PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

Electrical & Electronics Measurement (EEMMI)

Subject Code : 303

2020-21

Name: Prasanna Mishra

Enrollment No: 19025E01037
Branch: Electrical (E01)
Semester: 3rd
Batch: 2019-22

Department of Electrical Engineering

Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

OBJECT :- Calibration of wattmeter with the help of standard voltmeter and ammeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :-
S. NO. NAME OF APPARATUS QUANTITY SPECIFICATION
REQUIRED [RANGE AND TYPE]

1. Single Phase Auto-Transformer 01 No. 0-270V A.C.

2. Wattmeter Dynamometer Type 01 No. 2.5A , 125V A.C.

3. Ammeter Moving Iron Type 01 No. 0-1A , A.C.

4. Voltmeter Moving Iron Type 02 No. 0-300V A.C.

5. Rheostat 01 No. 500Ω

6. Connecting wire 10 - 12 No. -------------------

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

THEORY:-

WATTMETERS:-

In d.c. circuit power is given by the product of voltage (V) and current (I). However in case of a.c.
circuits it is not true. The real power in a.c. circuit is given by the expression V I Cosф , Where Cosф
is power factor. The measurement of real power in a.c. circuits is done by using an instrument
which is known as wattmeter.

A wattmeter comprises of two coils namely current coil and pressure coil. The current coil is
connected in series with the load and the pressure coil is connected across the load. The most
commonly used wattmeters are of dynamo-meter indicating type. The current coil is fixed and
pressure coil is moving coil. The working of this type of wattmeters depends up on the electro
magnetic forces exerted between the current coil and pressure coil.

Wattmeter are also available in triple range for voltages as well as for current e.g. 2.5/5A,
125/250/500V. There is only one scale on the wattmeter. For different combinations of ranges of
voltage s and currents, the ratings of wattmeter would be different. In order to take down the
correct reading from wattmeter a multiplying factor is to be used. The various value of multiplying
factors are mentioned on the meter. These are an accordance to the range used for voltages and
currents.

Many a times it happens that the wattmeter gives –ve reading. In such a case the connections of
either the current coil or the pressure coil should be reversed. Then the wattmeter will start reading
+ve . the readings so indicated should be recorded with a –ve sign.

The terminals of current coil are marked as M – L abbreviation for mains and load. The terminals of
pressure coil are marked V1 and V2. the terminals M of the current coil and V1 of the pressure coil

are joined together, and junction is known as common terminal.

The connections of a wattmeter in an a.c. circuit are made as shown in fig. below
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

The current coil of wattmeter has a low resistance and hence the symbol is inductive. The pressure coil of
wattmeter has high resistance and hence the symbol is resistive.

PROCEDURE :-

(A) Connect the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter to the load through single phase autotransformer
according to the circuit diagram and setup.1 phase auto transformer to zero position.
(B) Switch on the single phase a.c. supply and adjust the auto transformer till a suitable voltage .At this
stage note down all the readings of equipments.
(C) Vary or increase the voltage by auto transformer and note the various reading and calculate the
power by wattmeter and voltmeter, ammeter and then find out limiting error for wattmeter.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-

S.No Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Power True %Limiting

. Reading In Readings Reading In [P]=W1*MF Power Error

Volts [V] In Amperes [I] Watts [W1] =[V* I]

1.

2.

3.

4.

CALCULATION:-

Power P = (W1) X Multiplying Factor of Wattmeter (in watt)

Actual Value = Voltmeter Reading X Ammeter Reading

% Limiting Error = Measured Value – Actual Value

Actual Value
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

RESULT:-

The power measure in the circuit is shown in test and actual value calculated by voltmeter reading
into ammeter reading and there corresponding limiting error (%) in last column.

REPORT:-

Limiting error for wattmeter in above case is:

PRECAUTION :-

• Power supply should be on in presence of Lab Instructor.

• All connected lead wire should be tight.
• Proper current and voltage range must be selected before putting the Instruments /
Equipments in circuit.
• Take observations carefully. Don’t Touch Live wires.
• Wattmeter should be connected as per circuit diagram.
• If any wattmeter reads backwards reverse its pressure coil connection and record the
reading as –ve.
• As the supply voltage fluctuates it is not possible to observe the readings correctly.
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code : 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
OBJECT: - To study of Multi Meter

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

• Multi Meter
• Auto – Transformer
• Rheostat (0-6 Ω)
• Rheostat (0-252 Ω)
• Triple Power Supply

THEORY:-

An electronic multi meter is one of the most versatile instrument which capable of measurement
of A.C. & D.C. Current, Voltage, and Resistance. All quantities other than D.C. Voltage is first
converted into an equivalent. D.C. Voltage by some device. It consists of following element:-

• A balance bridge
• D.C. amplifier and PMMC indicating instrument
• A range switch which is an attenuator to limit the value of input Voltage to desire value
• A function switches to select various measurement function of the instrument like Current,
Voltage and Resistance.
• An analog to digital converter which converts the receiving analog quantities into digital
from which are then display on the screen i.e. display unit.

PROCEDURE:-

To measure A.C. Voltage by Multi – Meter first of all we take the Auto – Transformer and connect to
Multi – Meter and adjust the Multi – Meter to take reading of A.C. Voltage. Note down the supply
Voltage reading and corresponding the Multi – Meter reading and so on.

To measure D.C. Voltage by Multi – Meter first of all we connect the Multi – Meter with triple
Power supply. Note down the D.C. supply voltage reading and corresponding the Multi – Meter
reading increase the D.C. supply Voltage by triple power supply and note down the D.C. supply
Voltage reading and corresponding the Multi – Meter reading and so on.
To measurement of resistance of rheostats by Multi–Meter. First Of all we note down the total resistance offered
by of rheostats. Than to take different reading by varying the rheostats by Multi– Meter reading.

CALCULATION :-

• Average % Error in Measurement of A.C. Voltage = (M1 + M2 …….+ Mn)

• Average % Error in Measurement of D.C. Voltage = (X1 + X2 …….+ Xn)
• Average % Error in Measurement of Resistance = (Y1 + Y2 …….+ Yn)

RESULT :-

• Average % Error in Measurement of A.C. Voltage =………………

• Average % Error in Measurement of D.C. Voltage =………………
• Average % Error in Measurement of Resistance =………………

OBSERVATION TABLE :-

MEASUREMENT OF A.C. VOLTAGE :-

S. Supply Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V) % Error

No.

1.

2.

3.

4.
MEASUREMENT OF D.C. VOLTAGE :-
S. Supply Voltage (V) Measured Voltage (V) % Error
No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE :-
S. Standard Resistance (Ohms) Measured Resistance (Ohms) % Error
No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

COMMENTS :-

• The reading of the supply Voltage and Measure Voltage by Multi m- Meter are Different
because the least count of Transformer is 2 Volt.
• Also due to Voltage fluctuation reading does not remain constant.
PRECAUTION :-

• Power supply should be on in presence of Lab Instructor.

• All connected lead wire should be tight.
• To select proper range of related Instruments / Equipments.
• Take observations carefully. Don’t Touch Live wires.
• Wattmeter should be connected as per circuit diagram.
• Voltage fluctuations should be low.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Object:- To calibrate a given single phase induction type energy meter.

Apparatus:- One phase Induction type Energy Meter

One M.I. Voltmeter (0-250V)

One M.I. Ammeter (0-10A)

One Stop Watch.

Theory:-

Energy meter is an instrument which measure electrical energy. It is also Known as watt-
hour (wh) meter. It is an integrating meter . There are several type of energy meters. Single
–phase induction type energy meters are very commonly used to measure electrical energy
consumed in domestic and commercial installation. Electrical energy is measured in Kilo
watt- hours (kwh) by these energy meters.

Construction:-

A single –phase induction type energy meter consists of Driving system, Moving system,
Braking system and Registration system . Each of the systems is briefly explained below:

Driving System:-

This system of the energy meter consists of two silicon steel laminated
electromagnets M1 and M2 as shown in fig. 2.35. The electromagnet M 2 is called the

shunt magnet. The series magnet M1 carries a coil consisting of a few turns of thick
wire. This coil is called the current coil (CC) and it is connected in series with the
circuit. The load current flows through this coil. The shunt magnet M 2 carries a coil
consisting of many turns of thin wire. This coil is called the voltage coil (VC) and is
connected across the supply. It carries a current proportional to the supply voltage.

Short-circuited copper bends are provided on the lower part of the central
limb of the shunt magnet. By adjusting the position of these loops the shunt magnet
flux can be made to lag behind the supply voltage exactly by 900 .These copper
bands are called power factor compensator (PFC).
A copper shading band is provided on each outer limb of the shunt magnet (FC1 and FC2). These bands provide
frictional compensation.

Moving System:-

The moving system consists of a thin aluminum disc mounted on a spindle and is placed in
the air gap between the series and shunt magnets. It cuts the fluxes of both the magnets.
Forces are provided by the fluxes of each of the magnets with the eddy current induced in
the disc by the flux of the other magnet. Both these forces act on the disc. These two forces
constitute a deflecting torque.

Braking System:-

The braking system consists of a permanent magnet called brake magnet. It is placed near
the edge of the aluminum disc. As the disc rotates in the field of the brake magnet, eddy
currents are induced in it. These eddy currents react with the flux and exert a torque. This
torque acts in a direction so that it opposes the motion of disc. The braking torque is
proportional to the speed of the disc.

Registering System:-

The disc spindle is connected to a counting mechanism. This mechanism records a number
which is proportional to the number of revolutions of the disc. The counter is calibrated to
indicate the energy consumed directly in Kilowatt-hours (kwh).

In this experiment the purpose is to calibrate the energy meter. This means we wish to find
out the error/correction in the energy meter readings. This calibration is possible only if
some other source /instrument, to know the correct readings is available ; Here the
voltmeter, ammeter and the stop watch are assumed to be correct viz, these are taken as
reference. Energy meter is now, to be calibrated with respect to voltmeter, ammeter and
stopwatch.

We would perform this experiment by supplying the electric energy to a load. This energy
would be measured by two means i.e., by energy meter and by using combination of
voltmeter, ammeter and stop watch

The actual energy consumed = VIt watt-sec

ࢂࢂࢂ
= kWh
ࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂ
ࢂࢂࢂ
= ࢂ kWh
ࢂࢂࢂࢂࢂ

The time ‘t’ is measured in seconds for a given number of revolution (say 20) of the disc of
the energy meter. Induction type energy meters have a constant marked on the meters. It is
in terms of number of revolutions per kWh. Let us say it is 1200 revolutions per kWh. Then
the energy recorded by the energy meter is given by 20/1200 kWh. The error in the
instrument can be calculated as under.

Error = Actual energy - Recorded energy

A graph of error vs the load current is plotted. This is also known as the calibration curve of
the energy meter.
Procedure:-

The experiment for calibration of energy meter should be conducted in the following steps:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.36, and apply constant a.c. voltage.
2. Switch on one of the loads.
3. Records the time taken for 20 revolution of the disc with the help of stop 0077atch.
4. Take voltmeter and ammeter readings.
5. Repeat for more number of readings.
6. Record the reading as per Table 2.13

7. Dial Test Adjust the load resistance so that a current of 8-10 A flows in the circuit. Allow this
current to flow for half an hour. Take voltmeter and ammeter readings at regular intervals
say after each 5 minutes. Note the dial reading in the beginning of the test and end of half an
hour. The difference of the two reading gives the energy indicated by energy meter. Calculate
the actual value of energy consumed by using
V I * (0.5)
E =-------------------kW hrs.
1000
Calculate the error % using

Actual Energy – Recorded Energy

Error % = 100*
Actual Energy
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

Observations & Calculations :-

The observation taken during the experiment can be recorded as shown in Table 2.13

Table 2.13 Calibration of Energy Meter

S.No. V I T(for 20 Actual Recorded
(Volts)
(Amp) Revolution) Energy Energy Error
kWh
S V I t kWhr

1.

2.

Precaution:-

Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this experiment:

1. All the connection should be clean and tight.

2. Check that stop watch doesn’t have any zero error.
3. The zero readings of voltmeter and ammeter should be checked and adjusted if
necessary.
4. The number of revolutions of the disc of the energy meter should be counted with
reference to the red mark on the disc.
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Object:- Measurement of Low Resistance by Kelvin Double Bridge.

Apparatus Required:-

a) Kelvin Double Bridge, battery

b) Sliding wire galvanometer
c) Lead wire etc.

Theory:-

Kelvin Double Bridge (KDB) is suitable for measurement of low resistance in the range
0.0001 ohm to 110 ohm.

Description of Kelvin Double Bridge (KDB) Main

dial:-

There are 10 coils of 0.1 ohms each arrange on the dial.

Slide wire:-

100 division of slide wire are equal to 0.1 ohm. Key K2 is provided for
Contacts.

Galvanometer Terminals:-

Ratio box terminals serve as Galvanometer terminals.

Battery:-

Terminals for battery are provided with key. A 2-6 volts battery is used.

Test Sample:-

Terminals for test samples are provided on the panel, marked C1 P1 C2 P2 (C

for current and P for potential points). Heavy loads should be used for
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

potential points. Length of a wire or rod under test is measured between

potential terminals.

Value of unknown resistance “S”= (R+r) X M. Ω

Working:-

Connect a sensitive Galvanometer between terminals of ratio box marked “1”. Connect a
battery of 6 volts between battery terminals. Connect the unknown Resistance between
C1P1 and C2P2. (if resistance is of two terminals than short C1with P1 and C2 with P2). Now
press battery key and check the slide of deflection of galvanometer. Keeping slide wire key
at “O” press both battery key and slide wire key. Check the deflection of galvanometer.
Move the key along slide wire and check if galvanometer comes at balance point at any
point of slide wire. If not than change main dial to “1” and repeat the process till you find
null point . If still you don’t find null point than change the position of Galvanometer at ratio
box one terminal ahead OR back and repeat the process.
Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code : 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

Calculation:

a. Reading at slide wire = r

b. Reading of main dial = R
c. Reading of ratio box = M
d. Than value of unknown resistance “S”= (R+r) X M Ω

Result:- Value of given resistance “S” is :..........................Ω

Precautions:-

1. Supply should be on in presence of teacher.

2. All connected lead wire should be tight.
3. To select proper range of related instruments.
To take the readings carefully. Don’t touch live wire
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Object: Study and Measurement of Insulation resistance with the help of Megger

Theory: Megger has become the generic description for a high voltage, low current insulation tester. The
word is short for megohm-meter. Although any Ohmmeter or Multimeter may appear capable
of similar measurements, only a Megger type instrument can test the quality of the insulation at
or above its operating voltage. Choice of test voltage is normally determined by the operating
voltage of the circuit under test; usually twice the operating voltage is sufficient. Two basic
insulation tests are possible: Insulation to ground and insulation between conductors.

How Insulation Resistance is measured:

Good insulation has high resistance; poor insulation, relatively low resistance. The actual
resistance values can be higher or lower, depending upon such factors as the temperature or
moisture content of the insulation (resistance decreases in temperature or moisture). Megger
insulation tester measures insulation resistance directly in ohms or meg-ohms. For good
insulation, the resistance usually reads in the meg-ohm range. The Megger insulation tester is
essentially a high-range resistance meter (ohmmeter) with a built-in direct-current generator.
This meter is of special construction with both current and voltage coils, enabling true ohms to
be read directly, independent of the actual voltage applied. This method is nondestructive; that
is, it does not cause deterioration of the insulation.

Figure 1–Typical Megger test instrument hook-up to measure insulation resistance.

Name of Subject : EEMMI
Subject Code : 303
Name of Department : Electrical Engineering

The generator can be hand-cranked or line-operated to develop a high DC voltage which causes a
small current through and over surfaces of the insulation being tested (Fig. 1). This current
(usually at an applied voltage of 500 volts or more) is measured by the ohmmeter, which has an
indicating scale. Fig. 2 shows a typical scale, which reads increasing resistance values from left up
to infinity, or a resistance too high to be measured.

