FIRST AID

FIRST AID
• The initial process of assessing and
addressing the needs of someone who
is experiencing medical emergencies.

• Allows a “non-medical expert” to quickly

determine a person’s physical
condition and the course of treatment.

• Can make a difference to a person’s

recovery and could save their life.
 Purpose of First Aid
• To Sustain the life

• To Prevent suffering

• To Prevent secondary complications

• To Promote speedy recovery

 DO AND DON’Ts
DO DON’Ts

• Before handling the First Aider can

casualty use: •
never

⮚Mask ⮚ Prescribe Medicine

⮚Gloves ⮚ Declare DEATH
⮚Head Cover
⮚Apron
 PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID (4 C’s)

• Call for Help

• Calmly Take Charge

• Check the scene & the casualty

• Carefully apply FIRST AID

 ACTION PLAN
⮚ Assess the Situation

⮚ Safety of yourself and the casualty

⮚ Assess the casualty

⮚ Treat the casualty

⮚ Arrange the removal of the casualty to hospital or safe area

⮚ Write a report / Communicate the status

Assessing the Skills of a First Aider
✔Observer
✔Listen
✔Feel
✔Talk
✔Touch
✔Provide
✔Build Trust
 Responsibility of a First Aider
• To assess the situation quickly and safely and call for
appropriate help.

• To identify the level of injury or the nature of illness affecting

the casualty / victim.

• To give early and appropriate treatment in a sensible order of

priority.

• To make and pass on a report, give a further help if its

required.
 DRABC
❖ Danger

❖ Response

❖ Airway

❖ Breathing

❖ Circulation
D - DANGER
To yourself

To others

To casualty
 R - RESPONSE
• Gently “Shake and Shout” at the casualty
• Is the casualty is conscious?
• Is the casualty drowsy or confused?
• Is the casualty unconscious, but reacting?
• Is the casualty unconscious with no reaction?
• If unconscious, place the casualty in the stable
side position.
 A - AIRWAY
• Is the airway is open and clear?

• Is there noisy in breathing?

• Are there Potential obstruction such as blood etc?

• If so, open and clear the airway!

 HOW TO OPEN AN AIRWAY
• Tilt Head and Back and Lift Chin up with fingers under the
jaw to establish Airway (Move head as little as possible if
there may be a neck injury.)
 B - BREATHING

• Look for chest movements

• Listen for sounds for breathing

• Feel for breathes on your cheek

• If not breathing give 2 rescue breathes

 C - CIRCULATION
• Is there a carotid pulse?

• Is it strong?

• Is it regular”

• Is there a major blood loss?

• IF NO PULSE PRESENT THEN START CPR

( CIRCULATION PULSE RESPIRATION)
NOSE BLEED
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
Nosebleed • Do not lean back.
• Leaning back can be harmful
as the blood could block the
windpipe, blocking the
airway.
• Sit in a comfortable upright
position and lean forward
slightly.
• Then pinch your nose just
below the bony nose bridge
and above the fleshy lobes of
the nostrils until the bleeding
is stemmed.
• Aftercare: Once the bleeding
is controlled, do not blow your
nose as this might dislodge
the clot and make you bleed
again.
HEART ATTACK
One of the
leading cause
of death in
many parts of
the world.
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment

DIAGNOSIS

Heart Attack • Even if you are not sure about • If the person is conscious, give
the symptoms, if you suspect a them a 300mg tablet of aspirin
heart attack at all, do not wait. to chew.

• Alert! The main risk is that the

heart will stop beating. Be
prepared to resuscitate if
necessary.

• Early warning signs: Pressure

in center of chest.
• Pain in shoulders, neck or
arms.
• Chest discomfort with fainting,
sweating or nausea.
• Call ambulance immediately.
BURNS
BURN
S
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS
BURNS • Never put ice on the burn,
as it delay healing or cause
extra damage (think
frostbite). Also leave the
butter in the kitchen, unless
you want to make it worse.
• Do not break blisters and
attempt to remove the skin,
as it can cause infection.
1st Degree burn
• Put the burn part in cold water.
2nd Degree burn
• Put cold, wet dressing on burn.
Cover the burned part with a
loose bandage (or clean washed
cotton sheet for a larger area)
and go to the doctor.
3rd Degree burn
• Leave burned clothes on the skin.
If the face is burned, keep victim
sitting up. Keep airway open, tilt
head back. Evaluate burned
arms, legs, hands. Keep burn
higher than heart. Call
ambulance.
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

BURNS • Immediately help Chemical Burn

victim who suffered • Remove chemical causing burn by washing
from electrical the skin under cool running water for at
burn without least 20 minutes. Remove all clothing or
looking out if the jewelry that may be contaminated by the
victim be in chemical. After washing, apply cool, wet
contact with it. cloth on the burn to relieve the pain.

