International Policing Criminal Justice

Monitoring Organizations
1 INTRODUCTION
Many threats to the nations interests have become truly international in nature, whether from
smuggling across our borders and shores, from distant safe havens around the globe, or via the
borderless, technological web that harnesses the world's communications and financial
systems. To respond to these threats, the nations must not only act in an efficient and effective
way at home, but in bilateral and multilateral venues as well. Without effective law enforcement
throughout the international community, criminals will continue to threaten interests of nations,
simply by conducting their activities from and through those jurisdictions where law enforcement
is weak. The Strategy calls for bringing bipartisanship and adequate resources to bear in
cooperative initiatives with their international partners. It also calls for working with like-minded
governments and international institutions that are able to exert influence in those parts of the
world where our influence is particularly limited.

2 INTERPOL

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is the world's largest international
police organization with 192 member countries. The main purpose of its establishment is to
enable the world police to ensure the safety of the human beings all over the world.
The first idea of establishing Interpol was hit in 1914 in the first International Criminal Police
Congress held in Monaco. It was officially established in 1923 as 'International Criminal Police
Commission'. This organization began to be known as "INTERPOL" in 1956. INTERPOL's
headquarter is located in Lyon (France).Its current chairman is "Meng Hongwei". INTERPOL's
General Assembly is its Governing body.

2.2 FUNCTIONS OF INTERPOL

INTERPOL enables international police to work together to fight international crime in 192
member countries. It primarily uses its police expertise and capabilities for  these three types
of crimes.

1. Counter-Terrorism

2. Organized crime

3. Cyber Crime
Interpol works in conjunction with all member countries and international organizations like the
United Nations and European Union to combat international crime.

2.2.1 Securing Global Police Communication Services

Interpol has developed a global police communication system, which is known as I-24/7
(Information 24x7), which allows any member country to safely obtain and communicate data
related to crime, criminals etc. The Liaison Bureau (LB) is connected to this Communication
system and chief officer of any country can get Interpol services through Liaison Bureau.

2.2.2 Operational data services and databases for police

Through the database I-24/7, member countries can get this data directly when they need it.
Here member countries, including the security forces have direct and immediate access to a
wide range of databases, stolen motor vehicles, including stolen and lost travel documents,
stolen works of Art, nominal data, DNA Profile, counterfeit payment cards and fingerprints.

2.2.3 Issuing of notices against global criminals

INTERPOL also publishes severe crime-related data through a system of international notices.
INTERPOL's General Secretariat (IPSG) issues notice in the four official languages of the
organization i.e. English, French, Arabic and Spanish at the requests of member countries.

2.2.4 Reducing organized and new types of crime

INTERPOL is committed to reduce organized crimes, criminal networks and the destruction of
illegal markets and protection of weaker communities. INTERPOL issues 7 types of notices to
nab the criminals all over the world. The Indian government is taking the help of INTERPOL to
arrest Dawood Ibrahim who is wanted in Mumbai serial blasts, 1993.

2.2.5 Counter Terrorism Operations

One of the main works of INTRPOL is to ensure global solidarity against international terrorism
and measures to deal with chemical attacks, biological attack, radiological attack, nuclear attack
all over the world.

2.2.6 Cyber Crime

Cybercrime is the new type of challenge of the 21st century. There are so many incidences
taking place related to cyber crime all over the world. As recently Ransomware attack shook the
world by hacking the system of so many organizations all over the world.
 

3 EUROPOL
The European Police Office (Europol) is one of the most ambitious European projects in the
area of Justice and Home Affairs cooperation. It was created as a response to the ever-
increasing dimension of criminal and terrorist networks, which perpetrate their illicit activities at
transnational level posing a significant threat to the internal security of all the European
countries as well as to the safety of their citizens. Europol is an international organization with
legal personality headquartered in the Hague, which can be considered the European Union’s
law enforcement body.

