4.

Providing First Aid

FIRST AID


4. Providing First Aid

• Provision of initial care for an injured

person and usually performed by a
lay person (not limited to) until
professional care arrives or
definitive medical treatment can be
accessed
• Consists of a series of simple and in
some cases, potentially life- saving
techniques
4. Providing First Aid

IMPORTANCE OF FIRST AID

• prevent further injury or danger;

• do the right thing at the right

time; and
• provide proper and immediate
care to save life and limb
4. Providing First Aid

 BEFORE PROVIDING FIRST AID

Ensure safety of rescuer and victim
 Initial assessment of the injured
 Is the patient
alert?
 Responsive to
sound, touch or
other
stimulation?
 Conscious?
4. Providing First Aid

 Initial Assessment

CONSCIOUS UNCOSNSCIOUS
• Possible reasons • Check for breathing
for injury/illness • Check pulse
• Examine from • Check responsiveness
head to toe; check
for vital signs
4. Providing First Aid

While/before arranging for medical help

Conduct initial assessment
4. Providing First Aid

 DOs and DON’Ts

4. Providing First Aid


Obtain consent from the patient, whenever
DOs possible.
Think the worst.
Call or send for HELP.
Identify yourself to the victim.
Provide comfort and emotional support.
Respect victim’s modesty and physical
privacy.
Care for the most serious injuries first.
Assist the victims with his or her prescribed
medication.
Keep onlookers away from the injured
person.
Handle victim to a minimum.
Loosen all tight clothing.
4. Providing First Aid

 DON’Ts 


Try to rouse an unconscious victim.
Administering fluids/ alcoholic drink.
Let the victim see her/his own injury.
 Leave victim except to get HELP.
 Assume that the victim’s obvious
injuries are the only ones.
 Deny a victim’s physical or emotional
coping limitations.
 Make unrealistic promises.
 Trust the judgment of a confused
victim.
 Require the victim to make decision
4. Providing First Aid

Common ailments
 fever
and injuries when
 nausea
 Nosebleed
disasters happen
 Snake bite
 Land animal bite
 seizure
 heat stroke
 Drowning
 Choking
 burns
 Minor wound
 Continuous bleeding
 Fracture
 Sprain
4. Providing First Aid

Fever
• Higher-than-normal
body temperature

• Slightly elevated
body temperature
in children and
infants could mean
serious illness
4. Providing First Aid

Fever

low-grade 37.8-38.9C
fever
mild to 39-39.9C
moderate
fever
high fever ≥40C
4. Providing First Aid

What to do when there is fever:

• Monitor the
temperature

• Keep person in cool

place

• Remove excess
clothing; DO NOT
wrap in blankets
4. Providing First Aid

What to do when there is fever:

• Give sponge bath
• Give plenty of fluids
• Give prescribed
doses of
paracetamol; DO
NOT give aspirin

• Consult a doctor
4. Providing First Aid

When to seek emergency help?

• severe headache • confusion

• sore throat • persistent vomiting
• unusual skin rash • difficulty breathing
• unusual eye • chest pain
sensitivity to • extreme
bright light listlessness or
• stiff neck; neck irritability
pain when head • abdominal pain or
bent forward pain when urinating
4. Providing First Aid

Dizziness
• feeling of
unsteadiness;
spinning
sensation
4. Providing First Aid

 What to do when someone is dizzy:

• Drink plenty of
water; have
regular meals; get
enough rest
• Stand up slowly
• Reassure the
anxious dizzy
person
4. Providing First Aid

 What to do when someone is dizzy:

• When someone faints:

 Lay the patient in a
comfortable position
 Check for breathing
 Loosen tight clothing (e.g
belt, collar, etc.)
 Raise both legs higher than
the upper torso (head)
 If the patient has not shown
signs of recovery within 1
minute after providing initial
care, immediately call for
medical service.
4. Providing First Aid

When to seek medical care?