Electrical Burn
• Call the ambulance immediately.
• Look out if there is any contact with the
electric source.
• Turn off the electrical source or try move it
by non – conducting object.
• Prevent shock by lying the child down and
raising the legs with an object. e.g. Pillow
CHOKING
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

CHOKING • Slap the victim • Remain calm and encourage the victim to
back’s hard. keep coughing to try and clear the
blockage.
• Using your fingers
to force out the • Stand slightly behind the person to one
item out of the side.
victim’s • Support their chest with one hand. Lean the
mouth. person forward so that the object blocking
the airway will come out of their mouth,
rather than going further down.
• Give at least 5 sharp blows between the
person’s shoulder blades with the heel on
ASK! Are you
your hand.
choking?

If the victim able to Stop after each blows to check if the blockage
talk, groan, wheeze or has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal
cough, he is partially thrusts.
choked.
CHOKING
 The Do and Don’ts for First Aid Treatment
DIAGNOSIS

CHOKING • Using your fingers Steps in Abdominal thrusts

to force out the 1. Stand behind the person who is choking.
item out of the 2. Place your arms around the waist and
victim’s mouth. bend them well forward.
3. Clench your fist and place it right and place
it right above the person’s navel (belly
button)
4. Place your other hand on top, thrust both
hands backwards into their stomach with a
hard, upward movement.

