Primjeri VASSART EC FireDesign WS

Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 77
Worked examples of EN1991-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 1

The Building (R+5)
3.4m
30 m
14 m 78
The Building (R+5)
What do we need for the calculation ?
Size of the compartment

Boundary properties
Geometry
Ceiling height
Opening Area
Fire surface
Fire
Rate of heat release
79
Size of the compartment
1 6
30 m
A
14 m
80
Ceiling height : 3.05 m
3.4m
30 m
14 m 81
OZone Software
The Software Package that will be used to perform this

calculation is OZone.
This Software package has been developed by the University
of Liège (Cadorin-Franssen) and is available for free
download on:
http://www.argenco.ulg.ac.be/logiciel.php
http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections
82
OZone Software
83
OZone Software
84
Boudaries
Typical floor will be chosen:
- Exterior walls : 20 cm of normal concrete
- Slab : 15 cm of Normal concrete
- Ceiling : 15 cm of normal concrete
85
Boudaries
86
Boudaries
87
Opening Factors
This point is one critical point.
The Eurocode is not providing the scenario that must be

chosen to take into account the openings.
Openings can be doors, windows and general « porosity » of

the building.
If no opening is taken into account from the beginning of the

fire, the amount of oxygen in the compartment will be too
small and the fire will not develop.
88
Opening Factors
Here are some information to help for definition of the

scenario for the breaking of the windows:
In the literature, it can be found that:
-Normal glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 40°C on the

glass
-Tempered glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 120°C on

the glass
-Tempered glazing with reinforcement will start to break with a

∆T of 120°C on the glass (The reinforcement will melt at
300°C)
89
Opening Factors
Luxembourgish authorities have realized a guide that needs

to be followed when FSE is used. This guide will become
official soon. But here is some extract for the non fire resistant
glazing:
-Scenario 1 : 90% of the glazing is open since the beginning
-Scenario 2:
-Simple glazing : 100°C : 50% and 250°C: 90%
-Double glazing: 200°C : 50% and 400°C: 90%
-Triple glazing: 300°C : 50% and 500°C: 90%

90
Opening Factors
Assumptions for the façade:
-Ex. 1: 0.8m open all around the building
-Ex. 2: 1.5m open all around the building
-Ex. 3: full glazing Façade
91
Opening Factors Ex.1
92
Opening Factors
93
Opening Factors
94
Definition of the fire
Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Occupancy
Rate [kW/m²] 80%fractile
[MJ/m²]
Dwelling Medium 250 948

Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377
Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
95
Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Occupancy
Rate [kW/m²] 80%fractile
[MJ/m²]
Dwelling Medium 250 948

Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377
Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
96
Danger of Danger of Examples

Compartment
Fire Activation Fire Activation of
floor area Af [m²] δq1 δq2 Occupancies
Art gallery, museum,
25 1,10 0,78 swimming pool
250 1,50 1,00 Residence, hotel, office

Manufactory for machinery
2500 1,90 1,22 & engines
Chemical laboratory,
5000 2,00 1,44 Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
10000 2,13 1,66
q f , d =δ δ q1 . δ q 2 . ∏ δ ni . m . q f , k
or paints
ni
Function of Active Fire Safety Measures
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection Manual Fire Suppression
Automatic fire Automatic

Automatic Independent Work Off Site Safe Fire Smoke
Detection Alarm
Water Water Fire Fire Access Fighting Exhaust
Supplies & Alarm Transmission
Extinguishing Brigade Brigade Routes Devices System
by by to
System
0 1 2 Heat Smoke Fire Brigade
δ δ δ n3 δ n4 δ δ δ δ δ δ
n1 n2 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n10
0,9 or 1 1,0 1,0

0,61 1,0 0,87 0,7 0,87 or 0,73 0,87 0,61 or 0,78
1,5 1,5 1,5
97
98
Results for 0.8m windows
Gas Temperature
900
800
700
600
500
Hot Zone
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
99
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
Oxygen Mass
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
100
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
900
800
700
600
500
Hot Zone
400 Steel
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
101
Opening Factors Ex. 2
102
Gas Temperature
800
700
600
500
400
Hot Zone
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
103
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
Oxygen Mass
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
104
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
800
700
600
500
400 Hot Zone
Steel
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
105
Opening Factors Ex. 3
106
Results for full windows
Gas Temperature
500
450
400
350
300
250
Hot Zone
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
107
Results for full windows
Oxygen Mass
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
Oxygen Mass
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
108
Results for IPE450
Steel Temperature
500
450
400
350
300
250 Hot Zone

Steel
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min]
Analysis Name:
109
Fire resistance assessment of
steel structures
Fire part of Eurocode 1 : Localised Fire

