FENAN S.

SOLLANO, RN
Admin. and Training Officer
Iloilo City DRRM Office
FIRST AID is the initial assistance or
immediate treatment given to a person
who is injured or has suddenly becomes
ill.
FIRST AIDER is a person who takes
action while taking care to keep everyone
involved safe and to cause no further
harm while doing so.
THE AIMS OF FIRST AID:
Preserve Life
Not only the casualty's life, but your own as
well.
Prevent the situation from Worsening
The skilled first aider must take action.
Promote Recovery
.
 Roles and Responsibilities in
First Aid
◾ Ensure your safety and the safety of
bystanders.
◾ Manage an incident properly and control
the situation.
◾ Call for appropriate emergency services.

.
 Roles and Responsibilities in
First Aid
◾ Delegate tasks to bystanders as required.
◾ Provide appropriate first aid to victims.
◾ Document your findings and actions.
◾ Provide an accurate handover to EMS.

.
1. Be calm in your approach.
2. Call appropriate help.
3. Be aware of risks (to yourself and
others) and prevent cross-contamination
4. Build and maintain trust (from the
casualty and the bystanders)
5. Give early treatment, treating the
most serious (life-threatening)
conditions first.
6. Stay with the injured person until
emergency services arrive.
7. Remember your own needs
Preparing To Administer First Aid
• Recognize that an emergency exists
• Use senses to assist you
– Hearing – screams, calls for help, breaking
glass, changes in noises of machinery
– Sight – empty medicine containers, damaged
electrical wires, a stalled car, smoke, fire, blood
– Smell – chemicals, natural gas, pungent fumes,
unfamiliar odors
15
Preparing To Administer First Aid
• After determining that emergency
exists:
– Call for medical help immediately (9-1-1)
• Time factor is critical
• Early EMS access increases survival rate
– If instructing others to call:
• Describe situation, location, number of
victims 16
Preparing To Administer First Aid
• After determining that emergency
exists:
– Check scene to make sure it is safe to
approach (fuel spill, chemicals, power
lines, fire, etc.)
– Hundreds of untrained responders die
every year because of their failure to
check the scene
17
Preparing To Administer First Aid
• After determining that emergency
exists:
– Survey entire scene
• What happened
• Dangers present
• Number of people involved

18
Preparing To Administer First Aid
• If scene is NOT safe:
– Do NOT proceed
– Call for medical help immediately
– Inform others in area of hazard

19
 Administering First Aid
• Once you determine scene is safe:
– Approach victim(s)
• Determine if victim is conscious
– Tap gently, call out to them
• If victim is conscious find out what
happened and where they are
injured
– Be brief; Assess orientation to 20
 Administering First Aid
• A & O x4
– Person
• “What’s your name?” (Introduce self as well.)
– Place
• “Do you know where you are?”
– Time
• “What year is it?” “What day is it?” “What
month is it?”
21
 Administering First Aid
• A & O x4
– Incident
• “Can you tell me what happened?”

• Obtain patient’s permission before

touching them or rendering treatment of
any kind.

22
 Administering First Aid
• NEVER move a victim unless:
– The victim is in a dangerous area such
as an area filled with fire, smoke, flood
waters, carbon monoxide, dangerous
traffic where vehicles may not see
victim

23
 Administering First Aid
• IF you have to move the victim:
– Move victim quickly and carefully
– NOTE: Victims have been injured
more severely by improper movement,
so avoid all unnecessary movement

24
 Administering First Aid
• If you are alone, make certain you
speak to EMS before providing care
for:
– Unconscious adult
– Unconscious child 8 years old or older
– Unconscious infant

25
 Administering First Aid
• If victim is unconscious, confused, or
seriously ill and unable to consent to
treatment, and no other relative is
present, you can assume that you
have permission to render aid.

• Patients have the right to refuse

care! 26
 Administering First Aid
• If patient refuses care:
– Do NOT proceed!
– If possible have someone witness
refusal
– If situation is life threatening, update
EMS immediately

27
 DIZZINESS

• Feeling of
unsteadiness;
spinning sensation
 Dizziness
• Vertigo: feeling of motion when there
is no actual motion.

• Light-headedness: feeling of about to

faint.
 What to do for Dizziness
• Drink plenty of water; have regular meals;
get enough rest.
• Avoid unnecessary or sudden movements or
change in position.
• Place the victim in a comfortable position.
• Reassure the anxious dizzy person.
• If symptoms persist, bring the victim to the nearest
medical facility
 When to seek medical care
• Dizziness without a clear, certain cause
• Dizziness followed by loss of consciousness
• Inability to walk straight; falling
• Worsening or new symptom
 FAINTING
• Not enough blood
supply to the brain
which causes loss
of consciousness
 What to do for Fainting
• If person is breathing, lay him down,
elevate legs
• Loosen constrictive clothing
• Don’t get the person up too quickly
• Seek for medical assistance
 What to do for Fainting
• Make sure airway is clear; watch out for
vomiting.
• Treat injuries from fall, if any
• DO NOT pour water over victim’s face
• DO NOT give any liquids unless victim is
awake.
 CONVULSIONS
• Seizures
• Uncontrolled, rapid
shaking
• Muscles contract
and relax
repeatedly
 Characteristics of Convulsions
• With or without warning signs
• Rigid; shaking vigorously, uncontrollably with
upward rolling of eyes; drooling
• Staring blankly
• Victim may not remember
 What to do for Convulsion
• Place the person in a safe environment
• Provide adequate breathing space
• Support the head and neck
• Note for duration, recurrence and interval
 What to do for Convulsion
• After the convulsion, roll the person to his side
• Call for medical assistance
• Stay with person until help arrives
 What NOT to do for Convulsion
• DO NOT place anything in the mouth
• DO NOT try to make the person stop
convulsing
• DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert
 HEADACHE

• Most common pain

complaint
• May indicate an
underlying disorder
 What to do for Headache
• Most headaches are treated with
painkillers, as prescribed by doctors
• Stay in a cool and quiet environment
• Apply cold compress on painful area
• Rest
• Drink plenty of water
• Avoid stressors
 When to seek medical help
• If headache persists
• Headache with stiff neck, vomiting
• Headache with numbness and weakness
of arms or legs and difficulty speaking
• Headache after head injury
• With difficulty of breathing
 NOSEBLEED

• Bleeding from
the nose
Common Causes of Nosebleeding
• Injury / trauma
• Disease/medical conditions
• Extremes in environmental
temperature
• Changes in altitude
 What to do for Nosebleed
• Calm the victim; have him sit with
head lean forward
• Pinch victim’s nose; have him
breathe through mouth
• Apply ice pack on nose bridge,
forehead
• Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick
nose after bleeding stops
• Persistent bleeding: bring victim to
hospital
 FOREIGN OBJECT IN NOSE
(common in Children)
• May be inhaled or obstruct the air flow
• May be present in child’s nose without any adult
being aware.
• May dislodge into the mouth and might be
swallowed.
Foreign object in nose: Symptoms
• Difficulty breathing in affected nostril
• Feeling of something inside nose
• Irritation, pain
• Foul-smelling or bloody nasal discharge
 What to do for Foreign Object in Nose

