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SOME IMPORTANT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Circle : Area =  r2; Circumference = 2  r.
Square : Area = x2 ; Perimeter = 4x.
Rectangle: Area = xy ; Perimeter = 2(x+y).
Triangle : Area = 1 (base)(height) ; Perimeter = a+b+c.
2
3 2
Area of equilateral triangle = 4 a .
4
Sphere : Surface Area = 4  r2 ; Volume = 3  r3.
Cube : Surface Area = 6a2 ; Volume = a3.
1
Cone : Curved Surface Area =  rl ; Volume = 3  r2 h
Total surface area = .  r l +  r2
Cuboid : Total surface area = 2 (ab + bh + lh); Volume = lbh.
Cylinder : Curved surface area = 2  rh; Volume =  r2 h
Total surface area (open) = 2  rh;
Total surface area (closed) = 2  rh+2  r2 .
SOME BASIC ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE:

1.(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab+ b2 . 2. (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab+ b2 .

3.(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b). 4. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b).
5.(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 +2ab+2bc +2ca.
6.(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3+3a2b+3a2c + 3b2c +3b2a +3c2a +3c2a+6abc.
7.a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a – b ) .
8.a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2 ).
9.a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2 ).
10.(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 4ab.
11.(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2 ).
12.If a + b +c =0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc .
INDICES AND SURDS
am m n mn m m m
n = am - n . 3.
1. am an = am + n 2. a (a ) = a .4. (ab) =a b .
m 0 a -m x y
æaö am 1
5. ç ÷ = 6. a = 1, a ¹ 0 . 7. . 8. a = a Þx=y
m . =
a
m
èbø b

x x
9. a = b Þ a = b 10. a ± 2 b = x ± y , where x + y = a and xy = b.

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LOGARITHMS
x
a = m Þ loga m = x (a > 0 and a ≠ 1)
1. loga mn = logm + logn.
æm ö
2. loga ç ÷ = logm – logn.
ènø
3. loga mn = n logm.
log a

4. logba = log b .
5. logaa = 1.
6. loga1 = 0.
1
7. logba = loga b .
8. loga1= 0.
9. log (m +n) ≠ logm +logn.
10. e logx = x.
11. logaax = x.
PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
a, a + d, a+2d,-----------------------------are in A.P.
nth term, Tn = a + (n-1)d.
n
Sum to n terms, Sn = 2  2a + (n -1)d .
If a, b, c are in A.P, then 2b = a + c.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
a, ar, ar2 ,--------------------------- are in G.P.
a(1- rn ) a(rn -1)
Sum to n terms, Sn = if r < 1 and Sn = if r > 1.
1- r r -1
a
Sum to infinite terms of G.P, S = .
1- r
2
If a, b, c are in A.P, then b = ac.
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Reciprocals of the terms of A.P are in H.P
1 1 1
, , , ----------------- are in H.P
a a + d a + 2d
If a, b, c are in H.P, then b = 2ac .
a+c
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
1 + 2 + 3 + -----------------+n = ån = n(n 1) .
2
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12+22 +32 + -----------------+n2 = ån 2 = n(n  1)(2n 1) .
6

13+23 +33 + ----------------+ n3 = ån3 = n (n +1) .

2 2

4
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATION
n!
n Pr =  n - r ! .
n!
nCr = r! n - r ! .
n!= 1.2 3.--------n.
nCr = nCn-r.
nCr + nCr-1 = (n + 1) Cr.
(m + n)Cr = (m  n)! .
m!n!
BINOMIAL THEOREM

(x +a)n = xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + nC3 xn-3 a3 +------------+ nCn an.
nth term, Tr+1 = nCr xn-r ar .
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
f (x)
g(x) is a proper fraction if the deg (g(x)) > deg (f(x)).
f (x)
g(x) is a improper fraction if the deg (g(x))  deg (f(x)).
1. Linear non- repeated factors
f (x) A B
(ax + b)(cx + d) = ax + b + (cx + d) .
2. Linear repeated factors
f (x) A B C
2 = + + .
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b (cx + d) (cx + d) 2
3. Non-linear(quadratic which can not be factorized)
f (x) Ax  B Cx  D
(ax + b)(cx + d) = ax2 + b + (cx2 + d) .
2 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Distance between the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane is
(x - x )2 + (y - y )2 OR (x - x )2 + (y - y )2 .
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
2. Section formula
æ mx2 + nx1 , my2 + ny1 ö (for internal division),
ç ÷
è m+n m+n ø
æ mx2 - nx1 , my2 - ny1 ö (for external division).
ç ÷

è m-n m-n ø
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3. Mid point formula

x +x y +y
æ 1 2, 1 2ö.
ç
22÷
èø

4. Centriod formula
æx1 + x2 + x3 , y1 + y2 + y3 ö .
ç33÷
èø
5. Area of triangle when their vertices are
1
given, 2 åx 1 (y2 - y3 )
1
= 2  x1 (y2 - y3 ) + x2 (y3 - y1 ) + x3 (y1 - y2 )
STRAIGHT LINE
Slope (or Gradient) of a line = tangent of an inclination = tanθ.
Slope of a X- axis = 0
Slope of a line parallel to X-axis = 0
Slope of a Y- axis = ∞
Slope of a line parallel to Y-axis = ∞
y2  y1
Slope of a line joining (x1, x2) and (y1, y2) = .
x 2 - x1
If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal (m 1= m2)
If two lines are perpendicular, then their product of slopes is -1 (m 1 m2 = -1)
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE
1. y = mx + c (slope-intercept form) y
- y1 = m(x-x1) (point-slope form)
y - y = y2  y1 (x - x ) (two point form)
1 1

x 2 - x1
x y
+ = 1 (intercept form)
a b
x cosα +y sinα = P (normal form)
Equation of a straight line in the general form is ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
æ aö
Slope of ax + bx + c = 0 is – ç ÷
èbø
m1 - m2
2. Angle between two straight lines is given by, tanθ = 1+ m m
1 2

Length of the perpendicular from a point (x 1,x2) and the straight line ax2 + bx + c
ax1 + by1 + c
= 0 is
a2 + b2

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Equation of a straight line passing through intersection of two lines a 1x2 + b1x + c1
= 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is a1x2 + b1x + c1 + K(a2x2 + b2x + c2 ) = 0, where K is
any constant.
Two lines meeting a point are called intersecting lines.
More than two lines meeting a point are called concurrent lines.
Equation of bisector of angle between the lines a1x + b1y+ c1 = 0 and
a1 x  b1 y  c 1 a2 x  b2 y2 c2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is 2 2 
a b a 2b2
1 1 2 2

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

1. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of lines passing through
origin generally called as homogeneous equation of degree2 in x and y and
2 h2  ab
angle between these is given by tanθ = .
ab
ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of coincident lines, if h2 = ab and the same
represents a pair of perpendicular lines, if a + b = 0.
2h
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0,then m1 + m2 =  b
a
and m1 m2 = b .
2. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is called second general second
order equation represents a pair of lines if it satisfies the the condition
abc + 2fgh –af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
The angle between the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is given by
tanθ = 2 h2  ab .
ab
ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0, represents a pair of parallel lines, if h2 = ab and
af2= bg2 and the distance between the parallel lines is
2 g2  ac
.

ax 2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0, represents a pair of perpendicular

lines ,if a + b = 0.

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TRIGNOMETRY
1
Area of a sector of a circle = 2 r2 .
Arc length, S = r θ.
opp adj opp adj hyp
hyp
sinθ = hyp ,cosθ = hyp ,tanθ = adj ,cotθ = opp , secθ = adj , cosecθ = .
1 1 1 1
Sinθ = or cosecθ = , cosθ = or secθ = ,
cosec sin  sec  cos 
tanθ = 1 or cotθ = 1 , tanθ = sin  , cotθ = cos  .
cot  tan  cos  sin 
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1; Þ sin2θ = 1- cos2θ; cos2θ = 1- sin2θ;
sec2θ - tan2θ = 1; Þ sec2θ = 1+ tan2θ; tan2θ = sec2θ – 1;
cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1; Þ cosec2θ = 1+ cot2θ; cot2θ = cosec2θ – 1.

