Worksheet 7 Section A: Penne ns 4L. The diagram shows 2 manometer fled with water 7 ssi connected to a gas supply. What |s the pressure ot tho gas? . A Bcmof water more than atmosoheric pressure B 12cm of water more than atmospheric pressure Sem © Bomofwater ess than atmospheric oressure wate . 12cm of water less than atmospnene pressure ay (A) 2. The diagram shows a simple morcury barometer. The height of the mercury column is A. Which of iw the folowing wil cause to change? 1 Evaporation of mercury from the mercury reservoir erery 2. Changos in tho gravtaional nota stongn 3 Replacing mercury with water 1 A Sonly B Land 2eny © 2and 3only merciary D 1,2and3 meer Cc) The dlagram shows a force rof 10 N supporting the weight Wot a 1500 kg. aoa 1500 bg. load on a hydraulic pross. oth pistons giten | | are of negligible weight. Calculate piston S25 eae ak area A. (Take gravitational field strength 40 Nhe") ‘A 15¢m* B 150 cm? © = 1500 cm BD 15000cm? ( p ) Working/Explanation Let the pressure below the left and ight Force Wexerted by 1500 ke foad fistons be and 9, respectwoy, = mg= 1500 «10 = 15 000'N An + A= 15,000 10 = 15 000 an?4. Two cylinders placed on the ground are made of the same material but are of different sizes. The larger cylinder exerts a pressure of 18 Pa on the ground. The weight of the larger cylinder is six lUmes greater than that of tne smaller eylinder, while its base area Is four times larger than that of the smaller cylinder. What is the pressure exerted by the smaller cylinder on the ground? A 12Pa B 18Pa © 15Pa D 27Pa oad Working/Explanation Lot the woight end base area of the smaller cylinder be Wand 2 respectively. The woight and ‘base area of the largar cylinder are 6W’and 4. respectivaly Pressure exerted by ge finder = SH= 18 Pa + Pressure exertad by smaller oyinder = f= 18 x 4 = 12Pa 1 (a) Define pressure. What is the SI unit of pressure? Pressure Is the force acting per unit area. SI unit: pascal (Pa) (b) (_Arhinocoros woighing 20 kN stands on the ground. if each of its four fect has an area of 200 em? in contact with the ground, calculate the average pressure (in N cnr”) exerted (on the ground by each foot. ‘Given: area 4, of ane foot = 200 ern? weight MW, of rhinoceros ~ 20 KN Weak Feverted on te ou by eacn wot = 10°" ure p exerted by ead £ 8X10" _ 95 Nom? ‘Average pressure p exerted by each foot — F ~ 2320" _ 25 n ra Ml) A person weighs 600 N. He exerts a pressure on the ground that is equal to the average ‘rossure exerted by one foot of the rhinocoros in (by1). Calculate the area the porson is, standing on. Given: weight W, of person = 600 N ‘rea A, tho porson is standing on ~ “ — 600 — 24 em? 2. A marine biologist dives in the sea to observe marine life. Given that the density of seawater p is 1025 kg mr, gravitational flold strongth g is 10 N kg? and atmospheric prossuro 9, is 1.01% 10° Pa, (@) calculate the pressure acting on the marine biologist when he is (Dat the surface of the sea; [A the surface of the sea, pressure p, acting on marine biologist = atmospheric pressure 2 = 101% 105Pa(i) 5 mbelow the surface of the sea. ‘At sea depth h= Sm, Dressure 1, acting on marine biologist = Mag + ny = (©1025)0) + (1.01 x 10% = 1.52 x 105Pa (b) calculate the difference in pressure exerted on the marine biologist when he is at the sea surface and when he Is 5 m below the sea surface. Difference in pressure = tpg =5 x 1025 x 10 nome Figure 7.1 shows a hydraulic press. w20N Tesnisctmane br sonhae | ‘areas of 20 cm? and 300 cm* respectively. '"®*PS* ‘mall picton ‘A student applies a force of 120 N on the ‘small piston to lift a load placed on the large piston. Calculate the jail «Figure 74 (@) pressure exerted on the liquid by the small piston; ‘Gwen: force F, exerted on smal ston = 120 N area A of small piston = 20 om? Pressure p, exerted on liquid by small osston = (®) pressure exerted on the large piston; Pressure p, exerted on lige piston = p, = 6 Nam? (e) total weight lifted by the student. Given: area A, of large piston = 300 cm? Force F, exerted on largo piston = pA, = (6300) ~ 1800 N Total weight ltted = 1800 N (a) A moteorologist makos an obsorvation of a morcury barometer. Ho statos that “Tho mercury barometric height is 76.0 cm.” What does his statement mean? ‘The atmospheric pressure is equivalent to the pressure due to a column of mercury with a vertical ‘noight of 76.0 om, (b) Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa, based on the meteorologist’s observation in (a). (Take density of mercury p = 13 600 kg m*; gravitational field strength = 10 N kg*) eg (76.0 x 10°42 600X410) = 1.03% 108 Pa ‘Atmosphoric prossure(2) Figure 7.2 shows a simple mercury barometer. The height of the mercury column is A/cm. What is the pressure (in Pa) at points 0, P and Q in terms of # (Take density of mercury p= 13 600 kg m; gravitational field strongth = 10 N kg!) m-0Pa tye Bh 102 13 600 10 =1020NFa py beg hx 107 13 600 x 10 - 1360hPa a Figure 72 {b) Explain three advantages of using mercury over water in a barometer. ‘A much shorter tube is requited for mercury since mercury has a much higher density tan water. Its easier to observe the height of the mercury since mercury is opaque and water is transparent ‘and colourless. A more accurate measurement can be obtained with mercury 23 the space above {the mercury column resembles 2 vacuum more closely. This Is because merouty Is less volatle than. wator and mercury vapour will enter the space above the mercury column at a slower rate.6. Figure 7.3 shows an inflated balloon that has just been attached to the left arm of a mercury manometer. (What will happen to the mercury level in the manometer immediately after the balloon is attached? Exolain your answer, ‘The mercury level in the right arm will ise while the mercury level in the Jett arm will sink. This 's because the air pressure in the balloon is higher than the atmospheric pressure. The excess force pushes the mercury level in the left arm down, causing the mercury level in the right arm to move up. a Figwe 73, (b) Describe what would happen to the mercury level if there was a Small nole in the balloon. ‘The mercury level inthe left arm would rise and the mercury level in the right erm would sink until the mercury in both arms of the manometer reached the same level (©) Suggest how the manomater set-up could be adjusted in order for tho prossure in the balloon 10 produce a larger ditierence in iquld level. Replace the mercury with another liquid of loner density. 7. (@)_ Figures 7.4 and 7.5 each show a mercury manometer connected to a large vessel containing noon gas. If the atmospheric pressure p, is 760 mm Hg, calculate the pressure pof the neon, gas in the vessels in Figures 7.4 and 7.5. ha t0en Since the pressure exerted by all three blocks 's mesane, 2 height nor block Y = ig _ 2000 15000 x 10 =0.04m a height nf block 2 = 5 "2000 ‘Fy WoxIo since m= py =0.02m since W= me since V= AnSection c: PT Site 2. (@) State one factor (other than liquid depth and gravitational field strength) that affects the Dressure in a liquid. Density ofthe lauid () With tho aid of a diagram, describe how a column of mercury can be used to measure atmospheric pressure. Fala: mong glass tupe with mercury completely. » With the open end ofthe tube covered, invert the tube ‘vacuum Into a trough of mercury. Then, uncover the open end. » Almospheric pressure acts on the surface of the mercury 4 In the tough and supports the mercury column of a ‘mercury certain height in the tube. * When the mercury level in the tube has stabilised, use 4 metre rule to measure the height /10f the mercury level {om the surface of the mercury in the trough * his a measure of the atmospheric pressure. sercury (©) Calculate the height of a water column (density = 1.0 g cm“) that would exert the same Prossure as a 20 em high mercury column (density = 13.6 g em’). Given: densty , of water= 1.0 gan? onsity , of morcury = 13.6 gem? height fof mercury column = 20 em Let the height ofthe water column be hi, Sine the water coluran and the mercury columa ‘ert the same pressure, Np Naps NPE Py 20%138 rem 10 272.4nData-Based Question 2 ) Civil engineers help to butld structures such as bridges. They need to choose strong but cost- effective materials when constructing 2 bridge. Figure 7.6 shows a bridge supported by five circular pillars. The weight of the bridge is 2 x 10* N. brgn 45m | swpertngcitor « Figue 75 DIIDTITTITIT Tablo 7.1 shows two types of matorials that could be used to make tho supporting pillars. Table 74 i Maximum pressure that the raw 5 Raw material ren cuppert/Nar | Material cost/S m= Highgrace concrete 500 000 150 Reinforced steel ‘5.000 000 400 (a) Assuming the pillars are evenly spaced, how much weight does each pillar support? Since wo assume thatthe pillars are evenly spaced, we aiso assume that the weight of the bridge is evenly distributed ever the fve pillars. = Weight supported by each pillar aye xI10°N Calculate the minimum crosssectional area of each pillar needed to support the bridgo whon using @_highgrade concrete; Let 4, be the minimum cross-sectional area of each high grade concrete pila. ‘Given: maximum pressure p, supported by high-grade concrete = 5 x 105N m2(i) reinforced stecl. Let 4, be the minimum cross-sectional area of each reinforced steel pia. ‘Given: maximum pressure f, Supported by reinforced steel = 5 x 10° N m? vara a, Ww Ane = AxAP _ gy 402 me = Eg = 810" m (©) Calculate the total volume of material needed to make all five pillars if (high-grade concrete |s used; \olume of highrade concrete needed = SAA =5x8x101x 45 = 18m! (reinforced steel is used. Volume of reinforced steel needed = SA, =5x8x10°x4.5 18m (a) Based on the costs of the materials and your earlier calculations, recommend the material you would use to build the pillars. Explain your recommendation. Cost of building cillars using higherade concrete = 18 x 150 = $2700 Cost of building cillars using reinforced stee! = 1.8 x 400 = $720 ‘Thus, to support the same weight, reinforced stoel is cheaper. Recommended material: reinforced stool