• severe dizziness; new
instances of dizziness
• dizziness without a clear,
certain cause
• worsening or new symptoms
• dizziness followed by loss of
consciousness
• inability to walk straight;
falling
• dizziness associated with
weakness of an arm or leg,
slurred speech
4. Providing First Aid

Nosebleed

• Injury / trauma
• Disease / medical
conditions
• Environmental
temperature
• Changes in
altitude
4. Providing First Aid

Causes of Nosebleeding
• nose-picking
• facial trauma
• high blood pressure
• infections (e.g.,
dengue)
• vitamin deficiency
• use of medications
• bleeding problems
4. Providing First Aid

 First Aid for Nosebleed

If caused by skull fracture:

• DO NOT stop the bleeding

• Cover nose with loose, dry sterile

dressing

• Call for emergency medical assistance

4. Providing First Aid

 First Aid for

Nosebleed
If not from skull fracture:

• Calm the victim; have him

sit with head tilted forward
• DO NOT tilt head backward
• Pinch victim’s nose; have him breathe through
mouth
• Apply ice pack on nose bridge, forehead
• Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick nose after
bleeding stops
• Persistent bleeding: bring victim to hospital
4. Providing First Aid

Snakebite
• It may help to be
familiar with the
difference
between
poisonous and
non-poisonous
snakes
4. Providing First Aid

Snakebite: what NOT to do

• DO NOT suck the
wound to remove
the venom
• DO NOT apply a
tourniquet
• DO NOT apply a
cold compress
• DO NOT incise the
bitten area
4. Providing First Aid

 Snakebite: what to do
• Clean the area of the bite with
soap and water
• Apply pressure bandage and
splint
• Make the victim lie down quietly
and comfortably
• Keep victim calm; do not allow
unnecessary movements
• Bring victim to hospital / animal
bite center immediately
4. Providing First Aid

Land Animal Bites

• cause direct
damage to skin and
soft tissues
• cause infections
• tetanus
• rabies
• various fevers
4. Providing First Aid

 What to do when bitten by a

land animal:
• Wash bitten area with
soap and water for 30
minutes; DO NOT
scrub
• Control bleeding
• Cover wound with
sterile or clean
dressing
• Bring victim to
hospital /animal bite
center immediately
4. Providing First Aid

Seizure
May be caused by:
• Illness or injury
(e.g. tumor,
infection, etc.)
• Physical or
emotiona stress
• Lack of sleep
4. Providing First Aid

 DON’T:

• Put a spoon or
any object
inside the
mouth of the
patient
4. Providing First Aid

 WHAT TO DO
• Protect the head

• When the seizure ceases,

place the patient on its side
(recovery position), and gently
stroke her/him on the back
4. Providing First Aid

Heat stroke
• Caused by too much heat
• Dizziness, nausea,
fainting
• Shortness of breath
• Disorientation

• May lead to:

• death
• Loss of consciousness
4. Providing First Aid

Heat stroke: Signs

• Striking change in
behavior  loss of
consciousness

• Skin is flushed, hot, dry

• Rapid, weak pulse and

breathing
4. Providing First Aid

 What to do for heat stroke

 Assist victim to take a cool shower
 Give plenty of water or fluids high in
electrolytes (e.g. coconut water,
Gatorade)
 Have her/him rest in a comfortable
position.
 Move victim to coolest possible place
 Give cold spongebath or cover victim
with cold, wet towels or sheets
 Apply ice packs neck, groin, armpits
 Bring victim to the hospital as fast as
possible
4. Providing First Aid

Drowning
 Respiratory impairment
due to submersion or
immersion of liquid.
4. Providing First Aid

How to know a person is Drowning

 Swim unevenly, signal for

help
 Bluish discoloration
 Has cold, pale skin
 Has bloated abdomen
 Choking
 Confused
 Unresponsive, not
breathing.
4. Providing First Aid

What to do for Drowning victim

 Call a help
 If safe and possible: rescue the victim
 Support victim’s head and neck
 Check victim’s responsiveness
 Unresponsive – chest compression + rescue breaths
 Out of the water - open airway, check to breathe,
circulation.
 Recovery position
 Vomiting – removed vomitus
 Removed cold, wet clothes; keep warm
 Bring victim to the hospital
4. Providing First Aid

Choking

The upper airway

becomes blocked, and
the victim cannot
breathe.
4. Providing First Aid

Causes of Choking
• Swallowing without chewing properly
• Vomiting
• Swallowing of an ill-fitting denture
• Running or talking while eating
• Unattended children/infant placing objects in their
mouth
4. Providing First Aid

