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Course module

DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY


Department of Computer Science &
Information Technology
Module Topic:- Fundamentals of programming I
Course Code:- comp111
Target group:- 1st year computer science student
Credit hour:- 3 hrs (2hrs Lecture, 3hrs lab)
Pre Requisites:- None
Course Description
The aim of the course is to develop basic awareness of programming skills. The
course starts by introducing basic computing environment, and then continues
introducing the history of programming languages(paradigms).this course mainly
emphasized on basic components of high level language i.e. C++ .Hence active
learning/student cantered method of teaching will practice and the progress of the
students will assessed by both formative and Summative way of evaluation.

Learning outcomes
At the end of the course students will be able to:-
1. Explain computer programming & SDLC K, L1
2. Select the appropriate algorithm solution for problems A,L1
3. write basic structures of C++ programming.A,L2
4. relate array and strings with c++ basics structure S,L1
5. Construct certain programming language by using C++ S,L3

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Note: - The objectives, contents, methods and assessment of the course are aligned with the hierarchy of
learning and domains of education as follows.
 Domain of education
- Knowledge (k)
- Attitude (A)
- Skill (S)
 Hierarchy of learning – simple to complex
o Cognitive Domain (1)
Level 1 (knowledge): define, describe, lable, list ….
Level 2 (comprehension): convert, defend distinguish, estimate, explain …
Level 3 (application): change, compute, demonstrate …
Level 4 (analysis): break down, relate, infer ….
Level 5 (synthesis): compose, create …
Level 6 (evaluate): appraise, conclude …
o Affective Domain (2)
Level 1 (receiving): Asks, describes …
Level 2 (responding): Answer, assist, complies …
Level 3 (valuing): completes, describes, differentiates …
Level 4 (organization): Adheres, alters, arranges, identifies …
Level 5 (characterization): Acts, discriminates, displays ….
o Psychomotor Domain (3)
Level 1 (perception): choose, describes, detects
Level 2 (set): begins, displays, explains
Level 3 (guided Response): Assembles, builds, calibrated
Level 4 (mechanism): (same with Guides response)
Level 5 (complex overt response): (same with Guides response)
Level 6 (Adaption): Adapts, alters, changes, rearranges
Level 7 (origination): Arranges, combines, composes

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UNIT ONE: Introduction to computer Programming


Unit description
This unit deals with General Introduction to computer and programming, Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Algorithm development and representation. To address
these contents Brainstorming, peer & group discussion and gap lecture will be used more.
Question & answer, group work & peer assessment are among the methods to be used.

1.1 Objectives: At the end of this unit students will be able to:
 define computer, computer programming K ,L1
 explain the software development life cycles K ,L2
 differentiate tools to represent algorithm A ,L3
 Prepare the appropriate algorithm solution for problems. A,L4

1.2 Contents
 definition of computer, computer programming
 software development life cycle
 algorithm development and representation
- Structured Chart
- Pseudo code
- Flow Chart
 Solving a problem using appropriate algorithm

1.3 Method of Teaching : brain storming , gap lecture, group discussion


Brian storming: what is computer programming?
Introduction:
 A computer is an electronic device that not only does the arithmetic calculations but also logical
manipulations at a high speed.

 A computer is a digital machine that takes data as input, processes them in a predefined manner and gives
the required information in the form of output.

 Is general purposed electronic machine that can be programmed in order to do a job.

Programming
The computer is directed by a program, i.e., a sequence of instructions that determine the operations to be
carried out by the machine. Human or the user writes programs. Computer programming is the process of
program design and implementation by the user of the computer. The user must specify the operations to be
performed. Natural languages like English, used for human communication are not fit for programming
because of their ambiguity and lack of precision. Therefore program can be written in programming language

Types of programming languages

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We have seen that a computer system consists of different layers. It is possible to


communicate with the computer by writing a program at the different layers but
basically there are three types of programming languages: - Machine, Assembly and
high- level.

