First Aid

The immediate care given to a

person/victim who has suddenly become
ill or has been injured.
 Role of First Aider
• Bridge the gap between the time of the accident
and the arrival of the physician.
• Ends when medical assistance begins.
• Doesn’t intend to compete with or take place
of the physician.
 Objectives of First Aid
• To prolong life
• To alleviate suffering
• To prevent further or added injury
Characteristic of a Good First Aider
• Observant- notice all signs
• Resourceful- make best use of all things
• Gentle- shouldn’t cause pain
• Tactful- shouldn’t be alarming
• Sympathetic- should be comforting
 First Aid kit
• Rubbing Alcohol • Tweezers
• Povidone Iodine • Medical tape
• Hydrogen Peroxide • Splints
• Cotton • Tongue depressor
• Cotton swab
• Band aid
• Gauge pads
• Gloves
• Bandage (triangular) Elastic
Roller bandage
• Penlight
• Safety pins
• Forceps
• Scissors
 Conditions Requiring First Aid
FAINTING Signs & Symptoms
- caused by a sudden • Sweating
fall in the supply of • Dizziness
blood to their brain that • Nausea
results in the temporary • Weakness
loss of consciousness. • Paleness
• Ringing in the ears
• Blurred vision
 First Aid
• Lay the person flat on the
ground. Elevate the legs
to coax more blood into
your brain.
• If person is on chair, push
his head down between
his knees.
• Loosen tight clothing.
• Avoid crowding the
patient.
• Call a doctor if
necessary.
Conditions Requiring First Aid
NOSE BLEED
-occurs when a small blood
vessel in the lining of the
nose bursts. It very common
in children and often result
from harmless activities such
as your child picking their
nose, blowing it too hard or
too often or from getting
knocked on the nose during
play.
 First Aid
• Sit down and lean forward
slightly.
• Pinch the lower part of the nostrils
just below the bony part of the
nose for 10minutes while breathing
through the mouth.
• Release nostrils slowly, repeat
procedure if bleeding continue.
• Do not touch or blow the nose for
about 24hrs. Do not pact the
affected nostrils with cotton.
• Bring patient to hospital if
necessary.
 Wound
• Break in the s Signs & Symptoms
continuity of a tissue • Pain
either external or • Swelling
external. • Discoloration
• Hematoma
CLASSIFICATION • Uncontrolled restlessness
• Thirst
• Closed (internal)
• Shock
• Open (external)
• Vomiting
• Explosion
 Closed Wound
The types of closed wounds are:
• Contusions, more commonly known
as bruises, caused by a blunt force
trauma that damages tissue under
the skin.
• Strained Muscles- Over-stretching of
muscles that have not been
sufficiently warmed-up (could be
called "cold" muscles).
• Sprained Ligament- Sudden force
causing joint to move beyond its
natural range of movement e.g. to
break one's fall at speed during
an activity such as ice-skating.
 First Aid

• Rest the affected area

• Ice application or cold
compress
• Compression over the
affected area
• Elevate the affected area
above the heart
 Open Wound
• Abrasions (grazes), superficial
wounds in which the topmost layer of
the skin (the epidermis) is scraped off.

• Lacerations are jagged, irregular, or

blunt breaks or tears in the soft
tissues.

• Avulsion is forcible separation or

tearing of tissue from the
victim’s body.
 Open Wound
• Incised wounds, or cuts in-body tissues are
commonly caused by knives, metal edges, broken
glass, or other sharp objects commonly cause
incised wounds, or cuts, in-body tissues.

• Puncture wounds are caused by a sharp object

that penetrates the skin.
 First Aid

The major principles of open-wound

treatment are to:
• Control bleeding.
– Direct pressure
– Elevation
• Prevent further contamination of the
wound (wound dressing & bandaging)
• Immobilize the injured part.
• Stabilize any impaled object.
 Fracture