Signs of mild and severe Choking

• Able to speak or cough forcefully
• Wheezing
• Victim holds the neck
• Unable to speak, breathe or cough
• Universal distress signal for choking
• Loss of consciousness
• Bluish discoloration of face
4. Providing First Aid

What to do for conscious Choking victim

• Tell the victim you are there to help

• Call for emergency assistance
• Abdominal thrusts
• Chest thrusts
4. Providing First Aid

What to do for unconscious Choking victim

• Check for
responsiveness
• Call for help
• Lay the victim down
• Open the airway: head
tilt + chin lift
4. Providing First Aid

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) is a lifesaving technique
that's useful in many
emergencies, such as a heart
attack or near drowning, in which
someone's breathing or heartbeat
has stopped. With hard and fast
chest compressions. This hands-
only recommendation applies to
both untrained bystanders and
first responders.
4. Providing First Aid

How to give chest Compressions

• Center of chest
• One palm on top of the other, hands interlocking
• Arm straight
• Push hard: 1 ½ inch
• Push fast: 100 per minute
• Allow the chest to come all the way back up after
each compression
4. Providing First Aid

Burns

• Due to the large

amount of heat
energy absorbed
by the skin
• Very painful
• Can cause scarring
• Severe burns –
death
• Recognizing type
of burn
4. Providing First Aid

Depth of Burns
• First-degree burn (superficial)
• Second-degree burn (partial thickness)
• Third-degree burn (full thickness)
4. Providing First Aid

First aid for Burns

• Quickly removed the victim from the burn
source
• Removed clothing over the burnt area except if
stuck to the skin
• Immerse the affected area at room-temperature
water
• Apply burn ointment
• Encourge victim to drink plenty of water
• Do not prick blisters of second-degree burns
• For the third-degree burn assess and manage
accordingly; cover burned area with clean, moist
cloth
• Check noe and mouth for soot and ash
• Bring victim to the hospital
4. Providing First Aid

Minor Wound
• Clean the affected area
with soap and clean
water
• Do not scrub wound.
• Control bleeding
• Apply antiseptic
(Betadine) if available
4. Providing First Aid

Controlling Bleeding:

DIRECT
PRESSURE


ELEVATION

PRESSURE
POINTS
4. Providing First Aid

DIRECT
PRESSURE
4. Providing First Aid

ELEVATION

PRESSURE
POINTS
4. Providing First Aid

BANDAGE

• Bandages are used to

maintain pressure over a
wound to control bleeding
and to prevent wound
contamination by keeping
dressings covered and in
place.
4. Providing First Aid
4. Providing First Aid

Sprain or Ligament Tear

• usually caused by
stretching or extending
the joint beyond its
normal limits.
• Tenderness, swelling
and/or bruising,
restricted use or loss of
use of the injured part
4. Providing First Aid

Sprain or
Ligament Tear
• Do not try to treat the
injury other than by
immobilization and
elevation
• Do not try to re-align a
limb if you suspect a
fracture
• Do not try to put back an
exposed bone
• Do not massage the
affected area
4. Providing First Aid

Moving an Immobilized Person

Shirt Drag Blanket Drag

4. Providing First Aid

Moving an Immobilized Person

4. Providing First Aid

Moving an Immobilized Person

Piggy-back carry One-rescuer crutch

4. Providing First Aid

Moving an Immobilized Person

Cradle-in-arms Firefighter’s carry

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

4. Providing First Aid

Making an Improvised Stretcher

VID
 WHAT
SHOULD
BE IN THE
FIRST AID
KIT
• Two pairs sterile gloves
• Sterile dressings to stop bleeding
• Cleansing agent/soap
• Antibiotic ointment
• Burn ointment
• Adhesive bandages in a variety of sizes
• Eye wash solution
• Thermometer
• Prescription medications you take every day such as
insulin, heart medicine and asthma inhalers.
• Prescribed medical supplies such as glucose and
blood pressure monitoring equipment and supplies
Non-prescription drugs:
• Anti-pyretic
• Pain reliever
• Anti-diarrhea medication
• Antacid
• Laxative
Other first aid supplies:
• Scissors
• Tweezers
• Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant