FIRST AID- is immediate care given to a person who has been injured

or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical

assistance is not available or delayed.
When you give first aid, you deal with the victim’s physical
condition, emotional state, and the whole accident situation.
Includes well-selected words of encouragement and
willingness to give help.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

1. To alleviate suffering.
2. To prevent added / further injury or danger.
3. To prolong LIFE.

PURPOSE OF FIRST AID TRAINING

1. To prevent accidents.
2. To train people to do the right thing at the right time.
3. To prevent added injury or danger.
4. To provide proper transportation.

VALUE OF FIRST AID TRAINING

1. Self-help
2. Help for others
3. Preparation for disasters/calamities
4. Safety awareness in terms of:
a. Cause of accident
b. Effect
c. Prevention

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HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID

1. Unfavorable surroundings
2. The presence of the crowd
3. Pressure from the victim or relatives.

GENERAL DIRECTION FOR FIRST AID

1. Determine the best way to rescue the victim.

2. Ensure the victim has an open airway and give mouth-to-mouth
or mouth-to-nose artificial respiration if it is necessary.
3. Control severe bleeding.

OTHER DIRECTIONS

1. Keep the injured person lying down in a comfortable position,

his head level with his body until you know whether the injury is
serious or not.
2. Look for hemorrhage, stoppage of breathing, poisoning, wounds,
fractures, burns, and discoloration. This must be treated
immediately.
3. Keep the injured person warm.
4. Send someone to call a physician or ambulance.
5. Keep calm do not be hurried in moving the victim or injured
person/s unless it is necessary.
6. Never give water or liquid to an unconscious patient.
7. Keep on-lookers away from the injured person.
8. Make the patient comfortable and keep him cheerful.
9. Don’t let the patient see his own injury.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER

1. GENTLE- should not cause pain.

2. RESOURCEFUL- should make the best use of things in hand.
3. OBSERVANT- should notice all signs.
4. TACTFUL- should not alarm the victim.
5. EMPHATIC- should be comforting.
6. RESPECTABLE- should maintain a professional and caring
attitude.

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND THE FIRST AIDER

1. DIRECT- occurs when a person touches an infected person's body

fluids.
2. IN-DIRECT- when a person touches a contaminated object.
3. AIRBORNE- occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that
have become airborne as when a person coughs or sneezes.
4. VECTOR- occurs when an animal such as a dog, or an insect such
as a tick, transmits a pathogen into the body of a person through
bite. (e.g. dengue fever, rabies, and venoms)

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)- are precautions taken to isolate

or prevent the risk of exposure to any other type of bodily substance.

BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

1. PERSONAL HYGIENE
2. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
3. EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTING.

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DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN

DISEASES SIGN AND SYMPTOMS INFECTIVE MATERIAL

HERPES Lesions, general ill Broken skin, mucous
feeling, sore throat membrane

MENINGITIS Respiratory illness, Food and water

sore throat, nausea, mucous
vomiting

TB (TUBERCULOSIS) Weight loss, night Saliva, airborne

sweats, occasional droplets
fever, general ill
feeling.

HEPATITIS FLU-LIKE, jaundice Blood, saliva, semen,

feces, food, water and
other products.

HIV / AIDS Fever, night sweats, Blood, semen and

weight loss, chronic vaginal fluids
diarrhea, severe
fatigue, shortness of
breath, swollen
lymph nodes, lesions

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STARTING WITH FIRST AID

1. Planning of action
2. Gathering of needed materials
3. Remember the initial response as follows
A- Ask for help
I-intervene
D- do NO further harm
4. Instructions to helper

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

 SURVEY THE SCENE

 Is the scene safe?
 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Identify yourself as a trained first aider
 Get consent to give care

 PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM

 Check responsiveness (if unresponsive, consent is implied)

 Protect spine if necessary
 Check ABC (airway, breathing, circulation)

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CHECK VITAL SIGNS

DETERMINE RADICAL OR CAROTID PULSE (PULSE RATE)

ADULT 60-90 BEATS / MIN

CHILD 80-100 BEATS / MIN
INFANT 100-120 BEATS/ MIN

DETERMINE THE BREATHING (RESPIRATION RATE)

ADULT 12-20 / MIN

CHILD 18-25 / MIN
INFANT 25-35 / MIN


 A-M-A (ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE)

 Phone first/ phone fast
 A bystander should make the telephone call for help
 A bystander can be asked to call for physician
 Somebody will be asked to arrange transfer facilities.
SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM

 Interview the victim

 Ask what happened
 Assess the SAMPLE history
S- sign and symptoms
A- Allergies
M- medication
P- past medical history
L- Last meal taken
E- event prior to injury

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DETERMINE SKIN APPEARANCE
 Look at the victim’s face and lips.
 Record skin appearance, temperature, moisture, and color.

