Inventory Management PROJECT

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER-1
Inventory or stock is the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of
resale (or repair). Inventory management is a discipline primarily about specifying the shape
and placement of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or
withinmany locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of
productionand stock of materials.The concept of inventory, stock or work-in-process has
been extendedfrom manufacturing systems to service businesses and projects, by generalizing
the definitionto be "all work within the process of production- all work that is or has occurred
prior to thecompletion of production." In the context of a manufacturing production system,
inventory refers to all work that has occurred – raw materials, partially finished products,
finished products prior to sale and departure from the manufacturing system. In the context of
services, inventory refers to all work done prior to sale, including partially process
information. Inventory management is very in an organization in order to have a smooth
move of it. The tern inventory refers to be the stockpile of the products a fire is offering for
sale and the components that make up the product. In other words, inventory is composed of
assets that will be sold in future in the normal course of business operations. Inventory as a
current assets because only financial managers are not involved, rather all functional areas
finance, and marketing, production and purchasing are involved.Inventory management is the
activity control program which allows the management of sales, purchases and payment.
Inventory to many smalls business owners is one of the most visible and tangible aspect of
doing business. Inventory management is primarily about specifying the size and placement
of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or with in multiple
location of a supply network to protect the regular and planned course of production.
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CONCEPT OF INVENTORY:-
Inventory refers to those goods which are held for eventual sale by the business enterprise. In
other words, inventories are stocks of the product a firm is manufacturing for sale and
components that make up the product. Thus, inventories form a link between the production
and sale of the product.The forms of inventories existing in a manufacturing enterprise can be
classified into three categories
MEANING AND DEFINITION:-
The scope of inventory management concerns the balance between replenishment lead time,
carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation,
inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical
space, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods, and demand
forecasting. Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which
is an ongoing process as the business needs shift and react to the wider
environment.Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a
proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling and related costs are kept
in check. It also involves systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set
targets, provide replenishment techniques, report actual and projected inventory status and
handle allfunctions related to the tracking and management of material. This would include
the monitoring of material moved into and out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of
the inventory balances. It also may include ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting
support, etc. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of
determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution system, functions to
balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and
handling costs.
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NATURE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Explain the purpose of inventory and how a company controls and reports it
KEY POINTS:-
Inventories are maintained because time lags in moving goods to customers could put sales at
risk. Inventories are maintained as buffers to meet uncertainties in demand, supply and
movements of goods. There are four stages of inventory: raw material, work in
progress, finished goods, and goods for resale.Raw materials - materials and components
scheduled for use in making a product. Work in process, WIP - materials and components
that have began their transformation to finished goods. Finished goods - goods ready for sale
to customers. Goods for resale - returned goods that are saleable.When a merchant buys
goods from inventory, the value of the inventory account is reduced by the cost of goods sold.
For commodity items that one cannot track individually, accountants must choose a method
that fits the nature of the sale.SFIFO (first in-first out) regards the first unit that arrived in
inventory as the first sold. LIFO (last in-first out) considers the last unit arriving in inventory
as the first sold. Using LIFO accounting for inventory a company reports
lower net income and book value, resulting in lower taxation
Raw material:-
A material in its unprocessed, natural state considered usable for manufacture. Inventory A
detailed list of all of the items on hand. supply chain A system of organizations, people,
technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service
from supplier to customer.
Example
A canned food manufacturer's materials inventory includes the ingredients to form the foods
to be canned, empty cans and their lids (or coils of steel or aluminium for constructing those
components), labels, and anything else (solder, glue, etc.) that will form part of a finished
can. The firm's work in process includes those materials from the time of release to the work
floor until they become complete and ready for sale to wholesale or retail customers. This
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may be vats of prepared food, filled cans not yet labelled or sub-assemblies of food
components. It may also include finished cans that are not yet packaged into cartons or
pallets. Its finished good inventory consists of all the filled and labelled cans of food in its
warehouse that it has manufactured and wishes to sell to food distributors (wholesalers), to
grocery stores (retailers), and even perhaps to consumers through arrangements like factory
stores and outlet centre.
SCOPE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-

The scope of an inventory system can cover many needs, including valuing the inventory,
measuring the change in inventory and planning for future inventory levels. The value of the
inventory at the end of each period provides a basis for financial reporting on the balance
sheet. Measuring the change in inventory allows the company to determine the cost of
inventory sold during the period. This allows the company to plan for future inventory need
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INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT:-
Why is inventory management important Inventory management can make or break a

business. Inventory is often the largest item in the current assets category on a balance sheet.
Issues with inventory can contribute to business losses, even failures. Proper management of
the supply chain, on the other hand, can allow a business to thrive. Good inventory
management strikes a balance between the amount of inventory coming in and going out. It
controls the timing and costs of non-capitalized assets and stock items, allowing a business to
reach optimal profitability.Striking a Balance Between Overstock and Stock out:-
Inventory management is all about balance. When a business invests in more inventory than
it can sell (overstock), it creates a deficit in the budget. Not enough inventory, and you
compromise customer service. Often, the business has to deduct the costs of the excess
inventory from profits. It cannot sell the inventory, and it cannot get a refund from the
manufacturer. The goods will sit in storage or be disposed of and counted off as losses. A
certain percentage of loss is reasonable and expected in business, but inventory greatly in
excess of projected sales can hurt a company’s bottom line. Goods you can’t move are goods
wasted.Failing to have enough inventory and finished products on hand to meet customer
demands (stock out) can also hurt a business. You may lose a sale if you don’t have enough
inventory to fill a customer order. Having to frequently backorder items or tell a customer
you’re out of stock can make them move to other suppliers that do have what they are
seeking. Inventory and customer service have a close relationship; the best way to ensure
consistent customer satisfaction and minimized waste is good inventory management.
1. An efficient inventory management system accurately forecasts how much inventory

you will need based on sales activity. This way, you can place orders accordingly to
prevent overstock and stock out. You must understand how much demand consumers
have for a product as well as the product’s depreciation rate. For example, if you sell
perishable items, your inventory management strategy must account for expiration
dates. You must also consider the costs of storing items – the expense of keeping
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inventory on hand, counting, and handling it. There are dozens of factors that go into
successful inventory management .related
2. Good Inventory Management = Controlled Costs of Operation:-

Inventory management saves you money and allows you to full fill your customers’ needs. In
other words, it enables successful cost control of operations. Knowing what you have, what is
in your warehouse, and how to manage the supply chain properly is the backbone of business.
Inventory management allows you to make smart business decisions and close sales in
confidence. It gives you real-time information about what sells well and what isn’t – in other
words, what to order more of and what to cut back to maximize profits.
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ADVANTAGES:-
Each material can be procured in the most economical quantity. Purchasing and inventory
control people automatically gives their attention to those items which are required only
when are needed. Positive control can easily be handled to maintain the inventory investment
at the desired level only by calculating the predetermined maximum and minimum values.
 Achieve efficiency and productivity in operations.

 Minimise inventory costs and maximize sales & profits.
 Integrate your entire business.
 Automation of manual tasks.
 Top 5 Benefits of Inventory Management
1. Efficiency & Productivity in Operations

Keeping stock means tying up your money in them. You can’t spend this money.You want
efficiency in managing your stock levels so that your business is cash flow positive. We all
know what happens when your business runs out of cash, never mind profits.Also, analytics
and reports can help you see what products are selling fast through your multiple sales
channels. This helps you make smarter purchasing decisions and you might be able to spot a
trend or two do you need to manage product and batches and expiry dates.This is important
for the health, beauty and pharmaceutical industries. How about managing multi-matrix
product variants? Or handling complex units of measurement all these are possible with an
inventory management solution.
2. Minimise Costs, Maximise Sales & Profits
So you have a multi-channel, whiz-bang e-commerce setup with sales streaming in from

online and offline stores You need to manage orders across your sales channels. This way
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you can minimise the loss of sales when, say, you need to restock the next big thing for the
holiday season .Inventory control is also critical if you want to minimise the carrying costs of
holding stock. Keeping stock in warehouses is expensive Carrying costs such as storage fees,
insurance, taxes, theft, natural disasters and passing fads can all potentially eat into your
profits.And did we mention deadstock The Twilight Zone where your inventory goes to rest
Unfortunately, it affects all of us despite your best intentions at analyzing your past sales and
purchasing patterns. Technological and fashion obsolescences are part and parcel of your
business if you’re dealing with these.
3. Integration of Entire Business

Let’s say your sales rep closes a sale and creates a sales order. Inventory management
software lets the rest of your company work with it as it makes its way from sales to
fulfillment. Let’s see how this is done Firstly, user management. You create user accounts
for each staff in your company’s departments: management, administration, sales,
purchasing, and fulfillment. You define job roles and then assign user permissions to each
user. Thus, they only have access to modules and functions for their job responsibilities. This
prevents them from having access to stock adjustments or transfers, for example, or from
viewing confidential financial reports.Secondly, tasks and notes enable collaboration
between members of your team. Your staff can seamlessly share and handover information.
Collaborate on customers, suppliers, products, invoices, sales orders and shipments. everyone
has full visibility in the order until it is fulfilled.Thirdly, for fulfillment, your operations team
can easily create a shipment. They can then pack all the items and quantity in the sales order
that has not yet been shipped. Within the delivery order, they can also issue picking and
packing lists to the warehouse team to ship. When the order has been received by the
customer, the team can mark it as delivered.Finally, your accountant can filter sales orders
by their shipment status. the finance department can then issue invoices for those orders that
have been shipped. These same customer invoices can be quickly listed and marked as paid
when payment is received. Or have a credit note issued to the customer for product returns.
4. Automation of Manual Tasks

Nobody wants to be sitting around doing manual data entry tasks or complex manual
calculations with every purchase order. It’s best to leave it to software to automate these
common tasks for you.Embrace barcode scanning technology. Create sales orders straight
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away by scanning the items in the shipment. Or dispatch goods in a shipment by scanning
them too.Somes common bugbears faced by wholesalers and distributors include the
calculation of landed costs. How do you apportion additional costs like shipping and customs
duties Inventory management software should automatically split landed costs by the
proportion of the purchase cost of the product, saving you time, effort and mistakes.Also,
how about B2B ecommerceWhat if your regular customers could buy from you 24/7,They
can by using a B2B ecommerce platform that lets you open a purchasing account for
customers along with personalized product listings and custom price lists. customer checkout
their purchases using an online cart. Purchases automatically appear as sales orders in your
system. This saves you selling time and needless data reentry. Are you constantly traveling
while managing your business remotely software should let you email quotations and sales
orders directly while on the go.Documents in PDF format ensure cross-platform
compatibility.And they translate well into foreign languages as well.
5. Keeping Customers Happy
How on earth does inventory management keep my customers happy well, it reduces your
time to fulfillment for a start. With an inventory management system you’re able to keep fast-
selling products in stock (from your analytics and reports remember?) and fulfill them
immediately.Who would you rather buy from A seller with ready stock to ship immediately?
Or one that takes 2–5 days to order stock before shipping it out? A customer that receives an
order quickly is definitely a happy customer.And what about returns and exchanges your
system should handle these graciously.
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DISADVANTAGES:-
Sometimes, the orders are placed at the irregular time periods which may not be convenient
to the producers or the suppliers of the materials. The items cannot be grouped and ordered at
a time since the reorder points occur irregularly.If there is a case when the order placement
time is very high, there would be two to three orders pending with the supplier each time and
there is likelihood that he may supply all orders at a time.EOQ may give an order quantity
which is much lower than the supplier minimum and there is always a probability that the
order placement level for a material has been reached but not noticed in which case a stock
out may occur. The system assumes stable usage and definite lead time. When these change
significantly, a new order quantity and a new order point should be fixed, which is quite
cumbersome.
• The periodic testing system tends to peak the purchasing work around the review
dates.
• The system demands the establishment of rather inflexible order quantities in the
interest of administrative efficiency.
• It compels a periodic review of all items; this itself makes the system somewhat
inefficient
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OBJECTIVES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-
• customers To ensure a continuous supply of raw materials and supplies to facilitate

unhandled production.To maintain required quantity of finished goods for smooth
sales operation and efficient customer service.
• It permits the acquirement of raw materials in economic lot sizes as well as processing
of these raw materials into finished goods is the most economical quantity known as
economic lot size.
• It reduces the dependencies of one another and enables the organizations to schedule
their operations without getting dependent on each other.
• It helps to reduce those costs which have been occurred during the material handling.
It helps to utilize people and materialsreasonably. It controls display of the products
and services provided to the corresponding.
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TECHNIQUES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-
The inventory management are to provide the desired level of coustomer service, to allow
cost-efficent operations, and to minimize the inventory managementInventory Management
Techniques That being said, inventory management is only as powerful as the way you use
it.It’s well worth the extra time and money to have inventory management set up by the
experts who made the software. Work with them to make sure you’re utilizing the proper
techniques and features to get the most bang for your buck.Let’s take a look at some
inventory-control techniques you may choose to utilize in your own warehouse.
1. Economic order quantity. Economic order quantity, or EOQ, is a formula for the ideal
order quantity a company needs to purchase for its inventory with a set of variables like total
costs of production, demand rate, and other factors.
The overall goal of EOQ is to minimize related costs. The formula is used to identify the
greatest number of product units to order to minimize buying. The formula also takes the
number of units in the delivery of and storing of inventory unit costs. This helps free up tied
cash in inventory for most companies.
2. Minimum order quantity. On the supplier side, minimum order quantity (MOQ) is the
smallest amount of set stock a supplier is willing to sell. If retailers are unable to purchase the
MOQ of a product, the supplier won’t sell it to you.
For example, inventory items that cost more to produce typically have a smaller MOQ as
opposed to cheaper items that are easier and more cost effective to make.
3. ABC analysis. This inventory categorization technique splits subjects into three categories
to identify items that have a heavy impact on overall inventory cost.
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Category A serves as your most valuable products that contribute the most to overall profit.
Category B is the products that fall somewhere in between the most and least valuable.
Category C is for the small transactions that are vital for overall profit but don’t matter much
individually to the company altogether. 4. Just-in-time inventory management. Just-in-time
(JIT) inventory management is a technique that arranges raw material orders from suppliers
in direct connection with production schedules.
JIT is a great way to reduce inventory costs. Companies receive inventory on an as-needed
basis instead of ordering too much and risking dead stock. Dead stock is inventory that was
never sold or used by customers before being removed from sale status.
5. Safety stock inventory. Safety stock inventory management is extra inventory being
ordered beyond expected demand. This technique is used to prevent stockouts typically
caused by incorrect forecasting or unforeseen changes in customer demand.
7. FIFO and LIFO. LIFO and FIFO are methods to determine the cost of inventory. FIFO, or
First in, First out, assumes the older inventory is sold first. FIFO is a great way to keep
inventory fresh.
LIFO, or Last-in, First-out, assumesthe newer inventory is typically sold first. LIFO helps
prevent inventory from going bad.
8. Reorder point formula. The reorder point formula is an inventory management technique
that’s based on a business’s own purchase and sales cycles that varies on a per-product basis.
A reorder point is usually higher than a safety stock number to factor in lead time.
9. Batch tracking. Batch tracking is a quality control inventory management technique

wherein users can group and monitor a set of stock with similar traits. This method helps to
track the expiration of inventory or trace defective items back to their original batch.
10. Consignment inventory. If you’re thinking about your local consignment store here,
you’re exactly right. Consignment inventory is a business deal when a consigner (vendor or
wholesaler) agrees to give a consignee (retailer like your favorite consignment store) their
goods without the consignee paying for the inventory upfront. The consigner offering the
inventory still owns the goods and the consignee pays for them only when they sell.
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11. Perpetual inventory management. Perpetual inventory management is simply counting

inventory as soon as it arrives. It’s the most basic inventory management technique and can
be recorded manually on pen and paper or a spreadsheet.
12. Dropshipping. Dropshipping is an inventory management fulfillment method in which a

store doesn’t actually keep the products it sells in stock. When a store makes a sale, instead of
picking it from their own inventory, they purchase the item from a third party and have it
shipped to the consumer. The seller never sees our touches the product itself.
13. Lean Manufacturing. Lean is a broad set of management practices that can be applied to
any business practice. It’s goal is to improve efficiency by eliminating waste and any non
value-adding activities from daily business.
14. Six Sigma. Six Sigma is a brand of teaching that gives companies tools to improve the
performance of their business (increase profits) and decrease the growth of excess inventory.
15. Lean Six Sigma. Lean Six Sigma enhances the tools of Six Sigma, but instead focuses
more on increasing word standardization and the flow of business.
16. Demand forecasting. Demand forecasting should become a familiar inventory

management technique to retailers. Demand forecasting is based on historical sales data to
formulate an estimate of the expected forecast of customer demand. Essentially, it’s an
estimate of the goods and services a company expects customers to purchase in the future.
17. Cross-docking.
Cross-docking is an inventory management technique whereby an incoming truck unloads

materials directly into outbound trucks to create a JIT shipping process. There is little or no
storage in between deliveries.
18. Bulk shipments. Bulk shipments is a cost efficient method of shipping when you palletize
inventory to ship more at once
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CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHPDOLOGY
1.Primary data collection
Secondary data collection Reserch methodology is a way to systematically solve the research
problem. It may be understood as a science of studying now research is done systematically.
In that various steps, those are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his problem
along with the logic behind them.It is important for research to know not only the research
method but also know methodology. The procedures by which reasercher go about their work
of describing, explaining and predicting phenomenon are called methodology . methods
comprice the procedures used for generating, collecting and evaluating the data. All this
means that it is necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for his problem as the
same may differ from problem to problem.Data collection is important step in any project and
success of any project will be largely depend upon now much accurate you will be able to
collect and how much time, money and effort will be required to collect the necessary data,
this is also important step.Data collection plays an important role in research work. Without
proper data available for analysis you cannot do the research work accurately.
RESEARCH DESIGN:
The research that has been done is of analytical research. As the data that is required mainly
is from secondary sources like annual reports of the organization, it is based on the analysis
done from the collected data.
Sources of data:
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there are two types of data collection method available
1.primary data collection

2.secondary data collection
1. primary data collection:
The primary data is that data which is collected fresh hand, and for first time which is nature.
Primary data can collect through personal interview, questionnaire etc., to support the
secondary data.
2.secondary data:
The secondary data are those which have alredy collected and stored secondary data easily
get those secondary data from records, journals, annuals reports of the company etc., it will
save the time, money and efferts to collect the data. Secondary data also made available
through trade magazine, balance sheets, books etc., Secondary data comprices of information
obtained from ratio analysis and ratio anmalysis estimes are other financial statements files
and some othe important documants maintained by the organization are also the helpful. The
administration report published by BHARATHI CEMENT CORPORATION PRIVATE
LIMITED
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NEED OF THE STUDY:-
It is very necessary for any organization to maintain a large size of material fir efficient and
smooth production and sale operation, to maintain a minimum investment in material
tomaximize profitability. The study is to be conducted for estimate the inventory
management of BHEL
THUS inventory management is needed for the following purpose:
 For the purchase of raw materials, components and spares.
 To meet the setting costs of raw material.
 To provide credit facilities to the customers
 To maintain the inventories of raw material, work – in - progress, stores and spares
and finished stock
 Adequate inventory management enables a concern to face business crisis in
emergencies such as depression because during such period, generally, there is such
pressure on inventory management
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY
● Inventory management is a very simple concept – don’t have too much stock and
don’t have too little
● What is project scope management the major goal of scope management is to ensure
● Tighten inventory management processes to help increases operational efficiency
across your business
● Things like spanners and hammers
● Increased that much. The scope of advertising management mainly depends on the
change in technology
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
⚫ To assess the present profitability and operating efficiency of the firm as a whole as
well as for its different departments
⚫ To find out the relative importance of different components of the financial position
of the firm.
⚫ To identify the reasons for change in the profitability\financial position of the firm.
⚫ To assess the short-term as well as the long-term liquidity position of the firm.
⚫ To examine the solvency of the firm
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
⚫ It is only a study of interim reports.
⚫ Financial analysis is based upon only monetary information and non monetary factors
are ignored.
⚫ Different people may interpret the same analysis in different ways.
⚫ It does not consider the changes in prices level.
⚫ Changes in accounting procedure by firm may often make financial analysis

misleading
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CHAPTER-3
INDUSTRY PROFILE
Cement
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the
Romans, who used the term opus caementiciums to describe masonry resembling modern
concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and
pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were
later referred to as cement, cemented, Cement and cement. Cement used in construction is
characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement)
harden because of hydration, chemical reactions that occur independently of the mixture's
water content. They can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather.
The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-solubleNon-hydraulic cements (e.g., lime and gypsum
plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.History of the origin of cementIt is
uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and
a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture, but concrete made from such mixtures was first
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used by the Ancient Macedonians and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman
engineers. They used both natural pozzolanss (trash or pumice) and artificial pozzolans
(ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made
from these concretes are still standing, notably the huge monolithic dome of the Pantheon in
Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla. The vast system of Roman aqueducts also made
extensive use of hydraulic cement.
Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the middle Ages
is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of
using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding
facilities. The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by
French and British engineers in the 18th century.
CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Introduction:-
Cement is a key infrastructure industry. It has been decontrolled from price and distribution
on 1st March, 1989 and deli censed on 25th July, 1991. However, the performance of the
industry and prices of cement are monitored regularly. The constraints faced by the industry
are reviewed in the Infrastructure Coordination Committee meetings held in the Cabinet
Secretariat under the Chairmanship of Secretary (Coordination). Its performance is also
reviewed by the Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure. India, being the second largest cement
producer in the world after China with the government of India giving boost to various
infrastructure projects, housing facilities and road networks, the cement industry in India is
currently growing at an enviable pace. More growth in the Indian cement industry is expected
in the coming years. It is also predicted that the cement production in India would rise to
236.16 MT in FY11. It's also expected to rise to 262.61 MT in FY12.
Industry Background:-
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The history of the cement industry in India dates back to the 1889 when a Kolkata-based
company started manufacturing cement from Argillaceous. But the industry started getting
the organized shape in the early 1900s. In 1914, India Cement Company Ltd was established
in Porbandars with a capacity of 10,000 tons and production of 1000 installed. The World
War I gave the first initial thrust to the cement industry in India and =the industry started
growing at a fast rate in terms of production, manufacturing units, and installed capacity. This
stage was referred to as the Nascent Stage of Indian Cement Company. In 1927, Concrete
Association of India was set up to create public awareness on the utility of cement as well as
to propagate cement consumption.The cement industry in India saw the price and distribution
control system in the year 1956, established to ensure fair price model for consumers as well
as manufacturers. Later in 1977, government authorized new manufacturing units (as well as
existing units going for capacity enhancement) to put a higher price tag for their products. A
couple of years later; government introduced a three-tier pricing system with different pricing
on cement produced in high, medium and low cost pl
Major Players in Indian Cement Industry
There are a number of players prevailing in the cement industry in India. However, there are
around 20 big names that account for more than 70% of the total cement production in India.
The total installed capacity is distributed over around 129 plants, owned by 54 major
companies across the nation.
Following are some of the major names in the Indian cement industry:
Company Production Installed Capacity
ACC 17,902 18,640
Gujarat Ambuja 15,094 14,860
Ultratech 13,707 17,000
Grasim 14,649 14,115
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India Cements 8,434 8,810
JK Group 6,174 6,680
Jaypees Group 6,316 6,531
Century 6,636 6,300
Madras Cements 4,550 5,470
Technology Up-gradation
Cement industry in India is currently going through a technological change as a lot of

up-gradation and assimilation is taking place. Currently, almost 93% of the total capacity is
based entirely on the modern dry process, which is considered as more environment-friendly.
Only the rest 7% uses old wet and semi-dry process technology. There is also a huge scope of
waste heat recovery in the cement plants, which lead to reduction in the emission level and
hence improves the environment.
Total production
Major players in cement production are Ambuja cement, Aditya Cement, J K Cement and L
& T cement. India’s cement industry has witnessed tremendous growth on the back of
continuously rising demand from the housing sector, increased activity in infrastructure, and
construction boom, according to RNCOS’ latest research report titled, ‘Indian Cement
Industry Forecast to 2012’. The country’s cement production is projected to grow at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 12 per cent during 2011-12 - 2013-14 to
reach 303 million metric tons (MMT), as per the RNCOS research report. India is the second
largest cement producing country with 137 large and 365 mini cement plants. The large
plants employ 120,000 people, according to a recent report on the Indian cement industry
published by Cement Manufacturers Association (CMA). Cement production in the country
is expected to increase to 315-320 million tons (MT) by end of this financial year from the
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current 300 MT.The cement production touched 14.50 MT, while the cement dispatches’
quantity was registered at 14.28 MT during April 2011, as per provisional data released by
Cement Manufacturer’s Association (CMA).
Government Initiatives:
The cement industry is pushing for increased use of cement in highway and road
construction. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has planned to invest US$ 354
billion in road infrastructure by 2012.Housing, infrastructure projects and the nascent trend of
concrete roads would continue to accelerate the consumption of cement. Increased
infrastructure spending has been a key focus area. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee has
proposed to earmark US$ 47 billion for infrastructure development during 2011-12. The
infrastructure sector has received an impetus in the form of increased funds and tax related
incentives offered to attract investors for tapping the infrastructure opportunities around the
country. Introduction of tax free bonds, creation of infrastructure debt funds, formulating a
comprehensive policy for developing public private partnership projects are some
announcements which will give a fillip to the infrastructure sector which is the backbone of
any economy.
New Investments
After exceeding the projected cement production of 290 MT, the Cement Manufacturers
Association (CMA) is targeting a production increase up to 320 MT by the year end.
• Holcim Group has increased its stake from 46.44 per cent to 50 per cent stake in
Ambuja Cement through the creeping acquisition route. It has also increased its stake in ACC
to reach 50.1 per cent.
• The Builders Association of India (BAI) plans to set up a cement manufacturing plant
at a cost of US$ 677.97 million at Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh. The plant would have a
production capacity of 10 MTPA and is expected to be ready in two years.
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• Shree Cement plans to set up a two MT clinkerisation unit near Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
with an investment of US$ 225.12 million.
• BK Birla Group outfit, Kesoram Industries, is setting up a 2,000 tonne a day

