Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(ubIuII
'
Jr
i)i| U*j£* yjujijijij^
i#
www. Iqra.ahlamontada.Gora
m%Êzdkmafafom
( ^w>Ld. J Jj^S ) *-i*£U
^lj ^-U^JjljJ ^ -jlSj^ik ^
<vj_ftlj _oLî‘V^u .CjL;4_ajA_j (_gOl_i.<JLj
iJ
1 1/8375 '..
i^.^jm jLlj^J <cjj_>j4_i fj'Lj<_aJO
www.geo-publishersxom
5 - *
^ I - 1
15 ^ aSJ 3-1
^5 L)U>" 1.2
1
- - 2.2
38 UiljM 3,2
43
3 jjiöj
47 *_j_j 1*3
63 .JJ<U
. j
72 ûjLoa j L 2.4
78 ^ t ............... j i jlj O 3*4
87 *
^
JA_1 J-^k jlu
J 1
5 jjj<u
jlSö>j> 1.5
94 2 - 5
103 jj(U
6 jjj<u
106 ijjtj
H9 J<U
7 ^Jku
124 tfilj^UJj
8 j-u<u
146 DNA 2.
150 DNA j 3.
* 4 .
161 jj<u
9 j^<u
1 65 « . . ûjAjLû^j j ^\£<^j^j*ûjj& 1 9
10
182
jLSrfJl* jj ^LjjpjjSAj
2 • 1U
189 * *
194 *
i_nrtjL*j* 3.10
199 -L«U
202 jLSö^ljtj
jLSûjj<u
Ij^ < t
tiSJ^uLû. j
ûb>" 2
,>u
^ljjû^S 6 jUj.j 4
oV j j
i i t
> <u ^ljJU
2
J °
S_J 1
j_S J J 1*1
j5 oj<Uu ^< o a>
^ jj 4jjS *<SJj^La
1 3*1
j —— ~ j —
J-L
j-ijjStLiiiAS
J ^UijiUo ^LSfLtU^Î <U «Jjjj J-^^U
jSjjjj j. j jj_û <J [ ~<...V< U jii<U<Ljjj^ j«i<' y_‘" ri jjJ^jûj <u LjI^^J CiwuaJ
jj J 4_i ^LU&J
4jLÛi <lSJjlmjLû
.A_iAja /jl^jjajjS ^LI j^ aS. cjjjSIj UUlu j-J (Muscle tissue AjLL aSJj^U
jU ^jjLaj-AjLSa-i j jjj ^j-ljj-jjöJ -J lZj j i
j Jiû J j j J. Aj
ULÎJA^ jwL* UjjLûjj jA_4
jl j^^lj
j -^jjl jiw Aj A^ (OJjU--} ûjAjL^A^Jj^L* UjJA-oj^ ^aSjj aJ ijj k_L i
jj
i jjA^jAj IjAjLûAj A^ ,<jA& AjLlL A^J j—iLû aJ jjzw IjlÎjjhO ^jjjAJ aJ -LjUûJjjS
¥
j j j<-*
a& a.'aa .^ ^UaJ ^a-jUL* ji jU Smooth muscles a£Jj^jU<AuujjJ
jLAj Uljjii. ^gûjA LyljS AjJJJj J-1
.OjA^J jLJjjliJ^ Cijî ^I.mMjAu
<ULu)öjU64
Aj j ^LSûjaSjjjLS (^sjSjûj aS a_iIj1i ^LLIa. jaL Nervous tissue ajLJjûjLaûj
^
j tiijAjA^jj j ^LûûJ AjLuûjLûûJ .
I
JlLaJ LS A-û jj A_j jJh*A-J6
I A-i
L ^ J
S
J 4 \ IL^ I
j^.
^LSa_j_^LUIJ aJU-ua ^LLo ^LlSjjja^ a£ <L ÛJÛJ jjj iJ^aJ ^ûjûjûj ^jjûjU
AjLîiûjLûûJ .ûjAjl-U'îûJ JJ iJjjJjj-iûJ JS-aJ L^A^iJ ^£LjjA-A J <ûjAÛû Jû jSj 1
> _J *J
I I jj<j
j
mmm
^LjLyu *L
V
1*1 AjM
.Qjjffj d<j<GLi X*<*> d Kpithelial tissue (ULJj ûjji jlji Sî^Hi ^
^OLi. *J jLiJJSjlj Jl«>J _iLSs^»j 4J J j^ijL ÛJJj ûj * j jj o J Ljju j-JiöJ j-jLSöJiLL
W T v
.*uU ajLaaJ |U dSJjujLt {Iji
J3djU* ûJ jUijÛûjASajAu
y .dJUû ajUmiiU (j) .OjLL d—lidSjJj
(^)
^^iLJjji* ^ûjjjS ^ Oj4jjJj j öjj_i<-o<_fc ^JjLÎL <ÎL<5jjj ^jjjJLluAj
^ÛJ<J <J<S ^4u^ûjûJ AjLui Lll^. J<pJ CuijSj , M Ij" <lS JljdLUlj Uli4^jjj
Ll
«ÛLi ûjdÛMiJU
- j" >* i
ûj<£L JlaJ ^lLSoLgili Connectîve tissue <L>Lii t>ylLmj«u
j (
i,j<LLwi ,j-ijJj Jifc<wO<-ft J (jijjjjj <LLL .VjÛ " . ..<L 1 _CjUûJ öLjj^jjjL j
oj<j ji<_jLjLîi .ûjOIjSûj jLS<JLl <jjj4^j jjj j<Sl j^j^ j iiluiVi aS
^
jiû IjûL^öLs. jjljlj ^ajjLa ^*jj<S <J jLuLSoLi *S ûj<J4j^ ÖJ Ui.
jjLj 3 ÛJ ûjjU <Lljlj clhVijSaj . Cmj-î* JjLj Matrix ûJjLa «Ul jU 4j 4sS ^ûjjj
J J_;
..-/
:
'<: ^Uli aJ Organ
*AuljA»Sûjjû <J A^-Va Li^t ûJ<5 A.JJJ.jJ I
JJ ,,J<5ûJjl5 jIj5jjLjJ .^SjuLû ji
^^-4-iJjO aj Ja5i: ûJ jLa A^ljjiw JJJJ 45 ûjjjL^5jj a5<j Ll jj_i jlj^jAjfc I <J j
^V^-J ,CjL5LjjL5 Llj<j A-i ^LmU ûJ<5 j5ûj ^SIhûIjjû-j <5Lj .ChL-jûJ ^jw j<L_4
j-j )
jLLLL LjL j jjjaU ^LLS 4_aI jpj^UijS ^ 4-jjjS
ju >
~
•
w JjO j i .
/.iS_jU .i44 !
jjijj
l ^j-tLStjUî* jj»<4 *J i
jSfc. ___ _£ j jj^ —t j »-- — _l;
ûLê* ‘Jtj± *
Jj
ÛJ*jL l£ J j
*•>
jjljj *-» jl <£ -aj«k-J>j,ljC% , #j*_ __ j j -S* jj i. j- j*«* jLStjjp— -lj *-4 ^jLS<£j>. ‘uuL^a
. u, U
£U jJjLgJi.} jlStjyj jî<j J #J<jjJ<j <J j jj-jyi. J *_
jrt— -Î^JJ^ -jLS^jjJ <UjuJ j ^J^ iS-fij*-!
ajj ~i n t-j
, <iji-jj .tSjj LjhJ^j
ii^jjL^aj jLSaj jLa #<L n jS j jLj l_* ,ojajijtlLSij jjt-liL^ *ûLlj±* ‘j±+ iSjjijj-* 4
4h*jjs jjj jpylûjLûjiJ
L_S * ~
Jj J
- L
...
.J ‘J J
jLÇûljj jj'lS'lJ^ ijl iSjj jLjljljj ‘^LSli JjjjjjS LjLSijLjj—t-i j ^jjLStJjja. *j«‘j jlSsjLij niiLtj<Sjj jL*fcj
i
£ L&0- t
‘CtLS*j jL^jjS^jLSjLij ^LS<jl_jtjjS ^jjjjLi j-jv-»jL »oLSij JjjijjS jjLSijSjaj ( j,LSijLl**<-* ^4i)
,oU-ij^j jU ^£j4_^jL*j ,jSVLa.i_kljJ, ioLSij jS*jLj jSlt^jL* <J ^jlSjjjL CAjj *-iijjjLui * jLjjj<j jJJjj) u^^jj ö _4^
c.Liij£jj JV»jJj,jjjjjj jLliajj jL<5 JlV jij (
ji4 u*Lj£j<* ‘Jkjj rt "** jjj rt
jLl<jj^j
|il_ûOj£ j^tLij ^l
j L
4 j^û J j I
IjHiAJ 4J ^jp^ûhjA-uj ^j-jLûjÎ 4_* 4j£ jL£k4-ûl Jj4-j ijjjjÛAja ,ijA_j L^ijLiL
^jLSaJI ^Siji <J ûj4jj4j4_! 4.ZjV>\ AûJ-a4Ubj4j jlt jS \ j ^_i j«ûjj_6 *-Ljj ^jmLj^jAj
iJLijj ^fclj*Jj4_j ULj 4J jdJöjLj (j£ûj4j j_i ^V<U lOjVUajLAj ^ji^Aj O^JjL
^JjSUUj Ljjai jj ijj^jLS ûjaSL jlSA-ûUOjS JJ^UA 4JL**ojL
<Sljji.
(jl 'ASAi-uAJ
j
jLlLJa^ 4_L<_1 jLaJ jw<J ^t£u&U<Lj£ j Ujj-û ^j-iLaJ Ua-oI jj<L <J jjj
^j-iLSa-ûI jjL 4j ^Sjj t jjjjLûj uLjaJ ajajL ^_i Laj 1 jj<j juOLjJ^ .
j<^l j
w
^jAljjûûj (jLj ^jIj^Am.^I L*U 4ûj4-UjU |J j-HjjS OLS^H^- d*J 2-1 ûjU
j 4_a 1 jua ^j^ûjAiu gLlj Ujj^ ^jLAJ aJ *S oUûJjûj ûj 4J 2*1 ûjlu
UojLj AjAû
jj 14 ^ 4 \ \&S 'OLjljjJ jU i^1 J__}4_j c]4_j A_j4_jlj<_J
JjJ Ui J <j U ^ j->j. t J.
JwûIjjhij ^lS
4jlj ^ûjûjAj-u
^ \j 'n . Diaphragni jL^j^ujL u cLj^ûjjL <S
^-ûl j-jUji ^lLSa—al jjo j jLlVjj^ j jj , 1 horaeic cavîty jj U ^ 4 v '»m
î»lii<U}S ûj<^J«U
O jjjJûJjL-J <
j^lj S Shjj IjûJûjLj
V
dj -Q j 41(40^
v v
.û j<2 L5>ûJ Li^
I j,_L..ii JlU ^LLL^4jLûji ji ji ^
;
“l %
J.
»*Ljy ^jU jS
iAS-nd-J tlSjjjj-i
.ûjAjl^ûjjjjj 'Mf « ^ ••
A^jJ ^OL^Ij
»
j
j
I
J t5 jLj^* ^A^A-jjAS ^SjjLi J JlLw
> ^û^jJ JJ^ ^LSa < ^1 jj<ijSj
1
'
l JjAi-l*--? AJAJ^
.
A^LSûjjjJj jj Kjj
Axial skeletrm jA^ja^ ûjûjaJ (
j L-^ÛJuJ IjA-hJJ d S Ln ^A— j 5
I
3-1
û ^J-J-jl^
**
Jjûjj 1
V
8 ^ I
V
<
V ^A-£m_> ^ Ijj£
ÛJ J til fjAjSlûJ ^jljAj
*C1 n
^J)-J|^ J ^ iMl.1 L_4ûJiJiA_j4 *J
\ J
^ t i .j. j
V
^Jjj A$ Jji^jji j ^j^mJLS döj ûjAIaSûJjS ^J^ ^JjJjIjûJ J^L&ûJ
&>* ^^ 14 %
A-_i iûjjjLg.SkL jljjjS AÎA^ 4j jJjJ ^^-ujJJ tûjLj 4— 1 ûJj-uj aJ Lûj
^jjjjik (jaJjJjjj tiljjjj fA_iûj jA_j ^a_j . Periosteum <_L-lu_j aI^Aj ojj-jûjjL
~
ûjljL aS A_j I \a" ^^XLupl^ûjLûJ j '(j^A-i^. J
jLaAjA_j jLSûJjLû A^ljjik <£ A_J I
Aj cLjJûJjL A_jA_4 Jûj (^AjûJjLû 1j£uAj aSjAj jJjAJ .jjjiûJ (jLSaJ JjLaSIj
oLSûj ^jLaS fojjS_j aILSjAj jaJ jjj ^aSjAj aS oLSûjILIj v VVU ûjjj j
<(
jIjjL jJûj (jLS Aiii#jjûj ajLljaIj aj jj,l mlA^a ^ûjLûaJ
(4L*4j
4-1 ûj£L
aS -jjlj Jö Ji ÛJ L^i^î
jlSû^jjJ AJUiujj
^oJjji jjjûJ AjUjU jlAi <jj£ JIU^OmjAj
j ^ 1
j 1 (j-ij4u ^ijjj jL-i^^j'-**- j 1
1
3 j
jLSAiU aSjjaj ASmVi fiJ
1
" j
““
6W4J ^ uS^- 40 JKK (jKKJ_K (j-l'-Ljj ij
AJ' ‘^Uj
s £>uUÛJ«J4«4
.ajIjjL<J Osteocytes jjl&uL va<...Vi *S. <<jljlî
I Jjt_jj^jjjja4 i£ 4 ^ t
j 4J
j jLîj j La aS -
j *<v ^jÛIJaS <J i ^<.vû , Spongy bone ^ajaLo^
UJJH tslj^ ^AiH (IjiLliwAj ££jj_A
^ 1 \ A JaSaJ (jjlj^Jjj ^_i_jjAj Aj AuIjJj ^ûjA.J A<imJ^ d)A_iûjLûj
jj J j-UjlSjUj
^A*S <A < fl.j < 4J j < ûjj4_S ii ^£4_SjA__i oL_<û_1j_J_jIj A_<
^ ^Jj.4
h
^ i
^ \
j.L^ û oJ-;
JcSdJ ,
Q> <jLVa,L> <Q I j5L«*11 aJ ^j-ûIjûJjAjAj J^j^ J Û^ ûJ-LH J (jLSûjj—IjAj j <
*
li uY\ ûjJjO ^ISûjA-^Aji jLi
v
^\Sa < *M J l A_S_Jûj Ijijj-Û ^j-jj ^ L-4u_j O L< A_
ii ' j^
^j_p. J uK_K=*- J'Sa./K j Jj± (Jjjj^ J^Jj^ I jII j 1*« jj>
,j Jpij aSaJaS
OAj LjA«j ( ûjA." j j ûjS Lsfr jl <^ <J IjAj ûj4_i LLij ^_j jjjj-j jAj jlwjp aSjA«j
o i *J j£ ûl j*__ Uj ^ jjAjj£sj*Sj4j
!
_C*1j ûjjaS ^^ASAÛjj-Û^Jjj Lj
j V
6—1 ûjjJj
4J 4tii(j'ii ^Ûj44
(jLASl oL^ûixJ O-wiSlJ aSIjJ^j^ 4_j jl J ijgfj i 1 mjj J (jL_S4 Sntj— (^4_jj(j^j
i J4 ^I^ûj4*^4i
V y v v
Ij 4-4
t£jjj L£*J û J^ J *J*J*^ ^J^ J ^JjJ (Sj^ J (jL£ 4<L . V ûlfcP
j. jJj. J (J^jLi4j /JmVi iÇij j&j'iinjj J ^ltnVi
c_j Zi^A ûaj L_û jl_^j4ji 4-SljSjS <S
3 (jiL*3 jjL J (')
JjlSiJ4btC
j^j4_!Lllj I
j 4S j4_uj ^öJJaS ^-jLS4^j<»i 4J cLs Jj 4_& iil*j il] iLLj 4j ^4*S ^SajûjLûj
(k4j ^Jj fi-j CjLSi J jUj ^4£fiUjjJJJMl4j
I joj^SljSjS ,-iLji 4 _j Lûj4-t«4j ^ûjAj L-i Cu**JjJ jûj LfS*uAJ ^ûjj-*" <L_> tj ^
(^)
4J ^Sa_ûûjA_4 ^ ûj Ji n 4_>
1 jjjûJ jjL j (jLj4_> jLS^jLifc 4 ^ r,t\\ IjLIjL ^4j jj j4 j >
. & jjûj4SjûJ
jl ^4 1
^ L^‘^J-
“'
J
^-f Ijj Al. 4^_j
jjj 0>LûA_j ^^ f
LfJ
1
-!
^4^j^ ûj4jûjA_j (jISa^aijJ .(jJûJ ^IjûJj4«i J^ISaSLLj ^^jlidj^ (jJJJ cLlj^J ^ljJ
1
I
^jLwjLjj TjA^Lj A-«jaS I JlJjj j jAj ^LSA-Sumaj jj j > .ûjAjjSûJ A^SljSjS A S J a ^jljAJî
dJLû
û^iAH 4^ *£*>?•
i jjA-lu ^aJJaS L! aS i(jûjL aJj ji a_j aSjj Fîxed joînts jUûjjju<u
.jûjLj (jLjAJjj^ A_j aJLjj j ûjA_jjjwjA-jiûJ ûjAJûAjAj {_£Jjjj A_j (jLSûjU aSjajjj aS
V V
^ L^ûj-? JJ
O^A&H +&*$*
^aj . Movable joints jiju ^aSUj^ aJ LjLijj (JjaJ ^aSjj ^lSAi* jj_*a_4
4-SLûja. jUi*U 4J
LsrîjS ^aSjj^ jj JliA^jj^i .cAJjj^j 1_SjûJ (^ûjjj ^ûjjL Aj ûjûjIjs,
V
*Uj Ji, A^Jjû. J jLSaJjjj <U V
j! jA_j ^__£jjj*u A — i ûjA JLU jj ûjûjlj_i j ûjûjA_w j__i CjJL_i Cjj M j^JÎûJ A_S ^A-iUli
AJ £AH '
:4j a£ jAû jjjn JûJûjAw <£ûJHJH JJ JjA_ft jjîjlJj (^A_S-ûj_z». JI-ûjûjA5 ^aXjjj^ ûj -ûjA 7 j
îh-hj-î V V yf
OA^jj <AjA^S IjSajûjjaS A_sJjAj jA_û j^A S y i aJ AS AjAJUj^- jAj ^-lj j ^A-S-ûjjû*
.
\ A_i
j LS AJ-lIj ^JJ jS j_i £j\ JûJ CjJjA^ojLj j iCijjjJj^-i C-ÛjjaS AûjAj CjI JûJjj
.
jl^ ng.Lv) I jSAjjAwuA_j jûJûJ jjL^4 *\ 1.
1.
j
\ Aj aSjj aS TjAjû Ij CjjLSa_ajj
*&*&? ^AÎL^jj
j u aJ jjj (_^jjj c5j^jj J J^j 4^ c^aS^j^ cIûj jLSAS_ûj. jLi jjj
S*l û ji _ --
JdStU 4 ui lftLS
^ Jjlj, jShm jj 1
, . ,; ~_Lk
oj *£ jiO*u4_
Jjj jij<0 j«sjS^
I
AJ j O^jJjLjûJ f1 " i
j
:
'
^LSûj^^ad^
^jlj*u4a jL£Ai3jASjAj ^ûjAijjSaAS
Aji j ^4_jLZu‘L_j j4__J t LfiÛJp j-J AjLûJ_2k J A cLj .^ijûjLj ^ISdjLJj <u
j-3 jL-|a.
< ^jL-^A *\
U 1 jj -tli L_ûûjj,4m_& ^i T.dA. i 1 A_J h j i ..i
^£jjjûj ^ 1
A«j jjjjjûjjLj 4_S aJL-ûj-^ ^_jL^A *\iuj 1 (JLj/' j j4__i ^tLSLlt &j4 "uiA_
"
u? JJ j -<j^L /j.
Ljjr >*v a I jj ju L^aAj jjij <0 ^ a_j j_i , Ligaments j * <A *
jjJj^jjiiA-4
j ^jLlujLIJA-4 {^j-4 ^-JjjûJ iCjjjj A ^Zujjj dJjjj^^jj jAJi
1
j 1^4 \
2 “!
ûJûjdS il j^Sj A^ijû 1 jfASûjji JJJ »6 Ç j-L_i jd-5Ljd_J AJAj J jASj.4lJ ÛJÛjAj ^LSAUuSjAmj 4_mj4_J ,1
V
î<jf* ^4j 2
<u jAJûjjAj jLSaSLjjû Aj jj_* ^iS .7 *tSj jL) j (jS_4j yiumj 3
û^Ajj3^VLu<u <d < L
^
1 1 . . i
j
«
^jj
ûj c A jj y j A^ljSjS
~il
j <j i
Jljjj j jjijjd_j >8 ^(OLiû JjljAj jAS ûJ ^ÇjiSû J j iVtiiûJ
,
û J tjAjJfl jLjASAjjAJ) jj Ajjj^aj
1
^ J £^ U
LS—
<l£JjxuU
^^ jj
•
oL^^j ^ /j m^ 1 \
ju<U<U j
i M4U Iji nl rt
.
j4l£û J jjjlj JJ I JjjUUu^j jLjsLj
AjLhj
.aj 4jl£a-Ljjj
tA^Jj-wiU öj<Sj<_j ;
jLUL ,t_i I
_j
~
jlUu A^JjjiuU aJ
jj^ Is^ ^Uj j-û
V y
j^iU jjSk. *S oUûJûjAj ^AmÛJ ^aJjj^. aJ ûjUtujjjA-ji A^Jj-luU .A-iA-^JjuwU Aj J j (4l5lJju*iU iL«ijjJj
y
.jjIkjjj^&J jKa^hjVi JJJV J j<û j LUaJ-Lj jJûj Ji.4j ULSaU^lj
.ÛjAjUaUjjj ujJJjJ^t^a
siLj Lj
^ K Aj (A_jl jllj
Lfjjj j^^^^jjU sVijj a^JjpmjLo jA-ji . Myscle fîbeFS
(I 10-1 ûjJ-uj ( Striations f j L a Ja a jUa_Ll4 )
a_j UjjjûjjLj o^j-uûj Jjjj j
1-9 öjIJj
•
»—'-
_
Jîj ji,7ji^J ^-V L< d. , v jti . ..
o - — -— j— — * _*
* I j^i*J
j û
V
^pUA^IUU J uij^ ^LSaJj^J JûJ<S ^LSûjIjjJ ^LSa^Jj^U A-*mjjJ
ûjASLiA_j (jAjiljA *vL A_i A^Jj-ujLa A_lujjJ ûJj ^_JjA_uj ûjUhJ + L _>
1 1 1 O- 1 ûjjJL aJ ^Jöj 10-1 ûjiu
jjljûjJöJ UAj Aj Luj ûjAJLaiA_j A_j A^JjiuU A_w j j)J .^UaJUUj A i ijl . iK a Ajû UJjtuL k>H JJj *^jj *H ‘H'UîJ ?*-*
^ ^r^j M
.ûjUj
^Jjj^ *>j^ jAjaJ Involuntary muscles
L l _l\^1jVi j_iLS-U
^Jja j
lULL
Jj (jJjîjjJ aJj.
j*U s*j±^ V ^jUh j jJ
A-lujjJ jA^JjmajLa ûjaU_jA_
^ Vl "A a
j
... UjJ-i^'—û A_> aUJj_lu Lû aJj f '~ h
J ^
^ 3 jj U) .
(X43Û) LMjAla JjûJ
y öjLL
j jujAJb aJ aSJjj^iLa
.ûjI_lLj_û A^Jjj^uLû ûjA_ijA-j Lûj AJûJj-wuLg aJj .ûjAUjj^û jU^ a>j A^\ t aJvJj_wU>
^LSdJjjJ j (jljJj^J
j jljJljI*
.jISa^J j^mU AmlujjJ kJûj A j ) ji." JjLa^jjU ijjAj ^_jl^A«iLat jA " iMjjALja»
(x4Ö0)
,
aJj IjlSjJk
f
^ )
,
(X270)
A^JjujLa *,jAS_sA_j .
ûjA^_jA_j -A_^jjU ûj-S A_jUjLî aUJ jwjLû fA_SkJjAuLû ûjA_^_jA__j ^UUl LLlj j jA*_A
j£öjLiA_fl j
^A-.-i i ,
**
j L<J jLLj| J aJDj^mL-û
; Lbb A—^ tjU^ (jl i_iA_co A-J ^.iA < 1j..il—
OLa. A_Dj_ljli Li .CjJj^ûjj-^. (jLjjJ j aLLuj ûjAuI_ujA—i UûjjA^ .a^aUj^U
A^Jj-uiLû jAuJt .A_jLmL_ji ^jjLaj (LwL (JLaJ iS A-^^J ^-jL^A-iLi j j^aA_4 dlöjjA_&
.CjUûJ (JjUû A_i
j CjLSûJ >U_JL aL tCi^jjLjJjûjl J La_jA_j Llj ûjA-LuiAj A_j LLILU J
T
^jj jSLjjûJ fljA
\1 *Ci>jd \\q \ jj A. ^AuSjj aJ 4 ~ ij
‘j J A^ (jjA^ûjl JjA_j ^jL^Asjj^VLi ûjjjj
ûjj-uj {jjjil
(| j; ûjjj^ fûjUj Ij 11-1 ûjj-ûi aJ tîlûj JLUj a^Jj+mU ûjA^jA-j
f
6j b ^ ^j j j jjuui j-jU uLSûjjJûj j
Actin
V V
jl iIa A oaJIjjA_j jAu^JjmjLû A—j ^ûJûJ jljJU* ^ûjlw (j-1 ^ 1 j^j_=wl J-SA_jjL_jA-_t
O
. CiJjA^û J Jû J
1 ^-ij<j
j j i
d Jjj r
j j j~^U
4S , j_i j , JLt O jjjjj ^UIU
4£ ,^_j<£j jj_uLi Jûjj^-ijLj
A^JjuwjLû lJj " 1 -A^AjjUjpUj Lo ^.jij j-ijjJ^ ^_jLû j_Î (^Aj£4_j U *vJ j^l A^^jLj
.
a
jii_iLJj — ;-_j jz
5>
3 .
.
i ^^4^-3 U^>-?Li joiL^ij ijUij djjl£ jja^ûJjöj { twisted strand of beads } jLSûjj j>
,
(5 jj3ûj j\jXi
Lh
53*
ASJJmiU 'iv-ijU
12-1 ûjjC
jjjaJ IjaUj«.U
jljji Aj jii^A i
J<4 C^ûjLjAj aSJj^-L ^yJJJJjjS ^5 jL Sûj4CjaSj jjA^ LLjIL ^ûjL jj CjjASj jjLlwjAj vZjoLSaI^ûJ .^j-jAJ jjJjAAAj *2
CiA^jjjLû l_i .A^ûjj jljAj jA*j ûjA^j
^^ijAj JjS I Ji IS L jSûj L i
ûj Aiij^û J j J LS 1 L aS Cjj^ û JJj L J Aj ^ Luj aHjju La
^aSjj aJ j AwûJ jia- ^jLîmAj ^jj
V I
*
^
.ûiLSöj jLjJ jLjJj (jLS<JLjjj .ol^JjLûjj .ajAjSl*v ^jL^A^JjMMiLa
©
a_j iAjaJsû-1 nij \ I JiûjL ^aJ aS ûjAjj-I^AjûJ ûjûjiSjA
1 ^JjAj
J , I
j^“ij J (i)
--J^
' J
'^ ^- - ÛJÛjV J^k 4-J A^Jj-ujLo U-£i
<j£
A_! Li. j<J
13-1 *î1lL ‘Lj f^jl^A^JjjiiLû ûjAfLAj .ûjAjLJL (^aJLjj ‘L JJAj ûj^LLlA^lj (^A^jj
p
V v ¥
Jûj dJUjM*U» &jO&jiL4 ' J j^j^ijLij ^12 j*. 4j cIa_ja£JjmuLi jaJ ^d^ûjjLS jJjLa (jhjj^ (^öjI^
^LiîJjj Jj ^jiWJ jh«
j jtiUliJJlJ
IjAL tlu-AjJ j-iû J jIjlSLjjLj
i
^ _tA ~.^.ljt *
A i ^-jL^ûjA-utuaAwi 4 J jIjj<_ujhû4_^
dbJ jJUul^'uJ 4kJ nl'J&Jûj'awua
|j| j I
AJjjhûj j-J lJL^ j^-jûJ aLIjAjûAj (^AjLluIjLi ^jji. ^LûA__4 (£A-^j J ^A^A^Jj-uiLa
jpju'Li JjjL£, fîj jöL£clLjJ j, jJi
JjIlJLjLj Jmmj JJJ LjJ-u (^AjûJjjuiLa **lj~K iûjA jVûA-^ûJ jLLujL juj^ JjjSjAjujj J (jA 1
j Lj jLjL^
1
jA^ (jAja^JjujLo jAj ajIj ,
Extensor jJ jLS jA^J^ jmu L aj cLj-iûjjL jA^ j_uj
jIjSa_j AJLuojVj LjLmiL (jSAjAJjji, A_j (jjj-jJj JH -ûjA 'îj.yt" uilj CjL^ûJ A-^aS-oj^. Aj
aSJjjuLû
.1 JxJAJ aJ A-jI jLju A^j J J jA-SjAJfc A^ £_£AjûjJ jdJ jjjjAj ^~LmA A. ^A-Ij Aj A_j jjî
^ M * i' JJ js
j ^
> ^. *\ J_ti» 1
Lû ^_JJJ_i H-^L d ÎLkd^ Olj
^j_4 4 " j lûJ (j1j 4_-ûAJ * IjjL^aJLmijj A^JjjmLs aJ jLfiAjj^VLi ûJ-Lj ^jjAiliL
^LS J 4
jjjj^ûj
V
jL_j ijjj-^ûjjûj IjLLSaJI mmjA^L j_uuLû aJ aJj j_j a_^ aJ a_^
V
1
jb^ CSJ^?
3-1 ^fi>j<û^^.ljj
ÎCilSsJ ûj>!jJjjU J-Lii SjLSj^ Jjj .7 aJ <ULh jiiSs jjji. ^_uj<U4 jl _jjj <U jjjlj<u ,1
,aSj IjmiaJ
V
j* A^C j i.Vi
ÇASJjmuL*
1
— j 4 <
<U<S
>
JJ <jj<5iûJ (jLSAhûI jj^û AJ
<£
jjJ
jL)Lw ÖjiGjuCj
^4jLL jj^jlj-a. ^-ijj^ j-ûoJ
ijLaû J J iAjLuJ
<D
.^jjJ^S <Sjj *{jjl<^ .
jjjJ<5L 4-SLj :^j 4jLû<Lji .
J CjLui Lw^JJiJ J f A_j Luj
.
jj-k£ ûjjAjx j^jJ^ * <i!U
j AjAÛUl ^JiijuoîjjiJ J <j<jL=k. dtliAuûjS <ûUlj
(6) (8)
.4_öÎ jj<J J-L..J jIjJjA }<
(jlS*_jljtj
(7)
Connective tissue <ûti aj-iuLw(U 5) Ncurons aûLî ijUaj Abdominal cavity jlJAi a£uj
(6) Epithelial msue <ûUi aUaSjjj 5 Cardiac muscb a£Jj*uU aJj ( 8) Cranial cavity jfJaS aJJaS
(5) Muscle tjssue <ûLZ aSJj^U 5 SkUctal muscsel aSJj^u aj^A-j ( 8) Thoracic ca vily jlSaS
- iCi_L
^ i ^LzUj j j ^sûjû <J jlu ! j4^j<j ûjijO <J Qj I Jjjj-i <J j'LSL'L-J <iwilj
¥ ¥
.A^ija ^yj J j£j 4_^ U jjJjUAj ^LSaûUj ûj<J<£ûjjS j,L£<_ûj^ j jjJjLjûj jLSAuûljJaJi
jLSa^ljlj
<SJj-w»Lo 4_ijLj ts34; J 45 a j^ > UUjLS jjj£<j A^Jij^Li <Jj *A^L3 jj*jL& <i«jjJ lA^JjjduLa ûj<Sj<j
*j^4h ^jj^ aSJj-luU . J-Ç j i jUUj UjJ<L-û jf^ <J 4 ^JjdbuLa *j<jS_jA_j !
t^JJ^ ts*j^ ^ lsMjjj <J ajIjjJ jj, L < ^ j jJ LUjj, <SJju-wLa ijjLS-OUijj
.jjjU
(jLSo^ljlJ
(16) Myofibril A%jJLljj iSJy^u (19) Extensor <£jji*iU *SyJ£ (18) Origin <i4_L
(19) Insertion ç^m *j y (19) Flexor 4^JjwiU a£jjj£ (16) Aciin j#j£4j
j
ii i
j
~v
(20) Muscle fatigue aSJj^jU ^jjjjjJU
(20) Oxygen debî j_.>— <y> (16) Involuntary muscle (15) Striations ji&Ujui
JjAjj^ 4^JjuwLoj
j j >
j Uo^SJjiuLs ^jU ft
^ij f
-8
ûjj^Li <
urJ*j*j<j :ûj6j<^Ujjj
(><^J^ i<i*ji
.<£j arnj^
u^ i.i j^ J j4-Ij ^m i i .i
Ll^H ^jljUi *2
:< i
j j jjL^<ji lj£4^j<j*uj <J ûjûjlj^ (j<jU£ûj4_iu ajljlj ^<j -3
öjjjjJiL* OjjjIj
^wlalSûJ z ^lj A j_j 6jLûl_J (JMJJJ&J ^LS Lj<jjJ<£ <^_Lmj j L <jj<£Lj <S <jLö!jkj<j j<j .4
*
1 j .^Uûj J
2 ,o ^Vt c£ 6J>-LH
¥ V *
^“3 C
U|lUûJ ^jij
I
^ .ûjjL <jljjj .1
^ 4_J.Ulu <L<5>JJJ ,9
SXjJ_i ^A^AjLûjJI Ç<j 4_4 IjJJ^ <J ^A _i j-% idiUv C^JJJ** tjUj-* *15 1
-<jluUJ ^S*LL <jUj*
'
'*l-.'j j i<jLa ûjiLûûj fjLaûj '<Lj j!j<j <jLjjj<l^jj i<j .7
.ûjûj<4*j v
«
^
,Ai]j*uL4 r<SJju>yL A_«iJjJ r<£JjuiLo 45 <^J?* - J
.^£j l in <
1
. j
aJlj k'tS aj
1-Mi <J j^J-Ujj JJ ÛjIjIIaIj <S ^L&jjJ <jij=k. ,1 s j<Sa j ^jjjl jlu4_j I jjLS^SjjAj jj Vjji. <J jl_S<SJ j-yjLo j j'j ,22
jA \
jj j> jj4_ûj4_i_j Lj (^<jLa» <S ioLSûJ Cjy^JjJ jjjj* ^JJJJ**
(Sjj<-=± <J jjtjj ÛJ Lu iSjj^ *2 jjji. JjîaJ ^LSaöAj jL-j<j j jj Xjl ^ûjaHlJjS
..
