIMENSIONS OF III.
Role of bystanders - to call ambulance or
DEVELOPMENT (FIRST AID)
Emergencies - are unexpected occurrences
that may lead to sudden death and
incapacitating injuries, especially if help is not
readily available.
- Through Safety Services, the Philippine Red
Cross advocates on having at least one first
aider in every family.
FIRST AID - is immediate help provided to a
sick or injured person until professional
medical help arrives or becomes available.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT - is concerned with the
emergency procedures regarding respiratory
or cardiac arrest or both, and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a victim
recovers or advanced life support becomes
available.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
* Preserve life.
* Prevent further harm and complications.
* Seek immediate medical help.
* Provide reassurance.
HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISKS - Helping
others is not without risks and hazards. Most
important of which is the contracting of
infectious diseases.
WAYS ON HOW TO TRANSMIT DISEASES
* Direct Contact - physical contact from one
person to another
* Indirect Contact - through an contaminated
object or nagamit na
* Airborne Transmission - thru air
* Bites - insect or animal nga carrier sang
bacteria and transferred thru biting example:
dengue, rabies
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
1. minimum PPE - gloves, face mask, goggle
2. basic PPE - hair cap, face shield, mask, lab
gowns, shoe cover
3. frontline PPE - overall suit, double layered,
gloves, foot cover, n95 mask (overall attire)
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES (EAP) -
An emergency can be overwhelming. There is
a proper order of actions that helps the first
aider to provide help effectively.
SCENE SIZE-UP
I. Scene Safety
Il. Knowing What Happened - to establish the
basis on what approach u will use
* Cause of injury
* Nature of Illness
call for help
IV. Number of casualties - count the patient
and the first aiders to avoid overwhelming
V. Asking permission or consent
ASSESSING RESPONSIVENESS - A patient's
response level can be summarized in the AVPU
mnemonic as follows:
A - Alert
V - Responsive to Voice
P - Responsive to Pain
U - Unresponsive/Unconscious
ACTIVATE MEDICAL HELP - Ask someone to
call for local emergency number and get an
Automated External Defibrillator (AED).
1. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT - AIRWAY
- An open airway allows air to enter the lungs
for the person to breathe. If the airway is
blocked, the person cannot breathe.
- airway, breathing, circulation
- bare minimum
2. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT - BREATHING
- While maintaining an open airway, quickly
check an unconscious person for breathing.
3. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT - CIRCULATION
* Pulse - Check for definitive pulse at carotid
area (side of neck) for adult or child, while
brachial area for infant.
* Bleeding - Quickly look for severe bleeding
by looking over the person's body from head-
to-toe for signals such as blood-soaked
clothing or blood spurting out of a wound.
* Skin color, temperature and moisture -
Assessment of skin temperature, color, and
condition can tell you more about the patient's
circulatory system.
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
- If you determine that an injured or ill person
is not in an immediately life-threatening
condition, you can begin to check for other
conditions that may need care.
- Checking the person from head to toe.
- Checking for vital signs. (Blood Pressure,
temperature, pulse oximeter, pulse rate,
Respiratory rate, capillary refill time)
SAMPLE Assessment
* Signs and symptoms
* Allergies
* Medicine
* Past medical history
* Last oral intake and output (last kaon and if
naka poop)
* Events leading to the situation
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COMMON EMERGENCIES
HEART ATTACK
- Also called myocardial infarction, occurs
when the blood and oxygen supply to the
heart is reduced causing damage to the heart
muscle and preventing blood from circulating
effectively. It is usually caused by coronary
heart disease.
- we inhale 21% of oxygen
- we exhale 16% of carbon dioxide

CARDIAC ARREST
- Occurs when the heart stops contracting and
no blood circulates through the blood vessels
and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.

CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
- CPR is a combination of chest compression
and rescue breathing.

QUALITIES OF A HIGH-QUALITY CPR

* 100-120 compressions per minute
* 2-2.4 inches (5-6 centimeters)
* Allow full chest recoil
* Avoid interruption
* Avoid over ventilation

3Cs of CPR
CHECK
Survey the scene.
Check responsiveness
"Hey! Hey!
Are you okay?"
CALL
Call for help!
Activate EMS
COMPRESS
Chest compressions
100 - 120/min
2 - 2.4 inches deep

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