INJURY,

PREVENTION,
SAFETY AND FIRST
AID
CONSENT FOR FIRST AID
• and termed “consent”
•Permission from an unconscious
victim is not obtainable from the
victim. Therefore, we assume the
victim would want first aid. This
action is termed “implied consent”
Roles and Responsibilities of First Aider:

1. Bridge and fills the gap between

the victim and the physician
2. Ensure safety of him/herself and
bystanders
3. Gain access to the victim
4. Determine any threats to
patient’s life
Roles and Responsibilities of First Aider:

5. Provide advanced personnel

6. Assist advanced personnel
7. Record all findings and care given
to the patient
Objectives of First Aid:

•To alleviate suffering

•To prevent added/further injury or
danger
•To prolong life
Characteristics of a Good First Aider:

•Gentle
•Resourceful
•Observant
•Tactful
•Empathetic
•Respectable
GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE

• Obtain consent when possible

• Remember to identify yourself to the victim.
• Provide comfort and emotional support.
• Respect the victim’s modesty and physical
privacy.
• Be calm and as direct as possible.
GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY
CARE

• Care for the most serious injuries first.

• Assist the victim with his or her prescription
medication.
• Keep onlookers away from the injured
person.
• Loosen tight clothing
Hindrances in Giving First Aid:

•Unfavorable surroundings
•Presence of Crowds
•Pressure from victims or
relatives
First aid equipment
and supplies
Basic equipment
Spine board
Sets of splints
Poles
Blankets
First aid equipment and supplies
•First aid kit
contents
•Alcohol
•Povidone iodine •Scissors
•Cotton •Forceps
•Gauze •Bandage
•Tongue •Elastic roller
depressor bandage
First aid equipment and supplies

•Clothe material commonly used

in first aid
•Dressing
•Bandages
Patient Handling
Patient Handling

•Emergency Rescue
– is a rapid movement of
patient from unsafe place to a
place of safety
Indications of Emergency Rescue
•Danger of fire or explosions
•Danger of toxic gases
•Serious traffic hazard
•Risk of drowning
•Danger of electrocution
•Danger of collapsing wall
Methods of Emergency Rescue
•For immediate rescue without
any assistance, drag or pull the
victim
•Most of the one-man
drags/carriers and other
transfer methods can be used
as methods of rescue
Patient Handling

•Transfer
– is moving a patient from
one place to another after
giving first aid
Pointers to be observed during transfer
•Victim’s airway must be
maintained open
•Hemorrhage is controlled
•Regular check-up of the victim’s
condition is made
•Supporting bandages and dressing
remain effectively applied
Pointers to be observed during transfer

•The patient’s body is moved

as one unit
•The taller first aiders stay at
the head of the victim
•First aiders must observed
ergonomics in lifting and
moving of patient
Triage and
Tagging
Triage
•is the action of sorting victims
of disaster in order to
determine who needs
immediate care and
transportation to the hospital,
or could be delayed
 Tagging of patients

Priority One Priority Two Priority Three Priority Four

(RED TAG) (YELLOW TAG) (GREEN TAG) (Black TAG)
Emergency
Situations
Bones, Joints and Muscle Injuries
Signs and Symptoms of broken bones

•Pain
•Deformity
•Tenderness
•Swelling
Open Fracture
Muscle Spasm
•Sudden painful tightening of a
muscle
Muscle Spasm

•First Aid
•Have the body stretch out the affected
muscle to counteract the cramp
•Massage the cramped muscle firmly
but gently
•Apply heat. Moist is more effective
than dry heat
•If cramps persist, call your doctor
Muscle Sprain or
Strain
Sprain
•a stretched or torn ligament.
Ligaments are tissues that
connect bones at a joint. Falling,
twisting, or getting hit can all
cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist
sprains are common.
Signs and Symptoms

•Pain
•Swelling
•Bruising
•Loss of efficient movement
Strain

•is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon.

Tendons are tissues that connect muscle
to bone. Twisting or pulling these
tissues can cause a strain. Strains can
happen suddenly or develop over time.
Back and hamstring muscle strains are
common. Many people get strains
playing sports
Symptoms include :
•pain
•muscle spasms
•swelling
•trouble moving the muscle
Muscle Sprain/Strain
•First Aid:
•Remove any clothing or jewelry
from around the joint
•Take ibuprofen to manage pain
and inflammation
•RICE Therapy
R – Rest the affected muscle for 24 hours
I – Ice compress
C – Compression
E – Elevate  
When to seek for medical help:
• Pain, bruising, or swelling is severe
• Affected extremity looks deformed or seems
dislocated
• The victim can't put any weight on the affected
lower extremity
• There is a "popping" sound with the injury.
• The person can't move the injured joint or
limb.
• There is numbness.
• There is significant swelling, pain, fever, or
open cuts
Fainting (Syncope)
• occurs when the
blood supply to your
brain is momentarily
inadequate, causing
you to lose
consciousness. This
loss of consciousness
is usually brief.
Causes
• fear or other emotional trauma
• severe pain
• a sudden drop in blood pressure
• low blood sugar due to diabetes or from going too long
without eating
• hyperventilation (rapid, shallow breathing)
• dehydration
• standing in one position for too long
If you feel like you are going to faint:

• Lie down or sit down. To reduce the

chance of fainting again, don't get up
too quickly.
• Place your head between your knees if
you sit down.
If someone else faints
1. Position the person on his or her back.
2. If the person is breathing, restore blood flow to the
brain by raising the person's legs above heart level —
about 12 inches (30 centimeters) — if possible.
3. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive clothing. To
reduce the chance of fainting again,
4. Don't get the person up too quickly. If the person
doesn't regain consciousness within one minute, call
emergency response team.
If someone else faints
5. Check the person's airway to be sure it's clear. Watch
for vomiting.
6. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or
movement). If absent, begin CPR. call emergency
response team. Continue CPR until help arrives or the
person responds and begins to breathe.
7. If the person was injured in a fall associated with a
faint, treat any bumps, bruises or cuts appropriately.
Control bleeding with direct pressure
Hypoglycemia (normal level 70-
100mg/dl)
•Symptoms :
•cold clammy skin
•sweating
•nausea
•palpitation
First aid
•Place in comfortable
position
•Give candies
•Let the patient drink
fruit juice
 Common
Emergencies
Heat Cramps
•A muscular pain and
spasm due largely to
loss of salt from the
body in sweating or
too inadequate
intake of salt
Heat cramps
•First aid:
• Have the victim rest
• Give the victim electrolyte
beverages to sip or make
salted drink
• To relieve muscle cramps
massage the affected
muscles gently but firmly
until they relax
• Stay at a cool
environment
Heat Exhaustion
• A response to heat
characterized by
fatigue, weakness
and collapse due to
inadequate intake of
water to compensate
for loss of fluids
through sweating
Heat Exhaustion
•Signs and Symptoms:
•Cool, pale or red, moist skin
•Dilated pupils
•Headache
•Extreme thirst
•Nausea or vomiting
•Weakness
•Dizziness
•Unconsciousness
Heat Exhaustion
•First aid:
•Have the victim rest
with his feet elevated
•Place the victim in a
cool environment
•Give victim electrolyte
beverages to sip
•Monitor the victim for
signs of shock
Heat stroke
•A response to
heat
characterized by
extremely high
body temperature
and disturbance
of sweating
mechanism
 Heat stroke

•Signs and symptoms:

• Raised body temperature
• Dry, hot red skin
• Dark urine
• Constriction of pupils
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Extreme confusion
• Weakness
• Unconsciousness
Heat stroke
•First Aid:
• Place the victim in a cool
environment
• Turn on a fan
• Apply cold compress
• Give first aid for shock
• If the victim starts having
seizures, give first aid for
seizures
• Keep the victim cool as
you await medical help
Fever

•Is a sustained body temperature of 37.5

degrees Celsius or more
When to get help for fever
• Fever is over 39.4 degrees Celsius
• Fever is accompanied by:
• Difficulty in breathing
• Unusual skin color
• A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin
• Shock
• Stiff neck
• Bulging fontanel
• Signs of dehydration

If the victim appears to be very ill take steps to reduce

the fever while you seek medical assistance
 First Aid
• Make the patient comfortable in cool
surroundings preferably in bed with a light
cover.
• Allow the victim to rest
• Give the victim plenty of drinks to replace lost
fluids
• Cooling measures
– Remove extra clothing
– Tap water sponge bath
• An adult may take paracetamol tablet. Give a
child the recommended dose of paracetamol
syrup
Headache
•May accompany any illness
particularly a feverish ailment such
as flu but it may be the most
prominent symptom of a serious
condition such as meningitis or
stroke
When to get help for headache
•Headache pain that awakens you at night
•Headaches with severe nausea and
vomiting
•Headaches that occur after a head injury or
accident
•Getting a new type of headache after age
55
First aid
•Help the patient to
sit or lie down
comfortably in a
quiet place
•An adult may take
paracetamol tablet.
Give a child the
recommended
dose of
paracetamol syrup
Abdominal pain
•Is a pain in the
abdomen often has a
relatively trivial cause,
but can indicate serious
disease, such as
perforation or
obstruction of the
intestine
First aid

•Make the patient comfortable

•Give her a container to use if vomiting
•Do not give the patient any medicines or
anything to eat or drink
Vomiting and diarrhea

•Most likely to be caused by food

poisoning, contaminated water, allergy
or unusual or exotic food
First aid

•Give the patient a warm

damp cloth to wash
himself
•Give the patient lots of
bland fluids to sip slowly
and often
•if it is persistent, call a
doctor
Snake Bite

•Signs and symptoms:

• Bite mark
•Pain
First Aid

•Wash wound
•Keep bitten part still and lower than the
heart
•Call medical help
Dog Bites
•Rabies- it is rare but
potentially fatal
disease transmitted
through saliva. It is a
viral infection of the
brain that causes
irritation and
inflammation of the
brain and spinal
column.
Signs and Symptoms

•Hydrophobia
•Photophobia
•Drooling of saliva
•Mental disturbances
•Aggressive behaviour
First Aid

•Wash with soap and water

•Cover the wound
•Rush the victim to the nearest
clinic or hospital or rabies center.
Nose Bleed
Causes

•Trauma
•Weather
•Inability of the blood to clot
•Liver diseases
•High blood pressure
First aid
• Sit up straight.
• Lean your head forward.
• Pinch the nostrils together with your thumb
and index finger for 10 minutes.
• Spit out any blood in your mouth. Swallowing
it may make you vomit.
First aid
•After the bleeding has stopped:
• Try to prevent any irritation to the nose,
such as sneezing or nose blowing, for 24
hours.
• Don’t drink hot beverages or soups.
Choking

•Ask the choking person

to stand if he or she is
sitting.
•Place yourself slightly
behind the standing
victim.
Place your arms around the
victim's waist.
Place your thumb toward the victim, just
above his or her belly button.
Grab your fist with your other hand.
Deliver five upward squeeze-thrusts into the
abdomen
 Medical
Emergencies
STRS

• SMILE
First aid:
• Call emergency rescue
• Check the victim’s ABC
• Have the victim rest in a comfortable position
• Seek medical help immediately
• Do not give the victim anything by mouth
• If the victim loses consciousness place him or
her in the recovery position
• Continue to monitor ABC
• Stay with the victim until medical help arrives
 Heart Attack
•Chest discomfort that may last more
than a few minutes or go away and
come back;
•Pain or discomfort in the upper
body, including arm, left shoulder,
back, neck, jaw, or below the
breastbone
•Difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath (with or without chest pain)
First Aid
•Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed
•Call emergency help
•Move the victim into a semi-sitting
position, head and shoulders supported
and knees bent.
•Chew and swallow an aspirin
•Begin CPR if the person is unconscious
Seizure
•Is sudden involuntary muscle
contraction, usually due to
uncontrolled electrical activity
in the brain
Signs and symptoms
• Local tingling or twitching in part of the
body
• Brief blackout or period of confused
behavior
• Sudden falling
• Loss of consciousness
• Drooling or frothing of the mouth
• Vigorous muscle spasm, twitching, jerking
limbs
• Loss of bladder control
• Temporary cessation of breathing
First Aid
• Ease the person to the floor.
• Turn the person gently onto one side. This will help
the person breathe.
• Clear the area around the person of anything hard
or sharp. This can prevent injury.
• Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket,
under his or her head.
• Remove eyeglasses.
• Loosen ties or anything around the neck that may
make it hard to breathe.
• Time the seizure. Call emergency help if the seizure
lasts longer than 5 minutes.
First Aid
• Stay with the person until the seizure ends
and he or she is fully awake. After it ends,
help the person sit in a safe place. Once
they are alert and able to communicate,
tell them what happened in very simple
terms.
• Comfort the person and speak calmly.
• Check to see if the person is wearing or a
medical bracelet or other emergency
information.
• Keep yourself and other people calm.