There are several issues in product design and services.

The firstly is Robust Design which is

means a design that can be produced to requirements even with unfavourable conditions in the
production process. In other word, it is means that the product is designed so that small variations in
production or assembly do not adversely affect the product or it also can be said that something is
strong and durable and it is quite important in quality of product because the customers always
want to get the products that they can trust and rely on. This is the process od ensuring that the
product is ready to maintain its consistency despite factors that interfere with the production
process. The goal of the Robust Design is to come up with a way to make a final product consistent
when the process is subject to a variety of ‘noise’. For an example, an automobile manufacturer
wants to improve the quality of the painted surface of its car.

The secondly is Modular Design in which parts or components of a product are subdivided
into modules that are easily interchanged or replaced. Modular Design offer flexibility to both
production and marketing. Operations manager find modularity is helpful because it makes product
development, production and subsequent changes easier. It also may allow designers to work out
solutions to common problems independently of projects. This independent work enables us to
consistency improve the solutions and it may lead to an efficiency in developing through reuse. For
an example, in the design of a mechanical structure of a new 3D printer one could take two different
approaches. Another example is if a person were to use Modular Design when building a house, he
would be designing and producing a separate component which is known as modules off site which
would the come together with other modules on site to create a complete building.

The thirdly is Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAD
is the use of computers to interactively design products and prepare engineering documentation.
CAD refers to computer being used to assist the design process in all sorts of industries. With CAD
software, its possible to build an entire model in an imaginary space such as visualize properties like
width, height, distance or colour before the model is used for a particular application. The example
of CAD is the person used to draft a blueprint for a house. While CAM refers to the use of specialized
computer programs to direct and control manufacturing equipment. CAM is usually the next step
after CAD. CAM is the used of software and computer-controlled machinery to automatic a
manufacturing process. Using the CAM will give general benefits especially when it comes in creating
components used in building construction. Compared to manually operated machines, CAM
generally offers the greatest speed in producing components and a greater efficiency as computer-
controlled machines do not need to take a break. The example is laser cutter. A laser is directed from
a precise length on to a material to either cut or etch. The laser is controlled from a computer using
a CAD drawing and manufacturing can be restricted because od the material and the thickness.

The lastly is Virtual Reality Technology where it is a visual of communication in which images
substitute for two real things but still allow the user to respond interactively. Actually, virtual reality
also refers to the computer generated in which a person can interact within an artificial three-
dimensional environment using special electronic devices such as special googles, with a screen,
gloves fitted with sensors. It is used to create immersive experiences that can help educate and even
entertain consumers. Virtual reality applied in the various of industries such as medicines,
architectures and military. For instance, in healthcare Virtual Reality Technology has already been
embraced by the healthcare industry because of the several reasons which is in helping doctors
visualize operational procedures, helping to cure stress related syndromes and for medical training
experiences.
The Total Quality Management (TQM) refers to a quality emphasis that encompasses the entire
organization which is from supplier to the customer. In other word, it describes a management
approach to the long-term success through customer satisfaction. The example of the company that
who have already implemented the TQM are Ford Motor company, Motorola and Toyota Motor
company.

There are several of the cost of quality. The firstly is prevention cost which is the cost that associated
with reducing the potential for defective parts or services. In other word, it also can be said that
costs incurred to avoid or maybe to minimize the number of defects such as improvement of
manufacturing process, workers training and quality engineering. Sometimes, operation manager
feels that prevention costs is much better in preventing some defects rather than finding and
removing the defects from product.

The secondly is appraisal costs where it is about the cost that a company incurs to detect defective
inventory before it is shipped to the customers. In a specific, it is a category of a quality in controlling
costs. It can be seen this clearly because appraisal costs related in evaluating products, processes,
parts and services. Companies pay for these costs as a part of the quality control process to ensure
their products or service meet with the consumer expectations and regulatory requirements. The
example for appraisal costs are the inspection pf work in process and inspection of the finished
goods by the people are responsible for.

The thirdly is internal failure costs where those costs of quality associated with product failure that
are discovered before a product leaves the factory. In other words it can be said that internal failure
costs are the costs that are incurred to remove defects from a product before shipping them to
customers and it is associated with defective products and materials that fail to meet the quality
requirements and results in manufacturing losses. These failures are discovered through the firm’s
internal inspection process. For the examples are failure analysis activities, product rework costs and
product scrapped or throughput lost.

The lastly is external failure costs which is the costs that occur after delivery of defective parts or
services. In other words, it can be said that those costs incurred due to the product failures after that
they have been already sold to the customers and have been paid by customers. Other than that, it
is also provide the measurement of both product quality and customer satisfaction. Basically, the
failure costs should approach to the zero. These costs include the legal fees related to customer
lawsuits, loss of future sales from dissatisfied customers, product recalls, product return costs and
warranty costs.
 There are several types of layout that people can used in designing whatever they want such
as their houses, offices or many more. The firstly is office layout where it is requires the grouping of
workers, their equipment and spaces to provide for comfort, safety and movement of information.
This layout is constantly changing due to the technological changes sweeping the community after
the way offices function. The systematic layout of departments or maybe physical facilities in office
layout will give the workers a comfort zone and the best feeling in doing their work. In addition,
office plans vary from company to other company based on their needs of the business and its
employees. in many cases it also makes sense to make to have a various of the different layout
design in one building of the offices space. For an instance, private offices for senior staff, cubicles
for the billing departments and the team enclosures for the engineering staff.

The secondly is retail layout which is based on the idea that sales and profitability vary
differently with the customer exposure to products. Basically, operations managers have a power to
change the exposure with store arrangement and the allocation of the space to a various of products
within that arrangement. There are several ideas that are willing to help the operation managers in
determining the overall management of many stores. For instance, locate the high-draw items
around the periphery store, use prominent locations for high impulse and high margin items,
distribute what are known in the trade as ‘power items’ and use end-aisle locations because they
have a very high exposure rate. Actually, the objective of retail layout is to maximize the profitability
pre square for of floor space and it can be seen through retailers use the layout to influence their
customers’ behaviour by designing the store flow, merchandise placement and ambiance. For an
example, some retailers ‘crowd’ the sales floor with a lot of merchandise to make the selection
increases and at the same time to make a customer traffic flow space are decreases.

The thirdly is werehouse layout where it is about a design that attempts to minimize the
total costs by addressing the trade-offs between space and material handling. This type of layout is
helping in finding the optimum trade-off between the handling cost and cost associated with
werehouse space. In addition, the layout of the werehouse is the foundation of the efficiency in the
operations because it has a strategic importance in the firms’ supply chain management strategy and
service level. Usually firms design their werehouse is actually because they will increase their service
level and indirectly will reduce order fulfilling process time and costs. The example are location
selection and design of utilities sector main distribution, design of central werehouse and
consolidation of multiple werehouses in automotive parts sector.

The lastly is fixed position layout which is means a system that addresses the layout
requirement of station any projects. In other words, it is actually the project that remains in one
place and workers and equipment come to that one work area. For instance, a highway, ship, a
bridge and a house. There are several techniques that to address the fixed position layout. First and
foremost is there will be a limited space at virtually all sites. The second one is in different of stages
of the project, there will be the different in the materials needed and the lastly is the volume of
materials are needed is a dynamic one. For instance, the rate of use the steel panels for the hull of a
ship changes because of the project progresses.