Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.The net diffusion of water from one solution of water from one solution through a
semipermeable membrane to another solution containing a lower concentration of water is
termed:
A. filtration
B. diffusion
C. osmosis
D. brownian motion
2. When assessing a patient’s total body water percentage, the nurse is aware that all of the
following factors influence this except:
A. age
B. fat tissue
C. muscle mass
D. gender
3. Orly Khan is suffering from fluid volume deficit (FVD), which of the following symptoms
would the nurse expect to assess in the patient?
A. rales
B. bounding pulse
C. tachycardia
D. bulging neck veins
4. John Reid is admitted in the hospital and is currently receiving hypertonic fluids. Nursing
management for the client includes monitoring for all of the following potential complications
except:
A. water intoxication
B. fluid volume excess (FVE)
C. cellular dehydration
D. cell shrinkage
5. Mr. Wenceslao is scheduled to receive an isotonic solution; which one of the following is an
example of such solution?
A. D10% W
B. 0.45% saline
C. 0.9% saline
D. 3% normal saline W
6. Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values indicates uncompensated metabolic
alkalosis?
8. When assessing a patient for metabolic alkalosis, the nurse would expect to find:
10. Which of the following statements provides the rationale for using a hypotonic solution
for a patient with FVD?
A. A hypotonic solution provides free water to help the kidneys eliminate the solute.
B. A hypotonic solution supplies an excess of sodium and chloride ions.
C. Excessive volumes are recommended in the early postoperative period.
D. A hypotonic solution is used to treat hyponatremia.
11. Redd is receiving a blood transfusion. When monitoring the patient, the nurse would
analyze an elevated body temperature as indicating:
A. phosphorus
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. chloride
A. potassium
B. sodium
C. phosphorus
D. magnesium
A. liver cirrhosis
B. renal failure
C. Paget’s disease
D. alcoholism
16. A patient with which of the following disorders is at high risk for developing
hyperphosphatemia?
A. hyperkalemia
B. hyponatremia
C. hypocalcemia
D. hyperglycemia
A. sodium
B. glucose
C. protein
D. fats
A. vitamin D
B. glucose
C. HCl
D. vitamin C
19. Which of the following diagnoses is most appropriate for a patient with hypo calcemia?
A. constipation, bowel
B. high risk for injury: bleeding
C. airway clearance, ineffective
D. high risk for injury: confusion
20. When serum calcium levels rise, which of the following hormones is secreted?
A. aldosterone
B. renin
C. parathyroid hormone
D. calcitonin
A. sodium
B. potassium
C. hydrogen
D. chloride
A. reabsorbing bicarbonate
B. splitting carbonic acid in two
C. using CO2 to regulate hydrogen ions
D. sending hydrogen ions to the renal tubules
A. carbon dioxide
B. bicarbonate
C. hydrogen
D. pH
25. Chloride helps maintain acid-base balance by performing which of the following roles?
A. antidiuretic hormone
B. renin
C. estrogen
D. aldosterone
A. stomach
B. bowel
C. liver
D. kidney
28. When chloride concentration drops below 95 mEq/L, reabsorption of which of the
following electrolytes increases proportionally?
A. hydrogen
B. potassium
C. sodium
D. bicarbonate
29. Jonas is admitted with 1,000 ml of diarrhea per day for the last 3 days. An IV of 0.45% NaCl
mixed with 5% dextrose is infusing. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most
appropriate?
30. Mrs. Waltraud is receiving digoxin and Lasix daily. Today, she complains of nausea, and her
apical pulse is 130 and irregular. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most
appropriate?
Here are the answers for this exam. Gauge your performance by counter checking your answers
to those below. If you have any disputes or clarifications, please direct them to the comments
section.
1. Answer: C. osmosis
2. Answer: D. gender
A patient’s gender does not influence the percentage of total body water.
3. Answer: C. tachycardia
Tachycardia, poor tissue turgor, and hypotension are symptoms of FVD. Other choices are
symptoms of FVE.
A solution of 0.9% saline is isotonic. Solutions of 0.33% and 0.45% saline and D5W are
hypotonic.
Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis is indicated by ABG values of pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, and HCO3
30. B indicates metabolic alkalosis, partially compensated. C indicates respiratory alkalosis,
partially compensated. D indicates respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated.
The body attempts to compensate for metabolic alkalosis by decreasing the respiratory rate and
conserving carbon dioxide (an acid). Urine volume does not influence acid-base balance.
9. Answer: C. platelets
Platelets and cryoprecipitate can be infused quickly. PRBC and FFP should be administered over
1 ½ to 4 hours. Dextran is not a blood product.
10. Answer: A. A hypotonic solution provides free water to help the kidneys eliminate the
solute.
Hypotonic solutions provide free water, which helps the kidneys eliminate solute.
An increase in the body temperature indicates a possible transfusion reaction and requires
immediate discontinuation of the infusion.
ACTH stimulates release of aldosterone, which in turn acts on the tubules to reabsorb sodium.
When this occurs, the cation potassium is excreted.
Phosphorus is the major ICF cation. Potassium and sodium are cations. Chloride is the chief
anion found in the ECF.
Potassium is the major ICF cation. Sodium is the major ECF cation. Phosphorus is the major ICF
anion. Magnesium is the second-most abundant cation in the ICF.
Because calcium and phosphorus ratios are inversely proportional, when phosphorus levels are
high, calcium levels are low.
Some calcium is bound to protein, so abnormal calcium levels are analyzed in relation to
proteins.
Calcium is absorbed in the GI tract under the influence of vitamin D in its biologically active
form.
A patient with hypocalcemia may bleed, since calcium is required for normal blood clotting. A
and D are diagnoses appropriate for a patient with hypercalcemia. C is not associated with
fluctuating calcium levels.
When calcium levels rise, calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid; this hormone moves calcium
from plasma into bone. Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to lowered calcium levels;
this hormone moves calcium from bone into plasma.
Through changes in the rate and depth of respirations, acid-base balance is achieved via CO2
elimination and retention. Mucus production is not part of the pulmonary regulatory system. C
and D are responses that refer to ways in which kidneys balance acids and bases.
The gases measured by ABGs are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate and hydrogen are
ions; their ratio is measured in the pH.
To maintain acid-base balance, chloride shifts into and out of red blood cells in exchange for
bicarbonate.
26. Answer: D. aldosterone
29. Answer: C. Check the patient’s potassium level and contact the doctor for IV additive
orders.
Potassium is lost via the GI and renal systems. Prolonged or excessive diarrhea can lead to
hypokalemia. In the event of hypokalemia, a potassium additive would likely be prescribed.
30. Answer: A. Hold the digoxin and check the patient’s potassium level.
Patient experiencing hypokalemia are at risk for digitalis toxicity. Nausea and irregular pulse are
signs digitalis toxicity.