• Let the victim inhale through the mouth,

pinch the unaffected nostril and ask the
victim to gently exhale through the affected
nostril with mouth closed.
• Seek medical help
What not to do for Foreign object in Nose:

• DO NOT probe the nose with cotton buds

or other tools
• DO NOT make the victim inhale deeply
• DO NOT try to remove the object if it is not
visible or easily grasped
 FOREIGN OBJECT IN EAR

• Common among
toddlers
• Mostly in ear canal
 Usual Foreign objects in Ear
• Food material
• Beads
• Small toys
• Corn, seeds
• Insects
• Hardened earwax may cause similar
symptoms
Foreign object in ear: Symptoms
• Ear pain
• Decrease in hearing
• Irritation to ear canal may cause desire to vomit
• Bleeding
• Buzzing in the ear
 Foreign object in Ear: Do’s and Don’ts

• If an alive insect is in the ear, have the person tilt

his head, put a few drops of mineral oil.
• Seek medical help
 Foreign object in Ear: Do’s and Don’ts
• DO NOT poke into the ear
• DO NOT try to remove the object
 EYE INJURIES
• Include cuts, scratches, objects, burns,
chemical exposure, and blunt injuries to
the eye or eyelid
• Can lead to vision loss if left untreated
 What to do with objects in the eye
• Often clear itself of tiny objects through blinking
and tearing
• Do not rub the eye
• Try to gently flush it out with water
• Do not touch it or apply any pressure to it
• Cover both eyes with clean cloth and bring to the
nearest hospital
• Get medical help immediately
 What to do for a person with eye
injury due to chemicals
• Flush the injured eye with tap water immediately.
• Turn the person's head so the injured eye is down
and to the side. Hold the eyelid open, allow running
water for 15 minutes.
• If both eyes are affected, or if the chemicals are on
other parts of the body, have the person take a
shower.
• After following the above instructions, seek medical
help immediately.
 What to do for a person with eye
cuts, scratches or blows
• If the eyeball has been injured, get medical help
immediately.
• Gently apply cold compresses to reduce swelling
and help stop any bleeding. DO NOT apply
pressure to control bleeding.
• If blood is pooling in the eye, cover both of the
person's eyes with a clean cloth or sterile
dressing, and get medical help
 When to seek medical help
• Scratch, cut, or something has penetrated the
eyeball
• Chemical gets into the eye
• The eye is painful and red
• Nausea or headache occur with the eye pain
• Change in vision (such as blurred or double
vision)
• Uncontrollable bleeding
 STROKE
• Is a condition that occurs when the blood
flow to the brain is interrupted.
• This is also known as “Brain Attack”.
 Types of Stroke
• Ischemic (Block)
• Hemorrhagic (Bleed)
 Assessment System for Stroke
• F-acial Droop
• A-rm Drift
• S-lurred Speech
• T-ime of onset
Note: if any of the symptoms present, bring to the nearest
capable hospital.
 Signs and Symptoms of Stroke
• Weakness and numbness of the face, arm or leg,
often one side of the body only
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Headache
• Slurring of speech
• Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
 What to do for cases of Stroke
• Check the victim’s ABC
• Have the victim rest in a comfortable position
• Do not give anything by mouth
• Seek immediately medical help
• Go to the nearest hospital
 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?

• Detect when a person is suffering from fainting, dizziness,

convulsions, headache, nosebleed, foreign objects in the
nose or ear and stroke
• Administer first aid to persons suffering from these head
and neck problems
• Recognize when to seek medical help for persons with
these head and neck problems
QUESTION?
References:
• Web based Integrated 2010 American Heart
Association and American Red Cross
Guidelines for First Aid
• (https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circul
ation/aha-red-cross-first-aid-guidelines/part-15-
first-aid/)
 Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants should
be able to:
• Identify when a person is suffering from
breathing emergencies and heart attack.
• Apply first aid to persons suffering from these
chest problems.
BREATHING EMERGENCY
• Occurs when a person is having trouble
breathing or cannot breath.
Causes of difficulty of Breathing
• COPD
• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• Hyperventilation
• Pulmonary TB
• Traumatic injury to chest
 Breathing Emergencies Signs
and Symptoms
• Trouble breathing or no breathing
• Slow or rapid breathing
• Unusual deep or shallow breathing
• Gasping for breath
• Wheezing
• Flushed, pale skin
• Shortness of breath and Chest pain
• Apprehensive or fearful tears
 What to do for difficulty of Breathing
• Call for EMS
While waiting for the EMS to arrive:
• Provide adequate ventilation
• Place in comfortable position
• Advise the patient to regulate his/her breathing
• If the patient have known medical condition,
may give maintenance medication
• Serious Medical Condition in which the blood
supply to the heart is suddenly blocked.
 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack
• Chest Pain
• Chest Discomfort
• Pale, clammy skin
• Difficulty of breathing
• Profuse sweating
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Nausea & vomiting
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Loss of consciousness
 What to do for cases of Heart Attack
CALL for EMS
While Waiting for the EMS to Arrive:
If awake:
• Stop any activity
• Loosen tight clothing
• Assist with medication (maintenance medication/aspirin)
• Seek medical consultation
If unconscious:
• Follow BLS Algorithm
• Call for emergency medical assistance
 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives:

• Identify when a person is suffering from breathing

emergencies and heart attack.
• Apply first aid to persons suffering from these
chest problems.
Web-based Integrated 2010 & 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross
Guidelines for First Aid
(https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circulation/aha-red-cross-first-aid-guidelines/part-15-
first-aid/)
ABDOMINAL
PROBLEMS
DIARRHEA
 DIARRHEA
• Frequent, loose, watery stools

• It can lead to dehydration and electrolyte

problems
 What to do for Diarrhea
• Promote rehydration (Give water/ORS (1L of water
+ half tsp of salt + 6 tsp of sugar), juices, fruit water)

• BRAT: Banana, Rice, Apple, Toast (dry)

 What to do for Diarrhea
• DO NOT drink coffee, milk, or alcoholic drinks

• DO NOT take diarrhea medications unless advised

by doctor

• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty foods

 When to seek medical help
• Diarrhea of more than 3 episodes

• Bloody, black, or oily-looking stools

• Dizziness, weakness, muscle cramps

• Any discomfort in the
stomach due to gas
pain, indigestion,
Common Causes of Stomachache
• Food poisoning
• Indigestion
• Food Allergies
• Cramps
• Constipation
• Lactose Intolerance
• Stomach Flu
• Gas
• Bowel Incontinence
• Gastritis
 What to do for Stomachache
• Have the person lie down and rest
• Observe victim’s condition
• Keep a container nearby for vomiting
• Watch out for signs of dehydration
• If symptoms persist, bring to a nearest
health facility
 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?

