1.

(a)Depending on their structures and properties, solids may be classified as having metallic, giant covalent, simple molecular or giant
ionic lattice structures. The structure and conductivity of selected solids are summarized in table 1.

Copy and complete table 1 to show the structure and conductivity of EACH solid substance listed. The first one is done as an
example.

TABLE 1: Structure and conductivity of selected solids

Solid Structure Conducts electricity in solid state
Magnesium chloride Giant Ionic No
Iodine
Zinc
Diamond

b) Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. (6 marks)

(i) What is meant by the term ‘allotropes’? (1 mark)

(ii) Draw a diagram to represent the structure of
- Diamond - graphite (6 marks)

c) Use the diagrams in (b) (ii) above to explain the following:

i) Diamond can be used as drill bits (2 marks)
ii )Rubbing lead pencil on a key makes it turn easily in the lock. (The “lead” in lead pencil contains graphite) (2marks)

d) The melting point of chlorine and sodium chloride are -101 o C and 800 o C respectively. Explain why the melting point of sodium
chloride is much higher than that of chlorine. (3 marks)

TOTAL 20 MARKS

2
a) Define Ionic bonding. [2 marks]

b) Define Covalent bonding. [2 marks]

c) State the type of bonding found in the following and illustrate that bonding using “dot cross” diagrams.

i) CO2 ii) H2O iii) MgF2 iv) NaCl [8 marks]

d) State and account for the forces connecting the particles found in:
(i) NaCl
(ii) H2O [6 marks]

e) Using the diagrams below explain the bonding found in the ammonium ion. [2 marks]

Hydrogen ion

Ammonia

TOTAL 20 MARKS