"
1 Vjl A <jjjS (^J^ui ^£4_1J<S
^ \1 LjbûJ jOb f
j L Jl^ J LlJjliAj IjLaJ aJ jjji* Lf-* ^*JJJ-“* ^JJ^ (£*j4UL*i I j£
^IjjUjS c^ljjdj
öjdJjjSjaj t^jwU
tj ji SoLiûjjöj 4_jijjLg_Slj ^jJi L& jj •Cih^ ^LSaJj^ (5jIj^j (5 jjûj aUj-jLû aJ <SL:
€Tp ^ _M OjS
I
LiJ ^ I
<Uulj<LA ^ljj^ljjS
j jljjxu ^ljjdjjS
,
( x 780) oE-^a JjaJ IjSJjhû aJ IjA-ft ^jLS^sjjj <u4Jjj
ij
I
j J^u jA I . jj <Li ^£ 1 -2
* û^> ijS&jLu*
V
2 ^ jju *
V -
j'ji^
<^‘L^-vj jJ‘*-îiJj il 'J <L; L)*-i'“®iJ‘L; l^ij^ (J**
14'-1 ‘J yLSAiLa, ^y^JjV
J (j LS*aj<jÖj
j^k jl jjj U (5jU^> ^<Uj (jjjjLiiijAA (jjlSjjjLi
CjLSûJ rtJ
j CjL^aJjai
^LSaJjjJjj^ j jl_£&j4
.ol^iJ tjjujA.
JA
J j>« jljtL U (5jU^-
.oL<*J IjjjjH^i Aj*fjjAjj£
iA-uaSJ^uiLs (^Sj-ol^jAj (Jj j 1 1 j-o -ij<j
I jS aJjjJaJj aJ 4-ijjajLj "L ' 'A ‘
Ju
Ojj5» ^*ljjAjj< A_ C J.
J _1
jlj<j ÛjAjAj^AdjjûL U (Jj
i^U J.A 1 j<4 ii ji ^OjLj^ii (_£A<jjj 4_jLSûJ ^A^ûjLaJ
*ûj4jL<ûJ <J OlL<5 Ji öjAjjjji. Aj JU ^ajA \l < 4 22“-' L Ijjj ^UjS aJ < I
, 4<\ -
V jji û* jj < Septum Jj ^~.x,A ijA i A \jj~“. ÖJJ T^JjA-lu ij 1-2 ^öJJ-wj U
^ tfQjJJJ j^ ’
4
^ (5^ J t5^ ^ISûJ^Ajlj
a_5 jjjlj^k ^j—Sjjjjj < Atrium U 4<Vj jS c4jL^jû_
Ija^UjIj UajAj L$_jaj Valves jLSAÛUj .ûjIjIîiajL < Ventricle
nj<-i ^vûLaj Uj^uuu — a L<^\ j< ^^aj , rriciisprd vaîve ^jûjAj ^AjLaj A_j
1-2 ûj^i
,
^aJaSjjjS v 4*
^ajAjJ^J jAjUj
jCuLSUUj ^IjJj (jV jjJjA-a dJ Cmj£&j ^jöjAJ \^j ^AjUj * JiiiöjS',
(V'H* jAjjA*
(O^ lj ” jJ<l1jjjS)
jASa J Jjjî t4 JJ^0jU3
J JAjHAtijlj
«b
jj
o j ^IjûOjS
L ^ 5 j
CwaJji ^jAj (jAS (jjAjLûj tjJj ^Saj V jAJ&AJ *>j)A VA-^a 'i l jjLSAlljljj Ajjji aJjjJ ^ûjLej jLSûJijLl
jLj AjA_jLû j ûjA i I^jjh-LL o iju,j-jA_. iA_jljA_S ^AlLûj ^jULûJ A j J|*J ££jLjA_i J _g _ . .
<£ .1
jjJj^A jj L,<SûJ jjj^. (JûjOlj<S (JjSjA-j ^LSAjjAjlj^S AJiLöj jjJjAu* .cLjoûJ
V
J bjCÎ ji I fXi >4 A 4J CjtjjJ
v 5 jL <J jj
(
jAj ^ûjAIjjj^ûJ UjjLAj a£ Aja£j Ljjik ^jLjj t^ljJAj <a£j 2-2 ^öjl^
V V
^ o^La j » , zJj o^^JûjiLû Li .2
^ aJj£u - ^ ISaSJjiuLû 3 . jûuJL CuJj ^AJjS^v jj jf^uSjj ^aS Jo jJl jl! ^jIjSjJî ^0 ja. vd<j ^ûjLû
Ajjw 4 .jjlSûjAjJijji. Aa_llu jj jjjûJ ûjAjjji Aj jl_j ûjûjj-4Aj jjfcJ jjS Cj*mIj
.isjA> > I
,[
'.
%\‘C c j< *J
j
<S oL^aj cJj A lj &jAj jjSLuAt
M UJ^J^ ^a^MiSjjljJ ûjOISAjj^j aJ jûjAjjjljS^J LjLSA-ij^ jj jjji*. jAjjjjî
4J cJj jjljjJ ^j-jljiSjj ^oIjlUJ
^Ljî 5 . ûjaiIjûj j 5 l jjj^ jL jj uî^rijj»iS jj j ûjAijiûj j5l jjj^ j ûj ûj ûJ < îoujjSûj AL >! Aj ^LjL
6e >^jL jj> (j-4^ jLfliL 6 -ûjAjjjA^ûJ Jj <jAJ^aLj$ jj Le? M1^ jj jjî
^ ûjûjj 4
^^ _Sj *jj-^ ^Ljj^ jL> jn j5L ûJ ûj^Ljj-^ V? J W ûJ ûjj-4 M
jljaJ ^jLSai*Aj jj-ûA^ jj (jjjjL ûjûj ajjjjî c* aJ 8 > Aorta ûjA jji^ LL i
jj ^jLSaIJAj jjjiA^ aJ <£ Cmj^LûJ ûjAj yAa. ^AJ jiuj t£jlj-J J ûJ^^jjljSûJ
t
j j-ûA_A j_i jlji*. (JjJ-ftA_j \ ILi aJ CjLSûJ ^jIjCiAj (jljA_ûA_i jûj-JjJj "u*A_j
2-2 ûJJUAJ
^VaJ (jjj^fc ^jjjjyjûj aS ûjj ûjAj (j^jjAjai Ij 2” 2 ^ûjzu aJ . juAl ^jLSaLaj
iS$*JiJ
ûjAij jij 4J
V
4 ‘ij^n^jj jJJ Aljj^. jAj JLjjL aS .ûjIjSjjLj jjjm/ ^LJjjI Aj IjJj ^Ay A4JJ d_S -AfUjj Lijdij
^aS ^jLjj^ *
j^u^ ûJ Ljy
û jLS ^jjj«i ^jS^ûj aj aS ojLj^ûj ^Sj*u<£ jJj hJj ^ 4£Aj^L£J1a
JjJU ûjajLSûj 33 j
Aj jj^i mSjj cLjLS Aj aJ A_Û Ajjjyjj ^Aj ^VAj *CujV!j4û'i jjM*
u^ ûJ ^4
.
Cj
+ V
jj > oÇljj_1 LL
jj j J^LUj
'
tfV
<,1%^ iiJ ^
4
*J II J ^La*Jj 1 1
j jC Jj jt
.Cjjûj OjA^*
jVM'U j-O Jij<ua ^iJuO <J ^JulAioS^j ^ ijAujljSaJ ^juA ^tUuiJ jjLSAutU
ÛwUj jl
4
Jjj_i j L£ ijö_J_lJ J_i J J
•
^ AA *
f
-' “#*
j ^ Jjj
J_k .
Lrhja. JiJ 1
^ 1
a JL 7
jiLÛjjpiLU Vf
C*mjL jj
ûj j »
^J ^ ^-IJJjAj VJ Jl^N \ J JLS i£jJU JjLI
jSjÛJ
|
CjjjJj"Aj.Ûj Ûj A \_1 i jSj O J ft
jLS_iA_A .~lj j^j-V- A_Ls jS ^Aj 4 ^ I û ... tj ^aIaUihJjS aJ j^ j.r.j j £ Jlj A. Qb .i A_s_s L
^lISaJLî .cA^a jSjj Jj >j!jaj a£>j^ ^acemaker ja5Ujjjj
J-> j"jS A “> J jjLftjLS ^SUjjO IjSajASj^ 0.8 jA^ aJ aJaSUijS ^Lij^ (jjS
3-2 3_JJ_i
,~M j j Ld I dl<_jA£J^. ^ OJ A_î ^I^jASûjU
j*Lft 4S jj^ auVmU ii_i.jU
h*jS AjLSûJ* oj«jjjA_)ûJjjûJ ^ U-<^JJ< AjLfijjS (jjS aS ^AajLiûjLS ûjjjAj jAj
-O^jJAO^U *U JLiSJShU
jj^jAji jljjj ^^ajjAj aJj aujjaSûj aS Atrioventricular node aJjIuj aJaSUjjS
^jLSJjJj .JjS&jljJj jAmj4uJ MjA j
‘^JjAj u > AjLsLi aSJj-luU jAj jj jLSA^UûjLS ûjjjAj AjjjS ^Aj 3_2 (jJûjIIm ûjAJa5>.7> jjlS
^Lj^ ^ .
t tj
'
- ,
>
11
PQRST ^L£AJjj4b<Ju jj
.aj4ûujS6J
dlA_jAS
j^ ^ 0.3 ^aSUU a_S f Ventricular sysîole ^AJjSU jjuj>S c*$*~
^AjL*3 JJ JjA_4 J jûJûJ J>Lj aJjIii* JjJjA-4 j a]a^4jS jjJjA-4 jUU .cLUAjUûJ
J ûjAjjjSûJ ûjAJ Ls-"
(^UUj j ^ûjAjjjO (^A^Uj j jjjjJi.ûjlj ^jALIjAS
jJ^Sxju. aJ4£l^jj£ j_4 jAJaS^jjS (^ûjAj jjjjLi A_J J^AcUji iAj fûjAjLSj jj aJaS^jjS jj JjA-AU ûjAIjjASûJ
jj* .
o j
jA-sLswûj UajaSj^ 0,4- aS iojj-jûJjLj Diastole
f aJ jS
. j^ûjjûj ûjIjSUv
AL IdX -y
J j ^AjAiiLjS jJJJ-UjS
o
I
J Ol_»-
i j j j
aJ .1
V
jILSaJjS^ ^ûjAjjjjjUw ^\S <1 ûjûjUJLj^kLL jjA-Luj^ u ^ ioLûj ALujO
j A Ijulji.L
cûjAjjjASûJJ ûjIjJ
~v
j_i' Jjy
j
aJ ^LSaILûj aJ jIjiSu
™ ** ^_AJjAS<jjAjyj ^jLi
* £fearf murmur jj (s^jj ^û_uIj oV^ajjaj ^LuLj aJ JljL^ ^.Sigiûj
I— j Mi ûJ LûûjjA-jÛ .ûjûJjS I-mûJ j^jA S Ifwjj J ûjL-S-iUÖ JjLi ^jUSa ImA—j jJj
jmjLû <Ûj_û, û jj
5-2 ûfcui.
lHJû. ^llujd-i j
^Ai U jljifc ^^jjJjj* ^aj^I
jU Jj aJ Jjjj jj (jij^ ajj<iJj^Lii AÛjji. ^JjjJ jAj
aJ *£jji ^jjûu
V
^^jI^ûjjI-ujAj ûjIjjj ,Ij 4-2 ^ûjVuj aJ cjûjjAjt f Arterks jL^ûjAjJuj-I a_j jjûj dö_j4_3 L_i<G IjILjjLjAj ija 'Cii'l jpjLS
^.A_i .A_jAi__jLfcj ûjA_îiAj A_> ûjûjûJ LSa Lû A^ujjJ OauIjûjLJi jij'U töJjoiiaJjûJ (xiCÖO)
^ 1 *S I
Jjaj ^ 1
^jlû^AJ jLS4£jj_i_| 4Jjj^
CjljûJ jLljIUuS Aj ûJ j LS ûjA_iIVj^. AlijûJ ^jJ-i jjVi ûjASA_jA_i ^jlAjAlLg-Slj
v *
v j ojjLû j,jj£jJI_i <U jj£ûj
(_5j_4 AIVjûJ jj ^-jjjjjjS .CjjJ Jh? ûjAJj aJ jLjjljlJLi jj_ûAj ^.aj jii, aS dllLS
.IjjLSajL^ j jlj^ jljjI^J jLSjjAjub
aS ^A_jSûjA_uw ûjA_iIjjs. j j J jaJ (gj*-* jAl AllSûJ jjjA. —iLLuAj .Cuj-^LûJ SUTe
cLiLj A_i jl j_l aS CiVjûj ûjûjA_iIjj_i j a_I ^jLiaLj ^jJLa^ûIjjj jiûjjûj ûjaJj . aJ
. Diastolic pr€$$ur€ jLiujAj ûjaI jj^j La. jVJûj ^ */L ûj IjajV-û aJ ûj^
^ ^ J 1
n jih
JL*0 ^ISGuî JJ^U* SîJH ûJ<3AjjjjjjL (jjljlj^
‘
^ ûdj^ ^L^^jjJjjmO jffjJJ
j4 i _i
j
{ûj.U^jj^ûj jj jj û&>î)
^jLSûJjLi ^ljli^ ^JjSjJU jjljûj a£jj JUU&4j <ÛJJÎ ^LSOjjJj j* ^jLJj aVj<£û^
ijiajtji ^SYn
^L _Sui —i- aJ oj i Ij-Ajj-i. O jLS*j jL_i A_£ljj_i. LW fr ^ J^ ,jr-LiA_=k
j jU jj ûjAjjji
~
-*& A. ûJjA^wjAJi j .ûjAJGjû J /jLSlAjL^. AfsûJjLs IjAj J JjLajAjjjjû-
lT"^ j jL£<ULi *J ^
ja^JjauU ^LmjjJ <U O— j •
j Li jSj IjO 4^1 jjujî aJ ^ûjaJ c4-î j^jjAj Ij^lSLiUu aJ jjAiiL j ^jjjLS
¥
^ jj^jLIj-
4jLL Ajdjjyu^Li 4J ajaji^ j____i
.ÛjAjjûJ j jL ^jjiji jj ûjAjL^Ajlik. aJ AjljjLi
Lhîi^
jjj ^aS ^aIaj (1657-1578) William Harvey ^jLa ^aJj ^Lh
7-2 iSjj^ Lr®l? ÖJ J^ (j-ö I jj Aj j^ jJu L4j-=* j Jj ^ ûj ûJ j^hjjj
0 jLSiJjLa ^ljJdjjS dJjjJ dJj jjJ aJ A^ûIjuAjj^ jAj a£ ^ûjAj AILjA^ LjSiûjjAJft . 7 2 _ (^ûjjjuj j
LV A% ^ j 4 ûijL -
i^'Gjjlj^.ö J IjJjdJ f Pulmonary circulation jy^ <Ujmi JcGIjAj ( ûo<n aJ jI^j^j ^IL^ajjS
V
4j
. t u i
8-2
&JCUÛ4J <U
.ûjAjLjj, j I
j^û j*iAj ^aSLjJ.
v
*ja2jja5ûj jLa jjh* aJ aS^ ûlaJ jj^a-û aJ aS m^jj ^a^ jjk
9-2 jljl
j^S j^rj-j
I A2 i l ^ j j-JûjJLj ^‘ t lj ^aJjSu* jj iljiujjAj ijAiwj lj j> j j5> J
>
jjJ ^Aj .ÛAo^y j-j dlîJjA^ c^a-UjAjfj ûjLjAI i$J*->HJ^ JJ J >î Û^J^
^LSaJjjJjjj ûî û^"W AiijjAjJijjii JJ jl yÇyC Aj jAuA ûjAU4j=*
;|
jj Jj-<LaaJ jjJ^ i,
*UatjÛ4jjS
Jjjjy
V
il jÎuaJ ^_j L^ Ail»Aj jj-ûA_4 j ûl>H ^ AIjJ-I* ^ûjAIXluI j^ ^aJjj^. jj-«j A-ol JjAjj^
aJ IjAjjiw jAjLî <jl>L> ^ û^*jL> *JjLö J £5jLS ^jjSjJU jûJûJ J^-aJ ^aJiLL V
.
jLSAlLk jj jjj^ tp^^JJ^JJ^ *J Û J>"^\> .oljûJ jjj ûjAjj jjj jLj ^aSjj
^LSAIJjJj^l
^j^Ljj^ ^LSaJjjJjj^ jj ûjAlLSA^Li. aJ û>îjLS ^ jj^SjJlj j ^^a^ <ûjaIjj3Ij£ûj jiii 4J
Û J>" \> J
ij-î ^rKj^ AjLSjAj iûjAjjj jljSûJ
2
_ û i
4_] jjju
*
U jIaIjS
I
4j aC^ a :
Coronary circulation jjtujjjî
'v
iSj^ ^ û^. jj Coronary arteries t$j*±jjj£ ^LS*jA+4ji <u>
*js^
^ULSûjAjIj j^ <J ^Lj ûhîj^ ^JJ^ C^jW *-l .CjIÎî^*.
, t |
jA <J J ^j ljiklj O A4A4 AjLAlljAJ jj^ûûJ
+( jj ^-iLS^uiLi A^JjjjjLû <^jAjjj
AÎajJ
aJ LlS^ -öjA-Ijj-Sûj >IjjA_Ij_S a i * j )
j j_S ^JjjJ aJ j ijjljjio jS
**
j_jLS O Jj3J A j^i <_j_jA__jLuu ^ûjAJjIjSS jJsAj j_S 4 r, \_} ^^jLSa^jL-ûjm-î
_J
* 1 1
jpJûJjLj ÛjAjLSUjjJjjHÛ 4. 4 AJ \
4_AJ_^Û J AhJl-LjIjAI 1
J~J j^ UjAjLu jj~A 1
~..
aJ <j jjA_4kjA_ijLj
^3 ,^ ^aSjjA. aS (ûjAjaSûJjS ^jIlJj LS.A_j LA. A_LojJ L_4ûjjAu_4 .lj_fi_4_
10-2 » 44I
<Uj),jJ öJ J dj j-J-d
J
lT ^ û ^b^ A * AJ 1 .^LSA_Ljij^jLA_> ^jjijjSjfi^
^U<UjjJ
A fl AJ I
LSAjb&j ijAjJ-î^bO i£j“*^ Û^J^ûjJa^ ûj ^j-S a 3 j rn Jnd^_
4J ^ij'y ^IjjAJjS
^
jpJUû j j£LjjUj
1 jJ Jjj 1
j
-*> T JJ-j ÛJ^J^jSûj ûjAJj aJ ûdj^ A£ tjjj^ (^^VjjJ jAj (jAjljA^JU Aj .IojLij Û^^Lv
*U Jj jj<Ub 4l£ < j4J& 4AajJ ajjj jAj i Jj)A~jj.j I jU (JLj aJjjJ a c a J >^A_ji i
jJ j_i öjAJJjjaSjûJ j ^jjaJ _jLSaJ1jA_j
j j_ûA_fi ^
j, jUatjJdJ^ ^-iLiö-jLi ^LSaJjjJjj^ aJ IjajI aJ > L-> J ^LSaJjjJj j4 ^jAijljSûj jj jj LfjA^ ^_
i_a
û^ ûJ 6 ^
jdSû J j L£4Lli-^ jr > j Jj
J.
^j£j 4_I
aS j AjwLf-L j^ aJ IjAJlfSli ^ ^ISaJjjJ a_Ll_J L4 *jj<u4 -û^* j okj^
.ûjljj J-I ÛJ^* J * fr-ftjl
(_£ 6
jAjIjAS Jjj AjIjIj jjUAjLoÛ (jMfjlj^w
o
—
iju*Ll
^jjjV jj tr^j^* LjjsjjJJS .a^*ujjt_j£û.j jLS-ûlûi
^ûjU^uS %55 J
<_iLûjjL oj j*CL Jii ^^Th<j ^ 6h^ ,ûj 4_jL^ûjL^ i 4jl ub^
iS %45 )
<^4j± ^LSöj4j j Sjj± J Jjjuu, <5jji ^LSaIL^ ^aSjj
jLJ 5 jj 4 ^jj-* (‘LL j^ ^ûjLaJ 66 jjS j jlL<-i jjji* (5jljjS
.ûjAjLûûJ
^LLjS (^jl^Ajij^
^-ûljj<jjS j<_iV <J S LjiL ^jL^ûjIjj ûJjLû <£ljj_k AjI Jjj ^^LSa-Ijjjjjj
J
^ I Jj1i_LjL jL <-J OJj^Û ji<-4 ^L^AjJJJjJ dJ
j J L_L2k
I
^^jjjjJ^j -
j^L<4 jjj^ ^Lj^ijj jj j A LVu ^jjûjjj iiljjj^
j LjjL (jfjj-i
^ i L~^<-i AjJjVûJ jj <J oLSûJ ^jlj*y<J <SjJJjjjJ
jOj juA^jJ ^_ijjjjj JjjL5<jLujj Lj jL jjljjj <J Lftûjj<-4 jjj-i ^jjLAjLî 1 1-2 ûjLi
^j^L <J (^jSjAj jj jûjûJ Jii<J (^jfOûjL *jLS<jO ûjj jjJûLLL JJJ>" 4 ^J
VjJJ J
yJ öj 4J ijjj . û jlj ji
(jj<J (^LS'UIj'O jjaM <J jjL^ALL-i j-J jj^ iii^jJ jj J Û-J <
1
1 Mij \ ila 1 1-2
(_g
J J
Ti^j-llj J jliJjJL_û<uS ^_^<_J<_L Aj ÛJ iûJ<-Jjjlj-SûJ jj^ ni^ j-J *S
î i Lhj^ l^jjj^ ^jj^ .oj<ijjljSûJ jj-jjLS
2 (_£ JU ’ij
LhîJ^ ^t£<u^u*i
^4S*jLa.j«LLU
aJ ^j^ûj Leuköcytes White blood cells jlS^Lx^mm a£jj^
teukocyte dSjjjx 1^-4-^ (JjJJ** 4JiL-&<__J fL# iLj^kO A_J jj jLi<J <J ^,Jj_^_Jj^jh^_;
j ^x-uj (^A^Llj leUCO 6j A_j \\ 1 V <J jjjj^jt jl_i f(jLSjjS < a ^d 1 >j fcj^LujûljlL f
( )
..iljL l t ,xj JjA^t AJLSûJ ^S. jfjJ ^jSajöjL LhLs-* ûJ iS^^JJ^ LIjJjA-^
ChîJ^ ^LSöjaU
V
JJJ LLk aJ Û^L^aj jSJaj .û4 jIjAj ^ajLs* Platelets û-£3-^ j-jL£ûj<u
V
^
( l 13 _ 2 ^ûjjJIi <û^jjl 1
J j
4
u-Î ûJL-wJjJ Ij^AL A î Adb ûL-^ÛjJ^-^
.ÛLSaIjjj
— j \ j S j
1 l
13-2 ajU
Jjûj<U ^AjAj _$Aj Ja^ hA/VL^Lj jajAj
aJ ûj <
jj J 1
j
I A^
jj , 1 I
>
'< jti ji Vjj A
j5j-j ^j^^j ^ 6î»j-“^ ^LSdjjAi - Fibrin jj>ijLa ^jiiûj ^UL aS ^ I Vi/î jjj
Jjjj aJ aSjjj A_jA_A j-jA-ûjjj-i. Aj
Lpj jSj4 djjjj (JLAjIjj y\j jAj Q_i \ j jûJ
t 1 lj 14“ 2 ££ûjiili 4j ijlûj .(jJjSjJ Jj^j aJ jjji dlîLS ‘OJj^J jjA_ûjjjj*
V jj>î
jl^öjjjiu A_Sjj^k J j-Jj-i-aLfl ^Ja_jj_I ûj fûjAJiûJûjlS jLSöjJJ-«J 4_Sjj_i. 4^_S A^jjAjjAi 1995^U.obj-^
.Q tVuriöjöJ aS<jjj_jj4_j jj ji*< AjLLajAJ jLi j_l_jA-û Aj_j_a Lj jjûjiûj Draculin jJjSljj ^jL jûjAjIjSU^
v
jLi U jljûjAjj_SjJ
a>Wj W ^*+H jji ^ ShuA>°^ öjj^j^Jhj^- ^j=*<L f
A_i J
jL_j jLSöjjaS A \
j
j—i .oIjûJjjj I J—cLu
^S M
\fif,iA
J A 1 A_S ^öjA I
j jA J I <Aj (DSPA) pkimmo^rt activator
ajj^j^ jjiiLjjj ^jLjaS LLuAj .jjaSûj (jLj aJ ajlûjA^ ^LSa-mSûjLj oLûjjjLaJ j JULj ajLSûj jjjjjLfl
aSLUî jljAJi ^ jliLA^ ^jjji aLIj j_j ^l jli aj (jjjSûj jAhwûjLs. jLA?*J^ CSjU'ûjLi aI^jjIj
û^-
CSJJJ Ai *3 j <u Blood type ^hJu/jS
Antigen £>j J .oj jt_. <j*osi
ûjj dLjLS jA__4 ^VAj fjjûjL lilA^ûjAjl JûVûj g-J-A ^jULi ijA-4 Jj£,aJ aJ
-Ch JajLI
^ 4-!
. jj öî^ tSJ^ *JJ-! * j^ Jkjl
" ^
i
^ i
V
ÛJ^SI AjJ jljjL£ûjJJ*u ^uSjj*^ iJJJJ
.
aS ^4_ilj4_Slj«j4^ ûjj j4_
v
A-B-O ^alu-LAr.-
jUö-Û ^ 4£jjJ jJ jjjJk ^jiwUi JJJ *j J L_4 ûjj 4__4 Jjj5jûj <J CjI JûJjjj jLSûjjj^ 4_^jj_^ ^jj-jJA-ijJÎ j j4^û_:
A A jj
‘
,j*a^ 5i J
^Jj^ ^JJ-^^J^ iSJ-* *^* J 4ilj4j jj_û4_Û A JjSjûj
0*i4^
ûj4l j4û4J ^LS^JjjJ 4j jjj^ ^jjjjA^j 4J jSjj 4IjûJ j jLSûjjj-
jûjLik .OJj4iûSjj bjSjûj jjAjja* JaSaJ jAJULAj ^-LjjL <£ ^JL^jjjj ^ûjj4^
Y
jUi4_443ûja jj4SI»iJ4Jûj J J L-2
4j j4SI jj4j û j J
Çi j ^4 iûJ
r ' UUj^Lj 4j jlS4j4jûj*l l
IjjLSûj JW 4Sjjii (jjjis. ^4j«ujs
^uwLi^-û ^_*l £ jl
j JJ j
A,j<J^ jl j lujjuj £_£jdj£l JjAj ûjJ ^4ljIjA_j .ûjAjljjj J V ££ÛjL^j_A jLi. ^A^Aj
Jl jjj> a^ajIjaJ cAj Rh cIjLjji Rh cLlj ja^aj .joûj-sLj aJ ^jj cLu ^-cLjja
^ < L ^ c4 JdJ ^-fiJJûjjJ A^aJAjjj^ AjLS jAJ i^j^jjûj ûjA^ jLj aJ Rh ^JjJaj
aJ Ij jjûAûAj rûLj ûjJ cLJj ^JljijA- Ji ûjAJu jLjj ^jjAJ Rh ^JIjL* ^_ijj_i
^ojjJlIjj A_> A^aJIuIû jASAj .AJAjjj^ ^-ijj-a (_£j_A A V> i, ,1 AjOIjAJ jLAiAj
2-2 „
Rh *j A“B“0 ^LSûjaS^jjaj ?
j^? jJJ-^ jsUtLljS ^dSdjjSajiUu BjJ Vjj^jl jtjj. .1
jJLjASAjjAj-li ^aSAj j_A A^A-iJ jjSj-dAS jj jjjAj jjjia. ,6 ^ jj-? jJ>^ i ‘ALAS Ji>«
.AjLjjAd jjjii
w jj '"jj
1
^jjLSûjLSjaa aJ aL£<u ajsjdiUjjj jjjdj jJjl ^jbjS J
V
,J
jljijljjûjLA J (jjjjAÖ ^LSAijjiLIjj Aj !jojj_=i (jûjAÛiujtjS AJaS J y 4jljl£jj& JAj .4
V V
'?
AajjjSjûAS jljlir.j ljjL£ejljLj_a. aIjj^ aJaajS jljLj
2
LöjiLl yU jjJtjik. £<Lj<Ub *j<Liîy(jljS ^jljjS 4j . dii.ij d jjaJjJfc. ^MJ jd_ft
11 ~~
s j&J^LllujI^ '>[
^4 ^jl <L% J_j LijJSi J ' * v J t <^1 -jLSaj 4^û*4_Jj d i<s "
^ ^ “i
j ^v. 1
J - J
i -
uli jJ J * J_ _j J
fCijjjSûjjûj cm 400 j 3
300 u5^=* a^‘ L ! *-! ^j- 4j^ (J ^ û*Wj ^jj^ ^
j4j J <J jLijjji (jLj jL^ cJ4_i jjj-i. <S nftjl ay L I _i.ii \l \1 "j
j <. i. \ ^jJLaJ ioU-Lj Ijjjj^ ^UöjL*
oliljjL
UJ^ JJ 6J f ^
jj.ljj-i 4j j^l_J_î4_i<_j <_£ I J<_jLu<5i 4-1
J Lfcl^ 4
^ 55 — 18 ÛJ,4_ijj |
| jUl_J <J jjl j'ij'X,",^ I
^VU. J^ 4-*
<lsj^ ^4j^ j ^N '
ûW M JJ oIjjUJ>j5
.CiJH Ju^jU. <J Jj^j^jLû ^ûjLû aJ jjLLl ij AjU4j b ûb^ CSJ^LjS ^^jjh
î'"
;
^I-CîaJjS j tjlj.^ u^l-ii^JjS
J
1
î j . & A
<UuLj<U ^-ûljjAjj^
^jd \l<^ ^ m<ji jjj_k
j jLSsûLik jJ jj
j-ilj j U&ûjjA-ft j-i i.LL
j ,
,
jUujUij j ^IjJcUj^ aJ ûjûjûJ ^jIjAluUaA
.ûjAjLSûJ U_=l ûjûjU ^jl jAjujUA-Û
J^Luj U4_û
{j
t
•
^j^Ujjûj aJ Ija_û c^jUjj
.UöjisjLji ^_tlj UuLjU& j ûjûjûJ .^jljAAijLAjfc <££jfjjS[ jjJ Au*»LjAj& ^_Jil JjU j^ j-î
¥
.oL^ûjjjUj jjj^
^jjûj jljjj aJ ^jjSjJU External respiration û J6j*
, ^L<UiiU<us
^jjfîjlU Internal respiration ûjöjLj ^L<UuUi<u& ^*Îa_i <^j—± jûjûjûj .
aJ a£ jjûjLj ^jjjLS ^ Jam jSjjIjJ ^'ÎAj .aj ^nuAj ^jj jUijAj Lj cAVi j u^ ûJAj i
AJ jLSASJjuiLa j dmn Jjj
V
jjûj aJ Al ûjASj AjIjAJÊ jAj ^jLjj ^jjIjJAj Jj 16- 2 jmj aJ ûJj ^jjA-uj
16*2 <s ^A-JjA^ J^j ^JJ J A^ûJ i^jjS ^5 jJ t5 jljL^ Aj ^jljUi ^aSû^U
v y
4J Jjjlj 'j
Vi.x^ ^lijji^j a£ iOJjJûJ ^A_i_>jJJ A^lj^jS j ûjAjjjjljSiJ ûjaSjjÎ aJ IjAJfc Ojj aJjûJ ^jAJ
y v v
iJ -gLS^iud jj & 3 &JÛJ
J 10 cm (jljp lj<-» <jjjh tsjb-J • Trachea Ij<l®
jûLS&j ijöua ^_j1_j jS
4j Jji*]
L j. jjt ^aSAU jûjAj ^ûJ ûjAjLiûJ jLo Aûu-LjJ jJjA^Aj (JajjlILj ûjALA^ûJ oJLj ^IKûjIjjjjIjJA^
A^ljSjS jA^Uj-tiiL* A^-tijjJ Aj JjAJt ^jjj AjL) jjJjA-4 (^jIjjJ «ûjA^4 jj m AJlL^ûJ
^ûAijjj aJLÎ j AJ l ,
jjIj^JIjjjjLj ûJjLû AjhJl_iJ
j ijJJj^ Aj (^ui-JjAji A^
IjjAJti
^
»L Ad A v ^jj
i \\ Ls j jL \\ _i Q V JtduAjlj j "
*\
j j-ui>—j j— i IjA —
a lJ j (UJjS a_j a_S tA_il jjj LjA^J jiu Ls Aj-oj jJ jiiijj jA_j I (jijljjj * Bronchiolcs
Jj j 1 rt 300 ^A_^_JJ __1 I J-cLj ^_uj jj J aJ .QJ;Jj ><— i IJ-jL^A ^ û j—llj 1 ^ \i,j
9
j J c
J Jî
V "" , WT
jj 6jIj<-4 ^L^^^^jllj Kj , . , 4J 0 2
.oljûJjjj jjlj jLjjJûJ ^ ûij^
^pLS^v jj^ 1
^ jj 6j<J^jî ^j <J j cAj6Jj<^1î ûiJ^ ^ilKdjjJjj^
tjiU<U^ 4J glSûjli
V
j ûi> j-* ^öj^lj jj j jLj (^aJuujIjLj ilj 17-2 (_£6jiiii 4J {gj\ ^ & ££<Qjj
y
(5^lj^* j 4^ .ûjAjLSûj ojjj Wj -* 4 (jl LS ajL>jJ I jKj
^ jj*mSjj!jj 1 rj <J jjjjLS
^JJ6J û5j^ (jjLSaJjjJj^û ^jî ^^40 -ÛJ^j^6jU> ÛJ-ÎJ^ (_$ JJ r*K j->lj
**"
4h£ 4 j jAJi jjJJ 4j m 4 ,a Jjiöj
(j a
% luS^j 1 ‘‘Ij^
*J
j
2
J j I j j ^
<ûj4lj^k (_£j_44_j ^-jLS'LjLIj 4j1_SöJ (^4jLS j<Lj Q mûjû jJ4_a L+î j-lSj a j A ^-ujS L
jj *j ^j ^ <J LJ 1
'^J
* i
jj (j-A ûji*4tS 4j ^jjuj^-Î <S
OjjûJ^U ûj<-
UKjLS ^öJ^iiojljS
\j|4 \ i l
j Kj j\ t 4_i 23% ^jûjjj (j4_S_ijL .Ûj4 IVij flûj IjLûJILj <\ ^_jûjIjj4_j /
4_jljJ1i û
.
ûJ j û jJ <_±
Hcor + h+ ^ h2 co ^ h o + co 3 2 2
Ij
^
4 ^LLS4-Sj^jLI j1S mw jj (
.
ûjLijjHJi ^LS^JjjJjj^o 4J jjjjLS (j j jmSj-ûIj,.
.û aû vûJ Ljj SûJ /iLu>L fû a4-JJ th 1 o^L
jtj4_uilj4_û ^^jjjLSjj
.ûjOLjJ ^yjjjijûJ J JJ 4_Jj<j4 ^ûjLuû^Jjw 5jljjS jH 4-ujL< i ( (
B
4jIj <_4 (jûjûjjjOjj^ ^jljjS j 18-2 (^ûjjU 4J dûj Inspiration {£j^jûj <UuUi<Jt
.
;
" ti tA -
'
jjI
jjö jjJaS aSL I
jjjjS ûj 4jjj L <4 4J ,
jj
1 S4 1 1 1 n i_
jLSijj*utj<!
sX-MjuI ^nîiûj SjfJuaJ ^Joidj) jjj,- -
_
(ajdûujaj J*uö
IH-2 ûjlJi
j^JjujLa j <:J
2 id-jjLÛ jjjLa
j(UjJJk jd_iyU4jjLUÛ4 .
jLSû J
4u*>Lj«_4 yj-fcl jltljS J jtLju^ Jj4sjj£ (OijjojJL ojojfUu jj -tl>Jjria jJU ojijlj^
j H 1 û 4 J
cLj ^£<j_t*i I
j
V
Li 4_i ûjûjIjA. jj ç tj
iaj cxi43 jLLLj ij<JîLSa jLiSk r jijJ jjLi'Li ULo j jjj4_S
6 I J<Uuj; Ut4J5
ûjOjûj jjU ûjaJiAj jj j *jûj Uv j
jj. jLSûjuUj4j i -v,i
0^ 4.3 dLa-jOijlL .ojjjûjJiLi
expiralion
<0 4$ (^ûjU OJJûJ jILoU^ I JjLjjLj<J 1
j*_4 ^LSjjAj rCjLSûJ jLj jLL J_L . J. ^ûjL<i ÛJ
^LI j expir ûj4jUl^ 4J
.
jL^4 _! j li
i
jlj AjUYûj jjS jlijjûj <_£lj4_4 4jj_i iAj<_4 1 Juîi4j ^jûjûjû J
.^4_jûjûjûJ ji jl jUujL 4_4
jj ûjOISajj^i O l j<ji
^ jj^jûj ^jl j jS <J <Glj r Expiration ûj<UI j<uuU<u& ^LSaJ j
jdL jL4-_j LS j4lJj t jwUl (_£ûjûjûJ ^ûjO ojjûJj-jjjUi 4-5a4 \\ 14_S jLj4_J lj^_A ^J\ ImU 4_jj_j
4^LLLuj4j jj JjAJS Ls 4^ r jL^4-Lx.i/ ^ûjûjûJ jj lj4-4 ^-îlAJL ^j-4 4_jl1jûJ aLLxwAj ^jljLt.
,
j _j_j û
J jjL^Oi J ji 4_) j4_uj
4J lj jii4_o4_j roL^ûj jLj 40 LjLuij jjj jLS^uLi >j-v .^OjI j4_j ^jj IjO rujLLi jLj
V
jj OjjjSûJ 4^ 4_lJ j j_i j jljUiuLu* ^tj^H .ûj<-11jûJ çkjj jlj<UoL<-4 ^jljj^ rûjAlliJ
Ljj dLkj4_jjL ûj4jjl1 tf V4j jujik LaöJ {Jj4i rûj4_ljûJ Ljj IjitLaûJ 4j jL£<jLk ûjLaû
L rojjjjûj jlj4-uiL<-4 ^jHjlUju/Lû jj U4j4-oL ^Loûj <ûj4lju ^jl jjjjLS *_> ..X j\lj i
jlj 4_jj4_SûJ 4LLL-uJij4_j j_i jii4_jlj4_j jj_hû 4-4 jl j4uoLL 4__4 IjlLxl jjj_Lû4_S jj ûj4_1jj4_S_i
4j ^LS ^^4_jûjjûi <U] UjU_4 IjSL ^LI jj UÎ û L aj i j<lA IjulLoûJ 4j ^UjI jjûjL jUj ^Jjjljj^h
4J Ljjj^ 4_j ioLjLjûj ljjL£4j|_£ 4J uilj j|U-it ul jljUuiLu^ jJ-jj$Ijj<uuj4 i7<>>ûj (j-cjjj
L£jljjS j4_ui4^_iluiûJ ^LoûJ (Jjj4_fi 4jLS j4j CjLûJ |jj L4_& OxI-miûJûJ .jl J4-mjL4j&
~
4^jj 4 />
jj A *\
j
j\
^4-j iûj4_jjj4SûJ jUuj
^ ~“JJ> ‘
J
^->1 J4j*jL4__4 j OjjSûJ I jj JjS-ljjjjjS
j-? J^ 4ljj4ij ûj jCjjjS ^Sî ûJ^ >î J "OlUo LjL jJj 4j <£ rCjljûJ >-ajj-4 4x
3-2
-ûjûjAijjjjj IjJujSjûj
y
jûJûjL ^jl jtUuLAJb jljjj <U 4 % j
^ ^jljLk^ .1
Srj<LXû^£jj Jj4_uL><LA i
J 1
j ^ .6 ^ÛJÛJÛJ jjjtj^-uuLiLA
j '
jj_ûk 4-jj-Jjj_l4j jjJ aU ^jL 98 % 4j ûJtGjjûJ Jjjj .ûjûjdjLiL^ UjJ IjjjjLk <U jjjjlS
2
j j
J ûS iJ 3J
.ûjaHjjA^ûJ J J jf
^ JJJ J j* ûkj^
^LSAJj^jj-a
^û^J^-Akj^
^ û^ öJ J ^*
.<j <_4
û^ob'j
jU<jLtj
/ ‘Ajj*
<j jjJLd
,
*<JJ<£]juiiLa
ûUj" ^IjjAUjS 1
^^^IÛU-U jj
®
ûi^* ijQjJ* ij1J
Atrioventrîcuiar node (29) Pulmonary circulation jjwu <jj*m (25) Veniride UjjSLm
(27) Sinoatrial node j£ ~ JtlljA jj£ ( 28) Artery jujjjî Atherosclerosis jliûj<uûûji ^ûjjJaj
(31) Lymph ( 29) Blood capiUary jjji ( 25) Lytnphatic sytnets (djj<j$£ jîûjJ
(28) Polse Jj ^ijlJ (25) Valve <uUy (25) Cardiovascular svstem ^U-UjS ujjj 4j
(29) Vein h
(28) Blood pressurc Jjjî J jUML,<j
JjJ < *LKjljL£ ^Ljjj (S >4 aIIjûJ <£ jûJûJjoJ ^VL^ ûjjjj j jLûj jlj^ LijjL <J o j a£j 6ej^
jjjî. ^jL^CiLi. a£ çjj. jjjUjLi aJ çlijjj <çjjjûjIjj<j ^JJ^ J JJJ^ ^JJ^ J (Û^HHJm* J ÛLF^J j^jjAJliLj
ûj-uljûaiS Ûkj^ ^LSûjAuj ûb^ lT^/4 J
O j AB B A
i * * jlj^. jj *-îjj-û çû jiljjsj ^JJ^ J ^J^UjljSûJ Û J>*A>» 'ÛsLj^ CS^^^JJJ**1 ^JJ^
(33)
^AjlljîjjJ
(32) J<J jl+M* Un.l U juj-^-G o5j^ Û^ûa l£<! j <£ û jii <1 <J
j <J i$j jUj -o Jujj l£<uii*
I
^JJJ jA*a<J <£J jj<j û*-* l_ijt£ûjj*M ^JJ^ i^JJJ ^ jAlxaûj jjj^ ,^L£ûj<j .^jiCi <j ÛJJ-^JJ1
LSu^Û"* jhP aJe^ j <j<-* ^£^<£^<3 *j J 0 ^ ûj>“
*
^AAjJi ûkj^ ^* JÛJ JJJ U±e<-Ujjî
ljLSöjOO
(34) Fibrin (jjjjjli ÛHJ^ ^JiJ- s^Jj^ i
(32) Plasma uyyu
(34) Antigen jaSIjj-Uûjj (32) Red blood cell (eiy throcyte) Antibody jûj
IjLtjjL <J ^ûjljl <j ^A^ûjL* AÎUAj .ûjCujjlj^ûJ jljjj <J <jl£ûjL£ c5jjSjJU cûjûjûj ^jjl ja*mU<j& l
[
£*jU'4_i
H (^Ujjj ,û jUjjjIj£ûJ *j4Jjjjj£j-ij_4 Jj£*<J ^LSuLij Jjji
T ûj<jjjjlj£ûj mL jjjl£jj ^LSaûjjU u"j^*j ûlfcH ^ (jjL£ûji5 ^jj^jJU jL£<j^um i
Û* ^uijjûa jljlji 0^a£ <£Uj j jjûj jjfi jl£ûjtJj<j jb^ C^JJ^ J J JJJ 4^ ‘^>JjJ jLj ^fcûJ ULliûJ lj<-4 I
( 41) Inspiration ^j£jij<MjLj<-û (39) Alveolus ij<a j^s> y.i/K^ (38) Extemal respiratîon ûjûjûj ^jijitMuLiAA
(39) Trachea ij^ tfJjj (38) Lung ^ (38) Intemal rcspiration jajlj ^jU^UMLjd-û
o u-Lm
(38) Epiglottis
cr*ljjA_jjS
^Ujjj jUU)
j ,j_*l jj<jj^
(42) Expiration
ji *£J
(38) Respiratory system
(42)
-LMiLlut
Diaphragm daiûjjLj
^ijj^jji
I
jliöjtjtj
4*C t l_Li.
J J flj
.
f
05j^ tsjjj-^ c^^jj^ -y*
lHJ^ ‘cHJ^
.jU^l^jj^Jjî -o
ûAIwj^uaJ 1
^jjî ^jULutj V
[J-^V
J jj<j .) upj^jj^
^IjaJjI^i
.^JLaJjLj. AjL^fciJ a£ ûjJ
<^ûj (I
j£jJjj ^J
Jj Isj^ f IjS 20 ^ûjûjL ^Jjj^ -^r
.LL£aJj£^u jj aj o LSaJa £a> *j£ aJ
O ^ J ^ JH ajLjL£<Jj£_uj4J
''
- j^ L
.j
Odj^ csj^
. -
^Jj Jj-i ^Li . CjI JûjlLjjjj Jj ^£<j<£jj ÛjJjJ klL JA_£ ^aJj J jjj jA_j
,oL£ûj jJl!jL£ ‘i-iuj Li-ij ^a jj^_j j£ (Ja£aJ
^
I
*j^LubS*J
S-ljjjjûj Jjj *0^ J cs^L^J ^L£ ,6
.
LL^LjAj 4jJ ^ll Mjj ^A_itj4_i ^jljjS ^jjjjSSVLi. .J
ojj c^b J
tÛH J J j J-! Lh j^
6.5,4 7,4.1 J
^
L4Û 4J 6 j 5 .j 6*5.1 -vi
2^-û^
J J J 1
JjûjAjI j a-luUa-4 j 0Aj^j*j a*jmUaj& ^jLSaJ .A<jjUj L^jih LfjUjj ûjAwjeJj jU<_Ujw J J J ^yJjAl -1*
OU^ Ua^ ^jSj^ ^JjljLjj jUi<<Aj jAA ^Ujij o5>^ ^KaJjjJjjûj jUûj ^ \\ $ j jû
aJjjJ Oj ^jijjj ^Uflj-jAj IjjJj. A< ^jjjlj oLSaSjA^. j> ~-A a \ .25 >jA
<qJ ^ >j^J At*>UA_4 ^^1 JjAjjSj ^lUUjS *<•.,$ -ft-J ^-IjjAjjS .A<j I JjA_Ljljik Ll j j 1 <aj A t "h
\j
A i ^jt..< jljlj<J JjjIjAj .12
j
C
S^> Jkj^ ^UûjA. j^U <J UJj Uj j <U jAA ^jlUji .15
lT“^J>^ ûJ ^ShH jjL<ajjj^ A< jji A< Aj^ ul ^<\j J-U ,16
f
4
^ Jjj LS^^J^J ‘LS-^ii^ 4^ ^ JJ^JJ^ ^J^ÛJ *1 .oUûJ tSjLjJ jU-»A^A3 jj jJjUu
SajAjLIjj
f
Aj j_4 AlljiJ ^jjj j_i_^iA< jAj<J t^lj j a< *j aj^-* ^jj^ O^ 4 ^0 05>* ^jIKûjL^a^ .18
^<j ^j<2 j ûtu jLj I ^IjjOjS <JjjJ aJj. ^j-iLSULûjj <J dj< < 2 2 .oIjûjjjj 05j^ ^aJjjJ ^jj^jIU^j^
A-> ökj^ i£*J^JJ** 0>> *£ ÛJÛjASj ^ijjj *aUa! ^_o jA^ 5 <lL
( Ojjj A-B-0 ^jj a^ o^-j* j+ 05 j j^ J4 -19
•
— ‘
; -LJ ^ • ^ * A<j<J ^Aj IûluaJ jj-5A_4<j. j--3 Jflû j Aj I
.flJÛjA<J
fûjl-a jj ju T^jûjj'LjJîAi jiA-ûO ^< j -* < ^2 j ^_4 jll ^JIfljUj 3 ^IUjjî ^-UjA«jj ^IjjIjjUj aJ <JJi C^J^j-* Lf^JJ
lj<j<<Jj-a. <J <jl JjJ 70 jj ^ljflAjljll a£ jjjlj ^lj jj ÛjA<luu<< <J 05 J“^ Lgfl.j4 t~ ml j< <_J AlbufliJpjAj A<
CAj^ ^^aJAûjû jA-4 jj ûjûjASjjj jLSûjljAl U 05j^ jU jj ûjaUaJ ^ijAjij aJ Uijjj 0-?>^\> ls jW5j -2
1-2’
Al jj-1 aJ jASIjjAjajJ
iVj M
. Ad i.V.l
jjj^» cL^aJjaj jJ>i UUjiU AJ jA ajj jUfljjjMj jljik ^aJaa j<
AB .A A.O B A
AB ,B B ,0 B B
fjAjj^Sjjj jjuulj
ls^KH S^jlj-**j jjj Lf^j^ UjîJ^ l? U ^<£<u 2 aJ f^A< ^AjfljUj^jjjAj oLî ls^^^J^JJ^J^ ls^
I
j JJJ ^
.Ajjj UU [£ ^Oij^- ajA4 OÎJ^ l^AJ’W 4 ^
j 0l'i<^w ^4'^-* lj-^IUAjj^
jj JjA^ aJjU fljL^ jflAj
0j> ~ I aJ jjj ^^Jj^j oUûJ UjjLjj ^Ûpjjj U1*«a£
^ ûUj OO-^ ^ 4 L-^ AJ ÖjAjJjjl J<fl4 A_tuA< jAj jj Uj jU o'lSûJjJ
^A<Aj A< 0j^* JJ *j aJ A< 0^> AjUUujI jAj — vJ SljAjAj Jflj ^jUaJ A.jj > Uj jU ^ 3
1 j *J << I
çgJjjMi -jIjAj
Y
îçj QjJ A-fl ^j-ijjjU (_^jLiw4<jj
m
i i
^Ju^aAj 3-3
3 JjAj
j _ —
*^_J
J JuÛ JJ CjJJöJ ^jLuJUfcjJt ^jLSûjLSjpft ^ljöJj^-l tJjjW — --
j4_j ^j^a * “
j
*y* CjfiUûViîLJb ^ujjjuuL-S 4-ûjjpÛ J_J Jj ,_)j
"v jL j jj
3"? (^lL^All 4
njûj^j
<ÛIjI£j-& ^Aj
^ j^Al ^jl£ju& ^jlLuL ÛJ-^-öj fdj4w^uiLj6iJ
jIj-lJ
Jj^ ^j^GLSûJwjJj 6J<U wC-^p -
.ö.jAJL£ûJ Cjjj^L
•
jj^ *£ ûjAll£ûJ ÖJJJ ^LSûjLSjA ^JjS-IjLj.
^LSöjI^j-* aJ l^jj5j^ j J^aI
A^^JiL ^j-AAv (_£j-a a 1 j >aj a^ du hl jajsj a 1 1 ,_>
j_j Pathogen ^ujj^aG w—
.
^ j y 1£ûJjAj ajjj 4j^a£ ^a£aj (1910-1843) Robert Kocb ^j£ ojA_ijj ^jLJ<L —
jL&U^ J ^A^jikAl >? jjJjS
*6 l^h'L- ? .
-
if
cG-> Ijjii j ij^uLjjijöJ *j ^oujûj JûjLj ^-Hijji ^juj_2k.A_j j<j t A.nthrQx <juS
v . aJöjLJ ^Jlj^ L (jUajjAuLu ,ajA Sl t tj jLi ljjLjjijj_j aJj i_Jjj_u j*j csjAw-Ijjjlj
Jjj
jLSûjL^ j-4 iuj4_4j4_j ij jaJ a£ lilj ^lj aJjIi ^LjISaj aJ jjj ^ua^Lûj AujJ/j^kAC jl£ûjjj-C_: ui
(J
^ISûjL^J^ ^jiuJ'UûjiUfjJ
a£ oja£j*j ^jj .jjjj 4^£lj^jL ^jji ‘ACLLjI£a_i ja^ Lj£ ^Lv ^L£_^
.*J<LjL£$J JJJJ
LL£_jLs ^a£a_j aJ a£ Auljji
u ^a^CL ^ ^ L jI£a_> jL*A-4 aI L LiLLo jaJ ij-G r-* ,^jv
1-3 ûjjG
juU ûjAJL jA«a oJ>?Lhj^aIj û»? ^ (jGLlSlL j<U ^Vaj .^jjwL ,
jlSLÎj
l£^Ulh^^î j^L ^ ojA_£jûj ^jj Jja^aj aILLj-L^A-j j^L ^jj^
Llj (_£ûjAl £j£ (JvAJiijAj-J j£jJ ^kAj + A_tv£ljiu_jL ^IjjpiAj ^jLSjjt iûjjjJj£jLzk
jAUi (jA^Jj *-t j ^i-ujljj
aIjjj jjacLûaI tKoch's posetaluts au oIjjû jjL a£
J j£ ^jLSAjLjliiiaJAui
aJLlAU
«sj£
bjLSjû
O j 1
aJ
wV
aJj. JjIj
J<Cl
(^Jîjl.dui ^jLSjJt
^LS>a
ClvUbJiU jiiJiJ
jU^j:
JJ
iuûjûo
^ I
^I
jjûJaILjS
i<_, ^u»ujÛj
jiUji jILSaJ
^jLSjJt J^J
a jiuajf'jSLii
j ajajiuluS
3
-C
aJ JIJUjUjui
^>ik 4j
^j>jAîLj£ öJ ûjAljjSLjLl^
AliLj <U *5
ijMUjji
^jL£>Ji
3
^jii>4 -CL
-H JJ-Î Li^JJH
(^jûaJ^U 5
J_ujjj 4J (jhUj.SAi
ûujaj
^jûjAiUS
~
^ j
^ '
I jxLu^ ^jûjiGLC
;jll<J <4JjSjH
l j 1 J 1 ^
bjt&lLut&ûJ j^jLLJj ^^Ijj^SjAj <jjJ -jUJJ j^JJJ jtJj4Sj4j (ûjjjaS) Ti/iea û'j^JJ^J isH
aSj j jj
^j|j,Ij4^_4
^ ûj 4 i ini — jt__t ^j," iii4u-iaJ ^*jL — — il
j
iniaj 4 — 4— j i
-" l
jL^L-j^j
1 ”3 ç^4 Im^ J
it
jli4 *\
J J
^
"î
iji
j jj f 1 *^— t jj ‘Jj'j
I
J j (j 4 ^j j 4— ]j t jl^jûj4 ^ —
*j j ^öj<jLSûj LjjjV ^ju* ^L^di^jjLdi ^jjzk^^ ^jLSj^a ^dijj^Lî
V
jLSûJj4J A J \\ I
j ‘2? ‘ J
j
*
jjLSû4j4j jj lLl
^
* (jL4_4<io . jL ‘
j L j4_4 ^."j.i j'.Au \
4JûjU JL4jjj^ jj j4_* ^LSûjLSjA <U jjj jj 4_jljjj jLjjljAûj ^jjijÎ4j jiLSijLS jû (
jU£4jjlj4Îj4j
aj4jl JjLa 3
54J ( JLSa
‘iuii 4jjLj).
.OjjjSûJ LjjjS^mj UjlULû 4lS 4ljI,Jjj LySOZyWl€ ^ûjjjio-iV
.
jiJûJ (JJÛ J 4jl_il_i jJLi 4S jlujjjûJ
<^Jli ja.4_j ^_j L^ûj L^j_4 JJ j-L J lîILj 4^Lj ,^4 j4j. jLSLjjAj A^ûuJ
.
jaJaJ jLJU ajûjûJ j ^ujjLS^SJjS
J 6jb J °jj^ ^ j
j \j^ » ûjSU i ^Ll ji^Li ^ûLSûjLSj^ ^^-îjjj jiLSU^jl
"
.ÛJ4^ A ~A J J~
'1
3 ^JÛ4j.
O
J j “ 3 < j I jj
»n
J
jK j ">,*>< jLS<UjjSj<LA j.öjsUIoa’J&j
Aj ’
£ j J_Jj ^ yJîi^ (^LjÛjA-uU ;ijj IjltSûJjAu AjûLÛ jjU Çjmj j <Uj ^Oj^Al .^SjjLSjji j<-4 jA^O
t_^^jSj^<-t J jLjljS ^LAjj^ Jl«Uû<Uj ioljûj Inflammatory response ûL£<ujj£j*u& ûj^LIj^ûj IjO
^ uhj^ LSj* *JJ-î J*jL
IjU. ÛJ^JJ-l ^IU. J CjUûJ jU«U <sUUjj_1 (>JJ-I .^UjjIjjjj
^jj^ ij-^JJ^ ^ ^OL|«*jiO jaI “
V
i
j-IaSIo J j^ Histamine ^ûjjL* jLSjuI^ua ^^j^Al ^LSûjLSj^a ^jLaVA^
jlSjLa j^ûj ^ILaJL .\jaj 4 ; 1 ,iS!
JSjAj 6j^ LT*jj->J ^j-4 AuIjûJ jj^LllojU 1 ^jLSuAui jûJûJjû- .
J^ tj^JJ^ JJ^
ijLojLllUft J jljA^J^.4 ^jûjjuljjAj AIIjûJ Jl<UaO
'jb^ J 'lPW^^ J < jjj^
j<J uiljjjAJh <
jjjjJûJ AjljÛjAjLS
^LSûjU lj*L jjj^_ij Jjj^ ^LSdjjJ jaS<L ^aj .a^ûjjjJLj jj a^jL ^jjöjaJ
j-i ^ j^Al
JjSAxûJAj j iASûjijiJ
((
A jASûJ
^ s l ,,
jj JjljA^û ^_i l__ijg_Sjj Aj Oj*iûJ jjj^
jbj^ j^Aj ^j^Ljlj^-i
I
û Lj-i j,
j j V
f>AÎ IjIûjli^L
j (aLjj^ aJjL jLSûjAJil£Lijii<ua ajUlj .jlaJ jj ^^öji^Aj ^LSûjLS ja l£ ûj ûjjjj ^JJ^
j* ** oS>jLIj jLAlLöj^Al .A£ûjj_UiJ>î Al^jL AiASûJjj J ^ILSaJjjJ ^jIjj J Aj
j jjAjûJjj luijji^
aJ ajLLljl-iljS ^ jjHû ûj jLo j ^ojAAj ^_iLSûjLSj_a Phagocytes jlSûjdi ^ j
< n jL% 2 !
^jLSjUû
.
JSa^uJL ajûjflJiLj^
ûjaLaOjJJajs (jjj»LL«ijjt 3 ^jLSja^ jjjSo ûj jLljj j jojûj c>jjj j LSaj S \ . l >
^LU -^jj jîU jUjAi jU4jU ^jjjaUjj: A-iLw AJ aS_j J ^jjjj^ *ûjAlu Û^JJJ^JJJ AjAjIjaJ aS jûJûJ Ojji AjLuul j^Aj <
V V
jaJjJ jLS4jjj£jöJl j$j<UUdVsj
.
<l£ALjj_| Bf
ji jS MiaiA xTii j_Ji ji <!
j . a jiU * j * j_j V*
j ^aj,jjjiijjj •
jjjLjûj IjjUO ^juuosUjJu jJ jJi ja,4
jjJajjjUu O LS û J, jLijj «U ,
jöjij jjji j-jLSd Lm <4 _j i'jTUj (jjl jrtjA .j-ajjU j Ls > j iU jj “>
UIU,
j^ajUUL^JJAA AÎLi jjjjlJUi ..jûJiJjiJ j j
a ~i .
.
_. A dûj
^jUVajj oh^j jjjU
,
jajij ^ILSsjUyû
^^SjojA-A ^ajLSjaJ ^jLSûjLSj-a ^-iljjöjLi. jj ajA \V\ aûj ^jLSoLmj aJ
^LSûjjaS a±l«j A^jji Natural killer eells jL&a ijVmjj^ <uL* *jajj£
dAj jjjJ * ^ISûjI^* L)ûJûJ ûUUfc jAj ^jLjVAj <<jjjj^
J" ^“î jLSûJjiiijjJ OLjL j jLSAjLi Ajs^AjjI^ ££jLû VAj ijLj^ jL^ûjL^jA
jL jj oLSûJ ^jjjj jU <<j*^* J jjS ASAjsjLall ûjjiijjjj AjLa> ^ûJjAj f jûJûJ
ûJjLoj j£k.A_j (j;jLSjjû jjjuAA ,qI Jûjj' Lij, i jjj4i"jjj JJ j"AJ ^ûjAjlj_ûVûj 4-3 ûjl^i
jjL^jJLj ^j-jljjjj (j-^L-4 (JûJûj ^jLjjûj ^LSûjjaSûjA jjiit j-Ua^ a^ S4 .. 1 A a jX Aj a£) ûjja£
jj4 M.Mj-LiAÛ ^LjLî
ö *!jH? û4 û 3J JJ Û 3
j jQj t jl J jiLSA-uM jjjLJ j lujjSAu ^AJmAS jj jjjjjum jJa_jLj aSjmaj A_j Aj I jAJ .jjûJûJ (
^jAUAj ûjjj. ^ûjjlL^U /AjLUjjjû jAJ dûjjA^ .^ÛJ ^jj.Aj ^ûjLSjnft j^aSLjL* makros ^jijjj aJ
^Jj-* t£j-* AjuûJ J 4j<SûJ (JjS jjij/jjj ^LSAjLi* ^ûJjAj JjA^Aj JjjjSU ^aSLLû phagein m(ûjjaS»
AjLi AJ Ij +t
jûJûJ <_£jûJ uMjj-jLa A__1 jLSLjj tnijj-j <UjL_>. A-.jj- -i_j JJ-U ^JjA-aA-j
v
^jjjjS ^“tirilA-AjA-j aJ f^jûjj ^jA_ûjl_j Ai tj*J-îj^J LLjjjjjj oLSûj ^jLSliujLA
£ jj j<j“i j .1 aj jjijjij jLijij JjjL£ jjûaj^ .6 jjjS ^jSjAjAJ JASûJjLS jUSûJjAj AjjjJ j C***4j jji *2
'J*jj£-ijiUuajLk JLfjJLj kiljjLS j^aiH AjAUJjjJ LiLi ,7 c jlSAjjjSjAji ûjAjtj^ VûJ jAjjuAJ ojjûJ
,
ÛJ û jA^jjjJj Ci ASAjJ v ÛJ AjLL aJ jjljU^ ^aj jLSA vjl.r^jJMj AjL^ ûjûj^S .4
3 ^
"
aIjj<Uû£
V 4_uiS } cLj :mL£ 4jlÛ 4
« *«V * h V Sr **
ujG
« *
A-u^SjAj
« t*v v •
^jL£ûjlSj-& ^jLmjLj r
jl gd
y^ 4LJJjSj 4>J Ûja«U3Lj4Jt
<JAJ J jpJj^LAJJ IjjLSd JjMMl^ 4_JJjSj<Ul iKd *Lj jjk JJiJ jLûlSljjtW
• ^UuylS^
^IjjAJjS 4_i_ij^j4-j
.&jAjjj^iljdJ
J ^^jAJj 4_uuLj<L_4
J i.J LtjmAjh JJJ J Jp- ij ‘ (j jS A Bnj I
Ûjj ^jSj^j (J
jl^A_i d IjLS ^yjjjî- <^jji ^V^u .ûjAjjjSûJ JjjjjjAj
\s^^^Sh
^
^ (CjL^ûj Ci^jjj <5jj ^uLa. jLjj_Jj Uljjj jLSû^jjj
V
i
^
4 ^V i
.» ^ûjA-jU aJ fUjS ^mu ">"; AjjjA^ûj < fThymus jjjj Ajpm^ajLmj ^Va_j
.
jLSULi. A ^/1 J aJ CjAujLj ^jjl \j A ^A_Aj4_j aJ ûjljJliAu ( Jj ^jjjA_^j Aj
5-3 i JJ_lu
.
jûJûJ jjUjChöVAj
LJ“^ 4
^-*
j J J j j
^ySjJjLS j tö
j)
A _*j._ijl Vj i ^l J_ÎA_ji jS A_j-Jj^jA_i A^ Wj-J j-ûL_j ^_Sa__jûJ jL_û
6*3 ÛjjLiU
aJ jSûjjA_A f^jASj, dljJjLS oLSûj jLSAjlw awjJ aJ I
j jAj t cjLSjI jJaSaJ
^UajLSjû ^jjj j^-ujAJ jA^ljjAjaj J flj
^jLSûjLSjjti a_j I jaJ f /j 4_a jaSIjjAjûjj aJ tjjjj_i jjAi. _ûjLjJ il 6-3 ^ûjjuj
^LSAo-ijjjj ûj^jaj (m) j<A> 1 jj_j_ljj ji.i'Lj
a! jLSûjAiljjAjjJ
. lOjjû J j LS Aj Cj-l^ûJ oAjhjLj ^jSjAjj jjJûJ 5 Ûjaj fûjAJuAjLjûJ jASI jyAjj
Aj 4-A jljjlj.AJ
. Immune response
•‘V
JajAjLI a^ajI
^juîi aS
j<LA
jWjJj
* Ap J j4^TiAJ^Û jL^ A jjAljjAj hîJ ijj jLSAÎ^jj4j,ûjSj^^ ^jjLSajljLua. •WuJ aJ lj ,
jAiaJjlS jAS'jjajJj
o^juj ^jjaSIjjAjJ j ti_jL_i aIojJ j_i LS^_ljj j. j_j
j LS j. j j L_i
1 4-iLûr jfOj aIjJjLS a£ jAla j jLljlLl
.
j33* .
3 ^jjLj
4 J4 1 1 j L I ( \
lH 0 ^^ (_£j 4
SjIj 4j jaSaI i
L j^ ' jjLJ^SaJ 4S (ûj^-l*«Ljûj (jISûjaSIo*1 —
<oLIjLjjIj ojjSûj Lijj^^j (j<L>Lk ^JJJ Ljjj^L jj r^ 6-3 ûjliL <^jjj J ^Li (jûjO
jASIjjAjûjJ jSûj (juljJûJ 4jIj 4J djS4_i j4j& 4__j jj f^LSûJjAS^J JbW i^jj^ jjj v
^jLSûjSjÛJ JJpJûA-A ££ûj4_J j4jAJ .^ASj CljJjLS ^S JjASj L^ULii. Afi-ÛjJ <J 1
j f^jASjj'S
4j (j*4_ijj j4_4 fûjAljjSûjL^. jj^j ûjiiL jLû4Jt 4_i dLLk 4,,fl n jj d4j (SJJJ j4^u--
Y
.
jjjj^4jûJ j4SI Jj4jûjJ jLi^
ûj<Sl Jj<jûj J ûjJ^S jjj ^<UûjLûj 4jjJ CjLS-} ^ji.4j ^£j§j4lj Çjytl jjûJ
jliLiLL 4 Lq I <U jljL^. <jjj^ û^jhJh ^ljjUji <ljjjSj<o aSLj^ <o^ ûjb'^H k
V
L>Lj (^j'LuLj .OjjSûjJ4-$ ^jî-^j Cj<jjLj ^LjLgJL <_£jSjûj q jS j j j=w j4_ft foLSûjl Jj4_
cytokine
^LSûjSjûj ^Ji^-ijj^ L>Lj ^J^Lj 4J OjjûjIjjAj ûj 4jlj_ai?ûj ^Ajjj.
^LL kytos ^Ljj aJ LkLû.ûJ Cpj 4 —û ^ 4_jS iiLLjLS ALjjaj. jj j< £> i L)L_S 4_j L_fx 4 L 1 1 4_J
j 4_SIjlj 4l_jûj_
jj t4j4_^ oLjLSjIj4j ^jSjûj ^S ûjUûJûJ (jLuoVûj ULjLi. 4_jjjSj4j jU *(J4i4JjC
kinesis
j «4jLk» ^L {( jj-!S
4 fl nj 1 j4_j fA-jLiLst j4»J 4C4-ajLj aS aSajApû^Aj^ ^ujjjjLfi (^jLSûj^SI Jj4_jûj J ^ûJJ-U
.« 4Jjja.» ^ 4SL*Lû
ljJûj4-LkjU jjî*J (JaSU (jJju4j j_i t 4^j 4JJs L>LSûjSjûJ 4j ^LaSjJ (jULLk
,ûj4_JûJ-J jjljjL *UjjjL 4_j
^ 4ÛJ
1 l_S _j_j jSj j ûj4_jI J_û VûJ Ij-jLS L)L-û4^-û 4_J <^Ojj&.U ^_jLSûjLSj_A ^ ^ . vAL SAjS ~ £
4j jLX^jjjj jLSjj JjA-ö 4S ûjAIjjSûJ f^ll JjûJ LSAjj jSj Aj ûjAjI Oû^ûj j ‘^AlLi.
dj \ jSjSjLw ûjj4_S (_gj4 \\ j_L|4_uÛ (JJjAjai ^_jLSûj4-SI ûjJ j-J 4_a 4— j; j4_Sj Ij4_j
(“< Jl_j4__i ft
jjli_LJ I j4j 4__S oLSûJ dVL_ûh. jûJûJ-JjL-j I ^—îLSULî 4_J jjj ûjj4_S ^j4 <j“^j 1_j4 a
.4* 2 (^IjSjJjAjjU 4S jûJûJjûJ ^&JJ^ ^ \jS jJjLui
<
jJjSjujûJ (jLSj-i j ûj4 j miLûJ (^—tlij-StAl 4_a (J LSûjjj. îl* j jj 4_jLit ioLSûJ ijJVLs. 1 ccl 1
(
L?J b-^ÛJ T (^4_jLk .4_j4__4 jASI J_j4u_jûj J ^j4SjIj4J ^jSjûj (^jlj-JÛûj T ^AûLk <A
(^j4-Sl J_jA_jj 4^j ^_jLSûjSjûJ I j-J-wi4_i ^aSjj U f4_Sûjj jn.jjl CjL-Cj '.qL-^jj
1_Aûjj4_A -OjjjSjûJ J CjLSûJ (_£4S<CjLût ^ûJj4j i4Sûjjj_uijjj 4_jLi. 4J jJj4^jûJ
V
(j
LSûj j-^-4 m 1 fy (^jL-ûVAj j iOjjjSj LL^4^4Li4-Jj4iju ULi. Qj jJûJ ^jlj-Aûj T )l
(^4jLî
J~*J jj£
.oljJ ^ISjûL 4jLu* j
J
jAiu 3
i 1
^ .vr.jiu .*.
jJiLa fl
1 J* ~'
I
';
jijûjjj.Lj
^ 1 ^jAjL^ 1 jUj^UUi
^iU 2 jUS^JjAiHH 4
jjLSjJiU
4J o'j*J jaJûJjjlj T
‘tfjljAtj T jrjLSdjU
.ot£*J
^ I
jjJj4^fc JjIJaJ <J ^JjjV j ^jÎA^ (^jLSjU 4j jjjHjlS^j 7-3 Ûjl^
aJ^^AJ ^I£*jL£*AA
,ûjAjA£ûJ Ojjj ^I^AjjjS jA_i öjA^lus^ûj 7-3 ^ûjlili
JLSA4Hj£jAj
^s-j
LSaj LS j_6 ijj^-S j^—LL^ j_U*_a < ?I
j
~î LS f(j_i4_jLi. ^ç-j LSi_L_; jSj^_i ajA_j j_a V*j
I
IjaS
j^ öajaJ ^jOûjj ^jjaS 30,000 ^ASjjj .jj IjhûJ ^LSa^Ll A-ûjûLi .CiJjJ-tjA_i_i
*
jAXjljjAo
3
&
B rfJ JjjjU ^
B j<JLi
0
<**JXjU JaJöJ ^j 4 J
-
j&JaiJjLj
-JlJy JwJj jUj^JJ
jyia b ^iu*jLi
jLScûsu ijj ,
JlS'ûLi^j'U 9
4J jlSûöajj jiJflJ ijbjaJ j jASsJ
J-Uij^jju j jL£Jaj ,
jL£ûj^ljju_j,j,j
* .mj'm ijÛ4isjLjj
"
j i i i i jLÛLj
J*/L*Aj ^_j LSoj LS ^-ijju Ja_jjj (5J-A ^JoöJ jL£aÛ4Jî öj j Ltûjj<Lfc *<jASûj
^GûjLlu ûjdJtjj^öj
|~
tA^A jjj jl
JJ 1 jAjlaj^j OJ-iûjJlj jjJAJ (j4_j L^ jAj JjjjuûjûJ i jL^4ui_ij^j4uJ ûjAûl JjûVû ;
ûJûjA^j44 .ûj4 1 ijflûJ IjiwAi aJ j4u-a ûjûjAJwjju ^L^AjLk 4J UjJjAufc ljJbûj4j J<£c_
|j_lî. 4l_i jA^ûJ iOujûJ fjûj^uiujiL jLûJ j 4_j-u^A_j ^ûjjJ j-* fûjAjuûJ ^-Hjj^Aj
(^jLSj-û <J jjjJjl^jj J jLSAjAjûjo ^J4 t£ûjAjjjjjjAj c? j-4 LbûJ 4cS <JJJ^AjL
V
^,a£a_i j_i JJaJ (^AjLSjAj ,ûj4Jij4_SLjûJ öjLjjJ ^jl^Aj' fiij\ c^jIjJL. A_i 4^A_Lj jiwAj
yf V y.
JûJ UjjSjU
A J A A I
8-3
JJJ flj £
|jj jjmJjJ d_S
4_i j JJ
>. -
'j
j~i jUid-ji V P’i '1
U*3*^3F
&*$*** ^jlSjna
^û$Ai1 d-JJjfijdJ
J ^Gûjduui
.
jjUj d^d_jjGlj j_lj
j Al d_S l^aajjJ
oLS
8-3 ^ûjlyj <J <ûj4_jjIjS ijJJJ AJ£a_uLIIj ^aLjj Aj illûjjAJÊ <(jAjSûjl JjAj. jjLSAjAl ^VUujS
(J A_j I j tSj_A| jAJ ijjjjLjûJ (J«aJ Lg__iAj ^LSa^Ll öjûjAijjj A^ ‘>jA “ \ i
Ojj_i ,
jL ^jllilû :
j Ulg j> Aj
iS, öÖjS_j jLS^S-aöua. ^AwAAj
ûjA ^ ju.yûji ^jL&jLSjA*
aj .ij<CîHi_i OjJ^ j Ll Avj jSj A>
jO -fjJ ^ .
JoJ tirUjJ <iJ ^Ljjj Immunity ^jSj-l. OM-yûjjAj i_£jL>
^jSjAj A^ O^jûJ mjLuûj lj «CjL^ûJ ^JljjiAl ^jLSj-4 j^jSjAj ^lwAJ A^ ^A^Lj i y *i.i/ ^ijijjS
iOLjjSIoAj 1LSa_ijLI6jAj*« AjjjSjAj ûjAjI J-a7öj ^jjliAj (Ojjjjj jah/ii Aui ^jljL^ ? jji. jL^ûj&jûjjjLi
lS
jAi ijAjl_u'3 *j jljjj Ai
j_i Aj-ujjjA-û ^j jjLjj A^ A_jA_4 a£jJ ^AjLSjj .cS^JJ-i iSj^jj aSA-iaÎjîAI aI ûj
r
^jLS<iJ.jSjA* ijAjljHöil aj j
(jASI jjAjûj j
^ jj^IjAj ajIj Vaccination .
aIUjS J^jaI ^jSjAj ^13jaSi^ûj
'T^jljjoj
t O j ja J
jLSûjGjS
jj^ ûL> jl jj ^Ij jjjjhj t£jLS>a ^ij jjS Vaccine jLijS
,
jj (OLSûjl JjAj jjLSAjjLjûjA*w AujjSjAj ^ûjAjI Ju^ûj jLaJ rjLîj^ ^jJj^jj ^ûLû
IjÖaJ aJ A^ (jL^AjLi ûjûjA_£kij_jL_i .(jA_ft I JaJ!>ûjLjj-S aJ ^AÖ IjA_£3 JjA-j ûjj jA_j
.yiLAJ jLj ûjAjL^ ^ûjjJ ^jjLi. j_i ASûjASljjAiûjJ jaSaj jjA^_i (jj_il J (jjL^Auujj J
^aSjj aJ (OJj^Sj IjjAwAj jLu-MJÛJ ûjljjljJ A$ ^AjI jj mj^kAj jAJ . 8-3 ûjLj
m
H I a Ci
3 ^JjAj
1 ^ j L
jLSûjlijS *jH
p. Ljj jj\Sj <U j
d ^ ;V ^j£j4j ^
L ~r, jj<~i. .,
^ i
(jjljJ j:
4A jLS^iUijjj j^JjjIj ^LSij 4m 4J
^V 4j '(^Luaj ji* 4j ^jljSjjLjii jjS^^j4Sj<u** ^tLodJ i l^nö/ölfört jujjjUi <j jLjjS j-J * gu^jjl^JS ö
^ ^-H-î ^Hj ^/ 1 ^ öJjö-fc jzj*+» ^jLSLiaj 4*j «J jjiajjaS
^&jiJjSJLjiLj. jVUi* j 4aa 4J jUojjJi jjuûlj^J .JjS jLSjj j K 1 1 JUj vi jj j^jLSSjJSdJ jdJ ji*uaj Ajjj* JJiljjH*i 4j
LS4i4i ûj j 1 >ja
.i^ ~y.j..l
j * \ i <Lj OJjSöJ j4jj_i t^4^ij4jjj^4j.Lj J^-Lh^ JjljJ 4j tgjJSlu ^^ÎUijj
^_i j L£ 4_i 4j fûjiJijS *•« “ 1 J jl^4j_uyjlj ^jjjCsiiiJJ 4S ^*j 4j 4j Lij j-J lil^Jûjlj
j
jj
J JU jjLj4-Uj4j J ^ij4_LU ^jlljj
ij-^JJJ LSjLo ^yj L^ 4^j j J jJ-«i csMjjj
I I
^h 3j 4 LL*>h ^JJt^ V
4juûJ 4^ JjS Ûj4j U L>jSj 4_) i; jjûJ l&La ^ 4JjLj
^<jlj4 ^L 4 _j fjLH-î ^ 4j&j
4j
jJ 1881 jji 4j i^^JjL (^jj öjjJj^Ijj 4j
Luu 4_1 .
^J J~*
l 5 j-4 <jj^L ^LSajLijS
^jjj 4£j 4^ Louis Pasteur jj^ u 4j 4j 4_4 (^Jjûjj 4_j 4^ (^-4 H j 4jjJip
b <j|jj ^Jjjj^-ûSûJ 4j j 4_^ 4j ^_ujjî 4j
^£jj 4_J
J<_* ^ 1
j. A ~,,„A ,1 ,
l^jLa ^^JjLj 4j jjjjJLjjj jljlj
( 5 >* ^lLiLi <Lxijj *jLi jS j<j ^V 4j
1885 ^JLu 4J .^jhmS Ij*yj4j
(^ 4JjL ^jj 5^j 4j ^Jj£
(
1 jj 4jj
jL^&j 4i_iJjSiJ ^LjJj 4j ÛJJi Û^JJ^ 4^ Llj ^lj (i_ijjj
JJ jLSûjLijS ^JjS CMiijjO (_gûj4il jSj 1 4lJ Jj^ (jjlj^u4j J^ijl£ CjLSjI Jj 4j (_^jSj 4_i yJ&jj_ö CjLSöjlj
^LSûjLSj^ j 4_ Li> 4_j jjjJlj IjjL^Sfc Jj^4u4 4j ,jljjS ^jl JjS t5j^3-* lSj-
^jJfe <_ljiJ 4_^ f^_ZujJi 4j ûj4j_JjSjJ 4j JjSi jLûLjuûJ jLSLilj iSj^- L^ 4^ 4jLûjjS ^JuJjjû
J Vj^H ^jjjLs J HTV ^jjjU ^iJ4j*j l_Lfi4_2k Ljij4u>u4J . j4^j jLSöjj-ûjjjj 4^jjj_Li ^jlS^ijL
4u Lj 4_A (_£ûJjLj J
j4i^öj 4^ j^ jLîjjiiJ ^jL^4^ jii.4j ,JJ_1
I JjJLw Cjjû 4_4 ^_) 4_û 4j 4J tlijll jLLû
jj jj jjj
.
JJ jj 4^ûJjLS jljij^J S ~ 1 !
'U&A
C^ÛJ^JJ^ J V
^ J J* (j^ûJjLû j 4u LjjS ^ 4£ 4J!j1û j4jjL3 L
^jUjS
jljij^Jj^jJ 4^ J jj4_j ^iJjûj^j ^ 4JjU 4.1
JJJ
J 4£jjj^o) 4JjU
<c cûjjil JJ
4^ *j4jjjj jLjij4j ^^"JjJ 4j (JLi^S^J I jjwû Kwijjus
. l j_ujj 4j
j Ujl
JiJ
^jLiJjJ 4j o 4jlj 4j ûjAjLû. ^xLtuj
ij ^4j£jj4_A <^LSûjljU ^jj ûj<5Ijj4_jûj J J4S4J oLSûJ liljJjLS i^ljj4jj£ <ij jSj4j
.
^Ijj 4_jj^ A^jj^jAj aJ (JmLLjJp3-!£jj ^, 4u gg 4_jjjj_û_} 4i ,4 m-44-j, jjLjJ jL* LjJj 4 _i&
A \l ^4 ***
J <4 1 4_jj j4_j 4jj jî, , 4-*mL4J|
j <^jLu*m4_A
^jLuvu^LA
^LSûJjL-û 4_jj,j *4
j \j ^j 4 -
4-£ 4-jûJjLs
j2J<J (£j^j-* <j 4^l Ju 4jjy J IjûjjJ +[J_j 4 S1jj (£j 4jjjjjûJ
4j .^jûJjjj (_g
4 4-aj^
_!
j JJ 4-A ^^ 4j jjLj < jl| 4«î,
^ 5 j a 4^>
ûjLjI J-oVûj (_g:j_A 4_jJ_jûJ
vJljj^J {ci M i
jj ^jJIjjjJ^ ^JIjûjLîLjS (_ 5 jjj * 4_!^ 4-4 <ijûJ J^JjLiIiAj^-A ^lLSûjLS j-4 i
^
J ^4 'Jt r.j
j
i
.
j ^
1
(
dust mite
) ts*-jbjM r^LSajjy-S j
jaJjLa A -> j_J JiljjaJ aj^-IjjSaLj ‘LLoAj <oLiaJ ^jjjajlj joLo ^jLuLj jpjl
(j*i<^ iij Jlj 4_jÛ , OU-Aû J I Jlj 4__j OjIjJlÎ 4J 4^ (jLjjL-LJa^jÛj 4_Sj_S j (jj-oj-Jj bL ^ '0 ^ J— ‘
jLilLjj 4j 4JIjûj 4j1 4$ Jljjj ^gjl j>\ n> 4_û LS<SlJ j LS Oju*ûJ<j < j^Ajjljjj 4j 4jIj<J
"
j JûJjûJ
-
l 1
^Xj 4J «U4jLj<LA
4J Ij 4jfc ^LLSûjûjJj^ Ij<-A ^L L^ 4 C ^ jjjj ^gûj 4_jjjj siLu<j <J CjjjûjIjlj 4j j 4jj 4_l*jLj<_4 i
9-3 ûjjt-u
^ 4-£Jj*mLû ^jj-Jjj-S ^UjLSj^lJ oljûjjjj 4um 1 _Ji 4 ^ ÛJJ-J ,(
jL^4 J 4*y
Ajjj jMijL44J
J 4-J - A-_uLj 4_4
jUlj4-û
^_gjjj J^ÛJ iAlîCT^CH jL^ûjLXw 4_4 ûJjLo j ûj 4 ^^h ^J^jJ j^ûj 9“3 ûjjuj * . 4_j 4_jÛ ^UUjL-u i sjjulijjla
^ i 4
^î J jH^^LLL 4-mjL 4-4 j Ij <-4
^ £ £^jjjj 1 4 (J-L jjjL<J oldJjjj jJjSj 4-4j
^jJLS^jj* 4J oJjU 4 >Vtl «J jjj
(^gûjJ^j ^^j 4j 4oj 4Ji ^jL^ 4ljLuO 1 l-lAtUj 1 <^4j j. f jlj^ 4jaiL 4_A 4Jjj_zw oL^ûjlj
^jljS jû *Uj_jûJ g^i4-ad-j ,4bLiG4û
,j
^j-AA-j jjj-ûûJ iiil 4 jl jjj 4_jVLuui 4 jjljj-nijj 4w* 4-uuL 4_û ^LSûjjj .
j 4-J. 4$jSj 4u<L 44 4ujG 4jÛ
.(j!j
r
^JLuj^LUd-û
^ ijLSaJjt-a <a
7> 1
j I
Jjij
3
J J . Jj J
y
jl <fi M ,f« * \
(A * 1 i *ji7. jl CjI 1
A_LJjS j>Ui aLajj^, 2-3 ^dLLti^
JJ ^
‘
* JJ * . *
2 “J
**,*.
jl^AÖI Ml M ÛJJ4 >*>* cr%^
i
ûjJ^fJJ'ijL& <>LfI)L3 (5jljU jLij ^û_i (J^£aJ (^AjLlu fijUuO ÛJJJ^ aSj j£
J^ t5*jA^JJ^ f*S <aUxjj5 ^LSALSjSj Lupus erythematosuv
jjj^jj^^ -J^ csajA^jj^a^ -jjj (,^ij4^ * jJ»*jjj tfjAij-A fAû^jAj ^AiLi. 1 i£jj+
1>J*JJH 1
_^Ljj^U<_4 a) jjJ j+^jjAj Type I diabete>
^-öijjj 4 A._\n AlJJjSjAj A_aj j3l jlujAo 4 C-lJJû j LS A_j Llrûj Lfiui J ^_öijjj aS
*JjJL jj jT v^
1
*| ^jjjjjkAj J jl_S4.jj ir,
J.A*a *>
4 jj,jSjAJ S jj^ ^ * ^kjaj Jj *
>LSajLûjA »1
C
A-XJ> jASIjjAj ûjJ 2
JUa JJ ^<Uu^ ^4j .6 (jjLSAjLS. AkuJ ^jjLSaojjSjAj ûjAjIjj Vûj (jûjj (j^Aj 3
fAJ LjU juL'i IjjijAiiLij ^jJûjjj IjAj löjAjjj ^jûjûjjjU T ^LSajLS, ^jj aJ ûjljU* B
"AJ-ljjIj AÛJjJjû
^jj öLSûJ dVi^ ^jSjAj jUjS jj-a. ûjAlj-ujjj 4
j j.j*y jLSûjUjS jjûjLijûJ jLSijAÎjJ jS-jJ ULj *7 ^IjSjjUj jjSAiiiAijikAj
o JjAj^S 4uAJ^)£jJj
J U VjJ
4
LT-O
,oUûJ jLSiUijJ 4 j j “ j * ^4 *
4j jîuatjU jûl j_)4_) j£ 4-Uj^j4j ^jLvjL)
^wûljjAj j£ j<_j ^d-.il j4_j 4J ,CÛj4£û Jjû jûl jjtb j£ J_LJj£j4j
jU cd-^aj <_S ^jj^U jû Human Immunodeficiency Virus (^ûjA jj w ljS ^pSûj^iu (^<_Sjj jjJ
jj ûj .A-j 4_4 IjjLSbLa- 4j i£JJj CD4 (JujjAj ojUjjiû-J c!\L\jjj ûj£jûjUj .ûj<L)LSûj ûjjj HIV ^j-iujjjU
Çj\ ‘^J-H CD4 .jJûjLû (_£4tS-jJ ^^SjjSjûJ^-J Çjj-jûJ <^4jLkj,l_j 4j1lj HlV ^-uj jjjLfi ^ûj,4Ji
^ (jAjL^ (j^ ûJj^ 4j4jjJjjjAJ4_4 jLijjj + CCR5 4-S (^jJja-ujûjAj ûj^ ^ Ci LS ûj (JjLj
^^jj^Cs -û^jjj j4aj4J CCR5 ûjSjûj j CD4 ^j£j&j (jJjjhj 4*-? <J l-jûj HI cîj^j^ HIV ^jjjU
jUûj4j ûjûjûJ jj (jl-^Ujjjj 4-i*jjjjLi
j f jLSûjj*_S ûjAJL-IIi jJJ^^Jj jLj 4_! cLLjûJûjjjA jj J jLSûjUjS ^ jj<UUJÛj4j J<Luj<U
.^jA^jûjU
rjl <^j-a LajjLj jL^ûjj<5 »j4 \L"> jJJ^_a jL\ j_j ^jujjjLj Ujj^* <c>LSûj
iSJ^ ^IIjûJ <HIV ^^-wjjjLs ^JJJJ-lllA JjJ fjLlJjSj^ ^WmS.jl^tJ (£jJl 4Û1jûJ J^JU)
^IjjJûjS 4_^jSj4-j ijjjljLjûj jûjûjjjLj T ^j^uLkjLi HiV ^jj L£ û Jj <S *jJ jIjAmj HIV ^juu^jjLs
aJ jj t£ ûj ûjjjj ^jj^ ,
(xS^OO) cUûJ
*ÛJJ^ JA^Ujl I jjLSûjj^jj^ Uu4 jjjU jiwAj JJ f^jjjSU
HIV ^j-iujjjU ^LSUiAj ûjj aJ jIj£IjjAj ^jj a£ oLIûj o^jjU ûjjj û^jjj t£jC
aS , t JaSUjjjÛujjj jA_ujA_i O LSû J Û4jAj-£4— JjAj^. ^jjjjjAjjj Aj ^uj jaj ^ju<—û4_j , .Jj-XJ
jj
^V^ui fA_uiU jUjjiujjJ 4lS j^Sj tJjuuniLji I JjA^Aj ^_C.Ljj_5
(
^ûj La4_! jLSûjjJ j^jjjj AjAjIjAJ
^ûjLo ^aSAj (J
-C.ljj_i Aj4jlj4J ûj .Û^^J û^JJH aSjJ jjljjûJ jljAJi IjJLûjAj J,a£4J
11-3
^ÛÛJjJ ^ALjj-i Ci*uûJ4u_l <_1 ûjLûLj i^jLSAjlj_£k. All fîiA^ ^_j_jj<..SjûJ C^Ljûj*
l
aJ ^Ijû jjA— i 11-3 ûjj — I ^lLSAlLi ^ûjLûj ûjlIa^.j4—4 i HIV ^_l^jj__jL£ j^_
,0*Jjjj w
*£UJ»
(jjljjA-j tllAj*jljA_i iûjWjûJ-û^uS jûJûJJjLj 1
^ULSA-jLk ^jûjLûj l_LaA jVn ^_£.Ll jj
^jj^Lfl ujS ^wJ4u_4jA_i jLL aJ <
3/^? T ^jLSlL^ j B ^LSaILî
HIV ,^LSûj4^Io_jA_jjJ j__j jL_SA_iA_j ûjJ (_^J-Î
I ^jLjAJ O A«Sû
aJ jLSA_uj jj__iL_fl ijA-SûJ jLjj HIV (
j_iLS4*w jj-jLI (J;ûjLoj jLSLj aJ
jliWAj jjûJ ^IjûJjAj 6jA 1 j \\
.
jûJûJlJjL I ^jILSaILs. j^Au-ûAS L'U jAj .ûuusj-
jûJûJjjL T ^^-jLSaGLî ^öjLj ^AjLS jAj iOfjSûJ J JbL ^JlijiwAl JjSjLîL_Ujulwû_
ûj_i jA-a-ûIjAj iAjûj Lûj jAj jÎûaS jL jjji ^jIuLIû LAjAJ aGLs* 200 jj ûj 4JjûJ»4 Au
<
4h*j^j^-! <J c^jj j j
chmûjao a*S ^aILuaS jA_j ^jjmiaJ jL juj ^p-ûjj^îW ^—iLSûjLS j_jt
~
AÛjL ^jlLS Aj oLSLljujAj
^ jA4 .
'i jjLiA-ûAjI ^jLuL rClLûjl JljAu jljJLûJ ^IjjAjjS
-
4_j JJ J
Q!
JJ-4 .A_c Lm j Lx-jo I J_IA_j j_S A jl
jj *\j4 * ^A LuA_^ jAL
j ^HjA 1
jLj j__j j 1 iûjûj jj
'L
V
^hIj-* ûJ jjLojûjw ^jUûijLi
7 u* JöJ jjj
V
‘ a_S j^A^Ajui
^ûjOj^jJ ijjjU jj-Ê-Ljji j; HIV Cj ûjj-^jjj ^4ûji û
jWj jUijjj vjljûij jLSÛjjj-iijjj 4j ^iS jjj <6j*jj^ ^‘^hUj^‘4 jjyU (jUijlî^
csj-4 4jjjLj HIV ^uujjjU LfjnJ <S jfjûjj <jûjU tiijS -ûijj (jj-JjSjl L j\~ ,,,aj ^lj. i
Qj
4 jj J j
HIV ^ayGlu.ljS
jU^jjjLfi jAJ <£ ^lLS<l£j ^ûjUUljS ^aSjj <J ûjA^jjjljSûJ HIV ^jjjU
igajA "i~i i J jS j JjjJjLi ^Sjm A-l jj iAjI«Uj uWiJ^JJ^ ^AljU jjl_j lAjljjj
,^S4_j4Jj Aj jjLS&jAjJli j_A 6JjLû ^<jjSjj l IxAj IS<J <J ^jA^diJ ^HiA^jLa ^AjUuAS
Û4jSaJjAj jSûj ^jjLuiLj ^j-IjjA^jAj l5^Sjj ^ ûJ^JjjljSLî HIV Jjuujjjli .jl jIjjjHi
jLj jL^AjjA^ ûW uW b 4 4 - ^ ^j^jjljSU S ûjUj Ij Ujj^j <j
-u^S*jjjja
jjjSjiUuöjt^ j jLSûjGjS
wr^JJ^ fb* J J^ Û^ ûj U“JJ^^ iSjJJ J ^ ^LS<U_ljjjj ^ ^4j jljjft jj j4lj
S jjl^ 4^jjjU aJ ^ji ^ajlk ^ jSjhj Ujûj J^UUbjL jaJ ijH ÛJ uHjLi
JH-A ^ <S (ûjUA^ûJ^jU jjjLfi ^ jj ^LSûjUjS aJ jjj J (jb ^IjûJj4o Jj<^ <J
4^S 1
*
1 jjLSLJj föLU (jUij*4 (jjj_Sj4 > c4-jIj-3i>j ^ jlj
j ^ HIV ^jUAijjjL-fi
HIV ^j-uijjjLfi <L_i jj-J Jijjj-J ^-sLSaJl j_^4j> 4j jjj .^ljîi L-jUUjöJ j^J j-iL_jj
3-3 ltV^
•ûljSnûAsj
v
,( sjöjjSjjj LT^i-^^i HIV LT“i^^ O'irH *-*
‘4*? ^JÎaiJAJ .1
aS ^aSj CCRS ^jJûjU ûjSjûj ^UjjjûjU ^AîûjAi U HIV ^_ujjjLi <Li jiiJ ijijjû .^j LS<u. I_i ja .2
<4 ûjj-î U^JJ* aJ ûjUijSlJ jAj-u aJISjjLS .ûJûjcUj jjjj 4 *U jiM j-S*û ^jjijLialluJdJ
HIV j^jj4U jjjU ^jjjU ûjAÛUjA 4j û jUjJ ^Hj ^
ii J
JJ aAjjUj .ûjAÛJjjljSAJ öj4jUjj& 4j AS j^aSjj JJJ (*J<GjjjljS-»
(i*“ J
‘4;) 0<V»Î4A
i 6i>? j^HiiJ
^jjjLa J HIV ^jjjli jljil HIV ojj tjis ^LijS jjl ju jLSGIj
?j4Sj 0
^ ‘ x1
Jj
1
.4
3 C
ûJ J j V j — j
/
GjjS
(J L^J^jM J
>1 4—J I 1 la. ( jûJAjjaJ jlj5LjjL_i jjh.j '>
oA-ijLl ^jL^jji ajA-jLjA
^>JJ-Ö ljf
Lj-^‘x-‘ jLS jJi (jL^OLa. ûj^_iltijJJ<_* O jj-i ^pjt^ajlSjA t5jjj<J ol^aJjL^ ^ajûJ ^ 1“ n .A-tjA-! j£aj fl
(48) Mncoiis
^
membranc
jASjji
*jj<u
LijLa (49) Inflammatory nesponse
(49) Histamine j^ev.^a (47) Infectious disease ijj . (50) Macrophage ûjjaS ^j4_jjljiJd_û
S»^ &JJ J ajLlj-e^ûj ^L* cjt^lj^ftj J jj ^jLûj^ >4jûJAJ jLjLVAj j ijCiuiLiJ ^sj aJ
ji öjaj^jj-i jJjjjIjjAj ^j-ft aLûj jL^ûjLj^ jjaj , ^ji ^jLSLLi. aJ Alujjjj aj .jjûJûJ ^juAJ (^jLöV<J <S Jjaj4_£
.
jL^Aj-ûûjj J A_l£J^jS ajAjl J-Ö VûJ Aj jjlj A_LûjJ ^LLfc-ûJjAj ij ji LÛLjjjj-J ûjSjûj ûjAjLSj 4 jLLa
(^jAjJJJÛJ AjjjS^ûJ f jA^I jAjûj j(J AjûjG I Jlo
ûJ ^jl Ji ~ , I AJt I
ûj jLo ^ jaSI jjAjûj <S j^SûJ aSLIa. aJ Ij <
jjA_* I jjLSAjl^.
(52)
<J ûjAjI JALûVûj jL f<^>
^ûjAj! J-aVûj (£j-ft aIjjûJ j ^^A^-Lj ,*j< Vj kL jjLSijûjjLûV^j
i^jSjAj SujLaJi (^j-A < j 'î
1 1 (^jLjj-luA_4 ,1 Jj-iû jjj
j ^sJSûj^ .ûjAjljuûVa^ SujjSjAj jaLI-UOûj J jj ^wSJ (_£ûjAjIjjL5 <j 1
(53)
^L^aI^jjjj ^jji CLIjûj AÛ <A-»LGft j ,ûjdjjSa_i AjLL <S j<SI JjAjûjJ jCj jj AjJjjLjj-4 jlkjjAj
4_l£jSjAj 1 Jjjj 'L AjAjL j_j.L jAj jjû.L AjjjISjAj Ajj jjk Jjd_& LSi_ijjSj4j Sjijljj'îij jij ijOjljj.'Jij
j Jl
CjLûJ 45jl ^-jL^AjLûi. (5jLûV<j (jjA-l ^y-a! JjAjj^
(54)
(jlSojljlj
(58) Asthma (58) Allergy jjL (52) Immunc rcsponse ajAjljûîaj AjjjSyu
(51) Thymus (jjJjCLuj jajLj (52) B cell B (54) response Humoral immuno
HIV . Hl\ ^jjjU <j öj> J-j> aJ jjjL ^j^iG ,jJ ,j jjj I
3 jlkj
.
jj j<S JjAjûjJ
I , \
jLSajtJj
•^î *jûjU^ iS^ dllîjj^jA^ jjîjjj *J ^jljU^. J
J4 1 k
J^ *£
\S^JJ^ <£AjLa. ûjûjj^ Jûjj<£ ^jUl^jlJdoA 3
LjjASIujOûjJ .1
.
jOûj j jj aS I ûjAjûj j
J^Jltl
aSjjLjo jJjLj ^j-ÛjjAAj j Hiv ^.wjjjU jljji (JtjjûjjO 2
.£
ûjUlj-ûVûj K ijjt ijLSaj lj<JLwj ûjûjIjlî. ££<jljljlj ^Aj *3
SjASûj djJjL^ jlS<j j<S<J d ^aiL^Ij 1 ^AjLa. jûjûjjjLj * T <_£<jIa i^j<jU. ^LSajjjSjAj
j
• 2 j^jJjdOlL ^jlj-*ûj
U^JJ iLd ^ûjjj ûW^jj-O^
'.
*
^ûj* criJ^ ^
ÖjliiAJ j<SûJ jljAj t£jjS<j (jAjL^lljjjJ .£ V
Lr^i
jiriX UjjSj<j <J j£liL<j ûjûjIjî (jULoaJ ^LS 4
.(jjûjlbAjAj AjLj. jjLöAJS aJ jsLiSjj jAj6 .J
.
^jSjAj (_JÛJ<jlj-ûV*J
.JjLSAajjI JjûJ <JJjSj<J ûj<-j! JlûVûj
.AijljjÛJ .1
.
^
jLS<iûûjjJ <UJj£j<j ûjAjIoûVûj ,J
ÖJJ^ l>JJJ L^J^ *L11jûJ O .
<îdj HI V
i ^jjuijjjLsi aj Ljjh o"jj^ *-î 'ilL~ Miûj .oL^ûjjûj oL£
p^ILûLS
.
jjjU jjJii j^<l <j J<£<J jjjS<Jjl
, HIV
jIjjUûjj<j ^LS^LfSlj <J j j^jjj ûjûjIj^ ^a^jjLSJIa <LLj ^.aJ
ÛJ
(5ûjUj ££*jUjjjj<S
^^jjjî^jj^
4J ^^ûj^^JjLS
C^b J j<G ,11
0 i"0
~~'
j~' '- 0 1 ~
.51
^lJCjAj
.£
AjLa. 200 aJ X ^_;. 'v...
.18 .î
0
.58 .j .39.0
3 (^jj^
J A a j J
"
.
4j j!*4jA öj
!
V
^ 6 j 4j J jSjJJ Or.m j jL^ûJjAj < -\ \i \ ^jLûjJ jljjj aJ a£j JjjIjAj .13
j-f û^ iJ j 1 '*
^jj^ jr^ ^ >Lj ^ûjLilj^Vûj AJ AiU. ^JJJ s>JJJ AJ jjûjljj4_j jUAijjljA^ *j4_jl j_o^*j
S4jj^ (_f
Jjjuw j L^AÛ Jj£ ûjAjI _U 2ij * û'nj
,
û U Aj J j£ j Ajû ûj4-j J_a V 6j 4J AiJJi. j^Lîuujufi ^j-ljj
I -I
<lLu<U j >!jj<Uij£ 6jLaûJ
.jj£Li Ij^ni jrt öJ jUU-jLiûjLflûj ^VLi jjljjaj jULjljj JLijjj - MRI *u jjj&öjj .^jdUjU
’
jj^ ^LS^-ijJ dLiLa ^ ^4-ijU j^djlj-iJ j . j-^aJjiJ jL£>L£VLi ^jU jLS^Xjij
* ''
ûjLaöJj 4jL^.ûjLaöJ I "4 ^öjU j cg ji ^ j >
j-’A
jjILjjjSl J 6 jLaûJ
v
<lS ,<t_jL£<s_jLJ. ^j_ll_i .Nervous system 4J u ;.
Jjjijj^ jK^ty^ I
AjU. öjLûûJ (JJAjL^SU ûjLdûJ «U öj /IjcLjL^ öj ûûJ <U jI£<UjILjaSIj (jûjd Mmlj£ j<Uu4j öjl-w
iUluuûJ
¥
jj ,ûj4LljûJ jjj J jijl_Li 4_£<UxmIjLj Ui öjûLî. ^_ZjAJ <J jjljwjuL ûJjAj Aj jjjAj Uk
^LL* Aj synaptein ûjAjjLjj aJ ^jjjLjAJ ( jA^ûJ kilAjAj a£jJ ^AjU. jLj AjLiöjLöûJ JA&J jt£AjU. ûjLöûJ
.«cLjJJJ . HLlk Aj ûjA£jj)> jjISaj Ja£aJ jL£AjU.ûjLûûj Synapsc ^jLûû j ^a ^ \J j^-S *4 j3>jûjjG I jjAjjLi
(j
I jjj Ai UjjiJi ^jjl J (^AjûjLû jIJAj * jjA^G UAjjAj jUa£j j ^AjU. JaSaJ ûj
I
(j j_j
L_j a£ j
1
ûjI—ûûj ^AjAjLi jaJ i I jl_i_jj.1 öû j ^ 4 £ aJ (Sy/îtîjP^/c c/<?//
ûjLûûJ jLi ^UûjU (^_£VLa. ^A^jj Aj ( J£'}?La» J-J fûjA Vj tûJ HjJ f
jlMUa (.iaiOjS ijLiij
Xj<ilS(jU. 6jU*J (jLH tf^j <J j jLSijU
u Wjj J lSjûjUiLiS ^LiLjlj JLlu jiUujjj jJiiLj
V
1 LL jLjLûjLS iSjJJ^ ^ *OjSjûj
^Lj-fi <S Oj<SjûJ (jLjJ ^jLLIj j^U» 4LJ j-îûJJjS j ji ^ Jjjlij ^£<iJj*uLa
qjjj^iA ^jLûjLS V Lw. a_, ."^ii
^
u LiijLoi j
*ûbL?- ^ (jjJ^jW yLS^Li. ûjUÛj jja<A ^ûjûjL
j öjûjL ^jLjûjLS ^aSjL jljL L ^jljL^ -jLûjûjûj ^LûjLS ^aSjL aJ
jAj jL ijj jd
V
(jaSjj aJ *jÛ_jûJjjL
V
IjuLî ûjLaûJ (jJûJjAj U ^jLSÛjjL
<LLj ^LSaSj^ aJ ^iLjj^. jUt jaSûJjLS.
^jjL ^aSj^, daj aS ^ajLLjjjj
j LS<UJij_i Lj u
<j j A-J Lj J_)A_A f JjljûJ ^j-jUjL ^_SL_ij_jL_i ^j-tjj—ijUiJ-j A )
aJ j\\ )
I j jS jAJb ûj fûJjU ^SjU 4_j jîwU Çj7*i
j
U < jjj^ûjL jL (ûjUjj^ûJ
"
(j
t* ij jjl jL jUjj AjLSûJjIS ^ j -
1 jJûjLjj ûJujUi.jA_4 i£jl«iJjJj LûJjU ^SjU
2-4 ijii
(^V <J (Jlij-iLSAjjjL LiûjjAJfc .jIjSjjLj ^ç-j jjL U CjUjL jAjLî ^ûJjU
.dJLiöjLii J ^_iL£-<LJjH(Lj.
LaSûjjLS LL, ûjLoûj aJ jLûjûjoj LjL^ jL jLojûjjjj Ljj^ u ûjLLjk
4J J^Î J^
m
\ A L
+
.ûjAjjjljSûj ^^Lk ^ûjûjlj j^ Jlj k ^j^mLjj ^LSAjjjlj jAjLk ^ûjûjûj j_
<5jL) AjS ^ajajSJ ^ûjjjS Aj Oj. I i î.jlA^ij a5jLj CjL^ûJ A^aJLî. jLj aJ Ij lojLjj£
^
^ûJ ûjAJiLSaSjU ^jIjLl^ tfjJi Aj jjjIjjAj ^jAj ^jljLii A_i .ûjAjj jSû J i^
.UûjUUj^* ^jAj Ai
^AJUjAS-jj aS (_JûJÛjûJ (j^ûjJjS A_i pj jûJ t fl \ "ûj j-j (^ûJûjLj ûjAj j4u_iAJ fiASAjLîi
v v * ,aJ<Ujj£aJ
k+ (i ji-tU Ji jJJjU
*JA5*j
.IjjLS jjb 4J
Q Na+
mMitmtmt . ajjjjj^aj
Jaj *^ - *
j p- ajUsj
A \ J
^ -û -4 (jUaSj^ ^J-?^
4 (^ûjûjAJ
^kfcb J ^ * 3 "U'-S J-uaj L^<U jiS ^jAj ujj .jjLjj (5ûj<j döj ûjUjL
ÛLSujLjS ûjLûûJ JûjU a£ ûLk ^JL aJ aJ jjjJ JJ Olj iûj^JjjjljSûJ IjûjûjU
ûjOjjJIjSûJ
^jöjLi aI t Na +
^jj jj^i ^jLSaIjjU ^^LuuAjî jLS ^SjU ^^mLa L?b j
^J^ ^öjajLi Aijji j ^IS-CjuUi
^ iAi^ aj ij 4^ .juaûjjj
^-j L$A»j jj U ^VAj ^AjIjûjAjUiA^. £_^jU aI ^ûjAj dûj iCiUûJjJjjU AjUk, J^*LJ cLi _flj AijjJ; CjUiJ A \j jAl ^ijj
^jUIAjUAj A_j ^j_lu,Ljjj — ^jjJjmi (^jAjJL .ûjUÛJ AjU [£ûjûjL Al ^jxwUjj ijAi Uî Uh^jjh yr^j^
jjLSi j.Ijj4j jLS ^jAj aSjjjaiC jjLk ^CiLi,
^LSAjjjUjNa^ ^jjjj^u ^L^Aij-jU ^^jLuuA-i ^ûjaJiIja.S ^îa-jsjU cATP
aj4ljjjlj£aJ ijdSa-ÎLû, J_j J-S
+
1 1 JûjAj Ui A^i* ^jLaJ Jjjjijjjj ^L^jjJjAJs (_JÛjU jAj jj cCjljûJ k ^j_UajLjjj
+
jjLAjûAj cûjAUjjjIj^ûJ ûjûjL jj IjaLûJjA_j A_i k ^ljXujLjj ^_jL^AjjjU ^Aj
CjJ-JûJ IjjUIjj aJ AjU ûjL^ûJ
4
T J L
ASÎjjAS 4j ,j
jAÛILjjI jû
V
!
jj Lû 5 j
juj (JJûJjAj 4o jl Sd \l vl^j^ <4 ‘Si j _i<J^ jLjj (^AjLdL ^ûjûjAjj ^_> LSajj l jS ûjLûû_
j—
^j-iljLi. 4__1 I j*ij 1 9 4 <; i
j jA-S jLjA^j jLSûJûjûjjjiS ûjLflûJ J <
J| j I ft 4 * \ j j4_J^
^J^ c£ ûJ^-L£
-?ji Jj^* j^LSaJjjL (jûjûjjjj aIjj^ ‘^-Lh0j4 <SûJj<j ^ûjûj^
ûjljO ûjj ^A_î jj JjHUi ^LSaI jj|j 4j jjj .^JjJ £*J*JJJJ LiJJi ^J^ <I1jûJ
<jjjLj 4_} <Sjj f<^Jj ^<Sj_i ^jûj<jIjS (jjj-ft Aa\ a. t AuAjljdJ t jLSûjSjûj ûJj<S
<J j L_j A—4 jJ -ûj 4 \\\ j. L_j jA_«j L_j4__û l. v/li_il a 4 "V i
\ ^4
K 4_J jLSûJûjûjjj-S j4 1 ^
aS\j jaS aJ ,ûja \ \\ ftûj jLjjLS<j ^$j-j aJ j4-iu j j j-oûj jLSûjûjjjS ûjLûûj jLSAiLî
j^ujûjû jJ<-A jl J A-J LS A^aj jj 4_i (^jhû Aj jlSûjûjûjJjS ûjL&ûJ IjaSjJ >1^ 4 TLij
t ill
û ^ :
1-4 ^jAii ^
jA*y<J jLSûjajû^jS ûjUûJ ^jAxjjlS JJJ (jjASAj ,6 aSj __|Laj ûj AjULûjLûûJ ^AjL^Sjj ,1
H *j2
v
Û JJA_ik JjJjl A_l ^aSU&Aj 94 j j
^
4-!
j jJ ajî ^AjJlUlajUaJ jiUji ^JJ^— .7 9A j j>
jLI ^SjAJ 4j Cm"Aj4j 3
juj jjj jJ Jaj L$Jaj JajAjL^ ûjLûûJ JaSaJ jjjljAj
jj ûjA1AjAjL> ûjLûûJ aJ jjjLiA§1j ûjLûûO jjJi «4
c *
iJlrj H 9ûjAjjjj!jSû 4 (jj-^ .jljJ ^j-SajAjLîw ûjUûJ
4< 4-4 Aj 4
j jaS ûjLdûJ jJjJ JJ, ^UÛJjA-iJ ,8
1 1j ÛJJL^îj 's 1
‘U Jjj J -4 * 4
1 .5
4S Yj j.aS aJ jliûjûjûjIjS ûjLûûJ jaSaj *jlûJûJjjj c
oj.ijj) û JjLSaj
^jjjjjjAJV ijMijli
© , j L5»4_4 1 J J<J
j j S
5 jLûûJ
jUdjljjS .
jjl^ikSjj Jydj j*ûLik djj^3 .iljjdj^S öjUûj
V V
V
(j-jLaj*
S (J^ (^VU ^jjjjjS UûJj<U> J<^ûj <
jlUJ^jj ^UûJJAjj
jI£ 4pUjISjJJ Ukj 6J û J
JjJ <U CjJjSûJ ûjLûûJ jA^ûJ jKa^ jAVL-v ûjAjj ^UûJ
.
<jUUûjUûj j<J
ûjJûjLj j_j ûj4jjlj-S_jûJ
* Peripheral nervous svstem jUûj ^IjjAjjS
IjjLûûj ^-ûljjdJjS
.ûUj
jljjj dj ûjûjASUa.
A-jj jî jjUûj
^Lûûj
A — ] jjj , ,
— J fCjUSûJ jLd— 1 /£A —jljjj LJ— — jl ûjI Jj—S t^jJJjl —^ —dûJ f*
l
.
jdSûJjLS jJAjaSAj
*
jAjUdj A^ Qj j5Lj ^^ûjAjaj ^jÛLAj jlj^ aJ juj_jpUûJ .(jSûjU ^SjA_jjjU
ûjAJ ji ^SajaSûJ-jA^
4
L j L Lt
.
j Occipital lobe Jj cli_
, C crtbrol cortcx — nj a
1 r,
^ fU jj
.i 4j ç,j jl_L -U sI ~'
^ ^ ^ , -
4_1 Jj \ j 1 j La J_j
jjijij4-j j jLS4_jLiûjl—oa-1 Jli4_j 4_J ajj_jL_^_£__
ûjljW^
jXjaj J-i *-£ jLisj ^ji j ^ dj
4J 4_j4_£j V1//z//Ê
?
/??£î/fc?r ^j^AjûJjL* 1 jLLlLo ^JLjjj (J'JJJ jJjAJ
ajUiJ 5jjL4_* aJ5Ji<SjaJ ^ljd^U
^i-iJû jSûj .jicnj ^d^jj ^LSAjLJu,
^ ufej^ *j-^ûjlj£jjLj JiiAjljûjAj .CjjjSIj (^LiLLa
<L>La ^jLS AjljûjAj jiAj ,ûj4 \" jnA-JûJ A^JJ (j-J l-S A_L£ j aû J öJjûjLjAj
j ûjASa^
6-4 ûj^î
J^-^ » Jj-SjAuwiûjL-a. f(
jJ—î* J J 1 — ûj *' -î û J LuaJ 4—1 j L_j ûj ûj L_!
U^'j ^5^.^ t U * 4 LT-
|J
^ J ()
Ij^LûöJ ^jA^ ^öjjj aJ ûj4J1j 4j ^Lulj ^ûjjj Ll aS ^AjLjjLa^Ij
L^ûjIjjAj
j4u& (U') .^iLskfrjjaJ dLiU
^lSûjiajU
4_1^ I
~
A Aj
(V^ 1 ii*i ji (i_j)
Jj ajljjJ
~" 1
L -Si_Q IajO c
" 1 j 3
7-4
ajjJ 4 mû*Û
/I
J rt J LiaJ ^jJûjlj
jjjl
'
4J 1
~L^.- J*û ^jiûLS^jLii. tiljJ
*uLj «_| I
j4j
^4_»jjj i Thölöitius *iijV ûj^jîIjjSûj <jL*0 <£ *4jI _u3 ^j-iLûöj ^lLSûj^i. j*j
4Öj«4_J ^Ojjjj ^— jI JjöJ j^lxuA—j Qjj ^ûJ LuuûJ j oLûJ ^—^ûjl — <J"“^
—*4dWjL-A
-^jALlJj L (jU jijJJUlj (J4^j 4j ^L^4LjijjM4
^UûJ j
1*1 t A
|
4j dLu (ûjLj I j 7-4 ûjaim aJ dlûj, t Bram stcni L
^ 6
^^4 ~ j~w 4jûJ
£ LûûJ J<-S .aj 4
4
£ LoûJ <j
aJj« 1
jjj jjj d i
~!lj)^ (_£
W Lû û J 4 "l i n L
j û Jf LL
y
4 Lj.^ Vj Jjj J
£ LûJ ^iujljûjLj:
V
CjJ^Jj
jjj, . jj Uû jj L_aj4_i_iLj 4 ûjjûjLj. d IlujA^û, *
^jUûjljLa^Ij 4 i*î tit
j jj t
j
i < \lîdbraîn
ûj<Usi—i4 1 ^ûjA j L .û
j jjLA J ^ûjLmj j<dwi4__A O^j—^ûJ Zjumû J ol—^ûJ —
j«4.
dj<u aSjj
r n»M.
A
"
' , ^ J A_1 A ^a j^jui.
t
. L _i Ij S“4 û^ .i
"
, aJ ili_J A.> a^V_
•aiUSb ûjLûJ (ûjAjXjûJ J I 1 ^ûjJjJ A_i ÛJÛjI* jX j ûjAj ÇjLSaJj t" i n6_
jLaaJ
|
6ji». j^Aj iLS 4J jilijU ^-*IjûJjAj. A_j jLûJ ^ûl JjAJjS ûJj 5 jU
—d&J — UiLU Ojj ^
^ ?' 1 A £i i
j Sjijl jûJ c -
1 2. jjA Sj j A J Jjl ^6 J
•
l 1
Ji*J ûjljj
A^j J *J CijjLûûJ AJûj J JJ-û 4^_4 IjjUûJ ^-ûl UA_JjU ÛJ—JÛjLj LJÛJ&JÛJ
k_^ûj A_jUw j Z^OAjSCî/ rooî LiûjAJLLj : O L^û jLj—jLluû J ULj JJ j A J ûjAULj 4L_j
aiI
j öj<i jjjLjj UIjo aJ ^LSUULaSI j ûjU*j Uûj axU . Venîral root
8-4 ojU
^ULjS ûUûjL aJ 31£aj jILaSIj a£ jjjûJ
"
¥
I jSûj
¥
U a^ Motor neurons
aLIjjj J^ I A-j A_SjJ aJ .ûjUjlj_SûJ jLSA-jjjjj jLSdUJj^iLo jpj ûjûjLoûJ
. ûjLjJ 1 J-ij£ A£j|_i A_jLj *U , Jjd_j 4^jJ
ojWii^UaJ «J 43
j ^Lioj >î /jliijjjUAÎSji ûjLoûj jLSUij-JUA.Sl j jA^ Interneurons mL^ajU ûjUûj
^JAjJjLû ^L£iLjjjLj4£lj jJutui_û .
j
ö JJ mJlL. lj^_J ^ j
jjAujA^ûJ liil^LL
.
-
jJj ftJ
1
J-j a_ aj(JU^jLî ÛjUûJ UljU j jUûjSjûj A_L^.A_jfc jUûJ ^-o I J_i A_j j_£ ÛJJ ^Aj A vmUft
6 — ÛJ^_J JJ jjj__iûj jLSûJûjaU LjJ 4-~:*.C A 4ul f jlUûJJ-il J-jA__J ^ L il j4l <Ij
¥
jUûJ ^IUAjjS
J Ui 1 4Aui<A^ I _ij<0
^ — L — — j |
^ 4— — 4—Ijj ^
4
" " »4
.
*y (J|A_^4J <_^ ol— ûJ jjA 1 4 1
|j *
^l J—iA^jj_$ ûjj 1
(jj4 J
jj4jj^ ûjL&^j j _j<j j^ ûjLoûj <ij<J ^jjj-i Ijj4_ji <^ ^aILL Somatikos IjjjL jj <J
a((jl<Jjj)>
ûjLûûJ <Lju 4J
ûjl^ ^<-1 <Jjj_^ O .Somatic nervous system ^l ûjLûûj <uL<lJ
££<_ljj_3t J<*jj4»j JluwûJ <S i4_4ljj_j ^4jLk ûjLûûJ JjjLûûJ ^^--û I J_j<Jj_5
4 \\ "
""JJJ ^ 4-_i ^LS^-SJj^La ûj< JL<_i Ajalj cjj-^ûJ j4_5Jju“Lo ûj4_Lj4_j I
Lf
ii‘UujL* J ^jjSjjLSjyjL J J-u^jL jSûj ,
jjjSJjjiijS
ShU ^Ll jLJ *ûj4jîL£ûjjjjj jLj4uJ ^jl Jj-S A_ijU <9-4 ûjjL .<114 —
~ j-iA A rûj jpJj <Jljj<^ûJ ^4jSJjjjuLû
^j<_jw jl J^ ^<^-lj j_ujLû <J (jLSûJ^JÛJ 4
y
<J jLS<jjjL<§lj ûjLiûj ,<jjjjûj Lj<_i<£jj (_g<£ < j.Ljû ûj jLa j-i ûj<jLS<jLî
V
ûjLûûJ Laûj j<-A ^t-j —ia )jjg (Jw^-j^^^JjjjuLa ^<_j *<5ûjIj-SLjjj 4 *s I j-wl—q jûj<-J
4j| jjj jj ûj4jjjjlj^ûj ûj<jLS<jLi ûjLûûj ^L£<^Lj£ ûjLûöj 4J (jL^<j jjL<^lj
<_^Jj_ujLû ,^_>L5<_iLi, ûjl ûûJ 4jjj_ûfc j— ^—ilj J 1 (j LfûûjA — d 1 ftj <LL^. ûjl —cûJ
<_j<£Jj_uwLû j<j <_j I _L lj ^ûjijj 4_J <jlj ^ûjûjLj l£<_SJj-uj1—a <_^ f<_^4 Jj4 j
V V
J*L§<J CjL^jLa <_1 I jjlj ^J<twjlj-i ^<_SJj*LjLa ^_ijj_ijj_S <_i .Ûj4 \\ i ûJjL^
9-4 ûjjwb
JÛJ<-1 ^Ljûjj-jJL ^j-A J-Llj ^ûjûjlj (^<-SJjh^uLa ^ûj^Ljj-jjLl
jjjd^jjLS -4 « ^
^ J Llu Llû-UJ 1
j Lî .j j L-U I t r II 1 1 !
(jLSûjJ^i cLö1jj<Ci
jjLxJ ^IjjAj 1
jL46J
<J <J dlL< .Autonomic nervous system jU*j
> A-ijj-S
j jj
^j-iljjJ
J ijl J<jjuLj<Jt (_^<Jjj^ j<a«<j JIljj^ûJ Cj-uiûJ L4 ûJj<-4 . U A-a JJ Aj
I
jj
jûjA»* c4jjS_j Lhj^ c^jLjj a£ oL ^jLmL-ûuu. ^Jlaj <J lj<S ^ûjL aiUûj
j Lu 1 I
jL ^JjwAj ^Va_j JjL A»JixJj<ji Aj JJJJ [j
L2A^J jjxj L-o ûjAJ$mAj j J|j
^Jjj^V ^ljj JjjUL jjL <J ^ûjL (^jA-ijjjûj jAj-oA_j .ZijjSûj ^iixuûj
j_j (jLûjDjA^ Aj oLûJ jjL^A-ûl JjAj ^—iLft ^jjl .mA \ Ai^ljL A^AjujûjA_u4 ^ûjL
<J .ûjLUû^aS ^1£a£Jj^L ûjaSjAj j Jj j-î Lhj^ ^jjjj ^LjL*L
.jA^ûJjtl ûjjASajAj A^A-ûIjjAj jS JjJjA-4 IjlJuLjL ^^-îjjjjL
jUj
c
a£-j fJjjAjj£ ûjLi;_: j^AJjAjjJjJ jjL jjUuûj 3 -jjla pl jjAj
*
jLûû j û jjûjLi jAljj
jj j ^jLÎ *1
AS CjLSj jLjj L Li^ j ^AjLijLj ja_i Lj j' ? j ;- JLLjjj jj^ j_i Aj iljjAjjS jjUaJ Ajj ji Ai ^ljjAjjS ajUaJ A-wjaJ 4
^jjljSjjjlS jLlxmûj LLsiJ aj Tajl jU-ût
Ajl*way_ij SjUaJ
L j
<U<U& IjjLjljj 4j
6J Qjj^ û jVi _ij l
< jL£<4jSûjûJ J ^SûjLÎ ÛJÛj^SLjjJ >U tJjjû
«U 4»j4Jb
J iLtiidM jLjljJ *J *
Jd-j L<U j..^v l£lJ ûJûj^SUjJ ^ i "v-
ûjj-jû.
jl£4-ûljl<U 4 ‘imi<AJ6 jLSû jj JhÎ*Lujûj<U jjj 4*ûIjj*U c^luj^Jb jjû 4_i jLSûJ6j4£LjjJ
lûjUûJûJjLuûVûj jLSûjSjûj
CjJj^ûJ j-J j ^j 4 VI Xj I
4S JjJkLûûJ 4J jL£û jj4w4j4_ljLJ <U^jLj jj ûJ<LL>jIj£jûJ
•
'
Jî-Uj 4 i >î ^ajU 4j jj^jjLî <lS j JlS ,j<_Î Lu*4j jU
^SjUu jLû ^IImjIjLj j jl*ujj
u U_iLSûjSjûj
û jtLiLStUal Jlj 4Û 4jutj<LÛ ^_j j aJ
j[ j^j j}
i-
/> (ûj ûUwLiû_j
^_j Ij öjû jLLjjj
Sense or^Diis
,olSûJ I
"
Jjj-Ijj 4J jlS4-Lj4S 1j,->
-
jujL^Slj ûjLûûj jj jjjSjLûj j jjSûjjûj
V Y"
û^ ûj ûj^ Wjj ^<^ 4
^ûjUi—Lj ja, ^i—ûj
.Cil^ûj jLSûjljLu^ ûjl^ j jjj
^LjjLS^ual jL£ûjSj 6 j <LLvu 4Jb
,ûj 4jû jûj jjj£_Ljj j jLUj-u jdj jzk ^ ^ûj jLSûjSjûj <S_Ljl£iû #
•
<jl£ûj£jûj <»_lJ-ûj^ »
L»jj Ljl j^JjLj ^_Sje1 jjU Uw<us O jLSûJ^JÛJ ULuOl jil_j LU .1 jUj<_] jU_jJ
aJUu 4_# u LS yijA^ jU j^LjA^lj ûjUûj jj jjjSjûJ jjSûjjûj jUujS ^S^jöjûj^
i
^j-jLSûjIjSujLjj UijLî jj ULj jjU<SIj j4ui ^ûjUlujl jSu jjûjlj t jLSULk ûjUûj
j4tSûjjljj<u jLSûjljLti. <-0 I jjU 3, aS ^ul jLS ^SjU jU (^ûj4j .^Uûj
^Lsu^Li ûj4_SjujIS jU cUjI ji oIjIjjöj osjj-o jj^ 4jIj 4^ .
j^ûjSll ^LjûjLS
jjj^ 4j<j* ûjUûJûjSll jLS ^Sj 4J ^LûûJ ^UU.jL» j4j -ûjjj C5jljûjlj jLi4Uji^
.
jl^ûjûj^SLjj t5jj^<U><U4 ^li U
j4_j .<_j4_û l^kLaûJ 4J jIjSjjLj J ^S^L_j4_i jLi jLSûjt j.~n*4_& 4J dJjLjö^Uft jU jj
<**J J&t*J ^LaûJ ûjUjjJI^ûJ IjSUU ^_L uiu 4J jj-H ^5<UijU jj ^ULi JjU^SIj
jA^U Ujjjj jj <Oj ij IjLjr^
^ S j~ 7tt jL4^ûjûj4^ljjj jAS^Jj. .CjUIjU tûjUl JûJ jUSjJ
& \f
4 ^jJ<j
J ' — —
jLjwcujLîs J j*îi iM j
Tympanic
aJ jJûj <CjLSûJ AJLlijIjLj ^jSjLj JpJ Lj LSa_j^jû Ji ûjAjjjAJ ^ {jjS <_£ûjA_j ^AjuujLjI
"*- yv<jt Auditory canal Alja. < LLu_u j jJ± ^ûja^ <J ûjûjöj ^LjS 10-4 js>jlL
45 LL a_j Tympanon jj^U jj I aJ
<
^ b 4-* ^ jU*j^
jjJjA-A aJ j 1 ^ niU ^^ApMjjLû AjAj^j^ , .ÇM ^A-iA^û J jjjA^. Aj Cj IjûJ L ^jjj^
im
L_LmjA_j A I
j ~
^ <\ il
jj < ^ljjjj ^_jL< aJ .cL-L-AûJ_> JA_^ IjA^ûJj^Uj.
^j__*LS A — I CjIjûJjjj jjl <*jl J *~ i£ ^ *- < A—JûjA— * j^ûj J T»jl—A jJ A hû,A i < I jjj j__jöj
Cjjmj
I
jÛJ L ^j-jj^ ^ ûjAlLiJ aJ ûjAIjjAJûJ ^jjS ^ûJjAu aLaI Lj_)L<
^j a ~ 1 <s :
l
j. -^<j - ûjûjLj ^IjSj cwjjIjûjL ^jij^ aS iûjAij.jljSûj Ovcû window
b >* f
t£ Cochlea ûjûjL ^jS
0-t*jljûjL (_£A^j* .ûjAjKûjL^a,
'
jLSjJ ûJjAj cIAjaIw aJ LjjJ Ajijjj ^A^j^
V V
10-4 ûjIA jAjmA ^Jjj< ^ûl JjAj f A Mf»j ^-ûl JjAj A< (AjIjjI 0/‘,)Ç(7n Cörf/ ^ljjS ^-ûIjjAj
j
Ijlju^i 4J j i ,
j.LSn^jXjiJ Ojja^-Li (AjIjIÎ LLSûjSjûj aSjjLSj-û aS <LLûJjjSIj CuJjûjL ^A^j, (^ûjûjIjûl (_£ûJjA_j
y y
i&JjtU -i-L-i-l J. JJ ^LJiJ
j a 3
aIjûj IjjjaSIL* ^jj^aJ jI<ûjajjjaJ tflciir C€Îls jKajL^ ûjj-û a_j iCjjjjûjjL j
^ jj< AjûJ jA_j jAl jA«j jjljSj-iSlj (^jAlmj aJ a£ oLSûJ AjLLk ûjjmö jaJ Ij J Lpjj^ûJ
>? jjjSûj jUijAijjflJ UajftjU
^aSûj dVLi jKAjijjL aSji jKAULk ûjji ^ûjaILa^ jjj^j^l j a£ aj<Si .
.Ij-kLaaJ aJ jjvu_u jj ûjLoûj jjLSajL^ ûjj-a LaILS ^aJ roLûJjjj ^jLûjLS ^SjaU aJ jljj^ jjLjl aS I
jUist£ ji oljU
jLiaJ û ‘'
JLiaJjL*
i,JjO (JjU
j I Jjj &jLû 4J
I 1 j I — , 1 1 J I )
jj j ^" 1 1 1. r< 1
y
^
'
4. 1
"
il il
'
I
*
t t .
y <4 ^jlSAjuiûjrtS
-*WjJJ ‘j'-2
** < <Iris 4-JjiLiûj ^^L^4jLj^*uLa 4 IjMjjALjJh, t 4_j ûj4_j j__o Vûj ^4_4 .ûj4CLj-jûJ
1
v '6jj
^IoLj jU d <£j jj
JjljicwAj ûjA^AjjjLû 4_j ^4-jI^Jj-mjLo j4j iIa î1 <Llj jL& j
4_j 0£j-JûJjLji <S Ofj4û
jj,j, jJ J jlji hûj<£ajLj <J OJ-j
jLa. jLi jj jj-îL* (uLiöj j (c5_u_ij a£ cLjji. 4_j ^a^öjSjj 4^<jjjL* ^ûjlu
<£<w4>ljjjj .<£»jLS ^jjj j<—
^4jL I Jûjjj 4j ûj j4 t j4_uj 4JiLa-_i 4^4-44 Llilijj 4Juj ^öjL j_j *ûj4."ffifu l -hSj<_-£ûj10 j jjj <_^jj_J4 ^jJj 0—
jLS'ULjLûjj ûjûjA^ Lijj j^Lujj jSjûj j^jjljd j<ua (-^^jj (^dLk j 1
< ) V_£ *_l_j d<—jjljL^i—a.j<—û ^ajjtuj
* <_£
.OxujjaJ I
jj i ^ *j jjL* U ^Ûjj
jl^4 % diLiv 044 j44 jLSa-jJjLjaSIj jj jjjSûJ
^ LûûJ
j 7
.ûj4_jl_i4 (jLjSjJ 1
r- 4_S i
y ¥
t^vW*^ i/ljiS (£j-*
4jL>_ 4J Ij toLSûJjJ (^jLS __lLiJLjj 4_i 4_jj_i jliJjL 4jIjjj (J Ll44_i*i4 J J Jj (Rods ja C#4£Aj1_Lajj<_uj <J jLSijlj^La.
jL£4u£*L^ji ^QLik .ûjOû o jS ûj 4^ oLSûJ jt^Aj^^ L a, j<j j <£jjLi j <£>jLj (_j<£jj <J <£*j4_jV
ji -^j 3 4—1 — .
oL^ûjj— jLjjL^ ûjLujjûjj —îiiijj *!jûjj— 4— ] Concs j— 4
or^jj Sî ^ jL
.^A^jjLa Ijjj (^AJijj 4^Aj4__iO ^jjj
4-_S-jûj ^j-i^ûJ Liûjj^Oft j<L_SûJ i
\j 0
rt
.ûjdûJûJ jUijLûjljLi,
*S fA-jljjj ^4^4^ jj jLSj jj^ j4l-4 f j4L-A ^4^ijj ^4jLî jjui ^-UJ jJjj4i4j I
<l_L_i_Lj_j rt
^ J ‘Vj^ (J—U? J—Î ûj4Ljlj_^ûj jLL
jl J LjLû (L^jûj J 6j1mi (^JJJ aJ J ûjAAJj JöJ (jJJJ jLAj JjLaS
oLîûjjûj jL^ j^Ajt 4% 1 1-4 ûjj-^ Lh--
A *
aJ
11-4 ûjU ûjAûL£û_Lj4-ijA_i_jLj ûj-£jûJ A^J-AJlS ^aJSjj aJ jLSûjtjl 2 "* ALij_j j ^Lj Lîjj—
-ljj
j jj *J ûjijLi 4 ~'
j ^
- I astt buds l
jû L£ a£,j jp£ aJ jliiiA.^. ^-jLSûjSjûj a .S j a jS ,ûja
^ C<^2J '
AjlSûJ ijLûjLûj A£ jLSASjjS ûjAji. r&jAjjÛJ i£
AjIjIj jjSjaj 4aJiJj jUjjU
(jjJLjafilj ajUaJ ^ûljSjaj p*û jijjSVLi
t Papillac y jS a_i jjj^ûjjLi ^ ^aûLSjj jAj jlj^ ^4 LnLoj jA^l,^
^jjajLj jj jUaj 4 jj' y
i i
jaj'U , UUajIjj^ 4vill
j jLijLj L£ûj jLs <£ja£ . jAJSi I uûûj jjjaS aJ jLj£Lj jjA_a Laûjja_*
^ILjjljLj IjUUaJ «U j;»;; ^SajAjSljûJ ^_Jj Al ûjAjLSaSjjS ûjAii AÛ^,ûJ <ûj|Aj4UjljJ IjSjJ <J ££ûjA_
j)-4
^LajU JJ jMJjL^IjJJ jLV JJ jt •* Ai<;
J
(jliJ j4_j (jj j£û J A j — ^LûûJ ^JAj jûj Aj jiZaA^i. ^^jLSaj JÛLjA^Ij ûjLoû_
*j
j i,u I 1
i
12-4 sjlJU j^jj <U jjjjûJjLj a£ j L£û JuA_^jA_ij Lj ûj£jûj a£j-ûj£. rû aJ_uj Lj û (jA_4 IjljAUi
3 ^aJ4j *Û jl^ajSjûj (_£jSjÛJ (^j-J L£û j.aJ£ A_i jj_i ^-jLSûJjAS ^ûjA \ IhiAj .CjJhj j-Jûjl J jL$A ji \.1 a_£
4£ jUuijjaJ aj4_jljjjjS
j 4j .
j*iJi l^il ^ \\
ûjLsûJ j ûj4Ua£ûjLjj aJi IjSjûj ^Aj t jA»A IjjLSûjSjûj jj-j AJ aS ûjAjA»uLj
AjUaJ jip4*i4j . j 4-A Ij^JUjj J.j,0.jjji J öj
rLaJ ^IjjAjjS ûjljjJ aJ aS AjAjL$_Saj ûjAjjljSûJ jJjSjjj ^SJAu* j_i (jLSAJi JjLjaSL
jj j cUj^ jlj-J'U jjyjUA^Ij
.ûJ
4jjjJIjSöJ
(jfejj a) jjjiîjj (jA^jlj jj ûjaIjjJIjSûj ^Ijj j . limbic system
.Ao jJjAJ j£
I
L j V «
3 jLU»<u
jjj ^ 'î
iÛjA_J.4LjJ__SJ jLj I aJ 4_S jLSûj^jûj *
.
jljjjAjjj ^aJj 45 U 30 jljjj aJ ûjALûJûJ aLU-ûjAs^
J ^ ^ûJûjLj aJ
^ _*
J ^ (_£ûjj f I JlLa_] jj^ûA^Jfc jjj_j \ t A ijA^SûO j jj jLU—J
^ûjLoj j jji .ûjaJa^ûj Ujj jLSûjSjûj jljU t^LiAj ^UûjLS j ^jaSj
jljU aLjjLî jj j<L4 .1 UlaJ aJ jUUjU ^jljUi a_j jjljUi jLSû^jûj jljU
ûjIjj j aJ ^aJj^ — Lr
WA_A ^Uji ûojûjU jj JaujUJj j j Uj jj jlUU j
.öjaLj jöjûJ^jJ I jljjaJ a£ JjULU 0 j“
3-4
j jiLlA_2k
" i . .il jl jjJ ^KaLjAjjU A< i\K ia .6 •
ûJûjA^ tl
J y jUûj^jûJ AJLuiAufe gLU jA_Û *1
jAJb AJ ö-^AJ& j 1 K j 1
^jKd^jLj jji .2
4 ^
O JL 1 L i . . 3
jLjjI YaAjIS^ LwuLj ^jjsLj *l£ « j^Jh jLajiJ aJ jj_i jJj ij-*33j*~
jLS 4-1JjLS jj Jjjj<A_Û ljjIi4_û<Li
j Llû j<U^J ^jjlj^JJjlj jj4jfc jöJiMjjj J i6jljJJJ<t£jj
4 1 Û
3~l
.
1
LS û i j
lPj^ j Jj+^ V
ûj4uj LSûJjj
h
JJ (_JL4lJ
„<Sj 1 -A ^6jj-uj
i>*jW (lA/^j^)
^U.Lj ^Ljj ^r-'jjjfJ cSj-^S-jjL^ (jLl-sjöj (_s
J.L_L_*jL5a__ <U (j^jjoLj !
~* * ^jL
y
Ci j~w* i i k«6 ^LSûjLSAj LS*jU ‘ltLJJJ**3 jL Cjjj ^ dlljL&j6J
cjjjl jjL ASijL aS Addiction jj^aJ>ILj
, a^ujûj jLa.jjj
fd
Aj jjiuA$ jj cL-jûj UUjûj j^Ljj j^Lj ^LLajLSalj Aj
l£ û ^J^-î ^CjLSû jU J j jIjJ-lxijj <lS ^6j-j j^J jLj IjLS ^j-ûûJ .jIjJLwjj
cLjj tLethal dose jûjjS ^ûj d jjjûjjJL oLSûj jLj Effective dose Ji-ljLS
.^aSûjAjj-ûjLSAj jS
-VI^j
(^J-û ^AjLsjûJ ûjj jA_j Ajlj (ûjAJjjûJ
I jj jA M , \ . jCw jA.jAuuL«,j I
'
.
J . 1— ".
I i . 4—J 4 j4 — —ilj4_!
o I ijLaaJ
-
j v^
1 1 -1 uûljj aj ,aj4jjjS jLoajûjjj j J^jAjj-j j
j a
^aUjJ
4 *jL£Lj$ *4}
^aJjAi AJ
v^ 4 ^Lik 8 14-4 ûjjJi
U 4^-? (jr'^îJ
^ <UL^jA_4 jAjVjIjLj j J^*J ^LSajUjûj aJ
*o‘ ^-î
5
jjUij JilSOI^S
^jh4 a "\\ iû jjA^ 4_j Stimulant ^ujûjûj^Ljjj ^_S^û j jL_o ^jjjLSj^
A_i
jj Jj^’mduA
dj oL^ûJjLj ^l JjAjjS ûjLûûJ ^SVLi aSjjLojûJ Ajlj ^jjjJûJjJU
4 ^ Jo
. S
Ji) û
1 *'*l
3 * cji ijLS^Lxj J ûjCjLijLS 4jLajûJ 4 Îit<-t
V
^UaI (^jJ^ULj ‘ûLjj^ -jUsj j-aljjCjS *_L>4 jL j£VLi jJJ >f jLj
u4 *>
»**aj 3J <jlji_LuL<j,
Jj jjIjjJ jjlj^ ^jj^^kj ûij^ ^U-hsj '
fLFIl«.^ *jj <(£ jUjj j^j ‘ jT-J^ 'ÖJj^Lujj £ ^jaCll •^Ll^aI LSD c
A^JJ
.^Uij .^jlliaj jjjj * UJJ^U^
Psilocybe mI-.-jL....
ûljjA-a OJJ 'û^*±“ ^JJ><m jjjîJ Hj^j*M JlOj jSVL^ ^jJlS ,j<ljjj£L-^ .(hashish)
THC
Jj S* jj ^jUaI
*j<j j4_j<J .^jöjjjûj jj^-î LLöj^-«jLI a5I çjL^*^Lj4-Ai ljC\- j^öj^jJjS^aS ^jjs
V V
4-^
LSJJ-^j-^
V
4
-î ö^J-6 tSJ-* 4 ~'I' t i jjj J-^J-*
V
“-! Jj-0-^ cSûj‘1—Ojljh^. jjj
^jöjJj jA_t*iA_J &J_jA__j ûjjA_S d__i A_j L_j jA_S_j j LS ^4__j. (_£J_jj töjA jljA-wl—i'LJt
^ j
^ 50 % ^jLSj_4 Jj^S .OJLijûjjS AjALIjaJ 0.50 & " « jA A^d jl ii-.d A. jaSa_j
, y __.
c-ljJjLS Jiljjjj *J (jJjj Jj4^ ûj'Gj^ûj jjljV a£ C-?ji > j- i 1 f-’LSajojj^ ajljjjj
V V* V
^l_lj4J j£ 4_jLûi
i
— *
15-4 > jj
7j
ûJjUj ^A_I
(^ûj jL <_SL . J_ijj<j > >ûjöjj5 ^ûj jjjj< j 1 <-! 60 iTlg ^aûj A_jjj iûj-ûûj J^j^J *
iQj TûJ Ij_j4jjJ ^ Tor.Ç jljjA_fl (^ûJjL ^jjj jj jjl_jj_L*j i I Jj_j j jj <J <_jj (Jliih.<__ijLj
A_j l_Ll j< j<j jljjAJs , Ja£jJ (^A^jjj j (jLûJjL a <j *.\K dj ûjj-ILj a<
j û\ “û < ^jA < -v. 4_ji ^jjûj-j^-j ^jJjûjj-j jL^ûjLj 25% O ^AK-jj-j :*l.j L a.v jlLa,
4 jjf
j jjjLiûji Jjjjj {_£4_iLj<_< jL I
"
.,jj<JûO' La_a .ijL-LûL jLjji^t
" V
Ija-a
V
jjj (jA^Ajjlii (jjliûjL ^^iijjj jjLj (^AjûjJjAu (t
jLj<JûJ ûjljL ^^LjLa^*
^jLiSjjJ ^jLjûj-sLj Lûjj<-4 jiLKû J <<<jjjjj ^<jIj<J ijûj *(j-iûJ (^ÛJj ^ljJj
j<j ^ <J ûjj-ûA^ Ijjjjj<jIjaJ ^jKaJ ^LjJojjKaJI jjj ^Juj< .jjJûJ jjjj-ijLiAJ
I Au ,\ L$ o }
L
j \ Ij £
^j ^£42 L^. ^L^<jLi.ûj,Loûj
»4S>
N 3.+ ^kjjjjjw ^V4j ûj4ljiûJ A_j Jj4_i_j_j ^4^ ^j L^A_Li A_J j j_û4_Û j,Lj<j ( JjLjA^I J, ûjLûûJ ^&jlw 4-1 ^yiljja.
I JjLöûJ j, LJaJ, jj,LSûJÛj£>jJ jS ijLöÛJ Jjjlj4j Au 4J+4^j2 ^4^<jjL|ûjL5 4^jLj 4^ ûj4jj j£ûJ \
j j
(68)
(76) .IjuûjûjûJ J4&J
(67)
ûLSajljlj
(70) Refractorv period jUkjjdj
1
Neurotransmitter ajU 4 j (67) Neuron aila. tjU*j (76) Ccll body ajUs. <Li*j
(67) Nerve endings jistijGj£ *jU*j (67) Dendrite yjjj jJ (76) Nervous system ^ijjAijS ajUaj
jjuiLa ûj4^j4j ^J jjju j£ *^l Jj4j j£ ûjLaûJ 4-LaJ . cL j!j4j 4^jj j ^Lûûj 4J !> I jjA_j jS ûjLoûj ûjLûjLj I
(73) j4ÎSûJj L£
h< A_j i i..i
jj 4. r O LSL j ûliyL. ûJ 4S j j j jLûûJ 4j^jL^ 4J ^»1 jj4_j j2 ûjLûûJ Ajy~^ I
(74)
Jjd ^ûjûjL JjjL JjjijjS <^l jjLjS ûjUûj Shîj^
(74) .oL£ûj (75) A* 4uu4I
j 4jLîj LaûJ i.id A ûjLûûJ >j j "*. ^j_uj4j I
(75) (76)
^_ûljj 4jjS ûjLûûJ ûjjûjl-j 4_i a£ a_j I
jjj ^LL^ûjL&ûj 4-j Ijjj
(77)
JlSöjljlj
Cerebral cortcx dUl* ( 75) Interneuron aJIî 4j Usj *jijjj (74) Hypothalamus JijVjjj
Pons jjd (75) Motor neuron AjUkajUaJAjjji (74) Brain stcm ^U&j jû*4
(73) Cerebrum (74) Midbrain £Uaj 4i^ jajLj jkljj^Lij^ajUaJ
(74) Thalamus Jjv Sympathetic division j*i<u (77) Aulonomic nervous system
(81) (80)
¥
l
jLSajljlj
Auditory eanal
Sense organ
(SÛ) Lens 4jjjl_û (81) Taste bud A£jj£aj4i
(79) Coehlea n j jj 8
Tvmpanic membrane *jj4j -
(81) Papilla
Olfactory receptor jjjSJj* ^tiajSja^ Comea *jjjj£ (80) Rod jjaIU ^jJls.
o -A-ÛJ ûjLrtJ
A
J i j 1 V *
.ûj<jjjf£ûJ IjjL^4jLî» ûjLiûj ûjjûjL j^*i L^ûJjL^ * ^jL^^yjjjjjjûj ûj^^jjLS LL>j*j <? ff fe
ijjjjSLj r^ljj<jj£ ûjLbûJ ûjJûjL j4j^ OlSûJjlS CSjJj^H *& LjjjûjjJL j>3jS<lj<j .jLjûj ^J^j ûJ
JitJjO JjjjûJjJU
r -^LûJ <Jûjûj^£Ljj .^jjLjûJ .cL-sûJ qLûjû L JJÛJJJ ^jfljjJ 4j ^JLitJjjj I jjJaJ^L
.4_j4Ji !j jj j jj ^_j L£r4_^ik_iij4_j dj <J jLftjjLjS Lljj^ iûj 4^j_iL JÛJ 4_i <3-uiûjj<j jiJJjûJ jJL
1 • ,j~ 1 l 1 *
( )
(
i i
^ i
,
u Lî«*<j £ ;l
.
U l£ûJjU 4 C-aX . J .^jILjj . L -1
J 7 ^j^ajL-^jj
. jSjûJ <Iw 4_Aj iLLî ûjLûûJ *-U«-
•'r*
.j\£ ^jL J r
ûj 4_j L*> 4_^ ^jL - J
<^jjj<^ I
^ V^j 1
j L? r^jjj jj < 4 jU ûjLoûJ : 4jj^jjL^ 4j
.jLûûj
»<jljifc.LûûJ ^jVj-Si 4J .1
^j4J
ûjl JLi-jJ J <ikLûJ (JûjûjûJ j4 _j
S^iLûJ ^ljûjj-u jj<^ ^ûjLj^j jL^ -7
,^ljj<jj$ ûjLûûj ûjl^ 4J 4 *nj r*i <j
.3ms .£ .1 ms J
ft
.^Li&J On n j <Ijj<^ûJ iûjl JijJ l£jÎ<jj fûjljdj -J
JO ms .j J .5 ms .o
jL
l^LLoaJ f L^ lJjLûj jûj 4jLu 4_i. I ^jL <J 4_jL. ûjLoûj LIj L 3
IjuAj C>L£ûJ <£LL jJIjO 4_i ûjLûL (_£ OûjLûj *8
Ç<3_ujIj ojJ
:<sj 4»jJjjj ûj4LjjSûj ^jj jjhjj LjjL
^jLûjI£ ^a^jL <j ^V jjJj<-* I
1
•2-5 1
t '
.
ûj dj j^û J Li
Ajj JJ*uûJj4_j <J j)j4j
! ^jLjlj .J 2 .LJ
^LLjj jLi aL ^Sj ûjaJ) ^-i^j *23 ^ûjAjl lj^ûj j-J A ijLa^ji AjLiw ijLûöJ ^ Ajj j L^-j j A Ajjj A “—
1
j jljUj ^ja^ j uJj*5jS ^ ^4i u^JJ
.6j6j<ijjjjj
\ sûis
J uJJJûJjJLj ûljH ^UûjjAj *“^
b«*4J <J ÛUjjjj Jj4^ ûjUûJ 4J y^JLJ b J JÛJJLj ^-jdjLlA^I J ûjLoûJ kilAjAjL^ÛjLîûJ
E .1 .1
^j
4 fltA. A j ^jjLjlj aJ A iXj 1
jL£.Aj ûjûjij^i (j£<jljljlj 30 ^gAjl jAj j_( AjûjLsLi LjLajjjJûj jfcAj ^Ll ,1
ûjLûûJ <J jLûjöJ £_£jA£jjL£ ^jjjSJLtuûj jj JjJL£<£j>a*>. Ç^LSûJ jLj jL£ ^5>jAj ^ûjA-iîwljS!
% .1
^pijiJ <
cs&jLjjjjjAj f
jjj^ê-Un j Ojj? fo 'jk?j^
jkVûj
ûPj^H <UJJ-H JJ-^ <
jjj^ ^LLmS c^j^jj-îjjS *Jj
4 4lSj k-Luiûj -CjLu ûjLûûJ (gAjl | *I2
<ût/4j^6j ^ajsûj^JJ ^j^jAj (_£ûjLo <J A^j l a..j,\j AjU. ûjLûûJ jL ^ j 1 j- S- (5 jL .13
y
.
Ijj U j ûjLjLuA^
A^j cSjJ jj
<
(_Aa* ^L*iU ^Loûj
aJ ûjjA^ ^SAjûjLoj Ijjj Ûjjj ijLo Ll .jjjiA_i<Ji ^jlj jjjjA_J I
ÛjLooJ oJjûjL ^A^Aj^ûjAuu 4_ol jj4j Jj J ^jUji ^JLudûJ .15
Cj‘
4^ ^ljjAjj^ 1
CJjJ^
jji (
juaJ cSjWj jl^c^JjwL jj ^Lûj ^jjj^ I jjA mû i i.j>a i
l~ ,.. 4 h
j j n. , 1 i
ioliujSûj ûj*3Lsu ^s<kSi-j L<_j l-^jjjj 4_ 'j ûj*^L=k .2 .jA^ûJ Lsjj^ ^^jj J <J jH ^jjjjAjAj jjj 3
j J j^
I JjXui j J jj <j jjArf LiljjjAL-6 ^l jJSyj l_j ^ûj'^jA^wAJ jLl A vV^ jjl^ÛjlijAuiu jj ûjLIjaSaj
. *1
JJJ j ^AjûjLû jj jA^Al -ûjA^IjûJ ^j JJ^ jjj A-uiAS jL <& ,_^4j>î^>ÎL j4uuiA_i AjAjljAJ (^ûjL ^ûjLjûJ AuyjjU
-jl fij^ûjA^-% L wjj >! jûJ jO .ojjljjJi ^ûjAj Jjl jiu aJ ££jU A^ JL)jj I
JjJ 4^
^LSUL-L j-ijUjjjjS ^LS^jjj f(j4SaJ ji4j ^LS^jL^ ^jjSSVLi jA*a-U jLS jLSUj^jj-fc
5
A L j j ! £j
jLS<G^j^A
ji«u ^VL^. .
jxjl I a 1 ^ ^ljdjj-i ,jL_S*j aj aJjj_S *jL_j*aj
“^jj ö4jj
¥
*j3_£
jljjöJ j jL*ji
.«j4jL£aJ Lji. jLiajlj
- -
j .1
- - ,û jj_û^__A j *__jL_î jA_uj o_j<_SLûjLS ^-S—,j_j ,
jLS<_j j_* jj__i
^jjjj 4 iS^U^L. -
AiJ*jj4 (Jj^
IjiLiJ <J ^LSA-Jjî j jLj ^^Sû^jLAj ^VLiûOljJ *J UA^ûJ IuiSûjLj
^ t A i ci jLa
,^_jLal_j ^j-jL^AjL^ J J Jj4_ia. j4_S_ijL; 4jjj_jj jaJ4_Sj ^LaaJ A— jajajjûj (jLS<l_JiL^_ (5j<>—ijjji-
I
.
^ÛJ ^L^J^JjÛ LjLSûj jL& exocrine glands ajIjI jaSj^ Uijjj *a_!î .^a-a a_Sj^> lt-^jj
jLj (JIjAjIjjLo jfcAj CiJ^iûJ ^ljJjji ^jûjj£j ^ jAJîl aS^ ^L^aSjs* AjûJûJjû-
d j,.jj. ,LjS-i‘l-^ ûij (jjjjj Laajj <>__4 jlSûjljA^ji. 4jjjj j 4_ui<>J jAjjjju
.
, 4_Sj
UJAjJA
‘6j_^-î*“ a-;Ij jji. jjj jj jLLLSol (j-^jSjLa. j<ud ,jL£OjjjjA UjSa.
jLStUjjijjA a jjl.j.j 1 .(j-; J_ijjj_lii, (jL j^jj-Js
j ij. Ljl J j
(jJijjjj^a ; Jjjjljd
<U jLj jJjS ^ I j iid (^j, jj d<s_j <sJ 4-S (j4_j Lj j_aj _4 j<s_J Peptide hormones
o ^t_û<0 Ojjj
*'
t 4 J jS
ajUljj ^Ljljj
dllij^jj«4 jA«A (jlSûjljLi <ÎjajjA <J JJJ ^UûjLj JLiJ
I arget ^LLaL ^ ^ \i ^ .oL^ûj ^ ûa_u l_3 ^ 3 * ^^jLLl aJ jLS
100 mL (j^<uAjjijiiji djjj5 jLSijjLû
jLl 4 jiL
^Ljjj jj -ol^öj jj l^hj-^jj^ (
ujLAu^ j <cells
}
^j 1
mL »2
uJJ
(S^jH J 4^ 4^ jjjI^uAjûJ *J* iiL“JJj USJ^J ^ u^^ ^i^i-îj ^j-ûjj^ UiJ^JJJ ajLjjj 2 j 1 ^j'lI^ jjJjA^ 3
1-5 ijjûjlL aJ Uûj .oLSûjjLS ^a£aj (^jIjJjL jSûj jj-&jj-A *jj^ -^Lk LpW ^ (ûjj)
ioLSûj LVLa. dLaj^^L ijjjljj<_j (^jSjûj - jj-ûjj_a ^^LijL ^cLj^ûjjûj
jljljj 1j-jjj4i <J ajjLa a jUI jSjJ
Adenosine monophos- ^LLuji dL ^ m^jIuO) AMP cLjjSûj ATP
t^Ll jj LjU O ajjLe ^LS |_^oj<Ljljö
AjL jL ^a£jJ ^ 1 1 A \ jl 1
j j^ij jL^A_jujjO ûjAjjlÎ ^^/aJ j
jiA ^ ( A_^A_îJ<L ^phat£
^LIjJ (5ajUlj^
^ûjjj (^jljjjjj j^öj *^<jj-ûjjj4 Ij j ^dJLkj AMP ûjj^ *oL^ûj ^lVLi. Ljja jljjj L aj'" ’iuiLu jLijjjjji
(jj* <Ol»ûj a£ ajûjjA^ j<L Second messenger ^jIjJjj! .j j|L «jLU ^AjICjL jj ijl-i*LJ a JJjj
aJ jlj£_ijLiJ ,^_^<L_iûJ jLo (jûjA.jl J-o'i/ûj JJ ^UjLî jLj ^__j LSaU jj-S I
^ Sl J;
Lia * JjûjAjaj «J (jLûjAjLe
‘^JJ^ ^ UU4 (jLûjAjljj (^LIjj jl^U j-ajjuft ûOjjjjL j JjjjaI^ ^ûjUjjUu! ^ûjju U jjjlaij_, a j ûjiULÛj^ ^jSj^
Ui Ij^jjL yU ^J^LjIjLlj ul iûjUiJûjj jL Ij^ULûL ^LLSuL^ (_£ûjj4j u Ujj A_CLjjU*-j j4j jL*L1_U^U 2 IjaSULI
^J jS^Li (^jj* <jj* J ‘J^J*J - jj^jj^ (jjLSaIjjU ^j2*y<UûJ ûjULSûjSjûJ j AMP jj jjjSaj ATP a£ oISaj JVL^
cUj^^Laûj DNA j<Sul ^jûj - (^LiJjL jj^. ^ <oL*>ûjjjûj 2-5 ûjll J4_jûjJJÛj
t^<L Lk <0 jljjS (jjjk Jjj u J^jU *cjIjûj ijjj <isS Lplijjji ljULIa ^U4jU
5 t^rjjAj
. L j 4 — S
2-5 ûjl^
. j$j-ûjj£ döj jLS^Jjûjjû jjjjjU—
*J oj ttjriOajjSLi ûjflJLi j*
a^^JLSûjSjiij j_j IjULik jljL_
1-5
jL£oj^jjjt > i
j"
j
i^<j j q- j
j-~* ULû 4jLS 4J jLS jLS4j>ûj>S v ' 1 1 1
'
jjy <ûj4^jjjjjj .3
S j^ûjijO j-j 1
jj j -j)4SûJ jLAjtSd-ÛLûLj
Lri J
Jl
jJ ‘M û^öjûjaajjjS JjLiJJ j j>4j>* J^>i •? «U JS jLSûj^jyi Û^jjjûuj jj^ ( ûjûj4Sajjjjj 4
jj^j Û -j 1
-i jjLu^ .
j^Sûj 7t_iLûLj ^jL&uUk
dûj i jjU VLSLLwjjj j
uViu ûjLûûJ 1
"
û '
*?
*JJjj *Jkj$
j j
.
JiiULj jajJjl jAj ^jrt^jjLS
jjSûjIj IjjI
.
^jVûj L_fiûjj4u_4 ,ûj4«jljûJ (jU-ûVûjj UjjjSûJjûj ^UaûJ (_£4S_jJ .^—i l_S4_^ jj L_i
<l] ûj4JIj1j «^j 4 ^jULS^ Jjj
I_Li£ûjLi ^Sj4_mjjLû ^jlluiljL
ûjA *\\ I jLS ^jj^Sjûj 4__» jLVjjj .ûjOIjûj ^jjuJs. ^LS-Uj^ûjj™*
ChJj
V
** rt
J^j ^ <ûj4^ljûJ tjjjj
V
4 S Vj i A Jjj ^^^ÛJ jL-$< % X ^ j-ûjj-A
.ûj4jI£ûJjjjj
y
,ju LjjSjAj
jJLIjjJAj
1 -
>? ûJJm
<f i.
<iJli .
jjjjjsJ jjajjû 4«S .-uikjjj
.
jjs^ajj-aj jeJ ^4iLaljj4i
5
—
v
ûjûj-U jJj
aJ i^Jjjjj ^J-A A_i CjJjASûJjûU lj <o 4~5 ^ûjlJ'
h *^Ju **&* Ji jjJj a£Umu jJj
t ^ûjUjjSjS ^LSouijLi ^L£ajUw ûjUöJ .ûjAIjjî ^aJjj-
'
j^jûJûJjûJ ^jJ j!jA__jjûJ tfj
Y
K \\ —-LuûW .
J '*J
l-^4 — j-4j j-*
1
.
jLj_jj_jlj<_jjaJ J ö L^ A_j j_ojj_4 ^j-jjj *s 'u jjj.
jj a^ljdjJ^" |
J-4jj 4^4* ^ ,JLi_ijjAi j uûjj ûUjjjjL:
J’Lj ^^L^Laji 1-5 t ûjOa_SûjL-4jj IL^J ^j-ajjj ûjjj^S JLjj^Î
.CjIjûJjLjûJ Û^jj A.^LL jjj aS ûjAJjLSûJ OjjS AjLj4ijjJi
CjLûjjLjûJ 3>^jj
V
.ajAjLSöJ Ljj Ijöjju. <J J.JM <J aSJXû ftA-ûjA^ Fsh ^jûAiU ^ j-ajj^û 1
^ajLaiJ jljJl.j_i
j_jjjJj5 aj jJjSj^-L* *- C^j-* <jjj 4J 1 1
j jjl_iJ!_iio j<JL5jujLö
J JÛJ
„
Ji
)
i
uhîJJ ^-^JJfLa
f AÛJJU,
T j i i
S-5 ûjli
CHJJ ûJJJjjLj
y Auj^SoJ jjjj .
•jAA -Sjji
<ûja_£jjJ ^ûjûjIj^l aJjja_£ûj Thyroid gland jJjj jjJja~a
V
. ciVV cûA-AjAj jjj ajLu^ ^LLjj^Lj ^j-ûjj^a jj jj^ <<jV}j ûjjjjjLî 5-5
ajjj .ctljj j*aJ ^ L^ajS V Li. ûjjjj aJ jLj ajaIIjaJ idljûj L^jj ûJjjj^L ^^SV Ls.
^A^ jASO . J^aJ ^jA^ ^A-Lj jJ JjJ ^Ij^H ^ûjAljjJjjj JyLS <
^Ljj_i jUj
A-iAjIjaJ fCjl Jjjjj I JaJajjj^ ^.ÖA^ûjAj ^ûjLo aJ jjjj ûJjjjjLî (jJLSaI j-ij j_6 ,^-jljjûJ
jAj4 , 6-5 ûjIuj # dl Aj aJj-3l j jAjê jA-iaj aLj j aIû « AdrÊiuil gland (JLIjjjaj ^jjjjj
V ^ V
5 ££ JJ<4
,
JUujjdJ
(JmJjIjAj fjjjfLj \ 'l^AtJJJJL*A_J ^J 04JJ J-û4_jfc J<J jjûjjji jljd * JLljjjU ^j^jjS
I j_^4u_j ^lj j ^ *S * jNorepinephrine j:j*''^y jj *
j Epînephrinc
1 jlUj£ ijUij ^ûjOljjl^ Uij^jj^ jjj j 4j .jjJUjjj^Ujjj j J^LljjjU JjIjwU
^
c(ljjLUi j^j <J jU) oLSûj dLSj^u dlui^ ^LSj^u .c^jjûjjU f/g/îf or flighi
V
jUujj«u yiij^
JLujjU ^jûjjU ^j^jj-* JLijjj-U
6*5 ij l
^j^jj^ jj^ ^ jfl * ^*>j^-î j-t ol jûjIUû JLUjjU ^JQjI «ACTH ^j-ijjjj jUiiL
ji .jLu ^ ^ >t
:
*ji Sa
Ifjjlj
V
oLa Ui ItAiûJ jJL^A^jj ^_j4__û 4JS 4_J 4j£ f jjAO^ûJ-Sljj (ju^J ^^LSUjljjS jL^AL j_pûjj_û f
(jjjlj ^_i L^ tu-û jj<j IjlUj I S t_jjj l_5iûj jt_û ^ttîLji jtji iPuberty j 1
^^^
I
jûjj-j ^ 1
" r.pA
^
^JihCû^-j t__l ,jjt_£ûjjûj j jj j GcUw a. -ft-Shj-j
j
JJ)_A J CJJJûJ (jljlj-S b
“J ikJjJûJ jS ULûJ J O l|
^ _1
j^
~ r ^ .[_1 jjj jl ^jd >
jjj_jijA^i 4 ULIj4-£ ^jjw La^Uj i O «oLSûj <UL^ jL-i j ^ûj tfjjj j Jla_J
Jjj <jgûj4 f/ 1
j
%
^J-L .ojjûJ jljiljj jj 4*^ J j^SûJ 4_IL4S iiLo4_d jjJj4_ft j coLSûjjULuJûJ
^j^jjJi J (LH)Luteinizing hormone jJöj ^dU <^>jj4 65jj ^4 ^
^ljjûj jj oIjûjILa jjS jjJj<-4 JjO ^jûjIL* ^ j-ûj j-A Lûjll <U t oLiûJ^jj
jL^j^<_j j 4 Androgens j j 1
j yjj _\
~u
^
jjlûj jLjj (jj_ûjj_a cu jj <J cLiJ^ j£ .