DO HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION LOOKING FOR DCAP-BTLS:

D- Deformity
C-contusions
A-abrasions
P-puncture
B-burns
T-tenderness
L-lacerations
S- swelling

CHECK PUPILS OF BOTH EYES

DILATED PUPILS- involve bleeding and a state of shock

CONSTRICTED PUPILS- may mean heat stroke or drug overdose.
UNEQUAL PUPILS- may suspect head injury or stroke.

EMERGENCY RESCUE- is a rapid movement of patients from an

unsafe place to a safety place.

EMERGENCY TRANSFER- is moving a patient from one place to

another after giving first aid.

*INDICATION FOR EMERGENCY RESCUE

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  FIRE OR EXPLOSION
 TOXIC GASSES INHALATION
 SERIOUS TRAFFIC HAZARD
 RISK OF DROWNING
 DANGER OF COLLAPSING WALLS

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN TRANSFERRING A VICTIM

 Nature and severity of the injury
 Size of the victim
 Physical capabilities of the first aider
 Number of personnel and equipment available
 Nature of evacuation route
 Distance to be covered
 Sex of the victim (last consideration)

FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

BASIC EQUIPMENT
1. Spine board
2. Shortboard
3. Set of splints
4. Poles
5. Blankets
6. Oxygen tank with mask
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 7. Ambulance / transporting vehicle
8. Hydraulic cutters
9. Axe, bolo
10. Flood lamps, heavy-duty flashlights

SUGGESTED FIRST AID KIT CONTENTS

1. Rubbing alcohol
2. Povidone-iodine
3. Cotton
4. Gauze pads
5. Tongue depressor
6. Penlight
7. Gloves
8. Scissors (medical)
9. Forceps
10. Bandage (triangular)
11. Elastic roller bandage
12. Occlusive pressing
13. Plasters

CLOTHING MATERIAL COMMONLY USE IN FIRST AID

9
Dressing gauze- any sterile cloth material used to cover the
wounds.
Bandages- any clean cloth material sterile or not used to
hold the dressing in place

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11
12
13
DO’S AND DON’T’S IN GIVING FIRST AID
1. Do obtain consent when possible.
2. Do think the worst. It is best to administer first aid for the
gravest possibility.
3. Do remember to identify yourself as the victim.
4. Do proud comfort and emotional support.
5. Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy.
6. Do be as calm and direct as possible.
7. Do care for the most serious injuries first.
8. Do assist the victim’s with his /her prescribed
medication.

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 9. Do keep away the lookers from the victim.
10. Do handle the victim to the minimum.
11. Do loosen tight clothing.

WHAT NOT TO DO OR NOT TO BE DONE

1. Do not let the victim see his/her own injury.
2. Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
3. Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are
the only ones.
4. Do not make any unrealistic promises.
5. Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim and
require them to make decisions.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
WOUNDS- is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body
either internal or external.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
1. OPEN WOUNDS- is a break in the skin.
2. CLOSED WOUNDS- involves underlying tissues without
a break in the skin.
CAUSES OF WOUNDS

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 Usually, as results from external physical forces like
accidents, falls, and the mishandling of sharp objects, tools
machinery, and weapons.
EFFECTS OF THE WOUNDS
1. Harmful not only to the skin involved but to the functions
of the entire body.
2. Loss of blood
3. Destruction of the tissue
4. Nerve injury
5. Functional disturbances
6. Contamination with foreign material

TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS

1. PUNCTURE
Causes: penetrating pointed instruments such as nails,
pins, ice picks, daggers, etc.
Characteristics: deep and narrow, serious or slight
bleeding.
2. ABRASIONS
Causes: Scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces.
Characteristics: shallow, wide, oozing of blood dirty.
3. LACERATIONS

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 Causes: Blunt instruments such as shrapnel, broken
glass, etc.
Characteristics: torn with irregular edges serious or slight
bleeding.
4. AVULSIONS
Causes: explosion, animal bites, mishandling of tools, etc.
Characteristics: tissue forcefully separated from the
body.
5. INCISIONS
Causes: Sharp-bladed instruments such as blades, razors,
knives, metal edges, and other sharp objects.
Characteristics: clean cut, deep and severe bleeding the
wound is clean.
The danger of wounds: hemorrhage, infection and shock

KINDS OF BLEEDING
1. ARTERIAL BLEEDING- spurting
2. VENOUS BLEEDING- steady flow
3. CAPILLARY BLEEDING- oozing

THREE TECHNIQUES TO STOP SEVERE BLEEDING

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 1. DIRECT PRESSURE- helps to create a clot to stop the
bleeding.
2. ELEVATION- It lessens the blood flowing in the
wound.
3. PRESSURE ON THE SUPPLYING ARTERY- When
elevation is impossible, it also lessens the blood
circulating in the wound.

FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS WITH SEVERE BLEEDING

1. Control the bleeding
2. Cover the wound
3. Cure for shock
4. Consult a physician

FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS WITHOUT SEVERE BLEEDING

1. Clean the wound with soap and water.
2. Apply mild antiseptics.
3. Cover the wound with dressing and bandage.

SYMPTOMS FOR AN INFECTED OPEN WOUND

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 1. Swelling
2. Redness
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Fever
6. Swollen lymph glands

CLOSED WOUNDS
Causes: blunt objects result in contusions or bruises and
the application of external forces.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
1. Pain 7. Passage of blood in the urine
2. Swelling 8. Sign of blood along the
mouth,
3. Discoloration of nose and ear canal.
4. Thirst
5. Symptom of shock
6. Vomiting
FIRST AID FOR CLOSED WOUNDS
1. ICE
2. Compressions
3. Elevation
4. Splinting

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 SHOCK
SHOCK- is a depressed condition of many body functions due
to failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body
serious injury.
Causes:
1. Severe bleeding
2. Heart attack
3. Perforation of stomach
4. Lack of oxygen
5. Stroke
Danger of Shock
1. Can lead to death (e.g. cardiac arrest)
2. Predisposes body to infection (becoming apathetic)
3. Lead to loss of body part

Signs and symptoms of Shock

Early stage
1. Face- pale or bluish in color
2. Skin- cold and clammy
3. Breathing- irregular

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 4. Pulse- rapid and weak
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Weakness
7. Thirsty
Late stage
1. Apathetic
2. Eyes will be sunken
3. Blood pressure has a very low level
OBJECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID FOR SHOCK
1. To improve the circulation of blood
2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
3. To maintain normal body temperature
FIRST AID FOR SHOCK
1. Proper body position
2. Proper body transfer
3. Proper body heat
4. Call for physician

POISONING
Poisoning- is any substance solid, liquid, or gas that tends to
impair health or cause death when introduced into the body
or onto the skin surface.

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Types of Poisoning
1. Intentional (common in suicide attempts)
2. Occasional (also known as accidental poisoning)
WAYS IN WHICH POISONING MAY OCCUR:
1. INGESTION- by entry into the mouth
2. INHALATION- by inhaling or breathing toxic fumes
3. INJECTION- by animal bites, stings, and syringes
4. ABSORPTION- by rubbing or contact on to the skin
COMMON HOUSEHOLD POISON
1. Sleeping pills
2. Pain relievers
3. Insect and rodent poison
4. Kerosene
5. Denatured alcohol
6. Acids
7. Poisoning plants
8. Contaminated water
9. Toxic fumes
INGESTED POISON- is introduced into the digestive tract by
way of the mouth. One form or example of ingested
poisoning is “food poisoning”.
A common example of Food poisoning:

22
  When leftover food and drinks are not kept properly and
eaten or drunk.
 When food is exposed under the heat of the sun.
 When the required temperature of the food is not
observed.
 When toxic liquids are mistaken as water or juices.
 Taking un-prescribed, expired, and overdose of medicine.
 Eating unprocessed or raw foods is not suitable for your
stomach. (e.g. fresh seafood, exotic foods, and
vegetables)
 When foreign substances are mixed with the food we
eat, intentionally or accidentally (e.g. oxalic, powdered
chlorine, etc.)
 Intentional drinking of poisonous liquids such as acids,
petroleum, and other chemicals.

Signs and symptoms:

1. Altered mental status 5. Abdominal pain
2. Burns around the mouth 6. Diarrhea
3. Odd breath odors
4. Nausea and vomiting
FIRST AID FOR INGESTED POISONING
1. Try to identify the poison

23
 2. Place the victim on his or her left side (recovery position)
3. Monitor ABC
4. Save an empty clean container to place spoiled food for
analysis.
5. Give charcoal tablets or egg whites if applicable.

INHALED POISONING
-Is a type of poisoning that occurs through breathing into
the lungs toxic gases or fumes.
Signs and symptoms:
1. Breathing difficulty
2. Chest pain
3. Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat.
4. Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin)
5. Dizziness, headache
FIRST AID FOR INHALED POISONING
1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into
fresh air.
2. Monitor CABC
3. Seek medical attention
ABSORBED POISON
- A type of poison that enters the body through the skin.
24
Common types of absorbed poison:
A chemical compound like anthrax, other liquid, and
powder that irritates or burn the human skin
Signs and symptoms:
1. Liquid or powder on the skin
2. Burns
3. Itching, irritation
4. Redness
FIRST AID FOR ABSORBED POISONING
1. Remove the clothing
2. Blot the poison from the skin or brush it off.
3. Flood the area with copious amounts of water.
4. Continue monitoring the patient’s CABC
5. Seek medical care
INJECTED POISONING- is a poison that enters the body
through a bite or syringe.
1. Insect bites- occurs when an insect such as bees,
mosquitoes, bed bugs, spiders, and alike inject their
stings into human skin can cause serious danger
especially when the victim has an allergic reaction to the
bite.

25
 Signs: Stinger may be present, pain, swelling possible
allergic reaction.
First aid: 1. removed the stinger
2. Washed the wound
3. Apply insect bite ointment
4. Cover the wound
5. Apply a cold pack (usually insect bite has a
heat sensation)
6. Watch for allergic reactions, and consult a
physician if necessary.
2. Marine life stings- happens usually when swimming in
rivers and seas such as jellyfish, sea urchins, lionfish, and
other marine species with dangerous stings.
Signs: possible marks, pain, swelling, possible reaction.
First aid: 1. Soak the area in vinegar
2. Soak in non-scalding hot water till the pain is
gone.
3. Clean and treat the wound.
4. Seek medical attention if necessary

26
3. Animal bites such as snakes, dogs, cats, rodents, and other
untamed animals.
Signs: bite mark and pain
First aid: 1. Wash and clean the wound
2. Control the bleeding
3. Keep the bitten part still prevent the spread
of the venom or rabies.
4. Rush to the animal bite clinic for a vaccine of
anti-
venom or anti-rabies.
4. Human bite- occurs during fights and is also done by insane
persons in mental institutions.
Signs: bite mark with serious or slight bleeding.
First aid: 1. Wash the wound
2. Control the bleeding
3. Seek medical attention

HEAT STROKE, CRAMPS, AND EXHAUSTION

CAUSES OF HEAT REACTIONS

1. High temperature of the body caused by the sun
27
 2. The amount of air circulating the body.
3. The humidity of the environment
4. The amount and kind of clothing worn.

HEAT CRAMPS- are muscular pains and spasms resulting from

the loss of salt in the body due to excessive sweating.
Signs: 1. Early sign of heat exhaustion.
2. Stiffness of the affected muscle
3. Pain in legs and abdomen
First aid:
1. Give the victim sips of salt water.
2. Exert pressure on the cramp muscles
3. Gently massage affected muscle

HEAT EXHAUSTION / PROSTRATION- is a prolonged exposure

to heat that is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and
collapse due to inadequate intake of water.
Signs: 1. There is an excessive pooling of blood in the
skin.
2. Complaint of weakness
3. Nausea and dizziness

First aid: 1. Give sips of salt water.

2. Lie down and raise his / her feet
3. Loosen tight clothing

28
 4. Apply a cool, wet cloth and fan the victim.

HEAT STROKE/ SUNSTROKE- is characterized by an acutely

high body temperature caused by the cessation of
perspiration.
Signs: 1. The body temperature may be 106°F or higher
2. The skin is characteristically hot, red and dry.
3. The pulse is rapid and strong going weak
4. The victim may be unconscious
First aid: 1. Immediate measures to cool down the body
by sponging with cold water.
2. Use a fan or air conditioner.
3. Do not give the victim stimulants.

BONES AND JOINT INJURIES

Fracture - a break or a crack in the bone.

Classifications of Fracture
1. Closed or simple- crack in the bone without break in the
skin.
2. Open or compound- crack in the bone that includes open
wounds.
Causes of fracture: 1. Vehicular accidents
2. Other accidents and falls
29
 3. Accidents related to recreational
sports activities.
Sign and symptoms
1. Difference in the shape and length of
the bones.
2. Deformities
3. Swelling and discoloration
4. Pain
First aid: 1. Give first aid for severe bleeding.
2. Protect against further injuries
3. immobilized or prevent motion of the injured
parts.
4. Apply splints

DISLOCATION- is an injury to the capsule or ligaments of a

joint that results in displacement of a bone end at a joint. This
happens particularly in the shoulder, elbow, finger, or thumb.

