INTERNAL LAB TEST

VIVA QUESTION ANSWER

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY BT 101
1. What do you mean by the term end point in a titration?
A. End point means completion of the reaction between the two solution , one
taken in the titration and the other added drop by drop from the burette
2. What are complexometric titrations?
A. Titrations depending upon the combination of ions, other than H+ or OH- , to
from a soluble slightly dissociated complex ion or compound are called
complexometric titrations.
3. Name the most important complexing agent employed in
complexometric?
A . Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. (EDTA)
4. What form of EDTA is used in titrametric analysis?
A. Used as the disodium salt of EDTA.
5. Give some examples of titrations involving EDTA as a complexing agent?
A. Estimation of temporary and permanent hardness of water and estimation of
metal ions such as Cu+2 , Ni+2, Zn+2 and Mg+2 etc.
6. Which type of ligand is EDTA?
A. It serves as a hexadentate ligand and acts as a chelating agent. 24. Name the
most widely used indicator in EDTA titrations. How does it act?
A. In EDTA titrations the commonly used indicator is Erichrome Black T called
Ero=T. It shows a color change from red to blue in the pH range 7-11.
7. At what pH the hardness of water is estimated by EDTA method? How
this pH is maintained?
A. The pH value is adjusted to about 10 by using a buffer solution of NH4Cl
and NH4OH .At higher pH values CaCO3 or Mg(OH)2 may get precipitated
and the indicator may change its color. At lower pH values, Mg- indicator
complex becomes unstable and a sharp end point cannot be obtained.
8. What is a buffer solution?
A. A buffer solution is defined as a solution which resists any change in its pH
value even when small amounts of the acid or the base are added to it. A buffer
solution gives acidic as well as basic ions in solution which destroy the excess
of any acid or base added keeping the pH constant.
09. What is an acidic buffer? Give an example.
A. It is solution of a mixture of weak acid and salt of weak acid with a strong
base.(Ex. CH3COOH+CH3COONa)
10. What is a basic buffer? Give an example.
A. It is the solution of a mixture of a weak base and a salt of this weak base with
a strong acid (Ex. NH4OH + NH4Cl).
11.What is an acid?
A. An acid is substance which gives off proton or it is a proton donor.
12.What is a base?
A. A base is a substance which gives off a hydroxyl ion or a proton acceptor.
13.Under acidic conditions litmus paper turns to ______
Blue to red

14.What is the pH range of Methyl Orange indicator?

Ans:
pH = 3 to 4

15.Hardness is ________
It is the characteristic property of water of not giving lather with soap.

16. Hardness is due to ______

Ans:
It is due to the dissolved bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and
magnesium in water.

17.How many types of Hardness are there?

There are two types of hardness. Temporary hardness and Permanent Hardness.

18.Temporary Hardness is also called as _____________

Carbonate Hardness, Removable Hardness
19 Temporary Hardness is due to ________
Ans Dissolved bicarbonates of Calcium and Magnesium.

20.Permanent Hardness is also called as _____________.

Ans:
Non Carbonate Hardness, Irremovable Hardness

21 Permanent Hardness is due to___________.

Ans Dissolved chlorides and sulphates of Calcium and Magnesium.

22 what is flash point ?

Flash point, the lowest temperature at which a liquid (usually a petroleum
product) will form a vapour in the air near its surface that will “flash,” or briefly
ignite, on exposure to an open flame. The flash point is a general indication of
the flammability or combustibility of a liquid.
23 What is fire point ?
The fire point of a hydrocarbon liquid is the higher temperature at which the oil
vapors will continue to burn when ignited.
24 What is lubricant and lubrication?
 lubrication is the application of a substance (a lubricant), between moving
surfaces in contact in order to reduce friction and minimize heating
while lubricant is a substance used to reduce friction between objects or
surfaces.

25 Tell the functions of lubricants?

 The primary function of a lubricant is to prevent friction by creating a
boundary layer between two surfaces.
 Dissipate heat from surfaces.
 Transport contaminants to filters.
 Protects from oxidization and corrosion.
 Power transmission.

26 What is steam emulsification number ? how it can be determined ?

The time in second in which oil and water emulsion separate out in distinct
layers is called 'steam emulsion number' (SEN) or 'emulsification number'. The
quicker the oil separates out from the emulsion, the lower the steam emulsion
number and the better the lubricating oil for most purposes.
Water emulsion to break is determined by following test; steam at 100°.C is
bubbled through a test tube containing 20 mL of oil, till the increases to 90° C
and the time is noted when the oil, and water separate out in distinct layers.
27 Why we have to determine SEN ?
Significance: To avoid corrosion of polished steel surfaces like roll necks and to
ensure proper lubrication, it is important to evaluate the speed of water and oil
separation (demulsibility properties) of medium to high viscosity circulating
oils used in rolling mills subject to cooling water contamination.

28 What is aniline point ?

Aniline point is defined as "the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for
equal volume of aniline and oil sample." It is determined by thoroughly mixing
equal volumes of oil sample af aniline in a test tube and heating the mixture
until a homogeneous solution is obtained. Then, the tube is allowed to cool at a
controlled rate. The temperature at which the oil and aniline phases separate out
is recorded as the aniline point

29 What is the significance of flash and fire point determination ?

The flash points and fire points are used to indicate the fire hazards of
petroleum products arid evaporation losses under high temperature operations.
Knowledge of flash and fire points in lubricating oil aids in precautionary
measures against fire hazards. A good lubricant should have flash point at least
above the temperature at which it is to be used.
30 What is freaky flash ?
A. Because of the presence of contamination with small amount of volatile
organic compounds irregular flashes can be observed below the true flash
point of a lubricating oil. It is called Freaky flash.
31 What is brass ? What is its composition.
Brass is an alloy .
Chemical formula of brass: Cu3Zn2 and molecular weight is 321.42 gm.
And composition of brass can be: Zinc 40.69 % Zn and Copper 59.31 % Cu.

32 Define Electronegativity ?
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to
itself. On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move
from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group.
33 What is Ionization Enthalpy?
Ionization enthalpy of an element can be defined as the amount
of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its
gaseous state
34 What is the difference between Redwood Viscometer No .1 and No.2 ?

35 Define BOD .
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen
consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic
matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature.

36 Define COD .
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water and wastewater
quality. The COD test is often used to monitor water treatment plant
efficiency. ... The COD is the amount of oxygen consumed to chemically
oxidize organic water contaminants to inorganic end products.
37 What is neutralisation reaction?
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a
salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water.
The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7
38 Why rainwater is the purest form of natural water ?
Rain water is considered to be the purest form of natural water as it is directly
comes from the condensation of water droplets. In the presence of sun,
the water evaporates from the seas, oceans , rivers (from all the natural open
resources of water) leaving behind all the impurities and form the cloud
39 What are boilers ?
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water under pressure is transferred into
steam by the application of heat. In the boiler furnace, the chemical energy in
the fuel is converted into heat, and it is the function of the boiler to transfer this
heat to the contained water in the most efficient manner.
40 What are polymers ?
A polymer is a very big molecule formed by the combination of a large number
of small molecules. The small molecules which join together to form
a polymer is called monomer. The monomer which make a polymer may be of
the same compound or of different compounds.
41 Any five uses of polymers?
Product made from polymers are all around us: clothing made from synthetic
fibers, polyethylene cups, fiberglass, nylon bearings, plastic bags, polymer-
based paints, epoxy glue, polyurethane foam cushion, silicone heart valves, and
Teflon-coated cookware.
42 What is the significance of cloud and pour point ?
Significance. Cloud point is useful for estimating the temperature at which filter
screens in the fuel intake system of diesel engines might become dogged
because of wax separation. Filterability depends on type of wax, micro
crystalline or amorphous. The amorphous wax is sticky in nature and would
more easily clog filter screens. Pour point values of petroleum and non-
petroleum lubricants are significant as many operations must function in sub-
freezing conditions
43 What is viscosity ? Write it’s SI unit
It is the property of a fluid that determines its resistance to flow. It is an
indicator of flowability of a lubricating oil, the lower the viscosity, greater the
flowability. It is mainly, due to the forces of cohesion between the molecules of
lubricating oil.
SI unit is Poise .
44 What is Viscosity Index ? What is it’s SI unit
-With changes in temperature, the viscosity of lubricating oil varies, the higher
the temperature, the lower the viscosity and vice-versa. The rate of variation of
Viscosity with temperature is different for different base oils or fluids. For
example, in petroleum oils, the viscosities of naphthenic base oils vary more
over the same temperature range than those of paraffinic base oils. The rate at
which the viscosity of oil changes with temperature is measured by an empirical
number, known as the viscosity-index (V.I.)
It is unitless quantity.

45 What are the difference between Sludge and scale ?

46 Write the steps of complexometric titration ?

Steps are as follows : -
 First fill 50ml burette with EDTA solution.
 2. Pipette out 10ml of standard hard water (known solution) in the conical
flask.
 3. Add 0.5-1 ml of Buffer solution (NH4Cl+NH4OH) & add 1-2 drops of
EBT indicator.
 4. Titrate sample with EDTAsolution from the burette drop by drop with
constant stirring till the color changes from wine red to blue.
 5. Note the volume of EDTA consumed (V1ml).
 6. Repeat the process to get two concurrent readings.
  7. Repeat the same process with unknown sample. Note the volume of
EDTA consumed (V2 ml).
47 Write the steps of Neutralisation Titration ?
Steps are as follows : -
 Wash the 50 ml burette with distill water, rinse it & then fill it with
standard HCl solution.
 Wash the pipette with distill water, pipette out 10ml of water sample in
the conical flask.
 Add 1-2 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator (Pink color appears), then
titrate the sample with HCl until the pink color just disappears. Note this
titer value as Phenolphthalein end point (P) V1 ml.
 Add 1-2 drops of Methyl Orange indicator to the same solution, Yellow
color appears. Continue Titration with Standard HCl solution till the
yellow color turns into red.
 Note this titer value as Methyl Orange end point (M) V2 ml.
 Repeat the process to get two concurrent concordant readings.
48 What precautions should be taken while performing any titration ?
 The glass wears namely burette, pipette, beakers should be rinsed.
 Always remove air bubbles from the nozzle of the burette.
 Run the solution slowly from the burette.
 Titration should be performed slowly near the end point.
 The same amount of the indicator must be added each time.
 The reaction mixture should be briskly shaken during the titration.
 Solution should be sucked with proper care so that it cannot enter the
mouth.
49 If P>1/2 M then determine the type of alkalinity ?

50 If P<1/2 M then determine the type of alkalinity ?