CRIMINOLOGY: 02

Nature of criminology
Is criminology is a science? Or Nature of criminology

What is science?

August Comte (who coined term of sociology) says: Every knowledge,

intellect, discipline, time, nation is pass through three stages.

1. Theological stage

2. Metaphysical stage

3. Scientific stage

Physical sciences = Physics, chemistry, mechanics etc

Natural sciences = Biology, astronomy, botany, zoology

Social Sciences = (Study of Human conduct and behavior) Sociology,

psychology, anthropology, Philosophy, criminology, history, civics,
political science, geography.

Robertson (Social scientist) says: Science is logical and systematic

methods of knowledge.

Horton & Hunt says: Organized and verified knowledge with social
investigation

Characteristics of science:

 Reliability
 Verified knowledge
 Same results
  Experimentations
 Validity
 General propositions of universal validity(Stable and homogenous
unit, not changeable) (Important point)

Criminology is not a science as the Basic unit of Criminology is

“Crime “and crime is “ever-changing”, living concept, dynamic concept,
not stable, not homogenous, and not static. It changes with the time,
country to country. Old crimes are disappearing, new are coming. The
crime today, may not be a crime tomorrow. (E.g. Kite flying is banned in
Pakistan but celebrated as cultural festivals in neighbor country.

Criminology is based upon sociology, psychology, anthropology,

Philosophy, criminology, history, civics, political science, geography.

Sutherland, Donald Cressa, Max Weber, George Wilikes, They say,

criminology is not a science, It lacks universal propositions.

Allen Burger says: Criminology isn’t pure science but it has a

methodology, proven rules and research so it’s autonomous/

distinctive/ independent field or social or behavioral science. I t is a

multidisciplinary subject or synthetic science.
 Scope of Criminology

According to Justice Krishna Iyer, Criminology is a special field of

knowledge. It is systematic field of crime. It is nidus of criminal law but
is deeper and different. Criminology deals with deviance and crime and
to individuals, who break laws what should be done with the crime
what should be done with the victim of crime what should be done
with the offender and how criminals are prosecuted, how they are
arrested, how they are investigated, how they are charged, how they
are trialed/ convicted, how they are put in prison, and how they are put
in probation and parole.

According to Sutherland, criminology is a body of knowledge regarding

crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process
of law making; law breaking and reacting towards law breaking.

Scope of criminology has increased in Pakistan. Keeping in the views

scope of criminology, increased as teaching criminology as a subject.
Misuse of powers and authorities, new emerging crimes such as
cybercrime, money laundering, White color crime, corruption etc has
enhanced the scope of criminology.

Question attempting:

1. Scope

Contents of criminology Sub areas/ of criminology

(Scope of criminology is wider and Criminalization in Pakistan
Border due to over branching with (Process of defining any conduct, any
other social sciences and branches). behavior as a crime)

1. Law making (All laws) 1. Criminal law (PPC , CRPC)

2. Law breaking (Classification of criminals and causes) 2. CJS of Pakistan (police, Judiciary,
parole,
prisons etc.

3. Reacting towards law breaking 3. Crime preventive strategies (CIA, GIS,

surveillance, Rehab centers

Conclusion: the scope of Criminology consist of juvenile justice system, criminal

justice system, penology (study of punishments), Victimology (Study of victims),
Phrenology( Study of skull and bombs on head) , physiognomy( Facial features),
forensic science( DNS, finger printing etc.), medical jurisprudence (Virginity test,
two finger test, postmortem reports etc.), comparative criminal law, cyber-crime,
white collar crime , high tech crime etc.
Must read: Pakistan journal of criminology

CRIMINOLOGY: 03
Introduction:

“Criminology is for the community and the criminologists are

unacknowledged legislatures of the world”. (Justice Krishna Iyer)

“Criminology offers a background for professions and an opportunity

for the social workers, jurors, judges, magistrates, researchers, policy
makers, academicians , economists, sociologist, psychologist,
anthropologist, all they need perfect knowledge of criminology for
understanding their responsibilities and perusing their carriers. (Donald
Taft in his book Introduction to criminology)
Criminology covers questions on crime data, nature of crime, extent of
crime, cost of crime, measurements of crime, and causes of crime,
demographics and reason of criminality.

In Pakistan, importance of criminology has increased manifold due to

every kind of corruption fraud, misappropriation of property, murder,
cybercrimes, IT offenses, serial killing, human trafficking, drug
smuggling, extortion, robbery, theft, white collar crime, blue collar
crime. Criminology is subject that gives the idea and dispel the notion
that human is born criminal, rather it says, man is made criminal. Every
human can be reformed and rehabilitated. Main aim of criminology is
to make understand that hate the sin, not the sinner Hate the crime not
the criminal, every crime leaves a trace, transforming the citizens into
law abiding citizens especially juvenile and first offenders.

1. Fields (New orient bone in the field of criminology):

Dr. Fashe ud din (President Pakistan Society of Criminology in PSC's
Research Library Peshawar) and Dr.Nabi Bakhsh (Chairman of
criminology) suggested that criminologists should be hired in
government and private sectors, obtaining Bs-17

2. Practical application
Criminology works as panacea, Crime prevention, and crime laboratory
and crime reduction. Criminology is helpful in many departments of life
such as in parole and probation, national crime control agencies, police
system, prison system, as crime analysts.

3. Role of criminologist in Pakistan.

Define criminologist: one who studies crime and the biological and
sociological causes and consequences of crime and criminal behavior
(such as the effects of mental defects and social environment).

4. Role of Criminology in government policy making

How a policy should be made for criminals and what is the role of
criminologist in it.

5. Role of criminology in penal legislation

6. Criminology as a profession
Criminology as a teaching profession, as a subject specialist, NAB jobs,
assistant director, as jail supervisor, governor of jail, as a CSS subject
and so on.

7. As a research oriented discipline

It has its own general and director, research on crime record, collecting
crime data and rate and predictions and nature of crime.

8. Education value of criminology

Criminology is now being introduced and taught in Bs level,Ms and MA,
M.phil level

9. Formal and informal control mechanism

Describes modern strategies, provides analysis of crime situation
Formal control= Police, criminal justice system, judges etc

Informal control= Parents, teacher, society etc

10. Kinds of criminology

Theoretical/pure, practical/applied, administrative, experimental,
constitutive, green (Related to pollution), urban and rural, feminist,
radical, conflict etc

11. Goals of criminolog

Reforms the criminal, rehabilitation, It helps in understanding the legal
system of the world, dark figures of crime.

12. Attributes/Uses of Criminology

13. Conclusion

Crime and its perspective

(Crime and deviance, Crime and sin, stages of crime, elements
of crime, different aspects of crime, components to retrace
crime)
Criminal Law

Body of specific rules regarding human conduct which apply equally to

all the classes of people declare by political authority and enforced by
the punishment and administered by state. Criminal law is the branch
of jurisprudence (Knowledge of law). Criminal law focuses on the
definition of crimes, punishments of the crime and defenses of the
crime. Criminal law is the foundation of the criminal justice system,
prohibits the bad conduct, prime aim is to punish the criminal and
provides justice to the victim.
2 types
a. Substantive criminal law (special and local law)
It defines the law and tells the punishments. It focuses on the conduct
which amounts to crime.

b. Procedural criminal law

Enforcement of substantive law is done by the procedural law )PPC
1860 and IPC 1860). It speaks about the procedure

Islamic concept of crime, punishment and criminal law