• Identify causes of diarrhea and stomachache

• Apply appropriate first aid
• Recognize when to seek emergency help
References:
• Web based Integrated 2010 American Heart
Association and American Red Cross
Guidelines for First Aid
• (https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circul
ation/aha-red-cross-first-aid-guidelines/part-15-
first-aid/)
 Diabetes
Long-term disease that affects how the body turns
food into energy.
Types of Diabetic Emergencies
1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hypoglycemia
Reference: American Heart Association and American Red Cross
 Hypoglycemia
Occurs when
there is too low
sugar in the body.

• Sweating
• Headache
• Numb hands
and feet
• Hunger
 Hyperglycemia
Happens when
there is too much
sugar in the body.
• Sweating
• Headache
• Numb hands
and feet
• Hunger
• anxiety
Common Signs and Symptoms Diabetic Emergencies
• Dizziness • Change in the
• Weakness Level of
• Change in the level of Consciousness
consciousness • Deep and fast
• Sweating breathing
• Tremors • A fruity smelling
• Hunger breath
• Thirst
What to do for Diabetic Emergencies
• Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic
emergency sugar candy, fruit juice, or a soft drink
containing sugar.
• If the person is unconscious, check ABC’s, and
call the physician.
• Monitor and observe victim’s condition.
• Immediately transport to the nearest health care
facility.
 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?

• Differentiate between the signs and symptoms of

hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
• Provide appropriate first aid for Diabetic
Emergencies.
Web-based Integrated 2010 & 2015 American
Heart Association and American Red Cross
Guidelines for First Aid
(https://eccguidelines.heart.org/index.php/circulat
ion/aha-red-cross-first-aid-guidelines/part-15-
first-aid/)
 Allergic reaction
• over-reaction of
protective mechanisms
to substances that are
normally harmless

• can be mild or
life-threatening
 Triggers of allergic reactions
• Food
• Medications
• Chemicals
• Insect bites, stings
• Plants
Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
Mild Severe
(Anaphylaxis)
• Sneezing • shock causing pale skin, dizziness
• itchy, runny nose causing irritation, • loss of consciousness
persistent cough • Respiratory difficulty (Hoarseness,
• itchy, tingling, or burning flushing of wheezing)
the skin • Cardiovascular effects
• skin hives (hypotension and fast pulse)
• swelling of face, neck, hands, feet
and / or tongue
 What to do for allergic reaction
• Assess ABCs
• Call for emergency medical assistance
• Remove the potential source of the allergic reaction
• Assist the person in taking anti-allergy medications
• Have the patient rest calmly
• Provide fresh air
• Help patient lie down
• Loosen tight clothing
 For Anaphylaxis
• Inject the pre-filled EpiPen.
• When the person with
anaphylaxis does not respond to
the initial dose, and arrival of
advanced care is expected to
exceed 5 to 10 minutes, repeat
dose may be considered.
http://www.pinsdaddy.com/emerg
ency-epinephrine-syringe

Reference: AHA 2015 guidelines (eccguidelines.heart.org)

INSECT BITES AND STINGS
• causes pain, swelling,
allergic reaction
• can lead to serious
illness or death
Insect Bites / Stings: Signs & Symptoms
• stinger present
• Pain
• Swelling
• Itchiness
• Rash
• Redness
• hives or wheal
• allergic reaction
Insect Bites / Stings: What To Do
• DO NOT pinch the stinger
• Remove stinger by gently scraping
the skin
• Wash wound with soap and water
• Cover the wound
• Apply cold compress
• Watch for signs of allergic reaction
 Spider Bite and Scorpion Sting
• causes pain, swelling,
allergic reaction,
infection BugGuide.Net

• can cause paralysis

and death

http://www.segrestfarms.com
 Spider Bite and Scorpion Sting:
Signs and Symptoms
• bite mark or sting present
• pain
• swelling
• desire to vomit, with or without vomiting
• difficulty of breathing or swallowing
Spider Bite and Scorpion Sting:
What To Do
• Wash wound with soap and water
• Apply antiseptic, as available
• Apply cold compress
• Bring victim to the nearest health care
facility/ Poison Control Centers
immediately
• common marine
animals causing
injuries
• very painful wounds
• may cause severe
allergic reaction
Marine Life Stings:

Signs & Symptoms

• strong, sharp, stinging, radiating
pain
• skin redness, rash, blisters
• bleeding (stingray sting)
• Burning sensation
Marine Life Stings:

Signs & Symptoms

• itching, skin irritation
• desire to vomit, vomiting, numbness,
muscle spasm, headache
• severe reactions: paralysis, coma
JELLYFISH STINGS: What To Do
• Remove victim’s clothing
• Rinse affected area with vinegar as soon
as possible for 30 seconds.
• Pain should be treated with hot water
immersion (as tolerated) when possible.
• Use seawater in washing the injury to
dilute the toxin.
• Monitor victim’s condition
• Bring victim to hospital
 Jellyfish Stings: What Not To Do
• Remove, but DO NOT touch the tentacles
• DO NOT use fresh water and ice
• DO NOT rub the affected area
• DO NOT apply pressure
Stingray/Sea Urchin Stings: What To Do
• Irrigate / immerse affected
area with hot water
• Cover the wound
• Bring victim to the nearest
health care facility or
Poison Control Centers
immediately
 Snake: Poisonous vs. Non-poisonous
Venomous Non-venomous
Example cobra python
Movement concertina, side-winding semi-concertina, curving
Shape of head semi-triangular oblong
Body girth Rectangular circular
Skin rough smooth
Shape of pupil vertical, slit-like round
Manner of attack non-constrictor constrictor
Bite mark fang marks: U-shaped row
2 punctures
 Snakebite: What To Do
• Clean the area of the bite with soap and water
• Apply pressure immobilization bandage with splint on
the bitten limb.
• Make the victim lie down quietly and comfortably
• Keep victim calm; do not allow unnecessary movements
• Bring victim to the nearest health care facility/ Poison
Control Centers immediately.
• For other parts of the body affected, wash wounds, do
wound care and minimize movement.
 Snakebite: What NOT To Do
• DO NOT suck the wound to remove the
venom
• DO NOT apply cold compress
• DO NOT incise the bitten area
• Do NOT use tourniquet
• causes direct damage to
skin and soft tissues
• causes infections
• tetanus
• rabies
 Land Animal Bites: What To Do
• Wash bitten area with soap and water
• DO NOT induce bleeding.
• Control bleeding
• Cover wound with sterile or clean dressing
• Bring victim to the nearest health care
facility / Animal Bite Treatment Center
References:
• Emergency Medicine, 8th edition by Judith
Tintinalli
• COLD EXPOSURE
– Hypothermia:
• Sustained body temperature which is lower than
normal
• Normal oral temperature 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
• Move victim to warm area as soon as possible
• Remove wet clothing (if applicable)
• WARM GRADUALLY!!!
• Warming that is done too quickly can cause
irregular heart rhythm and lower temperature of
internal organs 159
• Cold Exposure
– Frostbite:
• Actual freezing of tissue fluids which damage skin
and underlying tissue – can lead to tissue death
• Common sites: fingers, toes, ears, nose & cheeks
• Can actually “burn” tissue
• Immerse affected body parts in WARM (not hot
water)
• Blisters may form – do not puncture blisters –
EVER
• Needs medical attention as quickly as possible
160
• Observe/treat for shock
Heat-related problems can
develop in people who are
exposed to hot environments
for longer than the body can
tolerate.
Types of Heat Related Illnesses
• Heat Cramps

