FIRST AID &

BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT
This presentation is not intended as
a substitute for professional medical
care. First Aid and CPR training are
required if you want to master the
skills and procedures.
 What is First Aid?
• Assessment and interventions
that can be performed by a
bystander (or by the victim)
with minimal or no medical
equipment.
• Emergency care for a
victim of sudden illness
or injury until more
skillful medical
treatment is available.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury
or danger
3. To prolong life
 2 CARDINAL RULES

1. Take good care of

your own safety.
2. Prevent Further Injury
 When to Terminate 1st Aid?

• The Medical Team arrived

• The person is already morbid
• The victim has revived
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
FIRST AIDER
1. GENTLE – should not
cause pain
2. RESOURCEFUL
–should make the best use of
things at hand
3. OBSERVANT
– should notice all signs
4. TACTFUL
– use appropriate words/ should
not alarm the victim
5. SYMPATHETIC
- should be comforting
6. RESPECTABLE
- shows competence
 HINDRANCE IN GIVING
FIRST AID
•Unfavourable Surroundings
•Presence of crowds
• Pressure from Victim or Relatives
– secure perimeter, be calm,
be assertive
• Unavailability of Transport means
 EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
• Survey the scene
• Activate Medical
Assistance
• Do a Primary Survey
• Do a Secondary Survey
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Activate Medical Assistance – Call
• 485 – 0016 (POLICE)
• 485 – 0276 (RHU)
• AMITY – 161
• CHAMBER - 164
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Do a Primary Survey
• Check Responsiveness
“ Hey, hey are you OK?”
• Check Consciousness
• Check A-irway
B-reathing
C-irculation
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Do a Secondary Survey
S - Signs & Symptoms
A - Allergies
M - Medications Taken
P - Past Medical Illness
L - Last Meal Taken
E - Events leading to Injury
 EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

• Do a Secondary Survey –
Check Pulse Rate & Respiratory Rate

Pulse Rate = 60 – 90 pulse/min Respiratory Rate = 12-20 breaths/min

COMMON EMERGENCIES
COMMON EMERGENCIES

• NOSEBLEED -
bleeding of the blood
vessels in the nasal
membrane. Due to
trauma, allergies,
hypertension,
infections, hot and
cold weather.
FIRST AID FOR NOSEBLEED

• Position the victim in a

sitting and leaning forward
position while pinching the
nose between the thumb
and fingers for at least 10
minutes

• Apply Ice or Cold compress

on the bridge of the nose.
 1st Aid MEASURES for
nosebleed:
• Avoid the patient to talk & let to breathe through
his mouth

• Tell patient not to blow his/her nose for several

hours & to avoid lifting objects or bending at the
waist for the next 24 hours.
 COMMON EMERGENCIES
WOUND - is a break in the continuity of a
tissue of the body either internal
or external.
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Abrasion - Scraping of the skin
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Laceration - Jagged, irregular or blunt
breaks or tears in the soft tissue
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Avulsion- Involve forcible separation or tearing
of tissues from the body
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Incision - Commonly caused by sharp edged
objects
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Puncture - Caused by sharp, pointed objects
 TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
Amputation- Separation of the body part from
the body
FIRST AID for WOUNDS

- Irrigate wounds and

abrasion with clean
running tap water

- Control bleeding- Cover

the wound w/ dressing

- Elevate the part and apply

pressure on pulse points
PRESSURE POINTS
Tourniquet technique is no longer used
 TYPES OF BANDAGE
1. ELASTIC BANDAGE -It is designed
to keep continuous pressure on the
body part.

2. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE – Made of

any cloth material, cut into a
triangle form.
COMMON EMERGENCIES
FRACTURE - a break in
the continuity of bone
due to excessive trauma
or force.
TYPES OF FRACTURE

OPEN CLOSED
OPEN FRACTURE
FRACTURES
Fractures
 Dislocation
• A dislocation is a separation
of two bones where they
meet at a joint. Joints are
areas where two bones
come together.

• A dislocated bone is no
longer in its normal position
Wrist dislocation
 DO NOT

• Do NOT move the person unless the injury

has been completely immobilized.
• Do NOT move a person with an injured hip,
pelvis, or upper leg unless it is absolutely
necessary. If you are the only rescuer and
the person must be moved, drag him or her
by the clothing.
• Do NOT attempt to straighten a misshapen
bone or joint or to change its position.
• Do NOT test a misshapen bone or joint for
loss of function.
• Do NOT give the person anything by mouth.
First Aid for FRACTURE

- Apply Dressing if there's a

wound

- Use Splints to immobilize the

injured part

- Use Sling if upper limbs are

affected
 SLING & SPLINTING
1. SLING – any material that could provide
immobilization of an injured upper limb.
- Standard Sling
- Elevation Sling
- Sling with Splint

2. SPLINT – any material that could be used to limit

any movement of a fractured limb
- Wood Splint
- Blanket Splint
- Pillow Splint
LEG SPLINT
STRAIN - Is an injury caused by excessive stretching or muscle overwork, resulting
in pain and swelling of the affected part.
SPRAIN - Is an injury caused by sudden overstretching
of the ligament resulting in pain and swelling of the
affected part.
CAUSES OF SPRAIN OR STRAIN

OVERUSE OR INJURY, which

weakens the muscle
(occur from a single stressful incident, or it
may gradually arise after many repetitions
of a motion.)
 Emergency Care for
Sprain and Strain:

• R - Rest
• I - Ice
• C - Compress
• E - Elevation
• S - Splints
(Immobilize)
COMMON EMERGENCIES
BURNS - is an injury
involving the skin, including
muscles, bones, nerves and
blood vessels. Due to heat,
chemical, electricity or solar
or other forms of radiation.
 COMMON EMERGENCIES