• a medical condition in which there is a break in the

continuity of the bone. A bone fracture can be the
result of high force impact or stress, or trivial injury
as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken
the bones
 Types of Fracture
• Greenstick fracture: an incomplete
fracture in which the bone is bent.
• Transverse fracture: a fracture at a right
angle to the bone's axis.
• Spiral fracture: a fracture in which the
break has a curved or sloped pattern.
• Comminuted fracture: a fracture in which
the bone fragments into several pieces.
• Compound fracture - meaning the bone
ends are no longer touching.
 Signs and Symptoms
• Pain and swelling at the fracture site.
• Tenderness close to the fracture.
• Paleness and deformity (sometimes).
• Loss of pulse below the fracture, usually in an extremity (this
is an emergency).
• Numbness, tingling or paralysis below the fracture (rare; this
is an emergency).
• Bleeding or bruising at the site.
• Weakness and inability to bear weight.
 First Aid
• Initial treatment for fractures of the arms, legs, hands
and feet in the field include splinting the extremity in
the position it is found, elevation and ice.
Immobilization will be very helpful with initial pain
control.
BANDAGING
 Bandaging
Bandages have three key uses: applying pressure to
bleeding wounds; covering wounds and burns; and
providing support and immobilization for broken
bones, sprains, and strains. These includes gauze,
triangular, Elastic, and tubular bandage.
Parts of Triangular Bandage
Square Knot
 Head Top (for head injuries)
• Fold the base at least 2-3”
• Place folded base aligned with
eyebrows
• Pull back and cross-over at the
back, tucking apex beneath
• Pull both ends in front/secure
with a square knot at the center
of the folded base/tuck ends
• Pull down apex (tuck sides
neatly)
• Tuck apex neatly at cross-over
area
 Chest Bandage
• Apex at the shoulder of
injured part
• Pull back folded base and
secure with square knot at
the center indention of the
back.
• Knot/tie longer end with
apex
 Hand Bandage
• Place the hand in the middle
of the triangular bandage
with the wrist at the base of
the
• Place the apex over the fingers
and tuck any excess material
into the pleats on each side of
the hand
• Cross the ends on top of the
hand, take them around the
wrist, and tie them with a
square knot.
 Arm Sling
• Place folded base vertically
over
• One arm, with pointed directly
under the elbow of injured arm
• Lower ends of base at the
side of the neck using a
square knot
• Make several twist with
apex and tie a knot
• Hide the knot
 Underarm Sling
• Same procedure as arm
sling except that the lower
end of the base is tucked
under the injured arm.
• Secure end of base and
apex with a square knot
the center indention at the
back.
Cravat Bandage for Forehead
• Place the center of the
cravat over the compress
covering the wound.
• Carry the ends around to
the opposite side of the
head, cross them. Bring
them back to the staring
point and tie them.
Cravat Bandage for the
Neck
• Place the center of the cravat over the
compress covering the wound.
• Carry the ends around to the neck, cross
them. Bring them back to the starting point
and tie them loosely.
Cravat Bandage for the Cheek or Ears
• Use the wide cravat. Start with the middle
of the cravat over the compress covering
the cheek or the ear.
• Carry one end over the top of the head
and the other under the chin.
• Cross the ends at the opposite side.
• Bring the short end back around the
forehead and the long end around the
back of the head.
• Tie them down over the compress
 Cravat Bandage for the Eye
• Lay center of the first cravat
over top of head with the
front end falling over
uninjured eye.
• Bring second cravat around
head, over eyes, and over
loose ends of first cravat. Tie
in front
• Bring ends of first cravat back
over top of head, tying there
and pulling second cravat up
and away form uninjured eye.
 Cravat for Elbow
• Bend arm at elbow and
place center of cravat at
point of elbow
• Bring ends up and across
each other in overlapping
spiral turns. Continue one
end up arm and the other
end down forearm.
• Bring ends to front of elbow and
tie.
 Cravat for the Knee
• Start on top of the knees.
• Cross over and twist 2-3
times under the knee.
• Cross over on top/pull
ends to opposite sides.
• Secure with a square knot
under the knee
Cravat for the Forearm, Arm, Leg and
Thigh
• Place center of cravat over the
dressing
• Begin ascending turns wit
upper end and descending
turns with lower end, with
each turn covering two-third
of preceding turn until
dressing is covered.
• Terminate by tying both ends
in square knot.
 Shoulder Armpit Cravat

• Start at the armpit.

• Cross-over at injured
shoulder
• Tie at the opposite armpit
(side of front)