Machine language: - There is the only language that the computer understands
directly.. A machine language is a set of machine instructions which consists of zero’s
and one’s. A machine instruction contains two parts an operation code ( op code) and
an address. The OP code tells the microprocessor system what operation it should
perform, add, transfer, compare, or move data to output device, etc. The address
identifies the location (memory, register) holding the required operands that is, the data
to be operated upon. The address part may contain one, two or more addresses that is ,
there may be one ( or single address, two( double) address, and three ( or triple) address
instructions.

Assembly Language: - In machine language we have seen that the OP code and
the address are represented as a binary sequence but it is difficult for the programmer to
write a big program using binary sequence and it is difficult to debug an error from such
program

High-level language: -We have seen that writing a program in low-level

languages is easier and simple compare to machine languages. But still Assembly
language has its own drawback, which is machine dependent. So we need another type
of languages which are not machine-dependent and more flexible. These languages are
called high-level languages.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).


Organizations use a standard set of steps, called a systems development methodology, to develop and support
their information systems. Like many processes the development of information system often follows a life
cycle.

The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a common methodology for systems development in many
organizations. Every organization uses a slightly different life cycle model to model this steps, with anywhere

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from three to almost twenty identifiable phases. Figure 1 highlights the four steps in the system development
life cycle:
1. Planning & Selection,
2. Analysis,
3. Design, and
4. Implementation (በተግባር ላይ ማዋል)& Operation.
Group discussion:
Explain the above four types of SDLC

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ALGORITHMS:


An algorithm is a finite(የተወሰነ) set of instruction that specify a sequence of
operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems. It is
just a tool for solving a problem. All the tasks that can be carried out by a computer can
be stated as algorithms. Once an algorithm is designed, it is coded in a programming
language and computer executes the program. Algorithms may be presented on several
levels of detail. It is difficult to use terms of machine code instructions or high level
language because the details would obscure the essence of the procedure and due to
difficulty to present long programs in simple form. Therefore algorithm designers must
start with a much more concise እጥር ምጥን ያለ representation

An algorithm consists of a set of explicit ግልፅ and unambiguous የማያሻማ finite steps
which, when carried out for a given set of initial የመጀመሪያ፤ የመነሻ conditions, produce the
corresponding output and terminate in a fixed amount of time. By unamabiguity it is
meant that each step should be defined precisely i.e., it should have only one meaning.
This definition is further classified with some more features.

An algorithm has five important features.

i) (ያልተወሰነ)Finiteness: An algorithm terminates(አቋረጠ አበቃ አለቀ) after a fixed


number of steps.
ii) (ያልተረጋገጠ)Definiteness: Each step of the algorithm is precisely defined, i.e.,
the actions to be carried out should be specified unambiguously.
iii) (ፍቱን ውጤታማ)Effectiveness: All the operations used in the algorithm are basic
(division, multiplication, comparison, etc.) and can be performed
exactly in a fixed duration of time.
iv) Input: An algorithm has certain precise inputs, i.e. quantities, which are
specified to it initially, before the execution of the algorithm
begins.
v) Output: An algorithm has one or more outputs, that is, the results of
operations which have a specified relation to the inputs.
Example: 1) Algorithm to add two numbers.
Step 1: start
Step 2: Read two numbers n1 and n2.
Step 3: sum  n1 + n2
Step 4: Print sum

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Step 5: Stop
Example 4) Algorithm to find sum of N positive integer numbers.
Step 1: start
Step 2: Read N
Step 3: Sum  0,
Step 4: Count  0
Step 5: Read Num
Step 6: SumSum + Num
Step 7: count  count +1
Step 8: If Count < N then goto step 5
Step 9: Print Sum
Step 10: Stop
Example 5) Algorithm to find factorial of a given Number
(N! = 1*2*3*…*N)
Step 1 : Read N
Step 2: Fact=1
Step 3 : Count = 1
Step 4 : Fact = Fact * Count
Step 5 : Count = Count +1
Step 7 : If Count < = N then Goto step 4
Step 8 : Print Fact
Step 9 : Stop

Flowchart
A flowchart consists of an ordered set of standard symbols (mostly, geometrical shapes)
which represent operations, data flow or equipment. A program flowchart shows the
operations and logical decisions of a computer program.

The standard flowchart (ወራጅ ገበታ)symbols and their meaning are given below.