3.1 EUROPOL'S GOALS ARE TO:

 support law enforcement authorities by facilitating exchanges of information, providing
criminal analyses, as well as helping and coordinating cross border operations;
 To become the EU's criminal information hub by identifying common information gaps
and investigation priorities;
 To develop further as an EU center for law enforcement expertise by pioneering new
techniques, as well as facilitating knowledge sharing and quality training in specialist
areas like terrorism, drugs and euro counterfeiting.

3.2 ROLE OF EUROPOL

Europol’s Mandate
Building on the successful work of the Europol Drugs Unit, which had been in operation for five
years by the time Europol was formed in 1999, Europol was tasked with supporting law
enforcement activity in a number of areas:  

 Drug trafficking
 Illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings
  Vehicle Theft and Trafficking
 Child Pornography
 Counterfeiting, especially against the Euro.
 Trafficking of hazardous materials and radioactive and nuclear substances.
 International Terrorism
 Money-laundering associated with international criminal activities.
These roles for Europol stem for Article 2 of the Europol Convention which defines the
objectives and tasks of Europol as:

 To facilitate information exchanges between the member states  

 To obtain, collate and analyze information and intelligence
 To notify the competent authorities in the member states via the national units of
information concerning them
 To aid investigations in the member states by sending relevant information to the
national units
 To maintain a computerized system of collected information containing data.

4 UNICEF

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The United Nations Children's Fund is a United Nations agency responsible for providing
humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. U.N. headquarters is based in New
York City, it is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the
world, with a presence in 192 countries and territories. UNICEF's activities include
immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with
HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education,
and providing emergency relief in response to disasters.

4.2 FUNCTIONING
UNICEF relies entirely on contributions from governments and private donors. Its total income
as of 2018 was $5.2 billion, of which two-thirds came from governments; private groups and
individuals contributed the rest through national committees. It is governed by a 36-member
executive board that establishes policies, approves programs, and oversees administrative and
financial plans. The board is made up of government representatives elected by the United
Nations Economic and Social Council, usually for three-year terms.
UNICEF's programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and
well-being of children. Most of its work is in the field, with a network that includes 150 country
offices, headquarters and other facilities and 34 "national committees" that carry out its mission
through programs developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical
assistance to country offices as needed, while its Supply Division—based in Copenhagen and
New York—helps provide over $3 billion in critical aid and services.
4.3 GOVERNANCE
UNICEF relies on country offices to help carry out its work through a unique program of
cooperation developed with the host government. The programs last five years and seek to
develop practical strategies for fulfilling and protecting the rights of children and women.
Regional offices guide this work and provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.
Overall management and administration of the organization take place at its New York
headquarters, where global policy on children is shaped.

4.4 MAIN FEATURES:

Following are the main features of the UNICEF:

 UNICEF works for the protection of children in matters of their survival, health and well-
being. This is done in cooperation with private individuals, civic groups, governments
and the private sector.
 The UNICEF delivers funds for the training of personnel, including health and sanitation
workers, teachers and nutritionists, etc. Universal child immunization against
preventable diseases was one of the chief goals of the UNICEF.
 UNICEF supplies technical assistance, equipment and other aids. It provides paper for
children’s textbooks, medical equipment and medicines for health clinics, pipes and
pumps for clean water supply in villages, etc.
 UNICEF assists governments in planning, developing and extending community-based
services in the fields of maternal and child health, nutrition, clean water and sanitation.
 It provides help to children and mothers caught in emergency situations caused by
natural calamities, civil strife, epidemics, etc.
 
Q. No. 7. To what extent Interpol has been successful in reducing organized crime at
international level. Discuss

1 INTRODUCTION
With revenues estimated in the billons, criminal enterprises closely resemble those of legitimate
international businesses. They have operating models, long-term strategies, hierarchies, and
even strategic alliances, all serving the same purpose: to generate the most profits with the
least amount of risk.
"Members of organized crime groups often share a common link, for example geographical,
ethnic or even blood ties."
At the root of this connection is a tight, often unbreakable bond which promotes devotion and
loyalty.