Hasemi method for localised fires
Non-dimensional parameters:
Horizontal length on the ceiling:
Virtual vertical coordinate:
Heat flux:
EN 1991-1-2 : 2002; Annex C
Net Heat flux:
111
Localised fire
Parameters
Building: Car park Auchan,

Luxembourg
Type: Underground
car park
Height: H = 2.7 m
Horizontal distance from flame axis to beam: r = 0.0 m
Diameter of flame: D = 2.0 m
Steel Beam: IPE 550

Localised fire
Static system and section of the beam
Localised fire
Hypothesis
Diameter of the fire: D = 2.0 m

Vertical distance between fire source and ceiling:
H = 2.7 m
Horizontal distance between beam and flame axis:
r = 0.0 m
Emissivity of the fire: εf = 1.0
Configuration factor: Φ = 1.0
Stephan Boltzmann constant: σ = 5.67 · 10-8
W/m2K4
Coefficient of the heat transfer: αc = 25.0 W/m²
Steel profile: IPE 550
Section factor: Am/V = 140.1/m
Unit mass: ρa = 7850 kg/m³
Surface emissivity: εm = 0.7
114
Localised fire
Rate of Heat Release
Curve of the rate of heat release of one car
From ECSC project:Development of design rules

for steel structures subjected to natural fires in
closed car parks.
Localised fire
Flame Length
L f = −1.02 ⋅ D + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5 = −2.04 + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5
if Lr ≥ H ⇒ Model A has to be used

if Lr < H ⇒ Model B has to be used
1st case:
The flame is not impacting the ceiling
The net heat flux is calculated according to Section 3.1 of EN

1991-1-2.
( ) 4
= α c ⋅ θ( z ) − θ m + Φ ⋅ ε m ⋅ ε f ⋅ σ ⋅  θ( z ) + 273 − (θ m + 273)  ( )
4
h&net
 
( −8 
)
= 25.0 ⋅ θ( z ) − θ m + 3.969 ⋅ 10 ⋅  θ( z ) + 273 − (θ m + 273) 
4
( )
4
 
117
1st case:
The flame is not impacting the ceiling
The gas temperature is calculated to:

θ( z ) = 20 + 0.25 ⋅ ( 0.8 ⋅ Q ) ⋅ ( z − z0 )
−5 3
≤ 900 °C
23
( )
−5 3
= 20 + 0.25 ⋅ ( 0.8 ⋅ Q ) ⋅ 4.74 − 0.0052 ⋅ Q ≤ 900 °C
23 25
where:
z is the height along the flame axis (2.7 m)
z0 is the virtual origin of the axis [m]
z0 = −1.02 ⋅ D + 0.0052 ⋅ Q 25
= −2.04 + 0.0052 ⋅ Q 25
118
2nd case:
The flame is impacting the ceiling
Net heat flux, if the flame is impacting the ceiling, is given by:
hnet = h − α c ⋅ (θ m − 20 ) − Φ ⋅ ε m ⋅ ε f ⋅ σ ⋅ (θ m + 273) − ( 293)

& & 4 4
( )
= h& − 25.0 ⋅ (θ m − 20 ) − 3.969 ⋅10−8 ⋅ ( (θ + 273) − ( 293) )
4 4
m
119
2nd case:
The heat flux depends on the parameter y. For different

dimensions of y, different equations for determination of the
heat flux have to be used.
if y ≤ 0.30: h& = 100,000
if 0.30 < y < 1.0: h& = 136,300 − 121,000 ⋅ y
if y ≥ 1.0: h& = 15,000 ⋅ y −3.7
r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

where:
y= =
Lh + H + z ' Lh + 2.7 + z '
120
2nd case:
r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

y= =
Lh + H + z ' Lh + 2.7 + z '
The horizontal flame length is calculated by:
(
Lh = 2.9 ⋅ H ⋅ QH ( *
)
0.33
) − H = (7.83 ⋅ (Q H
*
)
0.33
) − 2.7
where:
(
QH * = Q 1.11 ⋅ 106 ⋅ H 2.5 = Q 1.11 ⋅ 106 ⋅ 2.7 2.5 ) ( )
The vertical position of the virtual heat source is
determined by:
if QD* < 1.0: (( ) ( ) ) (( ) (

z ' = 2.4 ⋅ D ⋅ QD*
25
− QD*
23
= 4.8 ⋅ QD*
25
− QD* )
23
)
if QD* ≥ 1.0: z ' = 2.4 ⋅ D ⋅ (1.0 − ( Q ) ) = 4.8 ⋅ (1.0 − ( Q ) )
D
* 25
D
* 25
where: (
QD* = Q 1.11 ⋅106 ⋅ D 2.5 = Q 1.11 ⋅ 106 ⋅ 2.02.5 ) ( )
Localised fire
Steel temperatures
Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:

Am V & 1.78 ⋅ 10−2 &
θ a ,t = θ m + k sh ⋅ ⋅ hnet ⋅ ∆t = θ m + ⋅ hnet
ca ⋅ ρ a ca
θa,max = 770 °C
at t θ,max = 31.07 min
Localised fire
Steel temperatures
Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam:

Am V & 1.78 ⋅ 10−2 &
θ a ,t = θ m + k sh ⋅ ⋅ hnet ⋅ ∆t = θ m + ⋅ hnet
ca ⋅ ρ a ca
θa,max = 770 °C
at t θ,max = 31.07 min
Excel Spreadsheet
Capafi
Excel Spreadsheet
Capafi
Chart Title
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
Pos 1
Axis Title
450
Pos 2
400
Pos 3
350 Pos 4
300 Pos 5
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200
Axis Title
Example of Application of buildings

calculated with
Natural Fire Safety Concept
Switzerland
Braun Building in Crissier

Production of Medical Material
Switzerland
BOBST Building in Lausanne

Offices + Production
Switzerland
Congress centre of EPFL in Lausanne

Crédit Suisse / HRS / Richter-Dahl&Rocha
France
© EADS Airbus
France
Car park of Toulouse Blagnac Airport

Belgium
Greich Office Building in Liège

Portugal
BARREIRO RETAIL PARK

Portugal
Exhibition Center
Cyprus
IKEA shopping center in Lefkosia

United Kingdom
Heron Tower – Arup Fire London

Luxembourg
Fonds du Logement, 17 rue de Hollerich à Luxembourg Ville

Shopping centre
Residential
Luxembourg
Chambre de Commerce Luxembourg

Office Building
Luxembourg
Dexia-Bil in Esch sur Alzette

Office Building
Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette

Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Office Building in Esch sur Alzette

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Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 77

Worked examples of EN1991-1-2

Fire part of Eurocode 1

What do we need for the calculation ?

Size of the compartment

The Software Package that will be used to perform this

Typical floor will be chosen:

- Exterior walls : 20 cm of normal concrete

- Slab : 15 cm of Normal concrete

- Ceiling : 15 cm of normal concrete

This point is one critical point.

The Eurocode is not providing the scenario that must be

Openings can be doors, windows and general « porosity » of

If no opening is taken into account from the beginning of the

Here are some information to help for definition of the

In the literature, it can be found that:

-Normal glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 40°C on the

-Tempered glazing will start to break with a ∆T of 120°C on

-Tempered glazing with reinforcement will start to break with a

Luxembourgish authorities have realized a guide that needs

-Scenario 1 : 90% of the glazing is open since the beginning

-Simple glazing : 100°C : 50% and 250°C: 90%

-Double glazing: 200°C : 50% and 400°C: 90%

-Triple glazing: 300°C : 50% and 500°C: 90%

Assumptions for the façade:

-Ex. 1: 0.8m open all around the building

-Ex. 2: 1.5m open all around the building

-Ex. 3: full glazing Façade

Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Dwelling Medium 250 948

Fire Growth RHRf Fire Load qf,k

Dwelling Medium 250 948

Danger of Danger of Examples

250 1,50 1,00 Residence, hotel, office

Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection Manual Fire Suppression

Automatic fire Automatic

0,9 or 1 1,0 1,0

400 Hot Zone

250 Hot Zone

Worked examples of EN1991-1-2

Fire part of Eurocode 1 : Localised Fire

Horizontal length on the ceiling:

Virtual vertical coordinate:

Net Heat flux:

Building: Car park Auchan,

Horizontal distance from flame axis to beam: r = 0.0 m

Diameter of flame: D = 2.0 m

Steel Beam: IPE 550

Diameter of the fire: D = 2.0 m

Curve of the rate of heat release of one car

From ECSC project:Development of design rules

L f = −1.02 ⋅ D + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5 = −2.04 + 0.0148 ⋅ Q 2 5

if Lr ≥ H ⇒ Model A has to be used

The net heat flux is calculated according to Section 3.1 of EN

The gas temperature is calculated to:

hnet = h − α c ⋅ (θ m − 20 ) − Φ ⋅ ε m ⋅ ε f ⋅ σ ⋅ (θ m + 273) − ( 293)

The heat flux depends on the parameter y. For different

if y ≤ 0.30: h& = 100,000

if 0.30 < y < 1.0: h& = 136,300 − 121,000 ⋅ y

if y ≥ 1.0: h& = 15,000 ⋅ y −3.7

r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

r + H + z' 2.7 + z '

if QD* < 1.0: (( ) ( ) ) (( ) (

Temperature-time curve for the unprotected steel beam: