f T (Introduction)

nfofo ATARTTT 9I0 I V ATHSAI TTATAA (Differential Equation) ICPTAI HAIeat ai bSTM

dy
2 x . . . (i)
dx

dx
-u
dt2
(u>0)... (Gi)

dx
=kx (k> 0)... (ii)
dt

I 4 G), (Gii), Gii)-44 afoiGR VITA AAIATI GA211| ZTA1 ODA afdidto x, y, t UstA Ty1e S I 7 TUI7

6R 7Ra (Collection of Information)

 RNRGT NTT (Description)
T m a Rtre H lsane Newton sat rfa sftres Gottfried Leibniz
rf I T 2 eut "The History of Differential Equations, 1670-1950) *17 2 7 RCATR
"Differential equations began with Leibniz, the Bernouli brothers, and others from the 1680s, not long after
Newton's fluxional equations in the 1670s"1

Newton 1736 aTT Z The Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series'-9 aam r g r a t
(Pluxional Equations) 4131 CI afd hoes Edward Ince-43 HO TATA S199f7 Leibniz-4a 2TE KTAR 1675

Jedr=
1776 12M Newton T
dx
d TY7 Tr4foa TT oRLA Leibniz, y 579t- g | 4 x

dy-gT NTAI7 ANTO differential equations' (aequationdifferentialis, Latin) 7 | 1693

O SUTEBernoulli tyR-Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) 4R Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748)
TR1 Newton-43 Theory Leibniz-4 NTUG fACSTA U BITi (Plagiarized) Tyi IS Z AI|
of Fluxions',
aT157TPAT 1 aem u RI fqofaw Gabriele Manfredi-4 T (1701-1704 13 T
ARE)1ED Leibniz 47R Bernoulli arýacas o Aca TT TRI 130PI 7AIT 4 I1RT Leonhard
Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, Joseph Lagrange, Pierre Laplace
R OY TRICA S TITEI
T4T3 YEP 7AAT
7RT (Definition of ordinary differential equation)
T 5RI (Independent variable) x, 4 TR 5ETRI (Dependent variable) y R 1 4ee
AS 2 , d"y ARE A-IAI TAPAITT KTT
7AIPA (Ordinary Differential Equation)
dx

dy C . (1)
dx (2)

dy = sinx dx d y - y dx
(3) +X dx
22 + y dy = 0 .(4)
dy dy
(5)
+ y xex . (6)

r 7AIA FA TO (Order and degree of a differential equation)

(Order) [
Note: u 7 T S
(1) TR F7 AAT 1yefs aR7 sTA (first order) y a
(2) TR 9 P R 2, (3) Aa,
R 97 a 1 , (4) AR AA DN 1, (5) R I 3, (6) aR 47 2
 i PIt FAIT UVRP7A}UR 37) zMa (Polynomial equation)-9 a1 A A15

(1) R 6 AIATI IU = 1
a,a+an-1X"-l + + d + a1x + ag = 0
(2) R TAPAT IU = 1
(3) R TT TE = 1
(4) R 7AIAT KIE = 1

5) a d , +y dy
dx

2 2

d3 d3 +y= 1 +
dx

d'y
dx3

RT, (6) R 7APSTA TI 1

1-
dx
1+y . (7)

+2d+sin
d2 dx
=. (8)
dy
y +edr +y =0 .(9)
dr2

d'y2
d5dr =xxlog
log d? .(10)

d
dy
PT AATDA KTT UArEI 4 PIIC (9) R TÄIATI eds (10) R HAPTI log
(d2|

CATfERF GAAT (Fundamental theorem)

 dy dy
2 '
d
9 RITR STERI A. Ar, y, cq. C2 ..,
C,) 0 AIT F|*
=
dx' d2 dx"
(primitive)-e : T T o711f FRTA| 7AMS (general solution) *I 2

ndent)
n-

TT U 13T EAT T 3 sT (Formation of differential equation h

elimination of by
arbitrary constant)
I e S R I ART (system of curves) 1 T 7 (system of functions)-47 RIEA I A R

2+y= c2, ATTA c i CABR |

T x-4 TAT 44aA P , 2x + 2y = 0 1, x + y dy =0
=0
dx

04 TINTA TATATT (Solution of differential equation)

2 7AKTA 2P4 A : 1. 14t3 7A1T (General solution),

3. f T TATA (Singular solution).
2. c T (Particular solution)

O1. tT49 7AtYtA (General solution or complete integral or complete primitive) : ICAl nAI
ATATTI n-7RT CA (arbitrary constant) 7aT 7AI4T 3777 TÄAT T171 AITA
general solution) 7 7 (Complete Integral) 1 (Complete primitive) t I

IE y = A sin x + B cos x (A, B, C 4R) y = 0 Taa 7TRTRS FATAYT

dx
2 . fCR TATYtT (Particular solution) : AIAI T7 7APATTN 141 AITT - CR IT3 Roa

TET3 y = A sin x + B cos x 71kTa1 7414TTDTTA = 1 9 B 2 T . y = sin x + 2 cos x - R

dy
dx

3. r TAAta (Singular solution) A 7ATT G AIAT EICI A

dy
GIRa41a, y = *
d dx

dy p 41t7 1,y
dx
=
=px + . .
(1)
 ToAT x-91 AitAT D A MA R, dy dp a dp
dp a dp
dx p:1 +
*ds?d p , =
p +
dx p2 dx
dp
a. dx\ dp
=
0 01
dp
0
dx p ={ =c (c C )
(1) CRT R, y = c* + . (2)
C

3, = T , (1) AT i , y =p : +

==4a y = 4ax ... (3)

solution), P (2) AR 1KT 7AIATA CAR c-9 TAI AO7 A aÍACA (3) TR 7A14T CATCATI 7 3 7

o o i e T PUT (Biological problems) : faT 91 TRIUS ROR7 aE 2T51 RTS 7eT g

Genomics : Ra 1faafHsa v eIa 5 ATAT CTE f e T zTE TYT

Tite 3RITA SNRVtTerer Calculation g Simulation-a f UTAT7R RTATEI

Molecular Biology : 9 7 R I Quantitative model 7AIATN ARICI 10 1

I Mathematical Cell Biology 46 qo PAT interdisciplinary C4 IITA 7AaTR YIT

r a râean DNA Molecules uI M Biosynthesis phospholipids R fAf9T StafAsr

Cell Biology : Biological, Biomedical 94t Biotechnology i I R RA F UTS T9Tq A

q 27I Cell Biology-( Protein interaction, 'Cartoon Models' iEA A150I afan uA z I 31 79

Evolutionary Biology : Ecology 44R Evolutionary Biology-(oe V 1 j 7AlT A9T AT 7* 1

TI Population genetics-4 Alleles 3 i37RR Gene loci-ce 3 4 ¢GI 7 R RI Gene loci-co
Fafo 1ÓtAa a91 7 *a1a ICA, O Quantitative genetics-91 2M 9 TGI
Phylogenetics -9 Ronald Fisher 9 Evolutionary Game Theory-o John Maynard Smith s Gorge R.
Price-41 UaaI

y 2
 APUTHR (Physlcal and chemical problems) ATTAG Tot
CTE 9R HNA

Exponential Decay :t 7AII I I CU TI7 A CT*31, (IR NACI) * I fG7

dt

mg

dr c - x ) , IRTAk 4
k TY (+ve)
Chemical reaction : R UT AIMTAT fARIS A PITAI T7 CYS ITUÍ TAI 3 | T7 AsP

ka- xNb -x), aA k 9d T (+ve) { | 4RITA, a e b R ZU 21

The differential rate law: First order reaction
3T5 fTPIIT AR3, TI A 7TAT TTG, R

First order kinetics-43 (Fta

TU FA TA Rate =
dA= klA| = k[A] 4R
dt
Half-live of first order reaction : [A] =
[Agl
UTATR PIPR (Geometrical
TAT RS AT problems): B K7pE TRAK AR yAfE
the 19th century
TATR
TI Differential Geometry AITA STTU AY17 CE TOCI "Since
differential geometry has grown into a field concerned
geometric structure on differential more
generally with the
manifolds. Differential geometry is closely related
topology and the geometric aspects of the theory of to
differential
Riemannian Geometry Riemannian :
differenital equationsts"
metric-4 JTA Riemannian
manifolds, smooth manifolds
Pseudo-Riemannian Geometry: ad Riemannian
ARTO T K aTAT9 GI 9 TUT 0
Geometry-g 1 , AA Metric tensor
RT C Lorentzian manifold, 1
RA
Finsler Geometry: aTT Finsler
metric-4ARITRI Differential
TTBranch norm A1 A Finsler
manifold-93 TTFTIDAT I 9tA aO0 *oora
metric i Riemannian metric-4 tA
RT
TTt-1 CITAI PTATR (x, y) fgc 3y+ 2x+4
ÁtA C E
6y+ PTAiG (0, -
1) f

NTta: dy 3y+2x +4
241ACA, dx 4x +6y +5
1dz 2+4
77, 2x+ 3y =z
2 z +12
dx 22 +5 :2+3
dz 32 +12
, 2+12+42 +10 72 +22
dx 24 2
22 +5 22 +5
 a1. 722z+22
+dz = dx , (72 +22)+5-4 dz = dax
72 +22
dz
.
de-7+22 Jdx +e a1. l o g 17+ 22 = x + c

T. (2+3y) 049 log I7(2x-

+ 3y) +
22 =x + 3, 6y 9
c
49 log |14x + 21y +
22 =
-+ C.
x =0 TAy= - 1 A l0g 1 = c c -
7
3 TAA 6y
4 log |14x + 21y +22 =
7. 7( 2y 2 ) 3 log |14x + 21y + 221 = 0.

sRTe T¥ (Biological problems)

RI R1 qE I = dn kn (k > 0)
- ktdt log|n| kt
n
» = +
log|e|, c 7A 4
log =kt * . (i)

K31 R, t 0-C5 n =no o=

4R n =
2n0, 37t = 3
DR (i) (AT n0 = ce =
. (ii)
2n0 = ce3k
(ii)
(i) R (iii) (RT R, e3* = 2
.. (iv)
3 7 , n = No, 73at = 12
No =
nglel2) =
nole3k4 no(24) =16no
=

TOR 12 z1 ATA I I RU1 16 11 TI

3HA TPU (Chemical problem)

XATEta: 4A1 31, t 3EA MA

dm AÍUATCAT E= m

km (k= 0),
dt
=
k
7aTCOT |
kdt m
m
m = kldt +logc logm =logcekt
m = ce
m = mek
(i)
CICRY CATUATAI WKAP =
1200 1 ,
mo mel200k = el200
2 . (ii)
7 600 q2 I I M TAI CaIGAN
UAT IT,

M =
mo600k M 1200k) =mo lel2004 2 =o mo
» =
moe
1.414
600 TA A131A UT1 100
70.72% UatarG
1.414 NTT
 mechanics and
physics)
in
TT 9 stAfAT aatst (Application

de
H s t A : NtPATCA, = -k(0-a), (k > 044*
dt

= = - kdt log |0- al = - kt + loglcl.

0-a
R t = 0, 6 = 150°C, .: log|150 - a| = - k.0 + 1og|¢|

log|e| = log|150 - al
T 3 , (i) cRTT , log| 6 - a| = - kt + log| 150 - a|

- -
-a=
log |- kt = 0 a =(150 ae*
150- al
6= a + (150 ae (ii)

PTE (Inference)

3FOTOTP (Acknowledgement)
**************** ****.****

arnrotic (Bibliography)
OAmit M. Agarwal: Calculus
R.D. Sharma
Mathematics (Vol-2)

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