• Heat Exhaustion

• Heat Stroke
HEAT CRAMPS: Signs and Symptoms
 Painful tightening of muscles after
prolonged use.

 Heavy sweating leading to electrolyte

imbalance and muscle tightening.
HEAT EXHAUSTION: Signs and Symptoms
 pale, moist, cool skin

 dry tongue, thirst

 dizziness, faintness
HEAT EXHAUSTION: Signs and Symptoms
 irritability, confusion
 weakness
 nausea (with or without vomiting)
 headache
 rapid pulse
 normal or slightly high body temperature
 HEAT STROKE: Signs and Symptoms
 skin is flushed, hot, dry

 rapid, weak pulse and breathing

 can lead to death if untreated

 HEAT CRAMPS HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE
• Less severe type • most common heat-related emergency • most serious
• painful tightening of • heat exposure causes heavy sweating heat-related
muscles after leading to water loss, electrolyte illness
prolonged use imbalance • striking change
• heavy sweating • Inadequate intake of water in behavior
leading to • pale, moist, cool skin leads to loss of
electrolyte • dry tongue, thirst 9consciousness
imbalance and • dizziness, faintness • skin is flushed,
muscle tightening • Irritability hot, dry
• Confusion • rapid, weak
• Weakness pulse and
• nausea (with or without vomiting) breathing
• Headache • can lead to
• rapid pulse death if
• normal or slightly high body temperature untreated
 HEAT CRAMPS: Management
 Move victim to the coolest possible place
 Loosen tight clothing
 Have him rest, drink plenty of cold fluids
(electrolyte beverages)
 Stretching, applying cold packs, and
massaging the painful muscle until it
relaxes.
 If with persistent cramps, bring victim to
nearest health care facility
HEAT EXHAUSTION: Management
 Move victim to the coolest possible place
 Loosen victim’s clothing
 Apply cold packs to neck, groin, armpits
 Have victim lie down, elevate legs
 If awake: give cold fluids to drink
 DO NOT give caffeinated, alcoholic drinks
 For unresolved symptoms, bring victim to
nearest health care facility
 HEAT STROKE: Management
 Move victim to coolest possible place
 Check for ABC
 Loosen victim’s clothing
 Apply cold packs to neck, groin, armpits
 Call of emergency medical assistance immediately
 Place victim in comfortable position
 DO NOT force victim to drink
 Cover victim with cold, wet towels or sheets then bring
victim to the nearest health care facility as fast as
possible
 Management
HEAT CRAMPS HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE
Move victim to coolest possible place
Loosen victim’s clothing
Apply cold packs to neck, groin, armpits
•Have him rest, drink • Call of emergency medical
plenty of cool fluids •Have victim lie down, assistance immediately
(electrolyte beverages) elevate legs •Check ABC
•Stretching, applying •If awake: give cool
cold packs and fluids to drink •Place victim in comfortable
massaging the painful •DO NOT give position
muscle until it relaxes. caffeinated, alcoholic •DO NOT force victim to drink
•Loosen tight clothing drinks •Cover victim with cold, wet
•If with persistent •For unresolved towels or sheets then bring
cramps, bring victim to symptoms, bring victim victim to the hospital as fast as
hospital to hospital possible
 POISON
• any substance that
causes illness or
death when it enters
the body or comes in
contact with the
surface of the skin
Examples of Poisonous Plants

PONG-PONG ANGELS’S TRUMPET

DUMB CANE POISON IVY

How do poisons enter the body?
Inhalation

Ingestion
Absorption
Injection
 Ingested poisons
- Introduced into the digestive tract by way of the
mouth.
• Acids
•overdose of alcohol
•Toxins from poisonous
•overdose of medicines
plants
•insecticides, pesticides
• Contaminated food or
•Kerosene
water.
•denatured alcohol
Examples of Ingested Poisons

Source: www.google.com Amanitaceae Family

 Ingested Poisons: Signs &
Symptoms
• Abdominal pain, cramping
• Nausea and Vomiting; Diarrhea
• Burns, odors, stains around and in victim’s mouth
• Drowsiness; loss of consciousness
• Container of poison near victim
 Ingested Poisons: What To Do
• Check the victim’s level of consciousness
• If conscious, get the following information
 WHO is the victim? age?
 WHAT was swallowed? HOW much?
 HOW did it happen?
 WHEN did it happen(date and time)?
• If unresponsive: check airway & breathing; place
in side-lying position.
 Ingested Poisons: What To Do
• Keep and bring the poison container, plants, and
vomitus for analysis.

• Contact Poison Control Centers.

