FIRST AID

CHOKING: If the person is conscious

 Action
 Symptoms
• Give up to 5 back blows between the shoulder
• Casualty able to breathe, speak, cry
blades with the heel of your hand
or cough
• Check mouth to remove any obvious
• Casualty will eventually lose
obstruction
consciousness unless they are given
• If obstruction still present, give 5 abdominal
assistance
thrusts - Place a clenched fist between the navel
• Panic
and the bottom of the breastbone and pull
• Gasping for breath
inwards and upwards (keep off rib cage)
• Grabbing throat with one or two
• Check the mouth
hands
• If obstruction does not clear in 3 cycles of back
blows and abdominal thrusts, call for help
• Continue cycles of back blows and abdominal
thrusts till help arrives
 CHOKING: If the person is unconscious

 Symptoms  Action
• Casualty unable to breathe, speak, • Roll victim on the side
cry or cough • Deliver 5 sharp blows on the back midway
• During EAR you will realize that between shoulder blades with heel of hand
the airway is blocked • Check mouth and use finger sweeps to
remove any dislodged body
• Position head low to maximize the effect of
gravity
• If blockage remains, repeat back blows and
finger sweeps
• If blockage remains, deliver 5 lateral chest
thrusts with person on side
CHOKING
 CHOKING: In infants
• Lay the infant face down along your forearm, with their
head low and support head
• Give up to 5 gentle back blows, with the heel of your
hand
• Look inside the infant's mouth and remove anything
causing an obvious obstruction
• If obstruction still present, turn the infant onto his back
and give up to 5 chest thrusts - Using just two fingers,
the width of one finger below the nipple line, push
inwards and upwards (towards the head) against the
infants breastbone
• Look inside the mouth
• If obstruction does not clear in 3 cycles of back blows
and abdominal thrusts, call for help
CHOKING
CHOKING
 BURNS: 4 Degrees of Burns
 First-degree (superficial) burns
• First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. The burn site is red,
painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage
is rare and often consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.
• Action: Place under running water
• Repair time: Couple of days
 Second-degree (partial thickness) burns
• Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin, the
dermis. The burn site looks red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
• Action: Place clean wet cloth over burnt area
• Repair time: Couple of weeks or months
 BURNS: 4 Degrees of Burns
 Third-degree (full thickness) burns
• Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. They may go into the innermost
layer of skin, the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may look white or blackened and
charred and fluid oozing out
• Action: Place clean dry cloth over burnt area, elevate body part, if possible
• Repair time: Couple of years with plastic surgery
 Fourth-degree burns
• Fourth-degree burns go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as
deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone and fluid oozing out. There is no
feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
• Action: Leave open and prevent infection
• Repair time: Many years with repeated plastic surgery and skin grafting
• The 9% rule method of assessing extent of burns in %age of body Burns
• Surface area of body divided into 11 parts of 9% each
• 1 part for head all round 9%
• 1 part for upper arm from shoulder to fingertips (left) 9%
• 1 part for upper arm from shoulder to fingertips (right) 9%
• 1 part for chest 9%
• 1 part for stomach 9%
• 1 part for nape to mid back 9%
• 1 part for mid back to hips 9%
• 1 part for upper leg from hip to knee (left) 9%
• 1 part for upper leg from hip to knee (right) 9%
• 1 part for lower leg from knee to toes (left) 9%
• 1 part for lower leg from knee to toes (right) 9%
• 11 x 9 = 99%
• Genitals 1%
• Total =100
  Action
 Symptoms
• Remove from source of burn -
• Clothing and skin smoldering or on fire
disconnect power supply
• Skin damage with redness, blisters,
• Put out fire using carpet, blanket, etc.
charred or white patches or fluid oozing
• Tell victim to roll on ground to smother
out
fire
• Entry and exit wounds due to high
• Take appropriate action depending on
voltage or lightning
degree of burns
• Breathing problems due to smoke being
• Remove burnt shreds of clothing,
inhaled
jewelry, watches, etc.
• Suffocation due to burns near mouth
• Separate burnt fingers or toes with
and internally in airway
clean, dry cloth
• Headache, pain or dizziness
• Elevate severely burnt arm or leg above
• Severe pain
heart
• Skin peeling off on touching cold
• Chemicals – brush away dry, cool or
structures
wash under running water
BURNS
BURNS
 Electrocution or Electric Shock
 Symptoms
• State of shock, after jolt
• Dilated pupils
• Severe muscle pain
• Bleeding
• Headache/Dizziness
• Unconscious with electric wire or
liquids under or near person
• Burn marks on body at point of entry
and exit of high voltage
current/lightning
 Action
• Switch or power supply/disconnect
appliance
• Use non -conductive material like wooden
rod to remove wire or move casualty away
• Stand on piece of wood/rubber/telephone
ne directory
• Minimize effects of shock – reassure
casualty
• Place in lying position with feet raised
• Treat burns/wounds as applicable
• If unconscious, give cold compress
• Unconscious ->start CPR
 Electrocution or Electric Shock
• DO NOT touch victim till you are sure the main supply is
disconnected
• DO NOT touch switch on faulty appliance, instead remove main
plug
• DO NOT approach less than 25 feet, if contact is with high
voltage cable – arcing can occur, with current discharging
through the air
• Domestic supply of 220 V can be dangerous and fatal
• DO NOT endanger yourself or bystanders
• Ensure mains are turned off
• If water/liquid around, be very cautious
Electrocution or Electric Shock
THANK
YOU