Complete blockage
Do it five times (1 cycle), stop each cycle to
If the victim unable to check if the blockage has been cleared.
make any sound at
all. Alert!
• Do not thrusts on pregnant and on a very
large sized adult.
Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
• What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and
venom sac are embedded in the skin.
• Bees are the only stinging insects that
leave their stingers and venom sacs
behind.
• Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with
a hard object such as a long fingernail,
credit card, scissor edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching,
and swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be a
life threatening.
Bites and Stings
• What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
• Because bee venom is acidic, a paste
made of baking soda and water can
help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.
 Bites and Stings
• Tick bites
• Tick can remain embedded for days without the
victim’s realizing it.
• Most tick bites are harmless, although ticks can
carry serious diseases.
• Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days after a tick
bites.
Bites and Stings
• What to Do:
• The best way to remove a tick is with fine-pointed
tweezers. Grab as closely to the skin as possible
and pull straight back, using steady but gentle
force.
• Wash the bite site with soap and water.
• Apply rubbing alcohol to further disinfect the
area.
• Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.
• Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
• Keep the area clean.
• Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
• If rash appears, see a physician.
• Also watch for other signs such as fever,
muscle aches, sensitivity to bright light, and
paralysis that begins with leg weakness.
 Wounds
• Open Wounds
• A break in the skin’s surface that results in external
bleeding and may allow bacteria to enter the body that
can cause infection
• Abrasion
• The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
• Scrape
• Laceration
• A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing
away of skin tissue
• Incisions
• Smooth edges and resemble
 Wounds
• Punctures
• Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
• Avulsion
• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
• Amputation
• Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg
 Wounds
• What to Do:
• Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
• Control bleeding
• Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap
and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with
water
• Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped
 Wounds
• Wounds Care
• Remove small objects that do not
flush out by irrigation with sterile
tweezers.
• If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
• Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to
the body)
• Keep dressings dry and clean
• Change the dressing daily, or more often if
it gets wet
or dirty.
 Wounds
Signs of Wound Infection:
• Swelling, and redness around the
wound
• A sensation of warmth
• Throbbing pain
• Fever / chills
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should
receive injection in first 72 hours.
 Dressings and Bandages
The purpose of a dressing is to:
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection and contamination
• Absorb blood and fluid drainage
• Protect the wound from further injury
What to Do:
• Always wear gloves (if possible)
• Use a dressing large enough to
extend beyond the wound’s edges.
• Cover the dressing with bandages.
 Dressings and Bandages
Bandage can be used to:
• Hold a dressing in place over an open
wound
• Apply direct pressure over a dressing to
control bleeding
• Prevent or reduce swelling
• Provide support and stability for an
extremity or joint
• Bandage should be clean but need not
be sterile.
 Amputation
What to Do:
• Control the bleeding
• Treat the victim for shock
• Recover the amputated part and whenever possible
take it with the victim
To care for the amputated body part:
• The amputated part does not need to be cleaned
• Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze
or other clean cloth
• Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or
other waterproof container
• Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
• Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on a bed of
ice
• Seek medical attention immediately
 Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Spinal Injuries
• Head injuries may indicate that there are possible
spinal injuries
• It may have been moved suddenly in one or more
directions, damaging the spine.
• What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
• Painful movement of the arms or legs
• Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning
sensation in the arms or legs
• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Paralysis of the arms or legs
• Deformity (odd-looking angle of the victim’s
head & neck
 Checking for Spinal Injuries
What to Do:
• Stabilize the victim against any
movement.
• Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
Unresponsive Victim:
• Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
• Test response by pinching the victim’s
hand, and barefoot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may
have spinal damage.
 Checking for Spinal Injuries
Responsive Victim
• Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
• Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s
hand.
1. Cramps :
Painful muscular involuntary contraction A
muscle cramp is a strong, painful contraction or
tightening of a muscle that comes on suddenly
and lasts from a few seconds to several minutes.
It often occurs in the legs. A muscle cramp is also
called a charley horse. Night time leg cramps are
usually sudden spasms, or tightening, of muscles
in the calf.
s/s:
Sweating or moist skin. -Tired, irritable, and thirsty.
Treatment:
Removing them from the heat.
-Gently stretch/massage the
affected area.
•Slowly rehydrate with water, juice, or
sport drinks. Rest for a couple of hours.
•Avoid alcohol, caffeinated and/or
carbonated drinks.
2. Exhaustion :
Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness that can
occur after you've been exposed to high
temperatures, and it often is accompanied by
dehydration. There are two types of heat exhaustion:
Water depletion. Signs include excessive thirst,
weakness, headache, and loss of consciousness. Salt
depletion.
s/s
Sweating. -Tired. -Irritable. -Thirsty. -Lethargic. - Slight
headache. -Nausea. -Dizzy/weak. -May have slightly
elevated body temperature.
Treatment:
•Remove from source of heat.
•Slowly rehydrate by drinking water, juice, or
sports drinks.
•Rest is very important to prevent a recurrence.
•Remove sweaty clothing.
•Fan or gently cool the skin with wet towels or
ice packs.
•Avoid alcohol, caffeinated and/or carbonated.
•If vomiting occurs get an ambulance.
3. Stroke (most serious) :
Heatstroke is a condition caused by your body overheating,
usually as a result of prolonged exposure to or physical
exertion in high temperatures. This most serious form of heat
injury, heatstroke can occur if your body temperature rises to
104 F (40 C) or higher. Heatstroke requires emergency
treatment.
s/s
•-Elevated body temperature.
•-Very tired/weak.
•-Sweating may stop - this is not a good sign.
•-Severe headache.
•-Red hot dry skin.
•-Rapid, weak pulse becoming irregular, rapid breathing, or
reduced/absent vital signs (consciousness, breathing, pulse).
Stroke:
The sudden death of brain cells due to lack of
oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or
rupture of an artery to the brain. Sudden loss of
speech, weakness, or paralysis of one side of the
body can be symptoms. The medical term for
stroke is cerebrovascular accident, or CVA.
•Thrombotic/ ischemic stroke (caused by blood clots)
•hemorrhagic stroke (caused by ruptured blood
vessels that cause brain bleeding)
•transient ischemic attack (TIA) (a “mini-stroke,”
caused by a temporary blood clot)
•Embolic stroke – When a blood clot forms in another
part of the body and moves to the brain.
Signs/symptoms:
•Numbness, tingling, paralysis on one
side of the body, extremities, hands,
and feet.
•Slurred speech, not making sense.
•Trouble understanding you.
•Uneven pupils.
•Nausea or vomiting.
•Decreased level of consciousness.
Stroke
Treatment:
•Remove from heat source.
•Place in recovery position.
•Call for an ambulance.
•Monitor/treat ABCs.
•Remove sweaty clothing.
•Fan or gently cool the skin with cool towels or ice
packs.
•Do not douse with cold water.
•At this point it is too late to give fluids by mouth
and it may induce vomiting.
Management:
–Help them get in a comfortable position on their side, make sure they are
resting.
–Activate the ambulance.
–Reassure them that help is on the way.
–Keep them warm with a blanket.
–Do not give them anything to eat or drink.
Notes: It is extremely common for people to ignore the warning signs
of a stroke. Unfortunately, this is one reason why so many people die
from this disease – because they don’t get help soon enough. As a
first responder, it is your job to activate the ambulance as soon as
possible. Sometimes a stroke is called Cerebral Vascular Accident
(CVA). Mini stroke is a condition where the casualty experiences
similar warning signs as that of a stroke, but these warning signs go
away on their own. This is a warning sign that a serious stroke may
occur and the person needs medical help immediately. This condition
is sometimes called Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA).
 Thank you
for listening