O ^jSj^
jj lîIjJSUa ^jûjIU ^Uj-ûjj^ ^jISjLa 44 jjjixULuilj
.jL^ûjj:
.oLiûjIjj
j J ~ j
IjjLkS ^Ll6j<Uu
JJj ^
A_jljjL* j(A_j Lft û j j AJj ijLjlli,; ^j-iljjLû JJ JjlL LjjlLjjfe A_i<jlj<J t <UlJJJ ^Liaj
j
ûjLÎJjlj^ j jJjlj^ jL ^jûjLî. ^j-tl <£ jjjAuSjûj ^&jL^ ûj (JjSûLu ^jjuiJûj IjULmi
A 1 1 1 4_J<_J J<-1
I
'j\ *^>jA aL ijj jj<_(h
j cJLjm 1 Dj 9
. ûJj L£ j ^A
I i'ii
jj
i
> <jjajj4 I JUljA^ ^j-Iujjj jj<j aJ <-û<j ^jA^LijLS
-
f
öj^* J jL^ALLLjjaAi <jj*jjua
<
J[
U 1 ^. 1
^jj iûj 4_jISaj^j><S ^jjjji <J j^-Uu ^5 *jjj flilSlllin jjJ j 1 * 1 lA-j I jLjjL
uhUJU j jj^jJ^
<^jjU Jljj^ .Diabetes mellitLis * ji^uL ^j^ <!Uûj û^Jj^uu
7-5
^jûjUj jjj j<_i j fjJjj î o**jûLAj jj5jj£ ^jjljlU I JjU jllijLk
rjnLjSj^j jJjLi <LL
*£Û*j
UjSjL J jjU ^.sgScL ^lLS<UjUU <J .^.jUUU ^^jûjjUi -li jj^jJS
JJJ U *U<j *jUUj (^jljl^ J l5 j<J«J <j ^A^UûjA-wj <5 iA^ûjUjj II L$JJ^
U II
îsjj^ j^^uUiûj rdljji- ^jjjU j (jfUjj^j ^UUlj U j lusLS
jL$d jj^ (jjjLS <L1 I jJj4_l 4j| ûjUj ^jj^jjS rljûjSdUu ^_Hjji.4U JdJ^dJ f cU jUU
‘UU; Aj^UljdJ (JL<LûU iCiUûJ IjjAj jjj>
jjj ^y^LH j-î <jU ^ûjUjj.* ûjUjjJ jj iCjjjSûJ
i|<' 'fi
ciUojSj jL-jj ^jlLSöjlji.
t
jj ^LSjiliAj j IjjA. ^l jA**>Ua_A ^U '^jjy \ \\ A <jj_A Clu AjAjIjAJ OUIjjS ^Aj
^ujjûJjj ^Va_j f ^jlLp Jjpû CjA-jLjAj ûjAuIjjj L>Lj ^ljjAujS ûjLöûJ aJ ^jl^OL jLi
iIoLjj^ aJ jjSjiS ^LluAA. .^-ûaS C5J-^ AuLjû J (jLA-ûAJ .jjLiAJ ^uLSAjL^ j^ O^Lilj
4 *4 * ojij£
V
8-5 ûJJUa*
(j^JJJ Ûijj A^LijHajLw j^OljAi f Ij^l-Xi^LijS <Liujj öjJjS 4J
V y v v
j
tl TtA A~îd 1 ~t
AjLiûJJjS L&ÛJjA-A jjLSAÛjjj ûJjjjJ ^ .
J LfÖ^ IjjiUi riJ JjLj jj H l j
Lhîjj
y v
Jj<ujûjAj aJ < jLSAu«Aw jljj Aj iA_JjS uvVi ^jLuLj AjL jASûJi jjjj A-wj^jU
iCjIjûjjûj TfiyjnosiYi jjjj*j-ûjl_j i jo jj Ajjjj-ûjU ^jjj l^^ljiAjjS ajjjSjAj
^A^ûjLj a£ .oUûJ T ^jiLSAjLi.
^ VînMa£ju ^L_* jA^jjLuj jijj^ JLjjAj
h ^iLj^Aj ^LSûjLSj.* £^jj jûJûJ (jiAJ aJ (^jSjAj
^jj v
j JA 8-5 (^ûjIL <^Lûûj l£A_S_L_j dLj-i aJIjjA_Sûj i^-ijLS ^j-ijjj
bU ^jjV '1
U
j .^ 1
j0-*
<J
L£a_£J ^Lo jjj5 jOLu. j-ijj-j J^aOj
.
jL^AjijjLiOlj ojLooj ^j^ji-cjjjj
aL (jûJûJjOJ
,
j L^A-jjjçj j-4 lu— jA_4 jjjL^AuiI JjA— aJ jljjjA-4 j jj J aJ A-j|_öw ^Jj JjA_4 I
^ij jA_i i(jûJûJjûJ iÊ'C/'^/Z/î jil jS j tu A^LjjLj Ujji-Jj iLSauL-Io aJ jJu jlû4 4 —
^jA .4 ^ISaSjjU ^ljjûJ JU Cil JûoLa ^UjSiAj aSujj^jj»4
J j S
(jALH
6jj> 'L aJ ^Llji ^jLSwXji ( Negative fccdback ^ûjajI^^j^aJ
10-5 ^ûjjL. OjjjL j_ . Cil 'ij ~ jûJ A-Sûj J > 1J .^-ûAJûA-j ^jûjJLa jLSûjljjjj
^jl^A^j-aj Lft
^M . !% Sj j A^ i^JjjAl ^ûjAjIj^^jAj jA-^^J 4^SAjAjjjh-oI
oijjij TRH A^jjjj-a jaI Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) ^jj ûjjjjjL
TSH J JlLjlL aJ TSH ^jljjûJ Jj oIjaJajL-4 j jJjj AilA-o jjj ^ûjA fiij
j jj
A_kJujA_i ûjOI jlj A^jA_i AwLJa_J jjJjA^ *LH ûJ JJJ L5jj û Hjji^ ^L^A-Lj-o jj»*
Sj 1
^— L$ A_j
> | Tt j
i i A-_i Ij 10-5 ^ûj j 5.i aJ iiJûjjA_4 .|jA_^ûJjL_S jL^Au_j_£,ijAw
jj liLVjJj jAw AjASûJjLS (jJjj ûJjjjjLj ^_j LSaJ jho j j-4 ^A^ A_j ^AjSJaJ aJ . oJjASûJjûJ
"V ' *
+ûjAj 1 j 1 \ fl-J
(-)
10-5 ûj^ I
j Tm a jj J _ --_T 'jj;
L
öi jjj* j TSH
(+)
±>3j*^ ^rHjj
I
n-5
(j+U^ ^
(I) ^ajjJ ^jjU
^&jjU öjû^U jj Liknj.^ JJi
*J (j) .
jjLa (') t^ a ii J
tf
ûJjU
(m) ^JJU
jLS<jj^jj_A l
^II4^ U4j<j <
LjW uH^ jJ ûJ JJ ÛJ *o£jI^<j
^-ûASu j_ûj j^ ^-iljjûJ JJ ijljlU (jjj-A <Ij_jûJ ^jK-û^I ^CjIjûJ ^ILSûJjLû jLj
.oUûJjûJ j ^jUj^L
ûjjjU
4JjL* ^" ..'& A.
^ ... -. <
'‘}j ^_J .
^LS^ijjIjj.A dlA-JöjL*j
<J (C^LSû jjUj I Jj-jj-i <i jjSjiS ^ jjIj<jj*j jjSLSjiS fljijjljî ^LS^-oûj jl jjj <J
bW UHjjr -. jl LS ,
j<Sûj j^-jlj lUjji <J jj^jJS ^jLSjjjU ûj<SU
.
jLS<lj-ojj^ ÛjJjU j<^<J (j<Sj J (£<ljj-al jj J JjjjjU
2-5
J> j j£ U jj^a
j jJi jjj .ojJ«j öjj jJjJjjjLû .6 jl<ljî
^jJjSJLujjJ JJ Ujjljpl <J <U4Jb J jj *U ^"iLiM jljt (jltdJ ,7 <J ^JJj<J ^ÛJ<jljjj<^J<J A < T ^L I
JJ £j ,4
j
4j jjj ^jAiLjjLS .
jL£<ljûjjA û4JJjjLj Sûj jUi (jjjj-u ^ûj^ûijjj^jfU J^ULÎ^I
^gLS^jjjjA ûJJJjjLj jj Ij-LAJjfU ^ûJ<lljlj<^j<J <J jjJ jujjûj jj^LîjjJS <J 4i4jj4-û jl J+* -5
5 JjAj
J j J j
5 jj>
<JjA^öJ ûjOJijûj j4j. ,jL£<jjjjj^ ft lj~4_H J-J jiJAJ LjL_j J«*.J| (jL^AjLi. jjp-a-J \ \ n I ^ (^aJjLs jjL^<u_j j_-ojj_i
J,
A_j|jij jjlûjL jL^OjH> jJ-4
,Ul£<SjJjL5
^
'
Im . ^jj jajj ^LLh_j<_6jAj J ^&jL ^^jL
IjLLî ftL_jiJ .
-J-J ^ J— J J j-3
'
'
4 i
J__û j : t .^ijAljjlj^ J jUlAjl^Aj
O IjSjjL aJ jSjûj _ Lj^Jj-* i^AijjL iJjJjI^uAjûj AjOlSajSjij L^^jj *A*^ jW*i lLSa_£j-^ ^ <L4jj
jLijL^ jjL ^jL^ûJ silVLa. (jLSflJl-A JM ûj DN A - _*^j <J j LSa jjA^A*jj L A-jLip .,j_u_ipû<J& jAj (Jîj<J L5<j kû jufi
jLjjûJj jpj jj<Lû.j<ji j \L<j j_* jjû ûja^jj ^_> L<w»I_ij<j ja^<5j
jLSiAjLijj <jLî <1 jL£ jLSOj.jj NSLLw jjjj jL£ûJj____ _;;_ , JûJi 1
. iL^û Ji e
-Hjj ö^ J
jL£û_$ljlj
(91) StcroiU hormoitc jjjjj^ ijjjjji- ’j .vrine gkmd jjjj *jjjS (93) Neuropeptidc jLL*j ûjL*j
,
jjAiajfLj I—jjjtik <J
_ L Ll .(jlSAjj-ajj-A 4J jjj ^^jjjSljj^^-LLu&J jj
d<^ûjLûj (^jjjjCj ^LIjLj <-a>j<_i .c4j^* J lj f<S<-j L ^jl_L^ a< oLij jûj ^L^Ajj^jj-ij (jjjjj^j-J<jj
(_JûjLj lS
_jjjlJA_5<Ja_5£ (_^<XûJA_i Lj j^. JlLLjj jLSA™ jjj-öjj—i ^ajAjlj^Vaj j jL ^Sj^jLij jtS^YL* aJHj u" 1 11
^^
.jjLSûj (jLSajjjljuAj <j jLûjj-û
.ûjAjLSûJ
.
jLSAJjLL &j jL* ^jlui^^jj jj
jLSajljlJ
(97) Norepinephrinc j^iinijjl (97) Puberiy jIAja&j ^ajaI (97) Androgen jj-ajjjjAj
JJ Ö3 jjajjLl jljnjjA (97) Gonad jjjj <ûpjî t99t Insulin jjJj*LO
(97) Luteinmng hormone (%) Thyroîd gtand jjjj ajjjjjLS (97) Epinephrine j^jijLjjj
Ajl jlSrWV ^JÛjjlû jjj^jj-a (%) Adrenal gland jjjj «LlLljjiAj (97) Pnogesterone jjji.njyjjj
(97) Follîcle-stimulating hormonc (94) Pituitary gland jjjj jjj (94) Hypoîhalamus cGVjjj
j£ j ûjL
I j j
j j^jl^
.öjAjjjû JjjAj I jJ-J jj_i. AJ ^’r^.a Al .1
yLSûjljlj
jl^ .O
^ jj Jjuj3s *J j^Si
OjAj^iftii I j-M+tAj*,
r
j jJS jj jj - Ll^jjj i
jj aJ . I
.
j^jj_a öjJ ^jjjjj-4 tjj jbbjJ »
'Uf^ jb" 1
*^
^Jjlji^ 4j jjû jîLS jjJ ^IjjaJ Ijjjj^ *j jj^jjS u^Lu^
Jj£!j>
.
j jSl^jK jj jjû JJ^ jj Jjlu*j jjdj
<
a
t
. Jh-J J ' r 1 ,
1 A_J , I
ÛJÛJ^-^JJJ
J j^jj^jî 'V
.
jL^öjSj^j f^_lLaU ^L^AlLi .1
^jilf^uj^j j;
> va .V L ft . Yfc j^i If ¥i
ûijj û 4JjjjLi t
(jJjJ J4J LJ
u J^ JJ-4 * Ji ^ J Lft j j J V v
j Lr
^j
j"
"j '
j L^k_j I 5Î^_j 4_ILuj ij ûjiijfjJi ^ -'^
'j ^aû 3
S ;
j,L^ Ajj^jjjSi îjLaiJ ^oIjjAjj^ ^jL^öjöjöjJj^ öjLoöJ .9
.oljJ^-A jjjL^ .J .
jl^Aljsjjji .^j
0
Ojl Nföjöjlj X ^jl JjöJ .J .oL^öJjLjj X ^jljjöJ 'O
a5l
.8 j 7 ^jLj-ujjj
jjjlo AS! aJ jlSÎAlj^jjjS öJjjjjLî ^jûuuAJk. ^ai.iil .L i i
^jj! JlLujLI
aJ j>S>£
jKP^ 0 ,î
-jl^j^Ll 4 .tj
.jlij^L^ 8 .j7
r LLi jjlj 12 .j
5^^ cn
J J 1
rit-^ c \
^ûj<j Jj£jjjj jj <jA^jjL^<j jjJ (_£<-jljljlj
f<J 28 ÇjKûjljA^
f^jVjjj >oL1j f jjUj£ <jjjj ^jjj^
1 ^ i jÛj-j-j ^ûjLo <J <£ jjst. AjljlSjAji ûjisjj j<j .13
aJUjjJ-O j-ûj jA cjjjj ûAjjj-jU *(JJJJ K'U" Jjj ^jajijjjj ^jLûU ^Ka^U jA-<J jl£<ûj-*jj4
,^JiLûU ^UU ‘j^Lj^Aj J
jjjj i_ujjiixxi ^jK ^ûjLûa! a£ û-l^. UIjL^aa 6ji=Lj jU .14
Cfijj
Ij-ijA^ U jjjUiLS ^j_û j j_A ^Jjj .22
(-)
jUjj^jjl^jljU <J ûjUIjIjA^jO ^jj 23
j-“u J'^j^ .ûjûjaSjIjjj IjjIûjU
Jjoj
<ajIjLS ^4jU ^ûjaIÎjUa^jAj ^ jj iûjûjû uj^jl 24
I .jKoj^jjji ^j£l JjA^AlUiûJ j-»
jjS
L5 ajUljlj<i.jAj jjf ûjûj*Jj£ll 25
.^U-ûj£j û5jj ûjjjjjU ^KAljûjj*
Jij |m tm J
M
jJ jUU û ja.
|
<J jA^ûJ tjjl j1<4 jUU jûjjA AjjjJk jji. a£ ûjûj<liU jjj ,1
^ Jj^ c5 jL^jdj^ aJ xZjKûj (^j IjIaj f UUj£ aIIjj ûjjj£
.
jLaÖjLui ûJjLo j_ujjAî ^ i“ ..^ -iK
jj jjj f l_LUj£ A_Ujj &j4j£ .^£ûjU
jlj^JjU J ^Ljj j^. j4 ^^ ûjUlg-i J<j<ljj^ 2 ^a. Aj riij jjj fjjll ^KAjûJjL* (5ûjAjLû ,iI>L=kûj£jj
^
_ t
-
i*-î ^ 'T t
^uaJLJ' UiU^3 AJaJ
1 1
1
t
^4 / *"*'1*"/ S S *' S~ S* ^ 1
rjSS V 4 J' J ^ ^ "V' X X / J. . | >V -J' - J
* >
OLJiji-! j, —-L -LoLLi^j-L l_il»- <c> Lii 'J> !
LL LL > iV^ jL Lola^
~«
fl. - -> Lu5JC>«i
jp 4j -^fl^flLflViJiJi J '£il4-J<l£jLj 4_1 jjj ^jjfluJJ . I L jjUjtlJi ^fltJAfluA flJ flJ<JjjS ^AJJJ
^jjA Jjfljjj flJfluj^S 3_s A^flSjij flJ jLSAJjLa
jl ! :^ûj«Uy
bjjO ûj^j 1-6
^JiO
.^ai<^ûjO j<j,<£j ^^*J -J^ !
j^-J^J !
J^ Jh ûjLUjS AjI^
3-6
J j 1 T
V * 4 * I * * * V ^ V*
<SJ3 'J
û ^H
jl&Ûj^jjJS «
jJ^jjj ö jl3^ *
jl J4 ^ Ij
jj£ jLS^Uijjj * rt ^Vjj
V V
,
jL£d_ijjj jjJsjwLAj u-iLa^i -jöJöJjûJ
V V *
j£ ^ûjU u
(^AjL^SI^
jLSûjjj j'jjlj ^ jûA^jJ 1 jj4Lj .4< ft
jjj
~
,olSûJ jLjJ ûjaj ^jjlj ^jIjSjIjjûjL^ û ^jaSaû ju
a,< Ti
^V ûjLûLj
l 4
ft i
H
î
Jij<J <J jLJjjij*j ^ 4L^ûj_jJi aj4 cm ^4 < j j \ <_iLSûj uH (jinjj ‘tîjjO LT* 1 a ‘J
*JJ4 4J ^IjJaAjflJ ijjj iSjb^ iSJ^ cm (S^J* d U^S^jjjj ûjj^ jA-fc 4Sj4jJ
jJ4J J-J3J JjaaiJjJ l^lL£< £ Vt jJj jjA_i!j<L*AS ^aSjj U jlSûjjj .500 m ^AfLijj OlSûJ ûjASuU jjS jjJjA^
.jnAx'Çji
JjLSûjjj jijrtj JuJJ oj
dJ 4j4Aj_ȣiJ jlj
cijjjS jAJi
.OJJûJ jaISû JjA-o34-ajLj <£ajjjj ûjjj ^jIjaJ ^2
1 ^ ( j-iûJ w‘
LjjlJ
Jj 1
jjJH
j4_i l^AJ
(ûjjj ^^-SJJJ djlj^J jajj j_Jû J CitujjJ 1 U<A< rxi jLjAJ 4_<<jjS jjJj<_4
,lj£*u*jjJLi
cSjjL
j ' A j
uWj ûJ 04jj
V
<^4-° j5j c£ û jUL ^r4 u^
1
Oj^jj^ jj J -ûjOljLJijS shjLS^IjjS
V
(X//J Jjûj ^AJi iS J*J->Lui ^_ij^ûjj__Û .jAjLûJ_Sij <_S^Jj^S jjJj^_4 (5jL-S .jûJûJ
Jj-uLj ^ûjU (^Ajjjj aJ Jjjjj ^Li$_*<A4 jAj aJ oLûJ ^IjöJjAj ûjL ^LL
>jA ~VjL.rt jIjAj ^SjjJ Aj Qjj-
i
jj ^~ "-, ^~ jjj A A jaSaj ^jA ~Vj aa i
ûj j^
^ ^ûjAIjjSûJ jjjjJLAjl JAjsaS 5jLj£
(
I jijj-& *U jjLSAjL^AS
^ JjSl^ujj J ^jl Jj^
JL<U U jji
_
^ J ^ jLt ^>
"OjLJ:i W J 'H jIj^jjûaû
J 4^ jj^ C^^jJ dW 0^3S jA^jL ûJjûjL jjAuu JlLiIjL c4^L
A v_t
^ ^ i
j j
j_j I J_ijû_i_i ^_lLS A_J ol JûJ jjLSûjjl ^_jA-ûjLj A_S iA_j I
j~
_ (_£A_ûUjj__iA_i
\' ! T* j-.
".• ..'
j j} .' c 4jl_ilj
4-J yLSûjp
L<UL j ^jjlj ^-usIUaL ûjll La^_jûjUj a_u jLSûj j ILa Sj ûjj_û
^juAj Ajû jA_j AujSjûJ jLSûj jl aS CiUûJjûJ ûjlUj jAj 3-6 (Jûjjli J Jjjjlj JjAjjS
.
jjLj t
.
LaSûjUaj Ujj^ ^Lljj jUûjjl 'ULûj jLs 4^ ^jjjiuijjj aS
j_i <juûJjj§ j^j-iûjlj ûjûjûjjjS ^UjjJ AS ^AiLSJj^uU AuijjJ jAl ^ûjAûIjûJ jJjJ
Cj Jk 16 jS <
' jjûjJ^ JaSaJ fCilj-^ûJ ^.jj I JjI jJ jj-û (^jJûjAj AiS ûjAjIJaSaS_uj jL AÛj^ûJ
6 ^ jj«_j
j j ^ j L J L V
:
y
JJ j J -j'—^J^i lt^JJ
v
J ^ J ^
<_J <j>^û-JjûJ ûjAjLljj j<U
;-_ __ -
^jjlj ^i-svJjS ajIji
^ .olj4.jjûj
3-6
.Cowper’s glands UjJj v
^ ö^jj^
j— *jjU ljjjaL~-a L jJ-4 ^^AjÛjjj ^ûjLlAiL ^jjjSLjjLö J4 f itû Jû J jû J Jj-îi
^fjj'j
j-lUiU i ,__
.oljûj 4 jaj .
jLSijja
^LSûjjJ I jj. 4j - jj l
jû j Penis
v
l
j^jjj^
^
u jjûjj-*
v
c^^j^
< cL Jpû jJ L ÛJ^JJM^ <sj JJ-A 4-1 jtj>i -L>Jjlj ^j-ûljjAjj^ ^ j i A jLj 4jj_sUA^ûJ;
v
^ûJûJjLJLj L;ûJûJ jjûj-1-û C^JJÛJ <uS /jLS^SJj*uL9 <UwjjJ ^jj^jjS
L,ljjJ <J jIV>imij jUi (^ûjLjJ .Ejaculation jljj ^ uhjjûJ jLj juû jl jjS
jjrL ^j, udJiLt ^ûjL<J (j 10% L^_s<j ^LSûjjJ .jÎjjj aJ ûjj-j-LL 4 L j
a<L 1 iA^jjj ^^Jjj cUAUb jjj /j,jj_L 400 L 300 ûl " jjuu! l > I jîu ûj
j dLu<û jûjûjJj j-Lj^ jtj-H <U <u<U!i ^jjûjjAj UL .7 uH*L ^ i4^-?jL J jLSûjp jAJjj* j'-HJ *3
S
U"?>? j£jLi4Ji <U jl£ajjj ^ûjLj ûjûjûjjjS j<UjjJ *4
<
4±>
JaS<U j-lj j. a Ajûj<U ûUMUjAj A£ jJA LUil^Sj jAj >
,5
j j A 1
‘LrtJJ
I#jiO
^Sûjj<LA -(jjjjj <Uikj3 Ula jLStûljd ^ j
^ I
•
4llû ^4-i43l j 4-A ^ Laj.fi
eJjLIj 4 5LLLa iSjJJ ^4jj<J j^ûJilj 0^4 ^ \\A JaJjj^j ^jjlj ^^IjLaJ
£jjj*» ^U^lLji
j - *\ K "j **• 1 2 cm ^j-u*^^ 6j x i
<j 3,5 cm jj4 ^ 1 j-j ^4^,4_jj_jjj
(
.ûj4jUûJ Cjjj^
£_£<JjJ*i 4_i 4Jû < ,;..
JJ ûj4_ljjjl j^ûJ J CjJjUûJjûJ
h jj1
1 ^ ^^4 ^jJU ^ 45j^ ^Li^UjHuiLû 4^,jjJ ^jjjjjS
- 4-6 l£ûj1^ <J jiûjj4_4 jl jJl jJL> jj ûjAJj^Ij^ûJ j Oj VL Ij-aûJ ûjûjlj-^
t .
10-3 *j_* 1
^ ,
J
J.V. LJ ^LS 4j i<aJiLjj,^S 4-1 JjljaJ Jljji
6 ^ jj<_.
j I 1 j j j o _ .\ j
.
',. —--.
3 J ^Jj-d_udûj*Lj^ JulLaÊj, 28 j^-4 aJ ^llii sil<j (^a^jjj ^IjSjû a_j aûIj _a_j1 jaS_L_a 400 Lj 300 jljjl aJ ^aSjjj
Osvûj jLjjjAJi j LSsj jl ii jaSaIL a5Ij a AjIjLS a-SJLa *-Jaj I jjLLI jjj aJ ol jjûj
V
A jl
j a LîAJfc tjlLuûjûJ Ij-oaSAj ^uûjLûLj, ^jtLjji aJ ^^Aj t jjj-JuwjAjl jA^oAs^ A^j jAS^J
aAJ dljSAj L^jAj jjj-î jxjAul jAwiA^ ^&jAjjj^A^Jij jj *dljjjj 28 jAj& jiojASlj
"j tAjljjj jjjaSA-^ j jLjlj Lw jl ijjûjl JjAj ^_û jjxj j-û jjS
A 1
j Qj JjjûJ (_£Ajjjj j
^jAj ûjAxaj-ûA^ jL; i^ûjjJ ^aSaaû j_tuj_û jjS aJa_oj£ j]L AuLî .jjÛIOaSLj (^aS4Lû
Jjjj AJ jAxv (J&jAj tOJj^ûJ Auljjî ^j jLjljLxi ^aS jjj ^^Sjjj l-iljj-o aJ ^aSAj
4 5.1\ a jjj jaSaI lobLjjj jjjj jlajIja^ûaS ^ûjjj ^jjj JIjaJj f oL JjAul
jliAjljA^aAS ^ajjJ (jJJJJ jiiAujlj AlSlLa IjAj toLfl_LAj jjiJJ jAlSAj .ojijLijAj
6-6 0 JJ4AI
ûjAuxi-ûA^ Û
J JjIu jA^l i (^aSIj A ^uJjSIjjAj j-i i jl JjA_4*iA_j ^_ijjj
jljjj J-Ua ^JjAa JjjjljLti Jdj ^_ij4a*j t^ûjL aJ toLSûj jjjlj aSIj a jj jLSûjjL <Sljj^i <«S .*jAjjljöûij ^A^A^j^LjijLv
ijj jJl5_Lj
<ÛJJJjAS jûJ 0~6 (j^AjaSILa jAj .1 Jjj JuA*liûjAmj AOaS ^-iLSûjjj Ai LjJ
^LL ^jL^
O < a£
Aû OjjIL^J 4j jl a3 ûjIûjjaS jL 75,000
1 —
j oL^ûj *jL*Lj c La
jj^j4 *\ i
j j^ jj a * »
jUljAilLa
f ^ 6 Jj ûj J^nb 4^ Ub^* J
4
Lr*'A>*J
^ijftJjU Jjj 28 (^^Jjj (jljAUlû jULUU ^jj^m Jjjj<-^ .jlj^jljjûjLi tSj^* Jh iiJjAû aJ 28 ^ûjUaJ
.ûjajLSöj ojjS jl |j a j<_jl5aLo ^jj_lw jjjj ^_4 ^_j Ll jj 7-6 ^ûjLu -Lhû- 1 Lj. ,"> Jaj .AjiLxjLj 3
jl i^< 1j _s
^UjI ib* J,
iJ i 3 L=k >î LU J *jUU
^Lfc (JwAjj^jjjb ^vAj .oLSûjU OjujûJ tSH <Ul jKj^ ^jûJjLa ^j-ojj-A ^jjljjûJ jj
ûji^L
jjj 14 uAih Ol jKta, J-Uiji
- - - -- - '
Lj-^^JJ
~ JJ-‘
j
J ^JUjAJIv jLj 4_j IU I jA__j ££ûjLiAJ , .-Lj \d jl
jLjIja^ 1
j
A (jjJûj jj j flA-j
—!i
I j, 1
1
^v. a J L a
i,
6
^SsjjjI A^Ll \'.1%\y Y-.'.c.^ t A_La5 ^A-il jK^ ^jLS<jL=fc
J4_j J’LiLû
fUjJ ^ M i? JJ^ J
i
(j-JJJUjLj Jil<Ua<L r^ljfcjA_4* .oLSöJjLj
<J jjjj A-£îLL> Jjj ^L jiLLu*j t5 j-4 ^CIIjûJ J^^4_î £5 J-*
Jj*j cr^ ur^^J^ -OljJS ^ ^jûjjU ^j^jjji J Jjij ^<z ^jöjjU ^j^jjji
J-4 J^ ^ UJJ ? JJ-^ J lj<L-JÛjLj U'U- c> 14
<L
H3 ^ û^* J
1 iSljULtiU (_5
jjhh ^UUji jiJ .^1 JlLu j^.jhjÛ ^ijUjjjU, ^j-a
<L JjjIKöjjjaû LLjJk ^Jjj-l ^juji^ JaSU jljilLus ^LjjjL ^TVlcnstruation jj jis.j<Luu
jjj 7 La_û jjj 5 <U C^jöJ ^IjûJjAu jjjii.jA.^ <L3jaK .ûjûjûJ Aijj^ûJ ûj ^j ^aSjj
^jLLji L L-^a£a_j ^Lljjj JliLljiL
^IjûJjAj ^JLu 50 ^jA-qAu ^A^jjj La_û IjyjLûjiL c^Ajjjj U (jjjîjAuwf aLj jaK
(5^_jjjj lj_L_j lUjj IrwajaJ (jLiljA *S Y\ aJ OûjH-L ^-ILaJ LaLa^û<L_j ^A— iQj 1 _^5J
‘4^ i^IjUIU jjj~< Jj Jjs^ ^jsj^Uû ^jHLjjH* .Jjj *5 .aSLijUj jjj j ^ÛLSa^SûjAjmu AjaIjjiAu 4 jj a . 1
jij j j LIuja^ JLuj 48 jdMÛ^Ji (jSjjj aJ (jajifcjAia LûjaS *S ^fjJ*" ^ Jjsj jiLjji ^*jLa<U <LLii jljJIU
C1 ^U id< lj A
j*£$-j j j_i. jj jj ducLA aSu.j jSjJ Lj1_4 j <>£
Jij’j
1
A
'j*
< l
V
* J^j-Iaj ^ASLDj* qViVi *** ^ A^JjJb ,JJJ djJLS
j
U^-hH
Is j aJ ûJAj jAjaJ * jALL
û ^J j'-j AjISûJ jjj UJ±L* ÛJ±* ^L^aJ "'* (_s«£«Hj ji jj-1 ^jîwaj
IS JJ^ 1
jaSO .ûjUjJLs ^ASj^jjJ jLj IjA^A ijASûJAjAj Ijjljl J^MJ J jljJljLû j-Lg j ~’l 1
4j JliA_ aJ ^oLS-Jî
^jA^Sjj jjJÎ A_jAJ|jAJ olj-*JJj ( Jjj^-Jjj^ J^Li
jU*4jj^ lj*U,«S ^^j^
I ^ûjLûaJ ^_îj6a«j*iûjU
^JJ-h^JJ J ^î Ur* û ^S> J JJJ JlîK oljûJjJj L£hh» ÛJ I JjjJLfi ^aSjh^jjJ
.öjAjLûJ OJj£
j Lij^ ^aJAjjjS ^AÖaS <jljjjj ^Ai^llft ^jjilwijjju U jjln .aJ .jlj^î ^A^ll*
ijlj J ÖJJ6J ÛJ Ûjlj-«ijjlj jjVa^û* Uuj ^Sa_jûJ jLp A_i IjjjJLl (jASjji 4j A^Ij A .öjA_ll] jj, JljA* uûjA_j j AJVaJ^
,
aJ jjj aUI fûjA^lj & ^^jjLjljLu jLj AiiûJ ££aSa_i.jL ûJjûjL jA^ûjjj
^ aJ c4 iû j jjlj Ajûj
t jju jjj jJa_j LfjO ^jjLuLj Qa .
t j=v. A.Oj A ^ûjûjûJ
^oIûjaUlJ OjjIjIj a£ AJSj J ^Saj jl jA_* ^_j Jj^ A_cûJA_£ aJ jûJû JjjA-ûjLj j jû (jûjûjjjJ
ULj jiiAt-ûAj, fA_j,|jjj jiu j_ajj!û 23 jAJb Aj£ (ûjAl jj .ÊyfêOtê jIjIaj
,«£11* ^Jj'U JJJ^ u^JjU ^JJjS-U ÛJJ3. fAj «(ln) i-AA^j^jjjjS ^S-U^jjS
^5«J«_ojS Cjjj^- .cAjljjj ^j-oj-^u j^jjS 46 jIjaaj j5«£Jl* tSSjAj c> jji Alljaj
C5 Û 3^ aJ .Cleavage jj j tî d 4,
jjJajjjj ,j£Ujj-, *jjj*-> ûj^>j a-j
.(x 1 165 )
jjj ^Morula Yj^j^* l>Uûj ,^-U oUûjI jja^ aJ UIIajjj Ijj jj_j_aAiL> aJ
iSJ^
(jûjAj j_i i jJ'AaAj.uûjAj j < r'ii A ‘\ Aj oLSûJ CamjûJ i(A_j| j 1 *S
j J j JuM M— jj-flA
^ (JjljJ
jLAj JujAjuj ûjAj jAUa^ ^ûjLo jAj ^jljjij Ujj-û (^A-kjjjU ^jLiijjj
y
- V
^LûjAj^aJ OJ—LujûJ j inj^L
~
1 1 j_. w jL_i_> - * * + ûjA_jj HjL^ûJ Aii A-S ûjA-jIj \
Jij JUa JjuaSa^ ^Ua >> ^ûjLû aJ .jj iI J-jA^AJi JljA^wûjA_j jAJAjjj.^ (_£AUa5aJ
j Awjj&j
^juJjA-j 1 4 j L j, j t Jj " ^A_Lj Jjûj ûJlJs4_^jJ 4 ,jliA_lj Jjûj £5 <L_Sûjj_j .oj j.,l
j
SÛC
f-j'j
4 ~ii h Kj ^ jLu^Li ^JwjV
jl_j j_i AJ ûj .(j-iûjljjAj IjSP
lt^L^ ^_ûASAj ^_jLSA_jL_î ^SLjS ^JSAjAuI aJ 4^~i i.>3jJ ^LSAu-i
jj
,
,
1
ûj -A//tî/Z/Ö f j ijujjjjAJO jjJûJ ^jj vZjj-iû J Cj-ujjj J \ tn ^ûJjAj A_aj Jjûj ^aSûjJJ ijjo 1
L
t _>j-i£j-Lj
jj 1 1 ^U-jJduU
^AÖAj jAjj ^ jjjjS ^LSaS^ jS jj-ûAu4 <{ jjj_i( jAj ^juJ jllAJAj aJ jA_ûlj ^_j jjj jS
Y
Î 1-6 ijLii
^A-jAJ I
ft j
jLiSjjJjA_4 Aj jLijLj j_j ûjAJLIjûJ JJJ J a£ jljJlj^La ^jLj-jjl—i
Alîq-û 33 J ^*Sjjj ,jiU
aS aja^AjL^Sjj jA-1 cPiacenta ^jIi^Ljj <t
jii jllj jjlûjjL jaSûj ouujjj jjjj^Saj
(
d_J jlS^J JjuuU^J jû'iXj^ iljJUUJj j4m4J
jlSûjLS j jLSûjjLû ASIjj_î ojjSûj Ajjj oIjûj aJaj jjS Aj jJljjjk jL I
j ûja^aSjjaJ jJiljdJ Jljji Olj j 33_iluu3jj .