• If unable to contact, bring the victim to the

nearest health care facility.
Ingested Poisons: What NOT To Do
• DO NOT make victim vomit.
• DO NOT administer anything by mouth unless
advised to do so by a Poison Control Center
(PCC) or Emergency Medical Personnel.
 INHALED POISONS
- inhaled into the lungs
• smoke, fumes from chemicals
• carbon monoxide
Inhaled Poisons: Signs & Symptoms
• Nausea and vomiting
• Difficulty of breathing
• Chest pain
• Cough
• Hoarseness
• Burning sensation in throat
INHALED POISONS: Signs & Symptoms
• bluish discoloration of skin, lips, walls of mouth
• dizziness
• headache
• seizures
• unresponsiveness
 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING:
Common Signs & Symptoms
• Dull headache • Shortness of
• Weakness breath
• Dizziness • Confusion
• Nausea or • Blurred vision
vomiting • Loss of
consciousness
 Inhaled Poisons: What To Do
• Ensure scene safety
• Immediately remove victim from toxic environment
• Remove all contaminated clothing from the victim,
making sure you do not contaminate yourself in
the process
• Keep airway open, make sure victim is breathing
fresh air
• Monitor ABCs
• Bring victim to nearest hospital
 ABSORBED POISONS
- enter the body by passing through the skin
• household cleaning fluids
• agricultural chemicals,
pesticides
• industrial products
• creams, ointments, and dyes
• secretions of poisonous plants
ABSORBED POISONS: Signs & Symptoms
• skin redness, rash, • blurring of vision
or blisters • dizziness
• hot, dry skin, lips • headache
• burns • seizures
• itching, skin irritation • unresponsiveness
• liquid or powder on
skin
 Absorbed Poisons: What To Do
• Remove all contaminated clothing from the
victim, making sure you do not contaminate
yourself in the process.
• DO NOT wipe the poison to remove it
• liquid: blot it off victim’s skin
• powder: brush it off victim’s skin
Absorbed Poisons: What To Do
• Wash exposed area with running water; ask
victim to bathe using mild alkaline soap. i.e.
Perla™
• Monitor the victim’s condition
• Bring victim to the nearest health care facility
 Special Considerations
• In case of exposure to an acid or alkali on the
skin or eye, immediately irrigate the affected
area with copious amounts of water.

• In case of CHEMICAL SPILL/S:

EVACUATE THE AREA
CALL appropriate authority e.g., 911, BFP,
HazMat,
For expert advice on any poisoning situation
24/7
National Poison Management and Control Center
(02) 524-1078
(02)554-8400
09228961541
09667189904
Local / Regional Poison Control Centers
Hotlines:__________
 Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol
Is a powerful CNS depressant, both sedative and
hypnotic.
Dulls the sense of awareness, slow reflexes, and
reduces reaction time.
May cause aggressive and inappropriate
behavior.
 Alcohol Intoxication

Alcohol intoxication
•when a person takes in more alcohol than his
body can tolerate can lead to decreased physical
and mental abilities
Alcohol intoxication: Signs & Symptoms
• odor of alcohol on
victim’s breath, clothing
• sleepiness, confusion
• poor balance,
coordination
• numbness
• slurred speech
• Nausea/vomiting
What To Do If Victim Is Responsive
• Look for injuries
• Protect the intoxicated person from injuring
himself
• Protect yourself
• If the intoxicated person becomes violent, call
for police & medical assistance
• Keep at a safe distance until help arrives
What To Do If Victim Is Unresponsive
• Make sure airway is clear & victim is breathing
• Call medical assistance immediately
• Place victim in side-lying position to avoid
aspiration of vomitus.
• If there are signs of injury: assume spine injury
• Regulate victim’s body heat
• DO NOT give anything by mouth
• Bring victim to hospital
• Poisoning
– If victim has been poisoned by injection:
• Call 9-1-1
• If arm or leg affected, position extremity
BELOW the level of the heart
• Remove embedded stingers (scrape with
card-like object)
• Do NOT use tweezers!
• Wash area with soap & water
• Apply cold pack/dressing
201
 BURNS
• due to large amounts of
heat energy absorbed by
the skin
• very painful
• can cause scarring
• severe burns  death
• recognizing type of burn 
correct first aid
 Causes of Burns
THERMAL - sun exposure; contact with fire,
very hot/very cold objects, liquids or gases;
blasts, fireballs
ELECTRICAL - direct contact with live
electrical currents or lightning
CHEMICAL - direct contact with corrosive
substances
 Depth of Burns
• First-degree burn (superficial)
• Second-degree burn (partial thickness)
• Third-degree burn (full thickness)
• Fourth-degree burn (full thickness involving the bones,
fat, and/or muscles)
First-degree burns
• redness; no blisters
• painful
• can be swollen
Second-degree burns
• moist
• redness
• swollen
• has blisters
• very painful
Third-degree burns
• dry, leathery
• white, dark brown
or charred
• hard to touch
• numb
Fourth-degree burns
• Injury extends to all layers
of the skin
• Often there is no pain
• burnt area is stiff
• Healing typically does not
occur on its own
• Injury to deeper tissues,
such as muscle, tendons,
or bone
First Aid for First-degree and
Second-degree burns
• Quickly remove victim from burn source.
• Remove clothing over burnt area EXCEPT if stuck
to the skin
• Immerse affected area in room-temperature water.
First Aid for First-degree and
Second-degree burns
• Apply burn ointment
• Encourage victim to drink plenty of liquids
• Do NOT prick blisters of second-degree burns
• Do NOT apply ice directly to a burn, it can produce
tissue ischemia.
First Aid for Third-degree and
Fourth-degree burns
• Assess ABCs and manage accordingly
• Cover burned area with clean, loose sterile
dressing
• Check nose and mouth for soot and ash
• Bring victim to health care facility
 First Aid for Chemical Burns
For wet chemicals
• Remove victim from source. Blot it off the
victim’s skin.
• Flush the affected area with water for at least
20 minutes
• Do NOT apply anything on the affected area.
First Aid for Chemical Burns
For dry chemicals
• Brush off the chemical
• Do NOT use your bare hands
• Flush with water for at least 20 minutes
• Remove all contaminated clothing
• Bring victim to health care facility
 First Aid for Electrical Burns
• Turn off the power source. Do NOT attempt to turn
it off if it is not accessible. Do NOT attempt to go
near the person if the power source is not yet
turned off.
• Quickly separate the victim from the source of the
electric current.
 First Aid for Electrical Burns
• Assess the victim’s responsiveness.
• Provide first aid to any open wound.
• Bring victim to appropriate health care facility i.e.
with Burn Unit immediately.
• BURNS
– Treatment:
• Remove source of heat
• Cool the skin area
• Cover the burn with clean (sterile if
available) dressing
• Relieve pain
• Observe for shock

218
 WOUNDS
• Injuries to soft tissue that
damages the skin and the
structures underlying it
• First aid depends on types of
wound:
- Closed
- Open
CLOSED WOUNDS
- No break on the surface of the
skin
- Application of external forces
• Bruise
• Contusion
• redness
• swelling
• Hematoma
• severe bruising = possible
internal bleeding.
 First aid for closed wounds
• Cold compress done within 15
(range to 20 mins) every 20
minutes until referred.
• Cold compress done within 15
(range of 10-20 mins) minutes
every 2 hours on the first 24
hours, for home remedies.
 First aid for closed wounds
• Hot compress for 15 minutes 3x a day
after 24 hours

• Keep affected part elevated when possible

OPEN WOUNDS
 ABRASION
Clinical Presentations, Signs
and Symptoms:

• affects the top layer

of the skin
• priority: prevent
infection
• TYPES OF
WOUNDS
– Abrasion: skin is
scraped off, bleeding is
usually minimal
– Good chance of infection
– Treatment; clean and
cover
First Aid Intervention:
• Wash with soap & water
• Apply mild antiseptic
• Keep surface exposed
LACERATION
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:
• tear on surface of the
skin
• more severe bleeding
• goal: control bleeding
• Types of Wounds
– Laceration: tearing of
tissue by excessive force;
edges not smooth or
even.
– Treatment: control
bleeding, determine if
stitches are needed, and
cover wound.

229
First Aid Intervention:
• Wash with large amounts of
clean water
• Control bleeding by direct
pressure using clean dressing
• For persistent bleeding: apply
2nd dressing over first; use
elastic bandage
• Bring victim to health care
facility
 INCISION
Clinical Presentation,
Signs and Symptoms
• Cut or wound of body tissue
caused by sharp edged object or
material
• Synonyms: gash, laceration, rent,
rip, slash, slit, tear
First Aid Intervention:
• Wash with large amounts of clean water
• Control bleeding by direct pressure using
clean dressing
• Persistent bleeding: apply 2nd dressing over
first; elastic bandage
• Bring victim to health care facility
PUNCTURE Clinical Presentations, Signs
and Symptoms:

• entry of sharp,
pointed object
• can cause massive
internal bleeding
• very painful
• Types of Wounds
– Puncture: caused by
sharp object; bleeding
usually is small
– Good chance for
infection.
– Treatment; do NOT
remove object. Anchor
object in place.
234
First Aid Intervention:
• Wash with large amounts of clean
water
• Apply mild antiseptic
• Cover the wound
• Bring victim to health care facility
 AMPUTATION
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:
• total separation of body part or
limb
• massive bleeding
• very painful
• Types of Wounds
– Amputation: body part
is cut off and separated
from body.
– Treatment; CONTROL
BLEEDING (tourniquet),
retrieve body part, bag it

237
• Types of Wounds
– Amputation: NEVER place an
amputated body part directly on ice.
Keep body part cold (ice) and moist.
– Transport body part with the victim

238
• Types of Wounds
– Tourniquet: apply
tourniquet as last resort!
– Write time tourniquet
was applied on
forehead

239
First Aid Intervention:
• Control bleeding using pressure
dressings
• Cover detached part with moist
dressing, place in clean plastic
bag, place in bag with ice
• Apply tourniquet to minimize or
control massive bleeding
• Bring victim and detached part
to health care facility
 AVULSION
Clinical Presentations, Signs
and Symptoms:
• skin and tissues under it torn
off from surface
• severe bleeding
• very painful
• Types of Wounds
– Avulsion: tissue is torn or
separated from victim’s body
– Bleeding is minimal, chance
of infection,
– Treatment; control bleeding,
clean, place avulsed skin
back, cover

242
First Aid Intervention:
• Wash with large amounts of
clean water
• Pressure dressing
• Bring victim to health care
facility
IMPALED WOUNDS
Clinical Presentations, Signs and
Symptoms:

• foreign object that penetrates the

skin and remains embedded in
tissue
First Aid Intervention
• Do NOT remove unless causing
airway obstruction
• Control bleeding using pressure
dressing around impaled object
• Stabilize impaled object using bulky
soft dressing or bandages
(doughnut ring)
• Protect impaled object from being moved
• Bring to health care facility immediately
EVISCERATION
Clinical Presentations, Signs
and Symptoms:
• severe open wounds in
abdominal wall may expose
organs  organs protrude out
of wound
First Aid Intervention:
• Do NOT touch or push back
exposed organs
• Cover wound with moist,
clean dressing
• Do NOT use dressing material
that sticks to exposed organs
or that breaks up when wet
• Bring to health care facility
immediately
HUMAN BITE WOUNDS
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:
• Caused by the piercing of
skin by human teeth
• Bacteria are usually
present and serious
infection often follows
• Also known as: fight bites
First Aid Intervention:
• Thoroughly wash with an antiseptic or soap and water;
rinse well
• Cover wound with moist, clean dressing
• Bring to health care facility, for advanced intervention
 OTHER WOUNDS

Crashing Sucking
Injuries Chest
Wounds

Blast Injuries
First Aid Intervention:

• Call 911
• Control bleeding
• Bring victim to health care facility
What is “Life-threatening” Bleeding?
What is “Life-Threatening” Bleeding?
What is “Life-Threatening” Bleeding?
What is “Life-Threatening” Bleeding?
Controlling Bleeding
• body will not tolerate
>20% blood loss
 adult = 1 L
 children = 100-200 mL

• Control bleeding using

direct pressure
If you DON’T have a trauma first aid
kit:

Apply Direct Pressure on the wound

1. Take any clean cloth (e.g. shirt) and
cover the wound.
2. If the wound is large and deep, try to
“stuff” the cloth down into the wound.
If you DON’T have a trauma first aid
kit:

3. Apply continuous pressure with

both hands directly on top of the
bleeding wound.
4. Push down as hard as you can.
5. Hold pressure to stop bleeding.
Continue pressure until relieved by
medical responders.
 BANDAGE
• maintains pressure for controlling bleeding
• keeps dressing in place
 BANDAGE
Guidelines in using dressing and bandages
• Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at
least 1 inch beyond the edges of the wound
• Bandages should fit snugly but should not cut off
circulation or discomfort.
• If the area beyond the wound changes color,
feels cold or starts to swell the bandage is too
tight and should be loosened.
 BANDAGE
• Elastic bandages
are stretchable
bandages designed
and used to create
continuous
localized pressure.
 BANDAGE
• Triangular bandages
are bandages to
support an injured
forearm; consisting of
a wide triangular
piece of cloth hanging
from around the neck.
Triangular bandages

SIZE: 1 sq. meter,

cut diagonally.
PARTS: point (apex),
ends, 2 sides,
base.
USE: whole piece of
cloth as slings,
secure dressing
or immobilize limbs
 broad-fold bandage –
2 folds
 narrow-fold bandage –
3 folds
BANDAGING

Phases
Open
Broad
Semi-broad
Narrow Cravat
If you DO have a trauma first aid kit:
For life-threatening bleeding from an arm
or leg and a tourniquet is available:
Apply the tourniquet
1. Wrap the tourniquet around the
bleeding arm or leg about 2 to 3 inches
above the bleeding site (be sure NOT to
place the tourniquet onto a joint – go
above the joint if necessary).
If you DO have a trauma first aid kit:
For life-threatening bleeding from an arm
or leg and a tourniquet is available:
Apply the tourniquet
2. Pull the free end of the tourniquet to
make it as tight as possible and secure the
free end.
3. Twist or wind the windlass until bleeding
stops.
4. Secure the windlass to keep the tourniquet tight.
5. Note the time the tourniquet was applied.
Tourniquet Pain
• Tourniquets HURT when applied effectively.
- Explain this fact to the victim.
• Pain DOES NOT mean you put on the
tourniquet incorrectly.
• Pain DOES NOT mean you should take the
tourniquet off.
• Once paramedics arrive, they will treat the
pain with medication.
• CONTROL BLEEDING
– First priority in caring for wounds!
– It is possible for a person to bleed to death
in a short period of time.
– Arterial bleed: spurts blood each time
the heart beats, can result in heavy blood
loss; bright red blood; life threatening –
must be controlled quickly.

271
• Control Bleeding
– Venous bleed: slower, steadier, darker
blood; easier to control
• Observe standard precautions
– PPE
– Use thick layers of dressings
– Avoid contact with blood as much as
possible
– Wash hands as soon as possible
272
• 4 Methods to Control Bleeding
• Direct pressure
• Elevation
• Pressure bandage
• Pressure points

273
• Control Bleeding
– Four methods to control bleeding:
1. Direct pressure
– Apply pressure directly to the wound using a
gloved (covered) hand and thick gauze
(clean cloth)
– Apply pressure for 5-10 minutes
– If blood soaks through ADD dressing to
existing one
– Do not disturb any formed clots
275
2. Elevation
–Raise injured part above level of heart
–Continue to apply direct pressure
–Do NOT elevate extremity if fracture is
suspected

276
3. Pressure bandage
–Difference between “dressing” &
“bandage”
–Applied to hold dressing in place
–CHECK PULSE SITE DISTAL TO
THE WOUND

277
4. Pressure points
–Used when direct pressure,
elevation, and pressure
bandage do not stop bleeding
–Apply pressure to main
artery and press it against
the underlying bone to cut
off main blood supply

278
• Pressure points
–Two main arteries:
»Brachial
»Femoral
• When bleeding stops
slowly release pressure
• If bleeding starts again
repeat process
279
• PREVENTING INFECTION
– Can develop in any wound
– Signs & Symptoms
• Swelling
• Heat
• Redness
• Pain
• Fever
• Pus
• Red streaks leading from wound
280
• TETANUS
– Bacterial spores are found in soil
– Can remain infectious for > 40 years
– Bacteria affects outermost nerves and
moves inward toward the spine
– After 8 days tetanus short-circuits nerve
signals and block the relaxation of
muscles
282
• Tetanus

283
• Objects imbedded in wounds:
– If near surface, gently remove using sterilized
tweezers
• Closed wounds:
– Apply cold compress
– Internal injuries – can be life-threatening
– Signs & Symptoms:
• Pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity,
cold/clammy skin, rapid/weak pulse,
hypotension, restlessness, vomiting
– Get medical help immediately 284
References:
• Standard First Aid Facilitators’
Manual
• www.eccguidelines.heart.org
• Google Images
Musculoskeletal System
• bones
• muscles  body
• tendons movement
• joints
• ligaments
Musculoskeletal injuries: DON’Ts
• Do NOT try to re-align a limb if you
suspect a fracture

• Do NOT try to put back an exposed bone

• Do NOT massage the affected area

First aid for musculoskeletal injuries
• R – Rest/ Immobilize
• I – Ice/ cold packs
• C –Compression
• E - Elevate
** If an injured extremity is blue or extremely pale,
activate EMS immediately.
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES

• Dislocation-
bone ends are no
longer in contact
Musculoskeletal Injuries

• Sprain -
stretched or
torn ligament
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES
• Strain -
stretched or
torn muscle
or tendon
Recognizing Musculoskeletal Injuries
• tenderness
• deformity
• swelling
• pain
• discoloration
• crepitus
• false motion
• guarding
• loss of function
(extreme cases)
The Spine

• pillar of 33 bones
along neck and back
• protects the spinal
cord
The Spinal Cord
• bundle of nerves that runs
down the neck and back
• carries signals between
the brain and other parts
of the body
• spine injury  injury to
spinal cord  loss of
functions; death
 Most Common Causes of
Spinal Cord Injury
• Vehicular crash
• Fall
• Acts of violence
• Sports injuries (i.e. diving, recreational)
Suspect a spine injury if there is…
• dizziness
• head, neck or back pain
• clear fluid coming out of nose and ears
• difficulty of breathing
• numbness, inability to move the limbs
• loss of urinary or bowel control
• paralysis
• unconsciousness
What to do for a Spine Injury Victim
• Call for emergency medical assistance
immediately
• If the victim is conscious, explain to him that he
may have a serious injury and that he should
NOT move
• Spinal motion restriction- attempt to
maintain the spine in anatomical alignment and
minimize gross movement.
What to do for a Spine Injury Victim
• Check the victim for responsiveness

• Wait and assist the incoming EMS

• Bring the victim to the nearest health care facility

immediately
 Objectives
• Were we able to meet the objectives?

• Recognize the presence of the signs and

symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries.

• Apply first aid to persons with these

injuries.
 SPLINT
• rigid device used to
prevent motion or
maintain the position
of an injured body part
• prevents further injury
• reduces pain
 General Principles of Splinting
• Do NOT move the victim
before splinting unless
there is immediate danger
• Do NOT try to straighten
or re-align any deformity;
splint in the position found
 General principles of splinting
• Open fractures: stop
bleeding, protect wound
before splinting
• Maintain manual
stabilization while applying
the splint to minimize
movement of the injured
limb and to support the
injury site
 General principles of splinting
• Fracture of the middle of a long
bone: immobilize the joints above
and below the fracture

• Joint injuries: immobilize the bones

above and below the injured joint

• Pad all splints to prevent excessive

pressure and discomfort
 Types of Splint
• Soft
- blanket, pillow, binder (swathe)
• Anatomic
- Any part of the body
• Rigid
- improvised or commercial splint
We shall now demonstrate
then practice
the different splinting
techniques
 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?

To properly apply appropriate splints to arms, legs, and

other body parts.
QUESTIONS?
References
• Standard First Aid Facilitator’s Manual (2012)

• Emergency Care and Transportation of the

Sick and Injured, 10th Edition, American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
TRAINING PACKAGES
FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES 08\
 Definitions
• Transfer – moving victim to a safer place
• Emergency Rescue Transfer (ERTr) – is a
procedure of rapid movement of victim to a
safer place
• Body mechanics – allows rescuers to carry
out activities without excessive use of energy
and prevent injuries
• Log Roll: is a maneuver used to move the
victim without flexing the spinal column.
 General Principles in
Transferring the Injured
• Determine reasons for moving victims
• Apply proper body mechanics
- Power lift
- Power grip
• Promote minimal handling of victims
• Perform Log Rolling technique except for
suspected spine injury
 General Principles in
Transferring the Injured
• Choose carry method based on victim’s injuries
• Tell victim/s the manner how they will be moved
• Rescuers must consider the weight of the victim
 BODY MECHANICS
• Back straight, bend knees when lifting
• Avoid twisting and bending forward
• Spread legs at shoulder width (approx.
15”)
• Evenly distribute weight on both lower
extremities
BODY MECHANICS
• Performing the power lift
– Safest way to lift
• Assume deep squat
position
• Straighten knees to
stand
• Keep back straight
BODY MECHANICS

• Use the power grip

– Palms up
– Hands at least 10” apart
– Weight should be on the
curved palm
– Gives the maximum force
from the hands
 Reasons for Moving a Victim
• For patient and responder’s safety

• For transferring victims

 Considerations before
moving the injured
• Evaluate type and extent of injuries
• Make sure dressings are reinforced
• Make sure fractures are immobilized
and supported
 Transferring the injured
Manual carries
• One-man carries
• Two-man carries
• Three-man or more carries
Drags
• Stretchers including improvised stretchers
and carrying devices
• One-man Carry
- Assist to walk
- Lover’s/Sweetheart’s / Cradle’s Carry
- Pack-strap Carry
- Piggy-back Carry
- Fireman’s Carry
One-man Carry
Assist to walk
One-man Carry

Sweetheart’s/Lover’s/
Cradle’s Carry
One-man Carry

Pack-strap carry
One-man Carry
Piggyback carry
One-man Carry

Fireman’s carry
 Manual Carry
• Two-man Carry
- Carry by extremities
- Hand-as a litter
- Four-hand seat
- Assist to walk
Two-man Carry
Carry by extremities
• More comfortable
for the victim
• Less likely to
worsen injuries
• Less tiring for
bearers
 Two-man Carry

Hand as a litter
 Two-man Carry

Four-hand Seat
Carry
 Manual Carry
• Multiple- person Carry
- Bearers along side
- Hammock Carry
 Multiple-person Carry
– Directions and Commands
• Anticipate and understand every move
• Moves must be coordinated
• Command must be given by Lead Man in two
parts:
– Preparatory
– Executory
• Command must be acknowledged by other
members
Three-man or more Carry

Bearers along side

Three-man or more carry

Hammock Carry
 Drags
• Clothes drag
• Body drag
For immediately
• Foot drag
transferring the
• Fireman’s drag
victim to a safer
area by pulling
 Drags

Clothes drag
Drags
Body Drag
 Drags

Foot Drag
Drags

Fireman’s Drag
 Carry and Drag Using Improvised
Devices/Materials
• Chair as a litter
• Blanket Carry
• Improvised stretchers
- Pole and Blanket
- Pole and Sacks
- Pole and Clothes
- Blanket Drag
 Two-man Carry

Chair as a litter
Improvised stretchers

Blanket Carry
Improvised stretchers

Blanket + 2 poles
Improvised stretchers

Sacks + 2 poles
Improvised stretchers
Jackets + 2 poles
Improvised stretchers

Shirts + 2 poles
 DRAGS

Blanket drag
Carry using Spine Board or Improvised
Materials
 Considerations in moving patients
Head First Foot first
• Going up the stairs • Going down the stairs
• Loading inside the • Unloading from the
ambulance ambulance
• When entering the • Transporting on a flat
room surface
Demonstration and Return-
demonstration of the skills
Question?
References
• https://www.wikihow.com/Carry-an-
Injured-Person-by-Yourself-During-
First-Aid
• http://www.safety.rochester.edu/ih/er
gonomic/pdf/ergoappendixB.pdf
 DROWNING
Breathing impairment due to
submersion or immersion in liquid.
CAUTION
 Special Considerations
• Make sure that the scene is safe.

• Always check first to see whether a lifeguard or other

trained professional is present before helping someone
who may be having trouble in the water.

• DO NOT swim out to a victim unless you have the

proper training, skills and equipment.
• If the appropriate safety equipment is not available
and there is a chance that you cannot safely help a
person in trouble, call for help immediately.

• If you must assist someone who is having trouble in the

water, you must have the appropriate equipment both
for your own safety and the victim’s.

• Send someone else to call the local emergency number

while you start the rescue.
 SUBMERGED VICTIM
• Call for trained help immediately if a victim is at or near
the bottom of the pool in deep water.

• If the victim is in shallow water that is less than chest

deep, carefully wade into the water with some kind of
flotation equipment.

• Reach down and grasp the victim.

• Pull the victim to the surface.

• Turn the victim face-up and bring him or her to

safety.

• Remove the victim from the water.

• Provide emergency care.

 What To Do For Unresponsive Victim
• Unresponsive
 Perform chest compression plus rescue breaths
• Out of water
 A-B-C Approach
 Open Airway, check breathing, circulation
 Rescue breaths
 Chest compressions
 Cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths
• Recovery Position
• If vomiting, facilitate drainage
• Keep warm. Remove cold wet clothes.
• Bring victim to the nearest health care facility
 SHOCK
• A state of collapse and failure of the of the
heart and blood vessels to deliver enough
blood to the body organs and tissues.

• If not treated promptly, DEATH follows.

 CAUSES OF SHOCK
A. Pump Failure

B. Hypovolemia

C. Dilation of blood
vessels
• Types of Shock
– Anaphylactic: allergic reaction
– Cardiogenic: heart attack or cardiac arrest
– Hemorrhagic: blood loss
– Metabolic: vomiting, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance
– Neurogenic: injury to brain or spinal cord
– Psychogenic: emotional distress
– Respiratory: trauma to respiratory system
– Septic: infection that has spread throughout body

368
 Conditions that lead to shock
1. Severe bleeding 7. Shell bomb and
2. Spine injury gunshot wound
3. Crushing injuries 8. Rupture of tubal
4. Severe Infection pregnancies
5. Heart attack 9. Anaphylaxis
6. Multiple severe 10. Severe thermal burns.
fractures
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Early Stage:
• Face – pale or cyanotic in color.
• Skin – cold and clammy.
• Breathing – irregular.
• Pulse – rapid and weak.
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness
• Thirsty
Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Late Stage:
• If the condition deteriorates, victim may become
apathetic or relatively unresponsive.
• Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression.
• Pupils are dilated.
• Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled
appearances.
• Blood pressure has very low level.
• Unconscious may occur, body temperature falls.
 First Aid for SHOCK
• Loosen the victims clothing
• Place the victim in a comfortable position
• Provide first aid for specific injuries
• Avoid heat loss (prevent overheating or over
cooling)
• Keep the victim calm
• Do NOT give any food or drink – use wet
cloth to moisten lips if needed
• Bring the victim to the hospital
References:

Furst, J (2018) The Complete First Aid Pocket Guide,

Simon & Schuster, Inc., Avon, Massachusetts
American College of Emergency Physicians First Aid
Manual: The Step-by-Step Guide for Everyone (2014) 5th
Ed.
Austin, M (2016) DK First Aid Manual, 10th Ed, Dorling
Kindersley, Strand, London