Fig.2. Typical scale on the Megger insulation tester.

Factors affecting insulation resistance readings:

1. Capacitance Charging Current

Current that starts out high and drops after the insulation has been charged to full
voltage (much like water flow in a garden hose when you first turn on the spigot).

2. Absorption Current

3. Conduction or Leakage Current

A small essentially steady current both through and over the insulation.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Object:- To calibrate a voltmeter & an ammeter using a potentiometer.

Apparatus:- 1. Calibration of voltmeters and ammeter by Potentiometer

2. Potentiometer

3. Sliding jockey

4. Mains cord

5. Patch cords

Theory:- A potentiometer instrument for measuring the potential (or voltage) in a circuit taps off a

fraction of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and compares it with the unknown

voltage by means of a galvanometer. The potentiometer method is the usual basis for the

calibration of voltmeters, ammeters, and wattmeters. Since the potentiometer is a DC

measurement device, the instrument to be calibrated must be of the DC or

electrodynamometer type. One of the first requirements in this calibration procedure is that

a suitable, stable DC supply be available, since any variation in the supply voltage causes a

corresponding change in the voltmeter calibration voltage.

Diagram of Callibration of Voltmeter

 Diagram of Callibration of Ammeter

Procedure:

1. Connect the mains cord to the Trainer kit and switch On Mains Supply.

3. Note the output of standard DC supply (Vdc) by connecting terminal 32 to digital

voltmeter V1’s positive terminal and ground terminal 6 to negative of V1.

4. Once voltage is noted from V1, disconnect them and connect the negative terminal

of galvanometer G1 to positive terminal 32 of DC supply.

5. Connect positive terminal of G1 to jokey.

6. Connect terminal 3 and 4 to digital ammeter A1 polarity wise.

7. Connect DC potentiometer between terminal 5 and 6. Connect 5 to X and 6 to Z terminal.

8. Vary VR2 knob to set the current in A1 (say 30 mA).

9. Touch jokey to X and then to Z terminals of potentiometer and see the reading

of galvanometer. Compare both reading of galvanometer.

10. Now slide the jokey on potentiometer wire and the find null point i.e., the point where

galvanometer G1 shows zero reading

11Connect the circuit according to the provided circuit Diagram.

12. Set the voltage in analog DC Voltmeter (V) to some value (say 1 V) with the help of VR1

knob.

13. Touch jokey to X and then to Z terminals of potentiometer and see the reading

of galvanometer. Compare both reading of galvanometer.14. Now slide the jokey on

potentiometer wire and the find null point.

15. Now measure distance D (in cm) moved from terminal Z to null point.
 Observation Table:

For Voltmeter Calibration

For Ammeter Calibration

 Calculations:

Distance L (in cm) moved from terminal Z to null point is

L = [(n-1)*100 + r] cm.

n= number of wire from the Z terminal, for odd line of wire take reading from lower scale

and for even line wire take reading from upper scale.

C=Vdc /L

VDC = DC Supply Voltage.

L= Distance

C= Voltage drop per cm.

Precaution:

1. Handle all the equipments with care

2. Make connections according to circuit diagram

3. Take the readings carefully& the connections should be tight

 EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Object:- Determination of unknown inductance using Maxwell’s inductance bridge method

Apparatus:- 1. NV6533 trainer board

2. Digital Multimeter

3. two mm patch chords

Theory:-

This bridge is the simplest method of comparing two inductance values and to determine the values

of unknown inductance. Its first arm consists of a non-inductive resistance R1, second arm consists

of a standard inductor L3 in series with the non-inductive resistance R3 used for resistance balance

control, third arm consisting of variable resistance R2 used for inductive balance control and fourth

arm consists of unknown inductor Lx with internal resistance Rx. The balance can be obtained by

varying the Its first arm consists of a non-inductive resistance R1, second arm consists of a standard

inductor L3 in series with the non-inductive resistance R3 used for resistance balance control, third

arm consisting of variable resistance R2 used for inductive balance control and fourth arm consists of

unknown inductor Lx with internal resistance Rx. The balance can be obtained by varying the

resistance R2of third arm.