STANDARD ANGLES
     5
0 0 0 0 0 or 0 or
00 0 or 30 or 6 45 or 4 60 or 3 90 or 2 15 12 75 12
Sin 1 1 3 3 1 31
0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Cos 3 1 1 31 3 1
1 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2
Tan 1 3 1 31
0 1 3 
3 31 3 1
Cot 1 31 3 1
 3 1 0
3 3 1 31
Sec 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 
3 31 3 1
Cosec 2 2 2 2 2
 2 2 1
3 3 1 31

ALLIED ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of angles which are in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants can
be obtained as follows :

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If the transformation begins at 900 or 2700, the trigonometric functions changes
as sin ↔ cos
tan ↔ cot
sec ↔ cosec

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7

where as the transformation begins at 1800 or 3600, the same trigonometric functions
will be retained, however the signs (+ or -) of the functions decides ASTC rule.
COMPOUND ANGLES

Sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB.
Sin(A-B)= sinAcosB-cosAsinB.
Cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB.
Cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB.
tan A  tan B
tan(A+B)=
1 - tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan(A-B)=
1 + tan A tan B
æp ö 1  tan A
tan ç + A ÷ =
è4 ø 1 - tan A
æp ö 1  tan A
tan ç - A ÷=
è4 ø 1 + tan A
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan Btan C
tan(A+B+C)=
1 - (tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A)
sin(A+B) sin(A-B)= sin2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B
2 tan A
- cos2 A cos(A+B) cos(A-B)= cos2 A - sin2
B
MULTIPLE ANGLES

1.sin 2A=2 sinA cosA. 2. sin 2A= 1 + tan2 A .

3.cos 2A = cos2 A - sin2 A
=1-2 sin2 A .
= 2 cos2 A -1
= 1 - tan2 A
1 + tan2 A
2 tan A 1
4. tan 2A= 1 - tan2 A , 5. 1+cos 2A= 2cos2 A , 6. cos2 A = 2 (1+ cos 2A) .
1
7. 1-cos 2A= 2sin2 A , 8. sin A = 2 (1 - cos 2A) , 9.1+sin 2A=(sin A + cos A)2 ,
2

10. 1-sin 2A= (cos A - sin A)2 = (sin A - cos A)2 , 11.cos 3A= 4cos3 A - 3cos A ,
3tan A - tan3 A
3
12. sin 3A= 3sin A - 4sin A , 13.tan 3A= .
1 - 3tan2 A

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HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

qö
2 tan æç ÷
  è 2ø  
1) sin  = 2sin cos . 2) sin  = . 3) cos  = cos 2 - sin 2 .
2 2 2æqö 2 2
1 + tan ç ÷
è 2ø
1- tan 2 æçq ö÷
  è2 ø
4) cos q = 1- 2sin2 2 . 5) cos q = 2cos2 2 -1. 6) cos q = .
1+ tan 2 æ q ö ç ÷

è2 ø
æqö
2 tan
7) tan
ç2÷
.
8) 1+ cos q = 2cos2
 
q= è ø
æ
q
ö
2. 9) 1- cos q = 2sin2 2.
ç ÷
1- tan2

è2ø
PRODUCT TO SUM

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2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B).

2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) – sin(A-B).
2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B).
2 sinA sinB = cos(A+B) – cos(A-B).

SUM TO PRODUCT
æ C+Dö æ C-Dö
Sin C + sin D = 2sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷.
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ C+Dö æ C-Dö
Sin C –sin D = 2cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷.
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ C+Dö æ C-Dö
Cos C + cos D = 2cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷.
è 2 ø è 2 ø
æ C+Dö æC-Dö
Cos C- cos D = -2sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
OR
æ D+Cö æD-Cö
Cos C- cos D = 2sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø

PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

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