packaging unit in Medak district of Andhra Pradesh at a cost of US$ 1.76 million, according
to a filing by the company to the stock exchanges. The proposed unit would cater to the
packing needs of its cement manufacturing unit at Sedam in Karnataka.
• Birla Corporation, the flagship company of the M P Birla Group, is planning to set up
a one MT cement plant in Assam at an investment of around US$ 99 million. The company
has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Assam Mineral Development
Corporation to this effect. Giving further push to industrial development in the State, the
Government of Orissa through its single level window clearance committee has approved
four major projects involving an investment of US$ 274.02 million.
• The Hyderabad-based Sagar Cements Ltd and Vicat Group of France’s US$ 563.82
million worth joint venture (JV) plant is likely to commence operations next year.
• My Home Industries Limited (MHI), a 50:50 joint venture (JV) between the
Hyderabad-based My Home Group and Ireland's building material major CRH Plc, plans to
scale up its cement production capacity from the existing five MTPA to 15 MTPA by 2016.
The company would undertake this capacity expansion at a cost of US$ 1 billio• Rain
Commodities Ltd, which manufactures Priya Cement, has acquired Birla Cement
andIndustries Ltd from Yash Birla Group for an undisclosed sum. Cement and gypsum
COMPANY PROFILE
BCCPL PROFILE
Bharathi Cement Corporation Limited (BCCPL) is a subsidiary of Vicat Group. The Vicat
Group manufactures Cement, Ready-Mixed Concrete, Concrete Product (Precast) and
Aggregates. In 1817 Louis Vicat discovered artificial cement. His son, Joseph, created Vicat
Company in 1853. The Group continues expanding under the President Jacques Mercer on-
Vicat and is present in 11 countries (France, US, Turkey, Senegal, Switzerland, Egypt, Italy,
Mali, Kazakhstan, Mauretania and India). The Vicat Group has 6,700 employees and
generates sales of Euros 2 billion.Bharathi was founded by the promoters of Sakshi Telugu
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Daily & Sakshi TV, under the chairmanship of Smt. Y.S. Bharathi Reddy and managing
director Markus Oberlin from Vicat. And senior professionals with vast experience in Power,
Cement, Infrastructure, Ready-Mixed Concrete, Aggregates and Waste Management.
Before vicat, Bharathi Cement is a company that has been promoted by the Sakshi Group,
which has interests in media and power. It is controlled by Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, the
Member of Parliament (MP) from Kadapa and son of former Andhra Pradesh chief minister
Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy.Apart from the Sakshi group, Bharathi Cement has been co-
promoted by India Cements Ltd., Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. and N. Prasad, vice-chairman
and founder of Matrix Laboratories Ltd.The Sakshi group bought Raghurams Cements in
2007 and renamed it Bharathi Cement.Bharathi expects to have a capacity to produce 5
million tons (tm) of cement by the end of 2010. So the company makes a deal with vicat for
global partner both for technology and getting a pan-India footprint”Bharathi in October
commissioned a 2.5 tm capacity plant in Andhra Pradesh Kadapa district with an investment
of Rs700 crore. The second phase of the plant expansion, with an additional investment of
Rs720 crore for another 2.5 tm capacity, would be completed by December.An analyst
tracking the cement industry for an Indian brokerage said Vicat will have a 10 tm cement-
making capacity in south India, making it the fastest capacity ramp-up from a low base by
any cement manufacturer in India.
Mission Statement:
To partner our customers in building the best, by delivering superior quality cement that’s
produced with best-in-class technology. To grow by building lasting relationships with
business associates and contribute to the well-being of society
Careers:
We value the human resources a vital asset. People are always the strength of 'Bharathi
Cement' the Company gives great importance to provide Professional Management,a work
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culture that allows its members a space to learn, innovate and grow. It gives its people the
freedom to think differently, and work as a team to achieve organizational goals
STRENGTHS
State of the art plant:
Bharathi cement corporation Limited has set up most modern cement plant with state of the
art technology at Nallalingayapalli, Kamalapuram mandal, Kadapa district of Andhra
Pradesh.This area is known for its superior quality Nazi lime stone deposits possessing high
lime content that gives high early strength and ultimate long term strength. Another
characteristic feature of this lime stone is low alkali, magnesia and low chloride contents
which are highly desirable parameters for concrete durability.The state of the art technology
adopted at the plant consists of Vertical Roller mill of LOESCHE, Germany for grinding of
cement to achieve the optimum fineness, and controlled particle size distribution of cement
particles
German Technology
The Bharathi Cement plant has the most advanced Vertical Roller Mill (Type 63.3) from
LOESCHE, Germany. This mill has a capacity of producing 360 tons per hour and is
equipped with a 6,700 KW gear box. The mill is designed to produce a range of high quality
cements such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC),
Pozzolona Slag Cement (PSC) and Ground slag at varying fineness. It has a rated capacity of
360tph OPC at 3000 Blaine and 300tph of ground slag at 4000 Blaine
• Homogenized mining
• Online process control
• Exclusive R&D facility for continuous product improvement
VRM Cement mill-The largest in the world
Loesche vertical roller mills are the most efficient mills in the world and achieve very high
throughputs. They are extremely maintenance friendly. Service tasks can be carried out
quickly. Downtimes are reduced to a minimum. The Loesche grinding principle combines a
horizontal grinding table with large tapered roller under hydro pneumatic loading- the best
possible compromise between output and wear. The product quality can be enhanced by
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altering the classifier speed. All Loesche mills can be started with grinding rollers raised.
Metal to metal contact between grinding parts does not occur. Their quiet, smooth operation
is appreciated.In Bharathi Cement the most advanced vertical roller mill from Loesche,
Germany has been commissioned. The mill has a capacity of producing 360 MT/hour and is
equipped with 6,700 Kw gearboxes. The mill is designed to produce a range of high quality
cements such as Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement, and Portland Slag
cement and ground slag at varying fineness. It has a rated capacity of 360 tph opc at 3000
Blaine and 300 tph of Ground slag at 4000 Blaine. The high flexibility of the system enables
to produce cements of 6 different types from the same mill. Switching from one product to
other can be done within minutes.
Robotic Labs
A typical QCX/Rubella configuration consists of a standard industrial robot placed in the

centre of a circular arrangement of sample preparation and analytical equipment. Samples
normally arrive automatically from the connected automatic sample transport system, but
may also be entered via operator sample conveyors or special input/output magazines.
QCX/RoboLab offers a very high flexibility in terms of the number and types of equipment
handled by the robot. Supported, fully automated preparation & analysis disciplines relevant
to the cement industry include powder or fused bead preparation for X-ray analysis, particle
sizing by laser or by conventional sieving, color analysis, Carbon/Sculpture/Moisture
combustion analysis, physical testing and collection of shift/daily composites. For the typical
cement lab project a throughput capacity of 10-20 samples will apply; but higher numbers in
one robot cell are achievable. The QCX computer integrates the system components. It
identifies incoming samples, downloads the relevant sample-handling specification and
controls all intelligent devices in the configuration. Sequence control includes priority
handling, intelligent handling of equipment failure situations and much more. QCX/RoboLab
(and QCX/Auto Prep) provides high quality in sample preparation and analysis. Quality not
only meets the performance of 'the very best lab technician', but is highly consistent over
time. Thus, there are no fluctuations from shift to shift in analytical levels due to small
differences in the practical procedures undertaken by human operator
Tamper-Proof Packing
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hen cement bags are dumped on the ground, the impact causes cement to spill out of the bag.
This causes considerable loss, considering that some projects require thousands of bags, but
you incur no such loss with Bharathi Cement. Bharathi Cement is packed in fully imported,
tamper-proof PP laminated bags, which do not allow the minutest of cement particles to spill.
This ensures accurate weight and also eliminates any possibility of pilferage. This technique
of packaging is also eco-friendly.The cement religiously processed and produced is packed in
specially designed imported polypropylene bags which are dust proof and tamper proof. This
special package ensures full quantity (i.e. 50Kg net) cement in every bag and chances of
adulteration are totally eliminated.
PRODUCTS
Bharathi Cement produces a range of cements with distinctly superior quality. Produced with
the finest raw materials, using cutting-edge German technology and packed in tamper-proof
bags, Bharathi Cements are the ultimate in quality.
•OPC 53 Grade
Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade is manufactured by inter grinding of high grade clinker
(with high C3Scontent) and right quality gypsum in predetermined proportions. The cement
produced gives high early strength and excellent ultimate strength.
•OPC 43 Grade
Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade is manufactured by inter grinding of high grade clinker
(with optimum C3Scontent) and right quality gypsum in appropriate proportions
•PPC
Bharathi Portland pozzolana cement is a premium composite cement manufactured by inter

grinding of high quality clinker, carefully selected High reactive Silica (HRS) obtained from
electrostatic precipitators with right quality gypsum
•PSC
Bharathi Portland Slag cement is manufactured by inter grinding high quality clinker with
carefully selected, good quality slag purchased from major steel plants and using high quality
gypsum
TECHNICAL SUPPORT:-
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Mobile Construction Advisor At Bharathi we believe in total customer satisfaction. Bharathi

cement offers laboratory testing facilities of concrete at your door step. Your concrete is
tested under standard laboratory conditions and test certificates are issued. The services of
experienced civil engineers can be availed
•Good Construction Practices
•Suggested Concrete Mix Designs
•Social Responsibility
At Bharathi Cements, our commitment to quality makes us go beyond. We at Bharathi

Cement have Mobile Construction Advisers. With a full-fledged technical team, this service
brings you best construction practices from the globe. The Mobile Construction Adviser
further offers concrete lab services, concrete cube testing, training for masons and site
supervisors.
Social Responsibility of Business
Bharathi cement has introduced accidental insurance scheme for masons. Each mason is
covered for an amount of Rs.1,00,000 for one year under this scheme. The premium is paid
by Bharathi Cement Corporation Limited. This is a great moral booster for masons and their
families
Technical Services Offered
• Demonstrations, Tips on good construction practices, informative lectures and onsite video
presentations
• Onsite training for masons and site supervisors
• Advice on concrete mix proportion
• Testing of fresh and hardened concrete ensuring its superior quality
• NDT (Non Destructive Testing) facilities
Power source: Right now the co. drawing power from the state electricity grid. But, we are
planning a captive power plant in two years. We are looking at a generation capacity of 30
MW Aiming market share 5% market share of Indian cement industry in about 10 years.
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Marketing strategy and targets
Bharathi Cement already has a strong network of 600 dealers and 1000 sub-dealers, and is
growing each day. We will strengthen the dealer network for the next phase. Bharathi Cement
would focus on Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Goa, Kerala and parts of
Maharashtra in the initial phase and progressively increase the footprint in other parts of the
country. In the first three states we have already established a strong network of distributors
and in the other three states we will be strengthening our network in the next few months.The
approximate ratios of the dispatch will be 50% by road network and 50% by rail network
Raw material sourcingThe Nallalingyapalli-Kamalapuram belt in Kadapa district of Andhra

Pradesh has rich limestone quarries. The company has also tied up with RTTP for Fly Ash
and Slag will be procured from Jindal Steel, Tornagals, and Karnataka.
CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTER PRETATION
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1 ABC ANALYSIS
1 ABC CLASIFICATON ON YEAR (2016-17)
Class Value % of Cumulative% Items % of
Value Items
A 73880742 91% 91% 92 15.92%
B 6858300 8% 99% 176 30.45%
C 862667 1% 100% 310 53.63%
Total 81601709 100% 578 100%
INTERPRETATION:
In the year 2016-17, there are 92 items which constitutes their value of 91% in the
total value which comes under “ A” category.176 items which constitutes 8% in the total
value which comes under “ B” category and 310 items which constitutes 1% in the total
value which comes under “ C “ category.
2ABC CLASIFICATION ON YEAR(2018-19)
Value Items
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A 375515268 96% 96% 10 1.73%

B 12049495 3% 99% 36 6.23%
C 3935710 1% 100% 532 93.04%
Total 39150047 100% 578 100%
INTERPRETATION
In the year 2017-18, there are 10 items which constitutes their value of 96% in the total
value which comes under “ A” category.3.6 items which constitutes 6% in the total
valuwhich comes under “ B” category and items 532 which constitutes 1% in the total value
which comes under “ C “ category.
3.ABC CLASSIFICTION OF YEAR (2018-19
Class Value % of Cumulative Items % of
Value Items
A 61,060,681 42.874% 42.872% 7 0.48%
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B 52,913,629 37.153% 80.027% 65 4.48%

C 28,444,509 19.972% 100% 1378 95.04%
TOTAL 142,418,819 100% 1450 100%
INTERPRATION:
In the year 2018-19, there are 7 items which constitutes their value of 42.875% in the total
value which comes under “ A” category.65 items which constitutes 37.15% in the total
value which comes under “ B” category and items 1378 which constitutes 19.97% in the
total value which comes under “ C “ category
4 ABC CLASIFICATION PN YEAR (2019-20)
Value items
A 27555268 82% 82% 30 5%
B 2209495 6% 88% 174 26%
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C 3935710 12% 100% 456 69%

Total 33700473 100% 660 100%
Total4.4: ABC classification on year (2017-18)
INTERPRATION:
value which comes under “ A” category. 174 items which constitutes 6% in the total value
which comes under “ B” category and items 456 which constitutes 12% in the total value
5 ABC CLASIFICATION ON YEAR (2020-21)
Value items
A 67963606 90% 90% 69 11.94%
B 6330760 8% 98% 124 21.46%
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C 1538254 2% 100% 385 66.60%