Terminal-used to represent the Start and End of


Program

Input/ output –used to represent data input or


data output from a computer

Processing-usually encloses operations or

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(command black) a group of operations( a process)

Decision block – it usually contains a question within it :-


there are typically two output paths: one if the answer
to the question is yes ( true) , and the other if the answer
is no ( false)

Flow line:- is used to indicate the direction of logical flow


( a path from one operation to another)

The advantage of flowchart is it doesn’t depend on any particular programming


language, so that it can used, to translate an algorithm to more than one programming
language. START

1. Draw a flowchart to add two numbers.

Read A,B

C ← A+B

Display
C

Stop
Group discussion:
Discuss on tools that helps to represent algorithm by giving examples

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1.4 Assessment
1. What is computer?
2. explain the types of computer programming language
3. which one of the following the best tool to represent a problem
A. structured English
B. pseudo code
C. flow chart
4. prepare flow chart to find the bigger number from to numbers
Answer: 1. is general purposed electronic machine that can be programmed to do a task

2. Types of programming languages.

Machine language: - This is the only language that the computer understands directly..
Assembly Language: - In machine language we have seen that the OP code and the
address are represented as a binary sequence but it is difficult for the programmer to
write a big program using binary sequence and it is difficult to debug an error from such
program e.g assembly laguge
High-level language: -We have seen that writing a program in low-level languages is
easier and simple compare to machine languages. Eg C++
Start

3.C 4.
Read A, B.

T F
Is A>B ?

Display A is Display B is
Largest Largest

Reference Stop
1. Walter Savitch, "Problem solving with C++ The Object of programming", Menlo Park: Addison-
wesley,1996
2. Jess Liberty," An Introduction to C++", 1995

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UNIT TWO: Basic structures of C++


Unit description
This unit concern with the basic structure of C++ like data types, operators, variables,
constants. These contents will be delivered to the students through brain storming, group
discussion, observation/demonstration, gap lecture. And students assessed with lab
exercise, quiz, group work and individual lab assignment.
2.1 Objectives: At the end of this unit students will be able to:
 identify the structure/ components of C++ program, L1 (K)
 differentiate data type, variable and constant, operator L3 (A)
 construct certain programming to solve a problem ,L3(S)
2.2 Contents
 components/structure of C++ program
 syntax and semantics of high level language
 data type ,variable and constants,oprators
 problem solving using C++ programming
2.3 Method of Teaching : brain storming , gap lecture, group
discussion
Brian storming: what are the components of C++ program?
Introduction:

2.1 Basic Program structure:


Given below is the basic structure of any program written in C+ + which when executed
displays the letters “Hello World” on the display unit.

// First C+ + Program --- Comment Line


# include <iostream.h> --- Inclusion of header files called as pre
processor statements.
void main ( ) --- Name of the main function or start of
main () function.
{ --- Indicates beginning of main ()
cout<< “Hello World”; --- Executable output stat.
} --- End of main ()

C++ program is a collection of functions. The above example contains only one function,
main (). As usual, execution begins at main (). Every C++ program must have a main ().
The C++ statements terminate with semicolons.
2.1.1 Comments:
Single line comment: C++ introduces single line comment // (double slash). Comments
starts with a double slash symbol and terminate at the end of line.

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Example: c=5.0/9*(f-32); //conversion formula.


Multiline comment: Multi line comment symbols are /*, */ the following comment is
allowed,
/* this is an example of C++ program to
illustrate some of its features */
The comment lines in the program are ignored by the compiler.
2.1.2 Input/Output statements in c++:
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<”enter values of a, b”;
cin>>a>>b;
c=a+b;
cout<<”The result is: “<<c;
}
In the above program the statement cin>>a>>b; is an input statement and causes the
program to wait for the user to type two numbers. If we key in two values, say 10 and 20
then 10 will be assigned to a, 20 to b. The operator “>>” is known as extraction (or) get
from operator.
The statement cout<<”The result is:”<<c; is an output statement causes the string in
quotation marks to be displayed on the screen as it is and then the content of the variable
c is displayed . The operator “<<” is known as insertion (or) put to operator.
The identifier cin pronounced as ‘C in’ and cout pronounced as ‘C out’).

