13‐Sep‐19

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 13‐Sep‐19

 • SP & Gamma Ray Logs
 • Spontaneous Potential

• Gamma Ray Log
 • Resistivity Logs
• Induction Resistivity Logs

• Micro ‐ Resistivity Logs

• Porosity Logs
 • ‐ Acoustic or Sonic Log
• ‐ Formation Density Log
• ‐ Neutron Log
• Special Logs – Dipmeter
• Operations In The Field

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 13‐Sep‐19

KF = Potassium
Feldspar

PRF = Plutonic Rock

Fragment
PRF KF P = Pore
CEMENT Potassium Feldspar is
Stained Yellow With a
Chemical Dye
P
Pores are Impregnated
With Blue-Dyed Epoxy
Norphlet Sandstone, Offshore Alabama, USA
Grains are About =< 0.25 mm in Diameter/Length

Pore
Throat Pores Provide the
Volume to Contain
Hydrocarbon Fluids

Pore Throats Restrict

Fluid Flow

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama, USA

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 13‐Sep‐19

Secondary Electron Micrograph

Iron-Rich
Varieties React
With Acid
Occurs in Several
Deeply Buried
Sandstones With
High Reservoir
Quality
Occurs as Thin
Coats on Detrital
Grain Surfaces

Jurassic Norphlet Sandstone

Offshore Alabama, USA ~ 10 m
(Photograph by R.L. Kugler)

Authigenic Illite Authigenic Chlorite

100 1000
Permeability (md)

100
10

10
1
1

0.1
0.1

0.01 0.01
2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 18
Porosity (%)
(modified from Kugler and McHugh, 1990)

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 13‐Sep‐19

e Clay
Minerals
Dispersed Clay
Detrital Quartz
Grains

e
Clay Lamination

Structural Clay e
(Rock Fragments,
Rip-Up Clasts,
Clay-Replaced Grains)

Diagenesis is the Post-

Depositional Chemical and
Mechanical Changes that
Carbonate Occur in Sedimentary Rocks
Cemented
Some Diagenetic Effects Include

Oil Compaction
Stained Precipitation of Cement
Dissolution of Framework
Grains and Cement
The Effects of Diagenesis May
Enhance or Degrade Reservoir
Quality
Whole Core
Misoa Formation, Venezuela

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 13‐Sep‐19

Precipitation

Evaporation Evapotranspiration

Water Table
Infiltration
Meteoric
Water COMPACTIONAL
WATER Meteoric
Water

Petroleum
Fluids Zone of abnormal pressure

Isotherms
CH 4 ,CO 2 ,H 2 S

(modified from from Galloway and Hobday, 1983)

Subsidence

Dissolution of
Partially
Framework Grains
Dissolved
(Feldspar, for
Feldspar
Example) and
Cement may
Enhance the
Pore Interconnected
Pore System
Quartz Detrital
Grain This is Called
Secondary Porosity
Thin Section Micrograph - Plane Polarized Light
Avile Sandstone, Neuquen Basin, Argentina

(Photomicrograph by R.L. Kugler)

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Heterogeneity

Segments Reservoirs

Increases Tortuosity of
Fluid Flow

Heterogeneity May
Result From:

Depositional Features

Diagenetic Features

(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sandstone, Venezuela)

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 13‐Sep‐19

Heterogeneity Also May

Result From:
Faults

Fractures

Faults and Fractures may

be Open (Conduits) or
Closed (Barriers) to Fluid
Flow

(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa

Sandstone, Venezuela)

Scales of Geological Reservoir Heterogeneity

Interwell
Well Area Well
Determined
Field Wide

From Well Logs,

Seismic Lines, 100's
Statistical m
Modeling,
etc.
1-10 km
Interwell

Reservoir 10's
Sandstone m

100's m

1-10's
Well-Bore

10-100's
m
10-100's mm
m
Unaided Eye
Hand Lens or
Petrographic or Binocular Microscope
Scanning Electron
Microscope (modified from Weber, 1986)

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 13‐Sep‐19

300 m Relative Volume

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Gigascopic 50 m Well Test 10

300 m
Reservoir Model 12
Megascopic Grid Cell 2 x 10
5m 150 m

2m
Wireline Log 7
1m
Interval 3 x 10
Macroscopic cm 2
Core Plug 5 x 10

mm - m Geological
Microscopic 1
(modified from Hurst, 1993)
Thin Section

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 13‐Sep‐19

 1912 Conrad Schlumberger give the idea of using electrical measurements to map subsurface 
rock bodies.
 in 1919 Conrad Schlumberger and his brother Marcel begin work on well logs. 
 The first electrical resistivity well log was taken in France, in 1927.
 The instrument which was use for this purpose is called SONDE, the sond was stopped at periodic 
intervals in bore hole and the and resistivity was plotted on graph paper.
 In 1929 the electrical resistivity logs are introduce on commercial scale in Venezuela, USA and 
Russia  for correlation and identification of Hydrocarbon bearing strata.
 The photographic – film recorder was developed in 1936 
 The dip meter log were developed in 1930
 The Gamma Ray and Neutron Log were begin in 1941    

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 13‐Sep‐19

 Logging service companies utilize a variety 
of logging units, depending on the location 
(onshore or offshore) and requirements of 
the logging run. Each unit will contain the 
following components:

 logging cable 
 winch to raise and lower the cable in the 
well
 self‐contained 120‐volt AC generator
 set of surface control panels
 set of downhole tools (sondes and 
cartridges)
 digital recording system

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 13‐Sep‐19

Wireline Engineer Acquisition Equipment

Client (“Witness”)
Unit Engine

Winchman
Wireline cable to
Cable drum downhole tools

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