Total 75832620 100% 578 100%
INTERPRATION:
value which comes under “ A” category. 124 items which constitutes 8% in the total value
which comes under “ B” category and items 385 which constitutes 2% in the total value
1.INVENTORY TURNOVRE RATIO ANALYSIS
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This ratio indicates the number of times the stock has been turned over during the period &
evaluated the efficiency with which a firm is able to manage its inventory .this rato is
calculated by applying the following
Inventory turnover Ratio =cost of goos sold /average inventory,
Raw material turnover ratio
Turnover 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021
Ratio
Raw 11.47 15.29 18.34 20.49 8.54
Materials
INTERPRETATION:-
Raw materials turnover ratio is 11.47 times in the year 2014-15 and it is increased
continuously to 2049 in the year 2017-18. Afterwards it decreased to 8.54 in the year 2018-19
3 inventory convertion period:
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It may also be of interest to see average time taken for clearing the stock. This can be
possible by calculating inventory conversion period. this period is calcauted by dividing the
numbers of the days by inventory turnover .this formula may be as :
Inventory convertion period =days in a year (365 days )/inventory turnover ratio
TABLE:4.7 INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD
Year Costofgoods Avg inventory Ratio ICP(days)

sold
2016-17 7160 304.88 23.48 15
2017-18 7729 345.98 22.33 17
2018-19 14855 410.85 36.15 10
2019-20 20425 978.26 20.87 18
2020-21 22700 1017.97 22.29 15
Figure :4.7 inventory conversion period
Interpretation:
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1. the inventory conversion period during 10 days during the year 2014-2015 , which
indicates the inventory is converted in to sales in less time.
2. when inventory is converted in to sales in less time, it indicate company performance it

better.
3. inventory convertion period of 18 days during the year 2015-16, it indicates company
performance is not sufficient.
4. from the above table i absorbed that performans was insufficient during the year 2016-17
and performance was better during the remaining 4 years.
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FINDINGS
⮚ In the year 2015-16 ‘A’ and ‘B’ class items are decreased than 2014-15 where the value
increased a lot.
⮚ The ‘A’ class items were eventually reduced when compared to 2014-15.
⮚ In the year 2015-16 ‘A’ class items are decreased and ‘B’& ‘C’ class items are increased
when compare to previous year.
⮚ In the year 2017-18 ‘A’ & ‘B’ class items are increased and ‘C’ class items are decreased
when compared to previous year.
⮚ In the year 2018-19 ‘A’ class items are decreased when compared to 2017-18.
⮚ The raw material turnover ratio is increased continuously from 2015-16 to 2017-18 and
decreased in 2018-19.
⮚ The inventory conversion period is 10 days during the year 2018-19, which indicates the
inventory is converted in to sales in less time. Now it is 17 days the year 2015-16. It
indicates company performance is not sufficient
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SUGGESTIONS
⮚ The company has to concentrate more on research and development so that it can
keep updated with the latest developments.
⮚ The company has to eliminate dead inventory ,as depreciation is charged even on the
dead inventory and this has resulted in decrease profits .
⮚ Company should strive for “getting the right goods to the right places at the right time
for the least cost”.
⮚ Company has to position inventory items according to risk and opportunity .
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CONCLUSION
From the study of inventory management in bharathi cement corporation private limited ,it
conclude that the company is not in good inventory position it has to maintain good operation
,so that not to continue in the same position some more new techniques implementation gives
a better result .The companies strictly following inventory management ABC and inventory
turnover ratio analysis can increases it profits. The managemanet needs to focus more on the
inventories.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books referred :
⮚ Financial management: M.Y. khan & jain , 4th Edition publiahed by TATA Mc. Graw
Hill .
⮚ Financial management: M.Y. khan & jain , 2nd Edition publiahed by TATA Mc.
Graw Hill .
⮚ Financial management: prasanna Chandra, 6thEdition publiahed by TATA Mc. Graw
Hill .
⮚ Financial management: I.M .panedey , Edition publiahed by Vikas publishers .
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Inventory Management PROJECT

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INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

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MEANING AND DEFINITION:-

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NATURE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-

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SCOPE OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-

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INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT:-

Why is inventory management important Inventory management can make or break a

1. An efficient inventory management system accurately forecasts how much inventory

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2. Good Inventory Management = Controlled Costs of Operation:-

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 Achieve efficiency and productivity in operations.

1. Efficiency & Productivity in Operations

2. Minimise Costs, Maximise Sales & Profits

So you have a multi-channel, whiz-bang e-commerce setup with sales streaming in from

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3. Integration of Entire Business

4. Automation of Manual Tasks

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5. Keeping Customers Happy

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OBJECTIVES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-

• customers To ensure a continuous supply of raw materials and supplies to facilitate

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TECHNIQUES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:-

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9. Batch tracking. Batch tracking is a quality control inventory management technique

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11. Perpetual inventory management. Perpetual inventory management is simply counting

12. Dropshipping. Dropshipping is an inventory management fulfillment method in which a

16. Demand forecasting. Demand forecasting should become a familiar inventory

Cross-docking is an inventory management technique whereby an incoming truck unloads

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1.Primary data collection

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there are two types of data collection method available

1.primary data collection

1. primary data collection:

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NEED OF THE STUDY:-

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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

⚫ To examine the solvency of the firm

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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

⚫ It is only a study of interim reports.

⚫ Different people may interpret the same analysis in different ways.

⚫ It does not consider the changes in prices level.

⚫ Changes in accounting procedure by firm may often make financial analysis

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CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA

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Major Players in Indian Cement Industry

Company Production Installed Capacity

ACC 17,902 18,640

Gujarat Ambuja 15,094 14,860