Signs and symptoms: 1. Swelling

2. deformities
3. pain
First aid: 1. Apply splints
2. Elevate the affected part

30
 3. Secure medical attention

SPRAINS –An injury involves the partial tearing or stretching

of a joint ligament or muscle tendon in the region of the joint.

Cause: - result from motion of the force beyond the normal

range at a joint. (ankle, knee, wrist, and neck)
First aid: 1. If the victim’s ankle or knee is affected, do not
allow to walk.
2. Apply pillow splints
3. Seek medical attention

STRAINS – an injury to a muscle that results from

overstretching, it may be associated with a sprain or a
fracture. It involves the back muscles.

Cause; 1. The result of lifting something improperly.

2. Lifting object that is too heavy.

First aid: 1. Bed rest

2. Use a board under the mattress for firm support.
3. Apply a warm cloth to the affected area.

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 BURNS
-is an injury involving the skin. These include muscles, bones,
nerves, and blood vessels. These results from heat, chemicals,
electricity solar, and other forms of radiation.

COMMON CAUSES:
1. Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.
2. Scald from hot liquid or chemical that burns the skin.
3. defective heating, cooking electrical equipment.
4. Immersion in overheated bath water.
5. Use of chemicals such as acids, lye, and strong detergents.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS (BY DEPTH OR DEGREE)

1. FIRST DEGREE- redness or dislocation, mild swelling, and

pain. Healing occurs rapidly. This results from overexposure to
the sun, light contact with hot objects, and scalding by hot
water or steam.
First aid: To relieve pain, apply cold water application or
submerge the burned area in cold water.

2. SECOND DEGREE- appears red with blisters formation.

These result from very deep sunburn contact with hot liquids
32
and flash burns from gasoline, kerosene, and other flammable
products.

3. THIRD DEGREE- involves deeper destruction. There is

coagulation of the skin and destruction of red blood cells.
These results are by flame, ignited clothing, immersion in hot
water, contact with hot objects, or electricity.

TYPES OF BURN INJURIES

1. Thermal burn- contact with objects, flammable vapor that
ignites and causes a flash or an explosion

2. Chemical burn- chemicals continue to cause tissue

destruction until a chemical agent is removed.

3. Electrical burn- the injury severity from exposure to

electrical current depends on the type of current (direct or
alternating), the voltage of the area of the body involved, the
area of the body exposed, and the duration of the contact.

First aid for burns: 1. Prevent contamination

2. relieve pain
3. Treat for shock

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 DROWNING, WATER ACCIDENTS AND
RESUSCITATION

DROWNING- This is a type of asphyxia related to either

aspiration of fluid or obstruction of the airway caused by
spasms of the larynx while in water.

KINDS OF WATER ACCIDENTS

1. Swimming
2. diving
3. boating
4. Other water activities

CAUSES OF DROWNING
1. Heart attack
2. Stroke
3. Fainting
4. Loss of consciousness
5. Head injury
6. Cramps in the muscle
7. Hyperventilation

TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESCUE

34
  Pull the victim from the water
 Throw anything that will float the victim once he grabs it.
 Try to tow the victim from the water.

First Aid
1. If the victim is unconscious after pulling from the water,
give artificial respiration.
2. Treat for shock
3. Transport the victim to a place where he can receive
medical care.
4. If the victim’s stomach is bulging, turn face down.
Place both hands under his abdomen and lift.

5. Leave the victim on his back, press the stomach, and turn
the head to the side.
6. Do not allow to walk.

DO’S AND DON’T’S IN SAFE SWIMMING

 Never swim on an empty stomach or just after a heavy
meal. Doing either can cause painful and disabling
cramps. Allow at least an hour for your meal to digest.
 Test the water temperature before you get in. Do not
swim if it is too cold.
 Always swim in a group, not by yourself.

35
 Look out for the markers; they indicate areas unsafe for
swimming.
 Never dive into the water unless you are sure that the
water is deep enough.
 Swim parallel to the shore and keep within easy reach of
standing depth.
 Watch for underwater hazards such as weeds, rocks, or
other obstacles.
 Keep an eye on the shore mark so that you can see if you
are being out to sea or along the beach.
 Do not swim out with the current, you may not be able to
swim back.

36