Lecture 2: Design II

Asghar Aryanfar∗†

† American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Lebanon 1107

February 2, 2021

Ch. 3: Load and Stress (Review)

Statics (equilibrium) things are not moving: {x, y, z}

X
F=0

and not rotating: {x, y, z}

X
M=0

Shear V and moment M :

dM
V =
dx
Z
∆M = V dx

dV d2 M
= =q
dx dx2
∗
Corresponding author, Email: aryanfar@caltech.edu

1
(a) Singularity is needed. (b) Example 1 (c) Example 2

Figure 1: Singularity.

Singularity Function:

x −a x≥a


< x − a >= 
0

x<a
Write the moment equation in the beam in one line:
Example 1:

M (x) = R1 x − 200 < x − 4 > −100 < x − 10 >

+ R2 < x − 20 >

Example 2:

<x−0> < x − 3 >2 < x − 7 >2

M (x) = R1 x − M1 − 20 + 20
x−0 2 2
< x − 10 >
− 240
x − 10

Cartesian Stress:

normal stress: σ
shear stress: τ
In 3D:
 

σx τxy τxz 
σ=
 

 τyx σy τyz 

 
τzx τzy σz
In 2D:

2
 (a) Stress components (2D vs 3D) (b) Mohr Ciccles

Figure 2: Stress conversions.

σx , σy , τxy

 
σx τxy
σ =  

τyx σy

Mohr Circle:

For finding the max stress and shear:

σx + σy
σave =
2
v
!2
σx − σy
u
u
t 2
R= τxy +
2

σ1 = σmax = σave + R

σ2 = σmin = σave − R

τmax = R

3
(a) Second moment of Iner- (b) I comparison on pencil rotation.
tia comparison.

Figure 3: I

Bending:

Moment: M = r × F

Mc
σ=
I
Moment of inertia: I = y 2 dA
R

I: second moment of inertia:

Z
I= y 2 dA

{how hard is to rotate a cross section}

Shear Stress:
VQ
τ=
It
Q : the first moment of inertia
Z
Q= ydA

t: the thickness of the cross section.

• Practice: what is the ratio of the max shear stress to the average shear
stress in triangular and hexagonal cross sections?

4
 (a) Triangular. (b) Circular (symmetric) (c) Thin-walled shells.

Figure 4: Cross-sections.

τmax 
!
 =?
τave 
triangle

τmax 
!
 =?
τave 
hexagon

Torsion:
Tr
τ=
J
J : polar moments of inertia.
Practice: what is the ratio of J to Ix in circular cross section?

Z
J= r2 dA
Z 
2 2

= x + y dA
Z Z
2
= x dA + y 2 dA
= Iy + Ix = 2Ix

Thin walled tubes:

tangential:

p(di + t)
σt =
2t

5
 (a) 3-34(b) (b) 3-38

Figure 5: Problems

radial (longitudinal):

pdi
σl =
4t
3-34 (b):
Find the second moment of the inertia?
Location of the neutral axis?
Distance from top and bottom?

ȳi Ai
P
ȳ =
Ai
P

15
16 × 4564 × 2 +
11
16 × 21
32
= 45 21
64 × 2 + 32
≈ 0.86”

6
 I¯ = 2I1 + I2
  3    3 
3
× 15 3 15 2
7
4 × 8
3
3 7
= 8
2 8
+ × × 0.08  +  + × × 0.172 

12 8 8 12 8 4
= 0.447 in4

Distance from top: 15

8 − 0.86 = 1.02”
Distance from bottom: 0.86”
3-38:
σmax =? and Vmax =? and their locations?

X
MB = 0

RA × 200 = 1800 × 150 → RA = 1350kN

X
Fy = 0

1350 + RB = 1800 → RB = 450kN

starting:

x
M = −6000x ×
2
= −3000x2

2nd Max moment:

V (x) = 0

from the right:

7
 RB − 6000x = 450 − 6000x = 0

→ x = 75mm

M (75mm) = 450 × 103 × 0.075

0.075
− 6000 × 75 ×
2
= 33750 − 16875
= 16875N.m = 16.9N.m

max force is 30N.m and the location is x = 100mm.

max shear stress is 750kN and its at x = 100mm.

• Paul Saad

• Housam Kak

Practice: 3-3 , 3-34c, 3-45.