Lx= inductor with unknown inductance

Rx= internal resistance

L3= standard inductor

R1, R2= non-inductive resistance

Precaution:

1. Handle all the equipments with care

2. Make connections according to circuit diagram

3. Take the readings carefully & the connections should be tight

 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Object:- To study the different waveforms, to measure peak and rms voltages and the

frequency of A.C.

Apparatus:- A C.R.O and a signal generator.

Theory:-

Cathode ray oscilloscope is one of the most useful electronic equipment,

which gives a visual representation of electrical quantities, such as voltage and current

waveforms in an electrical circuit. It utilizes the properties of cathode rays of being

deflected by an electric and magnetic fields and of producing scintillations on a

fluorescent screen. Since the inertia of cathode rays is very small, they are able to follow

the alterations of very high frequency fields and thus electron beam serves as a

practically inertia less pointer. When a varying potential difference is established across

two plates between which the beam is passing, it is deflected and moves in accordance

with the variation of potential difference. When this electron beam impinges upon a

fluorescent screen, a bright luminous spot is produced there which shows and follows

faithfully the variation of potential difference.

When an AC voltage is applied to Y-plates, the spot of light moves on the screen vertically up and down in straight
line. This line does not reveal the nature of applied voltage waveform. Thus to obtain the actual waveform, a
time- base circuit is necessary. A time-base circuit is a circuit which generates a saw-tooth waveform. It causes
the spot to move in the horizontal and vertical direction linearly with time. When the vertical motion of the spot
produced by the Y-plates due to alternating voltage, is superimposed over the horizontal sweep produced by X-
plates, the actual waveform is traced on the screen.

Procedure:-

Study of waveforms: To study the waveforms of an A.C voltage, it is led to the y – plates and the time base
voltage is given to the X-plates. The size of the figure displayed on the screen, can be adjusted suitably by
adjusting the gain controls. The time base frequency can be changed, so as to accommodate one, two or
more cycles of the signal. There is a provision in C.R.O to obtain a sine wave or a square wave or a triangular
wave.
Measurement of D.C.Voltage : - Deflection on a CRO screen is directly proportional to the voltage applied to
the deflecting plates. Therefore, if the screen is first calibrated in terms of known voltage. i.e. the deflection
sensitivity is determined , the direct voltage can be measured by applying it between a pair of deflecting
plates. The amount of deflection so produced multiplied by the deflection sensitivity, gives the value of
direct voltage.

Measurement of A.C voltage : - To measure the alternating voltage of sinusoidal waveform, The A.C. signal,
from the signal generator, is applied across the y – plates. The voltage(deflection) sensitivity band switch (Y-
plates) and time base band switch (Xplates) are adjusted such that a steady picture of the waveform is
obtained on the screen. The vertical height (l) i.e. peak-to-peak height is measured. When this peak-to-peak
height (l) is multiplied by the voltage(deflection) sensitivity (n) i.e. volt/div, we get the peak-to-peak voltage
(2Vo). From this we get the peak voltage (Vo). The rms voltage Vrms is equal to Vo/ 2 . This rms voltage
Vrms is verified with rms voltage value, measured by the multi-meter.

Measurement of frequency : - An unknown frequency source (signal generator) is connected to y- plates of

C.R.O . Time base signal is connected to x – plates(internally connected) . We get a sinusoidal wave on the
screen, after the adjustment of voltage sensitivity band switch (Y-plates) and time base band switch (X-
plates). The horizontal length(l) between two successive peaks is noted. When this horizontal length (l) is
multiplied by the time base(m) i.e. sec/div , we get the time-period(T).The reciprocal of the time-period(1/T) gives
the frequency(f). This can be verified with the frequency, measured by the multi-meter.

Precautions :-

1) The continuity of the connecting wires should be tested first.

2) The frequency of the signal generator should be varied such that steady wave form is

formed.
Results : -