Constant:
Constant in C++ refers to fixed values that do not change during the execution of a
program. Example: const float pi=3.1415;

Variable: A variable is a data name that may be used to store data value. The value of a
variable may vary throughout program means that, a variable may take different values at
different times during execution.
6 Operators: An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain
mathematical (or) logical manipulations. Operators used in programs to manipulate data
and variables.
C++ operators can be classified into number of categories. They include
1. Arithmetic operators. 2. Relational operators. 3.Logical operators.
4. Assignment operators. 5. Increment / Decrement operators.
6. Conditional operators. 7. Bitwise operators.
1. Arithmetic operators: C++ provides all the basic arithmetic operators like add (+),
subtract (-), multiply (*), divide (/), and mod (%).mod gives remainder of division.
Ex : if a = 10; b = 3; c = a % b;  c = 1;
2. Relational operators: These are the operators which relate the operands on either side
of them like less than(<),less than or equal(<=),equal(==),Greater than(>),Greater than or
equal(>=)and not equal(!=).

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3. Logical operators: C++ has the following three logical operators.


&& (meaning logical AND), || (logical OR), ! (logical NOT).
Table: Truth table for AND and OR operations.

4. Assignment operators: used to assign the result of an expression to a variable and the
symbol used is ‘= ‘ it is of 3 types .
(i) Simple assignment a = 9;
(ii) Multiple assignment a = b = c = 36;
(iii) Compound assignment a + = 15; (add 15 to a equal to a =a
+15;)

remainder in e).
5. Auto increment / decrement (+ + / - - ): used to automatically increment
and decrement the value of a variable by 1.there are 2 types.
1. Prefix auto increment / decrement --- Adds /subtracts 1 to the operand & result
is assigned to the variable on the left.
Eg. : a = 5; a=5
b=++a; b=--
Result a=b=6; a=b=4;
2.Postfix auto increment / decrement --- This first assigns the value to the
variable on the left & then increments/decrements the operand.
Eg. : a = 5; a=5
b=a++; b=a
Result b=5, a=6 b=5,a=4;
Generally a=a+1 can be written as ++a, a++ or a+=1. Similarly a=a-1 can be written as
a--, --a or a -= 1.

Group discussion:
1: discuss about the Precedence of Operators
2.4 Assessment
1. Construct a certain c++ program to calculate area of a circle for given diameter d,
using formula r2 where r=d/2.

2: what are the components of C++ program


Possible answer
1. to calculate area of circle
2. #include<iostream.h>
3. void main()
4. {
5. float A, pi=3.1415;

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6. int d, r;
7. cout<<”enter the diameter of circle\n”;
8. cin>>d;
9. r=d / 2;
10. A= pi * r * r;
11. Cout<< “Area of circle is”<<A;
12. }
1. Pre-processor directives
Optional constants function declaration
Main function

Reference
1 Walter Savitch, "Problem solving with C++ The Object of programming", Menlo Park: Addison-
wesley,1996
2 John R.Hubrard, "Fundamentals of Computing with C++", Shuam's outline,1997
3 Robert Lafore, "The wait Group Object Oriented Programming With C++", 1994

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UNIT THREE: Control Statements


Unit description
In this unit conditional statements: like:- if, If …else, nested if , Switch statements:
Multiple cases break, Looping: Nested Loops are contents to be covers, To deliver these
contents brain storming and gap lecture, group discussion, demonstration methods will be
used. And the way of assessment will takes place in the form of questioning and answer,
group work, individual assignment, lab assignment.
3.1 Objectives: At the end of this unit students will be able to:
 define control statements L1((k)
 identify the types of control statements L1(k)
 identify syntax of control statements L1(A)
 construct certain program using control statements L3(S)
3.2 Contents
 definition of control statements
 types of control statements
 syntax of control statements
 writing program using control statements
3.3 Method of Teaching : brain storming , gap lecture, group discussion
Brian storming: what statements do you know in C++ program?

Introduction:
Control statements in C++: Control statements allow decision making within programs.
Control statements come in several different forms to provide flexibility in the
controlling of program execution. One form is to optionally execute C ++ statements.
Another form is to form a loop, where all the statements in a loop are executed repeatedly
until the exit condition is satisfied. Another form is to branch to a certain statement and
continue execution.
. Decision making with if statement: The if statement is a powerful decision making
statement and is used to control the flow of execution of statements. It is basically a two-
way decision statement and is used in conjunction with an expression
The switch statement:
This is a multiple branching control statement. This is useful for decision making when
more than one case is involved.
The general form of switch statement is as follows:
switch (expression)
{
case label 1: statement sequence ;
break;
case label 2: statement sequence ;
break;
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When switch is executed value of expression is compared against label 1, label 2, label
3 etc. If a case is found whose value matches the expression, then sequence of statements
that follow the case is executed.
The break at the end of each block indicates end of particular case & causes exit from the
switch statement, transferring control to outside the switch statement.
The default case is optional case. When present, it will be executed if the value of the
expression does not match with any of the case values.

Group discussion:
1: discuss about the types of control statements.

3.4 Assessment
1. construct certain program to print the following using control statements

*
**
***
****
***** *
Possible answer
//program to print a pyramid
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,j;
cout<<"enter n ";
cin>>n;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
cout<<"* ";
cout<<"\n";
}
}

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Reference
4 Walter Savitch, "Problem solving with C++ The Object of programming", Menlo Park: Addison-
wesley,1996
5 John R.Hubrard, "Fundamentals of Computing with C++", Shuam's outline,1997
6 Robert Lafore, "The wait Group Object Oriented Programming With C++", 1994

UNIT FOUR: Array and String Manipulation


Unit description
Under this unit Array and String will be discusses, to deliver these contents of the unit
brain storming, gap lecture, group discussion, demonstration peer teaching methods will
be used. The achievement of the students will be assessed through question & answer,
project work, quiz and group assignment.
4.1 Objectives: At the end of this unit students will be able to:
 define array and string L1((k)
 differentiate the types of array L3(k)
 write syntax of array L2(A)
 construct certain program using array and string L3(S)
4.2 Contents
 array and string
 types of array
 syntax of array
 writing program using array and string
4.3 Method of Teaching : brain storming , gap lecture, group discussion
Brian storming: what is array?
Introduction
Array: Array is a collection of items of same data type that are referenced by a
common name. Array may have several dimensions.
1. One-dimensional
2. Two-dimensional.
1. One-Dimensional Array: This is also called as a vector or list.
General form : Type-specifier Id-name [size]
Eg.,: int a[10]; a[0],a[1],a[2],………..,a[9]

Character arrays hold the strings. Format: Char array-name [size] = ‘string’.
Eg., char b[7] = { ‘w’,’e’,’l’,’c’,’o’,’m’,’e’}

Program 1. To find maximum number in an array.

// to find the maximum element.


#include<iostream.h>
main()
{
int a[5], i, max;

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// inputting the array elements


cout<<”Enter 5 numbers \n”;
for( i=0; i<5; i++ )
cin>>a[ i ];

// searching for the largest element.


max = a[0];
for (i=1; i<5; i++)
if (max < a[ i ])
max = a [ i ];

// print the maximum element in the list.


cout << “ Maximum element in the list is : “ << max;
}
2. Two-dimensional arrays:
This is an array of one-dimensional arrays. It can store table of values. It is also
called as matrix of elements. General form: type specifier array-name [row-size]
[column-size];
The element declaration here is also done with ‘zero origin subscript’. Thus, an array
a[3][3] will have
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] This may be called as Table or Matrix as
they store
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] table of values in rows & columns.
a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2]
This can also be initialized by following declaration.
int a[2][3], b[3][3];

Program 4: For a two-dimensional array 3x3 find (.(2)row-wise sum. (3)Column –wise
sum.
// To sum elements row-wise.
for(i=0; i<m; i++)
{
rsum = 0;
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
rsum += a[i][j];
cout<<"row number:"<<(i+1)<<"\t row sum = "<<rsum<<" \n";
}

// To sum column-wise
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
{
csum=0;
for(i=0; i<m; i++)
csum += a[i][j];
cout<<"column number:"<<(j+1)<<"\tcolumn sum= "<<csum<<"\n";
}}

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Demonstration:
Construct a program using two-dimensional array 3x3 find sum of all elements

Strings:
A String is an array of characters i.e., they are defined between the single quotes.
A string is a character array terminated by a null character. Null character is
specified as ‘ \0 ’.
So, the size should be equal to maximum one of characters in the string plus one.
Eg: char name [5] = { ‘j’ , ‘o’, ‘n’, ‘y’, ‘\0’}

Declaration of string variable: char string-name [size] { Size — No. of characters in the
String-name }
Eg., char sname[30],country[40];
Reading strings: cin operator can be used to read a string eg., char name[50];
Cin>>name; — terminates when first blank character is encountered.
Thus, usually we use a new command to read entire line
cin.getline(name,50); — reads entire string until terminated by the enter key
or 49 characters are read(which ever occurs first).

String handling functions (string.h file to be included)


a) Length of a string (strlen): defines the length or number of characters in the
specified string.

//Program to implement strlen function:


#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char name[80];
int a;
cout<<” Enter the string \n”;
cin>>name;
a= strlen(name);
cout<<” \n length of string is “<<a;
}

b) String Concatenation (strcat): This function adds 2 strings & places in the first
string. I.e., the function appends the second string to the first.

Program to test the strcat function.


#include<iostream.h> cout<<”Enter the second string \n”;
#include<string.h> cin>>n2;
main() strcat(n1,n2);
{ cout<<” Concatenated strings are :”<< n1;

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char n1[100], n2[50]; }


int i, c;
cout<<” enter the first string \n”;
cin>>n1;

c) Copying two strings (strcpy): This will assign the contents of one string or
character array to the string variable.
Eg. strcpy(n, "Ethiopia") Stores the character array ’Ethiopia’ in string n.
strcpy(n1,n2) Stores the contents of n2 to n1 erasing the contents
of
n1 if any.

d) Comparing two strings (strcmp): This function is used to compare two strings.
This compares the ASCII values of the strings.
For example strcmp(s1,s2) will return:
(i) Zero if s1 & s2 are equal.
(ii) Positive value if s1>s2.
(iii) Negative value if s1<s2.
The comparison is done on their ASCII values.
[viz., ASCII value of A=65, Z=90, a=97, z=122]

e) Reversing the String (strrev): This function is used to reverse the given string.

4.4 .Assessment
1. Which one of the following is an array of character
A. One dimensional array
B. Two dimensional array
C. String
D. None
2. What is the difference between one dimensional array and two dimensional array?
3. Construct certain program to To convert uppercase to lowercase & vice-versa.

Possible answer
1. C

2. One dimensional: is also called as a vector or list


Two-dimensional arrays: is an array of one-dimensional arrays. It can store table of
values. It is also called as matrix of elements

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3. #include<iostream.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
int i;
char str[50],ch=’y’;
while(ch==’y’)
{
cout<<”Enter the string to convert \n”;
cin.getline(str,20);
i= 0;
while(str[i]!=’\0’)
{
if(islower(str[i]))
str[i] = toupper(str[i]);
else
str[i] = tolower(str[i]);
i++;
}
cout<<”converted string is :”<<str<<”\n”;
cout<<”do U continue(y/n)? \n”;
cin>>ch;
}
}

Reference
1 Jess Liberty," An Introduction to C++", 1995
2 John R.Hubrard, "Fundamentals of Computing with C++", Shuam's outline,1997
3 Robert Lafore, "The wait Group Object Oriented Programming With C++", 1994

Methods of course delivery


 More of active learning (Brain storming, Group discussion, demonstration…)
with gap lecture

Assessment methods
The assessment methods are listed below by taking both domains of
education and hierarch of learning .
Formative
 Attendance ……………………….... 5 %
 Quiz…………………………….…… 5 %

Department of CS&IT 28/12/2017 19


Course module

 Group assignment ………….……...... 10 %


 Individual assignment ………………. 15 %
 Mid exam……….……...……………. 25%
Sub Total ………..…………….............. 60 %
Summative
 Final Exam …… ……………….. 40 %
Total …………………................… 100 %

Department of CS&IT 28/12/2017 20

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