1st Degree Burn

1st Degree Burn

2rd
Degree Burn
 FIRST AID DEMO FOR BURNS
1st Degree Burn – Sponge with cold water
Cover with a sterile cloth
Provide hydration to the
victim
2nd Degree Burn – Immerse or apply cold water
Cover with sterile cloth
Elevate the part
3rd Degree Burn – Remove only the burnt
clothing. Cover burns with dry non-sticky
cloth. Elevate legs Keep the victim warm
 FIRST AID FOR CHEMICAL BURNS
• The Chemical will continue to cause tissue
destruction until the chemical agent is
removed.
• Protect yourself from exposure by using
gloves or any protective equipment
COMMON EMERGENCIES
CHOKING
FIRST AID FOR CHOKING
• Ask for consent
• Give 5 Back Blows
• Perform 5 abdominal
Thrusts
• If Victim is a pregnant
woman perform Chest
Thrust
• If the victim loses
consciousness perform
Artificial Respiration
 CHOKING
• CHOKING IN ADULTS -
Verify Choking - ARE YOU CHOKED?
- Give 5 Back Blows
- Give 5 Abdominal Thrust,
• If Pregnant give 5 Chest Thrust

• CHOKING IN INFANTS -
Give 5 Back Blows - -- - Give 5
Chest Thrust - --
• Repeat until obstruction
is removed
PROPER PLACEMENT
STEPS IN HEIMLICH MANUEVER
INFANTS AND ALONE
COMMON EMERGENCIES

SEIZURES
- is a sudden involuntary
muscle contraction,
usually due to
uncontrolled electrical
activity in the brain.
 FIRST AID FOR SEIZURES
• Protect the Head of Victim
• Loosen clothing in the neck, chest and
waist
• Do not attempt to open victim's mouth
• Maintain, open airway by placing in
recovery position after seizure
• Call physician when someone having a
seizure is pregnant, diabetic, in the water
 COMMON EMERGENCIES
HYPOTHERMIA - exposure to extreme
cold for a short time or moderate cold
for a long time causes hypothermia.
 First Aid for HYPOTHERMIA
• Apply hot compress, cover the patient with a
Warm blanket, check vital signs, refer to a
physician.
COMMON EMERGENCIES
HEAT STROKE
- A response to heat
characterized by extremely
high body temperature and
disturbance of sweating
mechanism.
 First Aid for
HEAT STROKE

• Have the victim rest with his or her

feet elevated.
• keep the victim cool as you await
medical help .
• Give the victim electrolyte beverages
to sip or make a salted drink
 POISONS
• is any substance: solid, liquid, or gas,
that tends to impair health or cause
death when introduced into the body or
onto the skin surface
ROUTE FOR INGESTED POISON
 FIRST AID FOR INGESTED POISON
• Try to identify the poison
• Place the victim on his or her left side
• Don't Induce vomiting in if unresponsive,
Cannot maintain an airway, has ingested
an acid, or gasoline.
• Save any empty container of the poison,
spoiled food for analysis.
Bring to Hospital
FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITES
• Wash thoroughly the bitten part
with soap and running water.
• Don't attempt any stunts
performed on Television!!!

• Keep bitten part still. And lower

it the level of the heart.

• Seek Medical Attention for the

anti-venom vaccine
 FIRST AID FOR DOG BITE
• Wash thoroughly the affected area with
running soap and water.
• Let it bleed.
• Lower the affected area away from the
heart.
• Bring the patient immediately to the
hospital for further medical management.
ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007
RA 9482
FIRST AID FOR JELLYFISH
• Soak the exposed
area in vinegar and
scrape area with
sand.
• Don't believe that
urine can remove the
itchiness
 FAINTING
• A faint is a brief loss of consciousness.
Recovery is usually rapid and complete.

• AIM: Position the patient so that gravity helps

to increase the flow of blood to the brain.
 Prevention
• If the patient is on parade or standing in a
crowd, advise him/her to flex the legs muscles
and toes to aid in circulation.
• If the patient feels unsteady, make her sit
down and help her to lean forward with her
head between her knees and advise her to
take deep breaths.
 Treatment
1. When a casualty faints, lay her down
with her legs raised and maintain an
open airway.
1. Loose any tight clothing at her neck, chest,
waist, to assist circulation and breathing.
2. Make sure that the patient has plenty of fresh
air, place her in a current of fresh air (shade)
and fan air on her face.
4. Reassure her while she is gaining consciousness;
gradually raise her to sitting position.
5. Check for and treat any injury that she may
have sustained on falling.
6. Check breathing rate, pulse and level of
responsiveness until fully recovered.

• DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH UNTIL

PATIENT IS FULLY
CONSCIOUS!
 COMMON EMERGENCIES
Alcohol - is a powerful central nervous system
(CNS) Depressant
Signs & Symptoms of Intoxication
- odor of alcohol on the breath , swaying
and unsteadiness, slurred speech, nausea
and vomiting, flushed face, drowsiness,
violent, destructive or erratic
behaviour, causes self-injury
usually w/o realizing it
 FIRST AID FOR INTOXICATION
• Open airway
• Maintain the normal body
temperature
• Position the patients
sidelying to avoid aspiration
of vomitus
• Protect the patient from
hurting him or herself.
 DROWNING VICTIM
• Activate Medical Assistance
• If rescuer can swim approach the victim from
the back.
• If rescuer is a non-swimmer, throw any floater
to the victim. If within reach, use any object
that can be grasp by the victim.
DROWNING
REMEMBER!!!
AN OUNCE OF
PREVENTION IS
WORTH A POUND OF
CURE
THAT’S ALL
FOLKS!
THANK YOU!!!