Introduction to the Course

Branches of Anatomy
Directional Terms

Dr Hafsa Zaneb
Chairperson / Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy and Histology
 Learning Outcomes
1. Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours and Learning Outcomes of
this course

2. Define Anatomy and its Braches

3. Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

 Narrate Course Code, Course Title, Credit Hours and Learning
Outcomes of this course
Anatomy
02 – DVM
Course Code: ANAT 02101 1- 1st Semester
01- 1st Course in Semester Scheme

Course Title Veterinary Anatomy - I

3– 3 Classes (Th+Pr) in a week (3x20=60 marks)

Credit Hours 3(1-2) 1- 1 Theory in a week (1x20=20 marks)
2- 2 Practicals in a week (2x20=40 marks)
Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to

1. Define and describe directional terms and bone surface modifications

2. Describe structure and relationship of bones, joints, muscles, nerves and blood vessels of forelimb
and hindlimb (Practical only).
3. Describe structure of components of common integument, lymphatic and nervous system.
4. Indicate topographical location of skeletal and associated soft structures on live animals (Practical
only).
 Define Anatomy and its Branches

• Definition – Greek origin ana + tome (to cut apart)

(deals with form, structure, topography and the functional interaction of
the tissues and organs)

• Subdivisions
– Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy - unaided eye
– Microscopic Anatomy (Cytology and Histology) – cells & tissues
– Developmental Anatomy (Embryology and Ontology)
– Teratology – abnormal development
– Morbid Anatomy or Pathology – diseased animal
– Applied Anatomy – application for diagnosis and treatment
– Surface Anatomy – surface marking of deeper structures
 Define Anatomy and its Branches

• Subdivisions
– Comparative Anatomy – comparison of form
– Veterinary Anatomy – domesticated animals
– Special Anatomy – one specie

• Methods of study
– Systemic Anatomy – structures and organs with a common function
– Topographic Anatomy- relative position and functional interaction
 Define Anatomy and its Branches

• Specialized Branches e.g.

– Radiographic Anatomy
– Molecular Biology
– Computed Tomography (CT)
– Sonography
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Median Plane: Divides the animal’s body into EQUAL right and left halves
Sagittal Plane: Parallel to median plane (can be more than one)
 Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Transverse Plane: Right angle to the

long axis of the body / body part
 Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Dorsal / Frontal / Horizontal Plane: Right angle to Median and Transverse Planes
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Dorsal
 Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Cranial

Caudal

Caudal

Cranial
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Proximal
Proximal

Distal
Distal
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Medial

Lateral
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Dorsal
Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Abaxial

Axial
 Define Anatomical Planes & Directional Terms

Temporal
Nasal
 Directional Terms - Movements
• Flexion
• Extension / Overextension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
THEORY

Text book:
Koenig, H. E. and H-G. Liebich, 2009. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Text book
and Colour Atlas. Schattauer, Germany.

Recommended books:
1. Pasquini C., T. Spurgeon, and S. Pasquini, 2007. Anatomy of Domestic Animals –Systemic
and Regional approach. Soudz, U.S.A.
2. Getty, R., S. Sisson and J. D. Grossman, 1986. The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. W.B.
Saunders Co. Philadelphia, U.S.A.
3. Haward., E. and D. Alexander, 2000. Guide to the Dissection of the Dog. W.B. Saunders
Co. U.S.A.
 Sample Questions

Define ……….. (Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy, Cytology, Histology,

Developmental Anatomy, Embryology, Ontology, Teratology, Morbid
Anatomy, Pathology, Applied Anatomy, Surface Anatomy, Comparative
Anatomy, Veterinary Anatomy, Special Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy,
Topographic Anatomy……etc.)

Define / Draw labelled diagram to indicate the ………… plane (Median,

Sagittal, Transverse, Dorsal etc.)

Define / Draw labelled diagram to indicate the directional term

……..(Dorsal, Ventral, Lateral, Medial, Cranial, Caudal, Rostral, Proximal,
Distal, Superficial, Deep, Axial, Abaxial, Temporal, Nasal, Oral, …..etc.)
Sample Questions – Insert Directional Term

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