5 ORGANIZED CRIME
From Material Prepared on it
6 INTERPOL
From Above

7 INTERPOL AND ORGANIZED CRIME

INERTPOL's Organized Crime unit works hand in hand with all of INTERPOL’s police services
to identify major figures involved in transnational crime, the associated criminal networks and
their activities. Their ultimate objective is to stop the organizations themselves from operating.
They conduct criminal analysis based on intelligence provided by their member countries and
partners, such as biometrics, images and known associations. This allows INTERPOL to
provide a global picture and link organizers, financers, recruiters, distributors and corrupt
officials.

7.1 ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME

The criminal activities of Asian organized crime syndicates are not limited to Asia itself but are
carried out in countries all over the world. INTERPOL runs a project known as AOC (Asian
Organized Crime) that works to combat these complex and pervasive crime networks.
Major activities of these criminal gangs include:

 illegal gambling
 extortion
 kidnapping
 drug trafficking
 human smuggling
 money laundering
The project provides a forum in which law enforcement agencies across the entire globe can
share intelligence and experience. The Asia-Pacific Expert Group on Organized Crime meets
regularly to exchange information on updated crime trends and modus operandi, and to steer
joint operations.

7.1.1 Operation SOGA

Illegal football gambling
Operation SOGA is an ongoing operation coordinated by INTERPOL, which aims to identify and
dismantle the international networks behind illegal soccer gambling. The operation also has an
impact on other crimes such as corruption, money laundering and prostitution as the same
networks are connected to all these activities.

7.1.1.1 Success of Curbing Organized Crime

To date, the combined seven SOGA operations have resulted in more than 30,000 arrests, the
seizure of some USD 57 million in cash and the closure of more than 3,700 illegal gambling
dens which handled almost USD 8 billion worth of bets.
7.2 PROJECT FORTALEZA
Project Fortaleza focuses on criminal structures that originate in Latin America but have a global
impact. Although typically known for drug trafficking, Latin American and Caribbean organized
crime groups have diversified to more global crime, including arms smuggling, human trafficking
and financial crime.
Project Fortaleza provides police forces with the global, neutral platform they need to detect,
track, and fight criminal activity. While the project focuses on the Americas region, countries
from West Africa, Europe and Asia regularly participate in Fortaleza activities, as they are also
impacted as source, transit or destination countries.
Some of the products developed by INTERPOL include:

 Gang watch lists;

 Intelligence officer networks;
 Regionally coordinated police operations;
 Access to our wide range of criminal databases and expertise.
This approach ensures law enforcement can address national and regional challenges by acting
globally. 

7.2.1 Enhancing international police cooperation

In addition to nurturing a strong regional law enforcement network, Fortaleza holds annual
operational meetings to share experiences, identify best practices and innovate on new law
enforcement methods. Through Project Fortaleza, they boost communication between their
General Secretariat, member countries and officers in the field. This leads to more efficient
exchange of operational and actionable police intelligence.

7.3 PROJECT MILLENNIUM

Project Millennium assists INTERPOL's member countries to exchange investigative information
that helps them identify the people and companies behind transnational Eurasian organized
crime.
These crime groups generally come from East Europe and the Caucasus. Their activities span
various crime areas and have been known to reach Western, Central and Northern Europe,
North America and the Middle East. All engage in highly-structured criminal enterprises. Some
are protected from the law with the help of corrupt or criminally influenced officials. The
Millennium project team provides regular assessments of the Eurasian organized crime
landscape based on information provided by our National Central Bureaus.

7.3.1 Sharing intelligence

The Millennium Analysis File provides participating countries with data on high-ranking
members of Russian-speaking organized criminal groups. The information contained in this file
includes:

 Personal data;
 Biometrics;
 Known associates;
 Links to organized criminal organizations;
  Locations of operation and influence;
 Personal identifiers (tattoos, physical attributes).
By proactively sharing and contributing intelligence to the analysis file, police are empowered to
act locally, with the support of global data.

8 CONCLUSION