S LhjS^ ^Sjj$ j^ ûjaSjIj aJ a£_ij ^ûjjLû j jjL* jûj j ^-iiij^A-j ^ISûjLSj^ j 0*^3 ^A^JJ Jj 33Jj^4_jiqS ^jJijj^
LjjjjSmu oJ
jAauAJ AJLwfjjj^ Aj j_j Jj^m jLj
jijJU ^r.3 - 1
<S*%3
6 ^jû<j
4Li1j4j .jjd-uG ^j4J4jj3S
i \ J A A j
~
4jLjL*j ÛLJ jAj .tf^. ^£ûjLû ^-jljjj J Aj {j *
J
AAjjIKaj J L^A j ‘ 1
jJ-L ^J ^jL&jûJ (jLjûjJLj
jLSûJjLa (JjjSjJLj * ] 1 -6 ^ûjiHj iQj iLj dLlj ^-iijik. <U JaSjj g^-A ulUjjS ^j-Ajji,
ujL^ûj .2> rjj ^j jjjj^ a_L aÊ! jLjj .Cji-Jöj IjîSSj u ^LSjj^L j ajjLû A^ljji. j^û 5
(JUjsj <J jjj-f j> ol J*J Jj*j JiLö tSjjj (jj-Uji <J jL4_i jojji
UjajAj ûjAj jAJ^Aj . C_uJ>ûj>Lj.ûJ aJAjjJ^ j ^IjJIjJLû ^.LjjjLj Ijjlj J U ^jLS jjp&jj-ii A_ii il
lt^j^jLû ^
'1
~w ul jLj juu uwûj lW^jj ->jA-4 a_S Of^jj^^-^ j 6jj^ ,u j ?j j^
V
Fetus
c5j*U La jaûI jKj^ ^jûoL* ^j^jjh* ^û^IjUjûj a L ûj JoUlo^
^
^a£L L* ifetus <J
c^ûjL-û ^je j j Aj a£LU ^«L»IjUUjûj j jjûj
.(offspring) ûj<J>
CjjluûJ ^IjjOjS ûjLûû J ^_iL^Ai*jAj j A^jJj ^ i j\s.wj& aAjljum (j;AjJAJi aJ
4
>j £-. -I - "V
-
J 2 ^JAJJÎA.Û 4J ,ûjû 21 (^jjj aJ Jj LSû J ^ljjj Aj CjujûJ Jj (jAKûJ t
(J JJ j".i JJ J I
^
jLl jjJ j ^UjjJ L&ûjjA_A jA^ûJ ÛJjUUjJj J ^ ^uûJ ^IKaL^ûj) ^LSaJLj JJJjA^
Zjini, ^-ou j L.H*- CjuuJjJ ^L^AljAj ^AjjAiîj (_£AlJ.AJt (jjljJ .Lh û J LIvujjj J (j<-UjS
Jj -
<L_i o tlLL a'S^j <aJj j^ CjLKûj ojuûJ {J^aJajjj^ LjfeûjjOi oLSûj (jjA. (_£jLûa_ f
'-***
Jj j 5i JJ*“a J
f asj j
21 ^sjLn jJ jjjLûb ^bj aJAjjj^ ^jljjJ iZjJjjljPûJ Oj iûJ ûjjA^ jJLlj ^-jUIjlLû Ij-aûjjJ ^^AUluj (_£ûjLû
k* ^33* 3 Xilj^ Ij
j~ JX^_
jAujaJ ^jAj ^jj-û <0 j oLSûJ Lj J J-H-uj jj J Aj jluwûJ jAKjAj a£LLh " 3
p
0j 4^ iJ J iJ
|
V
«ij .33J ajJ^l jjJöjjjj 10 lUj aSaJAjjjS ^aJjjl^ Aj QxuA a jLIj AjAjIjAJ .Ojj-ujûjJajÊ j OjjA_îûJ aKaJajj U
fALC^ jXiU Cj 1 * t
j j J ^JLaJja
" fit rt Oj 1
1 jjj AjAjIjAJ foJ j-aûJ (^J^- ^ûjjA^ Ajs_jA_j A^aJAjj j^ LAûjjAJ;
sjuAl jJûJ jLaj K < \
^
1 u. . . 1 1
aS noj^ûJ I JAILjjLSjIj,jS J A_i ^ JjLSû J AujAS. Ij^jJi* aJApJjjS Ij^A J J m ^jSa J J ui ^lJ
jLSûjjAj. AÎLjûJ j_j j^ûjAjl J** Vûj Çjj Jjj&J .CjJj^ Ij^L ^-«jaJ {£ûjûjûJ AJ cAjIjp-j
<%S jj^^Li^jjj ,c>1ijûjjjj jjj-jJIjVû LjVjj aJ (a!jaj& 38 ) 3jj 270 ^ASjjl ^Ijj
^jjUAJ j jLIj ^OAJ <S ^AlUj-ajj-A jAj öj + j)lj Jj-qA_AjAj ^jAJAjjjS ^j-iLSûJjAj
a Sm Jû Jjj
i ^S1jj^ojj_4 ^yjljJ t^ÛjAj (( J^jI_iiLlSjJ j j^Jj jl^Litujjjj
CujJûJ jljA-w ^aSûjjI 1{ jI jl jLû ^LSaSJj^Lû A^lwjjJ ^JJijjS ^jA aSjûJ AAljj 13-6 ûjjw
aIjLa) Al_j ûjIjjjLj aSjjIjjS aJ Ijjj <U ûjûjûJ JJ
V
oLSûJ ^jjjj y L^jlj^ ££A1Uj
jljJlaU -jAa <u .jjjiJljIa ^jjLS
jIjJI,j1-û ^_Lo ûja_1jöJjLî t^jj jljJljVû ^j-Lû LSaSJ j*m La .^jA-wj (^jLj ^öjûjIj^ Ö 3 J*
s l
Jij ^ 'jjjj
ASdJ-Uj^i
^LSa-ijaSaJj^Lû AjjjjjjS .aJajjjS ^j-jjj-jjA-jIj jj oLSû-iL jiw aSjjj cjIjûj jijlji JJ JjöJ
V V
JjuIjaJ Labor jlj aS jjjJlaLû ^j* aIjûj aSj j ^LSaJjL* ûjI jjjj j
U A_i cLl j ^JlrAJ (_£ÛJÛJÛJ jj OjLûJ ûjAj<UjjS A_i jLj aSaJI jJljl-i ^JLSajjjjjjS
I„iljj-S ^SAjûjLo aJ .
(j;
j_£i. L_S A_j Lûj_5 A_j Cm_Ij^j-j_-1A & djlj ^ r
j A4 jjAau oLûJ
<( jjûj IjLS IjaSaIIoIû aJ jlOljLftjûJ jA«UA-A ^LSAjûloAljS
3-6 ^ j*x&
^ ^J*AJ^J^I JJO
JjjjjjJljlo jûjLo aJ Lh* j C**«jjJ ^aSJIU jj^ *1
<uljS<ûikaj ^a^UJjSjJJ -2
dljji Oaujj jajliii aj jLjSjjj JojiLj aS A-ljj. ^J-ijS .7 jjjSAiuAS ^ûjLiAJ OJjSûJjûj Alljji jj* AJAjjjS 3
L?
j L£ ALu û ijjLû jJ ûj jj jASjjj j vl JjIûjAjjJ ûjAjj
B ^AJAûjS Aj JaSI A ^AJAûjS ji dlIlS -8 CuJ IjS-ilj ^jhUiAJ jAujAj AS ûJûjASj OjJ^ AjLjjLSIIj jS jAj .4
AS JajaJajjjS Aj tjiSm Aj A ^ASAljik jAJaj jS Jl£jlj ^SAjjuj AJ jjjlj AJAJjjS jAbuAj AS jj_2k AjUjLSI jjSjAJ
jlSûjtjlj aIjjS
/
j djjU^S <j<-> <J jjiii*j<Sij (_jjj-i 7(j4tjLo<J ~j KVlVI jLjjjjlj ^j-ûljjAjj^ ûjijj \\~t\ j£ji jO I ^ _.£j .
tsLU^
1
(Û-jI Ju-j (jfUj jjSjSjUö <5* A^-jL iJjijU JaS<J ’^JJ^J jjûj^ J sjaj&jij£ gjLjjJ jjJ rajjJU JJJ rjj£jj J
^-^LS *£ ,ûjLa<£ ^4-L *j^jjS t£*£*jjl jU hCij<£&j a£4SjÊ jjJ
öjûjIj-^ ^ijUUj ^<L J^aJ t O L;U^JJ^J iJ o-
3 ^ 4-J jLS&jjJ ® .
jtSûjjj ^jjjjL«jjJ <U C»ljbJ4£jjj
(^^Jjjj <- ijjJU *— JjS JJJJ<-Û ajjs :j<* OjSûJ ^jljjS jjûJ CiwJjJ IjijS JjUj*-* ^Ll^J^i-jjjj *j jj jjj
(107)
jljjj ‘jj * <-fljM jj (jj*J j<^î (109)
ijlSajjj
(108) u^ibli
(l09)Periis Jljji (J09)Seracn jjjl (107) Seminiferous tubules jLSAS^jjjj *jj
scrotum j j j prostate gland ^Li^j^j (108) Epididymis ajjJLi
Vas defenens öjijtjjjfi jaJjjJ (109) Crowper's gland jAjjS &±*jj (109) Seminal vesicle a M ,ki j ^jijjj
j 4-jI j K \
^ ^ j j i^-j
SJ^ <Ljj*j r<Ll j K j -j j-ftji ji *j,&j_j.L4 aSLLVû r 23 j ojaiLSsj Ij a j 1
j itii <J j iL'L^& j-rj*j ûjLsj
(^j<j <jjftj jj jjjjjS*j Ll iKj j rljjjöj . ^fiLji L LLS-hLo Sjj-^j jdjA^Jjû i£JJ*** Lû ~‘jA^ j ^yLûSj <J
jjilj^L ,*j^l_Ijjh^&j
*
^LUj-i •l^U lj-L_l- i
t5jj“ 1
-~ 1
j^jj-* ^jljjaj *J Jjij jjsi
(112) ^ji OjsJ -— I ^ j j ^jLj-sjjja ûjsj-jLû
<Ql j ^ li
j j.
^tLjjj <J!
jLSöjljtJ
Cen'ix ji j>Lt* u-L (1 12) Ovarian cyclc j li *< Sj * jjj-j (112) Ovulation jU1ja£I1a
(lli) Vagina
^ Follicular phasc ^ a ^îUji (112) Menstmal cycle UlCU
ja jjl J _jj jw
1 aJ aKj J ^iJ, uLfl
(116)
J ^lSijL^ j jjL*-f!lj ja. i-J jLo cJsjlK . o IK j .s _iV ._j .>
j jj .jjl j& jjj j I jlj jLs aJ jjjj, €D
*J^JJ1J% <SJ* <J ffcjA^ijLj S^J <<jjj ûJ <$<±JJ& .Cij<-^a-l IjjljJljLi ^jLjjjU <J AjljJKjLi jXw iL
lt^^
h O<Jj, j jifU jCui 4JK* J Akjjj^ ^jjj <J r jj®J llM-JjJ ÛJÛjL >UiJ
ijl Jtal* (jjj>»jj^ l^jj-JI-La (^ûJjA^ ULLfiL (jûJ JluujjJ *Jj<J jlj^ L4 ûjj 4_4 Ijj jj<-4*ûjAj
SJ* <-i
jLSajljlj
, . I
jliû^tjtj
^jjU -uJ
J;
ç
CjLSöJ J JJ> S^JJ^ Jt ^HJH i£*jj *& U jjjj£jIjLo 3 jjj j jb^ o^j4 4-1
iLf
-2
.dljjU -w
ûj4j^J<U& (j-ûVûJ
.<LijU ûjjöjU .£
,
I JlZuaJ <J jjUijj^jûJ ^jKaJ JJJ JJ <1l*jIj (JTjUjj uUaJ .4
- j
*jJM U J-! JJ ûjUjS jjJj<ufc U J
iS^jj^ ijMSSi » :,jjS .10
uj^ JJ^J^-A j* ûJ ûJ ûj!b^ J-! *J JJ^Jf-6 ^ .iu
-j& '
jjûjj-û jj ûjûjûjjj^ tfLijjJ j-j ûjûjjJU U ,£
JJ^J^ t-J
jU (_jûj<jl J-ûVûJ
J-1
A '
h
Jfl
jjt * -jl jaOj A
j liUft <-iJJ -JjUû Ju_ jûJ ûijj liUUUjjj
- lJ
~ .
.
y
.cUj (^ûjLj-^pjj
^L*
.Hliîjûj (jljJljlo ^JJjjjS ,£
.j^Ijûj ^lLa J^SUj ^jjjjU^i .4
Jj^jA_^<KjU
ûjfjj^J jU^ 3
ûbj ’H 1
~ jlj 1jKa t A_auUa_4 jj jjJjA_A *JA_jjjS -O
.
jA^û J
*îjij<J
lJjj-Û ^^jjjlj I
jj^J^ * JJ rt ^KU£ûjA*u <Ui<-J aJ jl J^l* .16
jj
6 4$_1jA_>
I ' L ^ - û J J
^ ^ j*bj j<S^ ol ^jjjj Jh V -1 JjAUI* ^JJ-ilLjJjJ jjjl ^LjjLLlliJjJ jljjJ U a£j JjjIj4lj .1
j“ : ^ j* jr^ ^ * jSa_ jJjjLa. 28 j>_a oij_i Lj .2 ^oljJjjj jfÎA-i. jA&U oljUjjj jGlSjLs ^jj— _
j j jj I
lj A JfjjJ-û Laj<_s jjoAJA^ .^-uLa ^A^jIa a^Aj --j~j JjLjJUi oU^ ûj <£Jj_a jjj jj^. ûjûj<1j ^jjj
-sj
^
* ^SLjL^ <2 ~i j ij
s ^ >
^J6j<^-jjjj J JJ JJ^ --''
O <5J.La ^ a4 *j* * *J ^AjûjjA^ AjjjljUa. jG <j£&jaJI lll) i>j^ jjJj^GL4£ ^G^jjj^ jji ^ûjG ^jSjlK .21
LjLj- l^^LLloj jjjLj <jLö jij j jLuLS ijA^i ^jGLjûj_iLj jAj 3 aJ gl^AlMj^jiL aLLojû j LvlAj, 1£aj ,2-
‘J J “
[J
t
* jLjjlj-GU ûjA—uG j Lj I Jlj_uj jj4_û
Lr* öJJ J ^ ^OA^ûjAj j<LlA^ ^lLUjljjjj .26
S’ol^ûJ *jLj j I j^iljSp ji Gjj ^aJ ^Si^Hjj^ jU *4 aJ jûJûJjjj IjjljJljj-û jj-La AJ jii. GLjjL^jljjS jL 2
f ^ ^J^Lj jjlL ûjj^ f U JbJZ ?!.ijjjjJljlft t£6jU
jLlûjjLj j-. jjLajjJ^ ^IjjSjûjA^ AjIj OjÛjLj LjLI .1 jL^GLjSjjj GajjH <J j]A_ijijLûj jj IjjL^Lûg ^ûjLc aJ
?1jj<£a-jjj£^ d JJ-J^ c£*jL* <J ^-iI-LJ.1114 ^ûjG JjSUaS jj ljjl4jLS<J J-J Li j jJ Lmj ^LûjûJ
.ûjûjaiujjj
3 u
Lr*'>,3 >î
C. V i v *
yjljöjLa^j ^UUUj 7
DNA )
jlSUûjj ^jU
j (
RNA j
O^AH
oj ^jljsjU JJ
jUlLUs jj jUjjJjjSAl 10
Leucism
Jjj OjJjli-j
.^LSajljL^ ^jjj^jjji
7
L „ û J 1 û i — j*
JJiU ^U aj U
yy^> llyjt^ <U ^LS^aAS dj a£jkl Genetics
^ '>i u>î
jtUtU ^ijûjLûJJ "*J
ljS> ,'
J Uj_ I
~. J_J ÛJSLjJjLj tfU jl <Hd "id Û IrHI
j 4m 6
1
oISûj jjjAj -J^jI jj«U ûj<UjJ ö£ CjLSa j ^ljûjLajj ^LaUjjj Jjj<u ^LSûjsû jj%îLj
lt^J
|
(^Söj Jj <J J
.Ijj-ûLaJiAJ
^I^ûjLSu^û
^^ûjjj jUuaJ ^jLSûjU jjSj-SLj iûjUj Ij 1-7 ûjlij aJ aS JjjLû jjSjjS
oLiÛJ Jo<* fj4 j fl j
LUa_j_s ^j^jij ûjj-i. 1 85 1
^JUu J_u U2aj ^< U
Û^U tS<£Jjj ^ÛJJJ j4-ui4J <£
V
JjuljûL^jAj ^ûjSa^j
^LSodjSj^ .^jLSj^j jLS^ULUlj ^u Jjuj^ ju iUniversiîy of Vienna
IjAjLS j<sJ fl jLijljjLûLj <J jjj*SflMiA_o <J jj-juojjj Jljjj^-jûJ <£ (^ÛJjLû
J|j jn
w jljU <J ûjûjA^I
jjj ^^IjjUaU <j J jj<Ji Oj<£jûJ I Julj J <J .JJJ (^JJ
(
j^LuU lj
.oL£ûJ jjJaj ^<ku^j (jLS<2^ ijm (_£ûj<ULuj t jS <j!j cHeredity jûjfL* jj ^jljj t
^ <^LSûj<uJjSjJ j-î jj-î
(^a£L«U jjJ
t
^jiûJ
ûJ<-Jûjtj ££4 ilj J_JûjL_j lj J j 1
.
jj < ,(jL_j__iL_S<_i.ûj j Ji
Ûj 4 iljl j a I
ûj<j j jj-iu<j
I
L^iO jjL * ûjj J j^ u^^ ûjjj
LS 0j A_j jjfJj Lj ^_o Ukj<U
.Pisum sativum <iiL ^Ailj^ <J jIjSjjU
t£jj'LhH Lf^^^Jj
jL£^j«jûjj£ j <j£tJLbj-y <^OLj JLi«U
t\j&. ~i l^Cj I
J->
j^S ^aj “^jJ ^OJJJ ,'j"
ûjjJjl jJjJAjS J JjA_o <£ tilU<-Uw jAJ& ûj .<j<LA ^ûJ<jUjj jjjUljj cj A_jjjju
1-7 ûjUL
f jU^jUU — <— : ^jLwi.jj jjJj* *)
j -^ 1
ij-*
l
J <i
^J - 4 :' :
tsj'-^i-jj jjjj* —4
1
j - -L>
^Û jsU J J^s \ ~MJ
jj J JjjljjLûLj <J IJ \lj JiJj<LÛ
Ûjl M AjL^<J A ~A Ûj »1
J
2-7
Lf^^f l^ û 55j
ijj^ I jLi-J^1 JjS ^ÛJJJ JjUûjjl <J ^V<U jjj^ ^IjAjijAj <
^OJJJ <l A^ jjjj 1 IjjAj 6j<J|jj3 j<_J t5«Lujjj aJ <j|LSöjjjl Jj<U *JJJ J JAi a£öjjj
V Y
L^ û iiJv tr^J^
y
J-!
y
J ltîJ^- ijj ,J
AJi "a* ‘ 1j 2-7 (^ûjli aJ d*j ajIjjV ^L^A^jjj
y
jLm^jjj ALIjU
y
A-Sûjjj
v
Ll jj JLi^ * Jjil^ûJ
^Uj^ aJa^Ij ^L 4
v
v
l
j j > A_)
I JjLj_jLSûj4l_!i <U 4u_iljLiiiîjjj <l£ lj i VijA-mûj fOJjjj-J^Ui j LSûj 1
j^SLj j Lj J
.ÛjA_a3jaSj* J
7 ^
J L S — Jj
ûjl r it-S ji
jj
v
Ja^aJ L^jLjO dJj "A
V
A jm —A (^gûjA \ \
Aj I
M JJ-îb J ¥
J_J4^o l j£ij4__
v **
* v
v
jjJa£ (^a£Jj^ Sbjjj OjjjLj jj j>U J^A^jAj ûjUoî.j j jAj .
(^<^öj
T
I
-Wp^
v y
.A^ûjUu_ijj. ûJjljhi,
*
aJ tllj j wiZk
j jjV j^—A JJ j ji. Ua^j
V " "
*
V
diSA Lm jp ^ûjSaj ûjJlJ (c^ûjjj
v
Aj JJ^- jljji ^ ^ JjqLmAj
'
mj4_j
V
aJa^m JjA-o
p<yi ^flj^UuMjl
'
-^^JJ-HJJ^ J^-* ^ ^AjljU^jjj j<J JjSjUo jj j jjj^jL^ jA_4 ^aJÎjj
.JjS
.ûjAjISûJ Ojj^ ûj I
«f|
fll
<!«» <1
P j'jLj jA^-ij
^ijAj
^Tf
tri'jAijO JjS 705 jiajjj ^Aiii -4 ÎJiimA F
|
1^J^_ :
P j'j 1
-!
tr^ Jj^ 224 öJH ^i'jA^jfAj
j J
J yjl
trTi t ;l<gl aI \ Lj J^-1J J J-^ J^J î "*7 ^*A -j uL-jk
Fj Jjd î v>' J
\s*&J ^33* vf^ ö i |»rtS<u j'iLj
^öjûjL;
ojjS 277 ,y
jjjk^ <*:& >Hî
i®
w
'fT>
jh*> °Jj£ X J
^11^882
V
1:3 1:2.95 jj^ t^jli*
299
v\
JJ^ Lf^V
jj*j 152
x
jj^ J J*j JJ*-“*
•
1
4fe «•
^J^ X tJ*J>!
L^JJ^
• • • X
jj4_^y Jjft
x Vb^j^
A j J j
^L£ûjjJoa_> öjj2 .4-7 ^ûjIo Jaj -^ljsj jj*i jjJ<£ jL-îjjj ûjrH
Fi
r 1
.Oj^jûj jljL (5^*J ûjU«ikjj
(_£j-4 Aj djjjLriJk, jjj jA-4 < FCICÎO rs j L^ûjLSj-4 jLaj j Lj jA-* J UaJ A_L_w ^jjjSJ jjjl j$
jûjLik çljjLuîjjj j<-4 (_£ûjAj jAjAJ oj rûj<lVt j j>aJ ûjAjLSjjiAjjAuj öjLSjjS J d^l2>
F 2
(_£jL^j_Û jj J jA-i). A^ (jJÛjAj < "lm_lA^ AjL^JjjJ j JlJ A_J <{JÛJûj^J "»
(_>
jl
JJ
~
it
JJ J
.
jjSojl J j*UyAj ^jLwûJ ^jûjUjj
d
< Ajûj I
j Lmj ûj I J u v jj j j I
jjjjj Li jA4A1 j jjû J .
jj j O A^û J Aj jû J F • 1 A_i
j û
c£jLj£ (jljlj4-4 aJ ûjljljj ^Aj .1:3 (_£ûjjj Aj ûjAJjAûJjûJ ûjLjjJ F^ Ij-aûjjJ (_£A^.ûj
AJ A^ A*o Lalûj A_i jAj AjLL A^ Jj^. jjjA-oAJ ^lj jLA-oAj OjA^jûJ jljjj_ij jjti,
^Ai j£*33j 4/3 ^ JJj4 4j I j ,j£
1
jj'UM Jj*j JJ^ rLjlj ^A-jAlLajjS J Jj<-û .ol^ûJ f*JJ-i c5jUj-4 i5jSjjJ oUûJ j<-SjjU (jl^ûjL^jJi Alj^v
Jj*j JJ- 3 ^ ^ (SJ^ j oUûj ^JjjIjj^ jjjjAj ^UljU jJi ^ûjLuii^jj jL ûjj^
jLdjJrVtu jjJaS jSijjij, lij^ " L y'ni-1 v
1
y
.olSûJ ^JjjIjjS A^Ajlj ûjlSj-A a£ oLLj I Jûjajûjljj j<L (^ûJûjûJ (jjLu^jj
.j jj
1 jj*UuJ
^LluLj
<U IjJiLjjJk jl jlj 4j ^Aiûj
ûjAIjûjLj^. (_^jj^Aj <J lJIjAIj-lj jA_û (J;A^AjjûjLû jj ûjUj-A JjJ A^ JjS ^-oLûûjûJ j|jj4_o
J J*j jj^ ^*JiJ <J^ajJ
jjj^aj 4/1 ,jûjjj O ^jlljA_ajj^ jA_A jj (^jUj^ çJAj L^JiAj jJjijHûA^ jAJ^ Aj jj Ijîl^A Jj, ^aC U aJ
AjjûJ jjUaj^ûj <J jjSûJ^Aj JjIjjj ^jlj jS <J A$AIj-o<^ ijiljL^ .ojj&jljll ^^JûjLojj
jUj J^aj
! I
JJ^
y
is** j j^ & j^j* jj^
^jjjj jl n>jj j ^jIUaJ ûj aIj ûj 'ljjs. jIIJ ûjLojj ^jLSûjUjji aIjj^. Lhw of scgrcgation
./)UaI_vjA^
Recessive
ÛjljjjLuj» (^LjIjAj I
JJ ~
L aJ ^_^êL4 j 4jjj i Aj< J rtd * I \ ^LwjLj
^
'.
j 1
«JJ^ ûW ^ j£ ^iLûj jlûj r jjjjjljUi I Ju< ij m jj J aJ A^ Jj^ IjAj LSûjjj jAj jl jji aJ ^jl _i^lJ JjjAi
.
jjA^jjûJ ûjA^Ij Ajjj ^ j' 4—2 j-iûJ Ij-jA_j ajAj^iJlj ûjL^j^ aJ
J
|j_Uj 4^ ^Ucîjj
y
JU ju i > ajlj_Uljj 6jLi *jlö jjj ul duiûjlL jU ‘jdjj-^ ûjILui jj 4uUjS> Y jjJ J>d>H
4jLu ^Vu jL£dlj <JjJd jj jLiL* jl^ûjj^ aJUj fjjj^ûjLajift oj 4j jL^djd JjjH jrji^ JSj JH
( 5jLuijjj jj Jlj ^j-LJd jiiUjj^ ji j 4_4 jl£ûjjj*u djij jj jLajft jt^<£ js-j
^jLuaîjjj jj jjju jJL ^ciJjSûj LjU P jrLhi^H ^jlj^jd <_f^V
6jj<^ <S<JU4 ^V<i rlj 3~~I ûjlO <J t^Jûj Ojj^ûJ 1
-j *i
y? ^jjlj 4_j d jS “ ^^_söj
j_i 4_^<_j_j_j ^_s Jjlj_jJ 4__4 V^—i i^j-iJj-^ 4—il uij \ j-j 4 ~> jji 6jLS j 4_Ji ioj_J jJj_^—> jL_>
^
I Jjj j_L« 4_i I ^jjöjLo <J jU^jUoA.^. j<_£ .<JjjU jjijjjûjLj <j d *\4 K lc j ^_iLjljLjjft
<J jlA_a<j .oljSûJjdj jLSöj ^jl <Uj* jji jj£ <J dpjji jA^aJ
^ j*«j* jj£
dj<_i
^^jjUuijjj jj JuJ<U d<_i jl_^<^ 6j jjj" j | jjJL^ l i O jL^ U_Lu><5 ^ûj JUj_S_S
4 4 4__i
^ jjiiulj jkUjAju ^ Jj^LAjIj ^ULj jj^û^j&j jljtj jjJ <j d!Uj<_4 d jIjSjjLjJ
jJ ^liuJU IjjjjjLuIj 4_*<S (^ûjLa <J jL$ 4j_L*<£ j<_ u<J jLS<_^ j-iAi j^j j£ 4
^ j-5 4_ij 4
h. _4A,
4 \ Vj <j i
j 4__j j 4_uj 4 1 1
j
\4 1 j_i 4__ij4_ti, ^ 'i.ij^mi J. > ^LtuL_J 6 j<_i j< i< ! rO>L_^ûJ
.
jLSöjjst dlli <-e j-«j j-*jj^ j 4_mj 4jj 4^ûJ b£ Uj
1-7
4_jljSi.li. 5
j j 5J4JUjSjJJ JUj JUj öjji ^öJJj *1
T *
^Li^jjj 4j Fj i^LSojJj uj^ -6 a £ JjS Ijj4j ^dUjjj 3*U Jjju gj^ öjaSj ^jjj *2
ÛJJ^j'j 1 ^ <4 F 2 (*
4
JJ j l
î‘l ^ ’J < ^AjIjjj jU^ljSjjUj ^jjjU ^jUtLjJj JJJ
‘*lj
UA ^_jLSi6J4_Ji (U <S jlS<_J_16J|U jl <J j^_2kSli-J ‘Ujjj -7 ^ JJ? iiij'U *$ Jo jAh30
j^ji^<Sdj6J IjjUjIjU 4J jjASûJjiJ jSJaU I
j {
jn *5
j
7 ^-
J
jUdJLîijj UU
y
JjljjJS La ajLijt-J jjSjCajj ^lijijiLûjj .jj jj K jl jdJ 1900 ^JL_u 4J ^jL5ajt5 joj-Uojjji ajLijjj
js'ÛULpwj^ jjJ JLjuOj ^V^a JjS jLijjJ 4,j.,iûlj ^oj jj j, j_^ ^JLjj JjIjO 1902 ^JLu <U Baybiivii McChnîock
j4*u J^LaJûj&j j4j jadajlj IjUaj-wU 4S Jj£Jj jj^aöJ^ ^?4a ^jajlûda ^oj jLjûjLi <5 .
^jUUlj ^ijLjöJ
-
jjjj^Lj jjijjjj Ij jjSli.
^ '4 ^
^^4 ^ 4 1 ,4 d jlji^jj
.IjIjjj jiJ iSJjJJ^ ^KaaJ
^Aa ~ 1
j
Kn i
j
i jjjljjj lSLLKaj
^alojAj d Kl
1 ‘lj~
j I-,
^_| L4_ia J,4_uj
1944“ jjjLiiAnj ^ijUs 4J <_5ijaJji
^Söjjj j<-a<J ^jlS&j^jjjSalL
JjijjjS jjSl Ij sJ 2c’t7 JÎJtfVS JLjajia^ jiL&tikS ^^(4 ^_a Luj4_Ai4S IK.^l5Lj j>. i 1 945 .o**iî.jöj ^ûjL j_£&j<j Ij 4_-1j 21co tuctys
jjJuj j_jL^J_lavm jljajtUjj Jl^Lu: ^jGjS <U
ULi ^^ U ,j4jU j jV jK La
^UIJ j n4Jb jJJi J .ûjajsjLjjj <J aj4jj_lj£jJ jj j O- i jj .
jLi£j»j4j^i ^JijLajep ^^jLjlj <J4-aj£ jI^LluLj L J4a<^öj jJ ji ^4K4_*j_LujajjSûJ r_gij 4g J jK Lö> ^LIjJ
5jLlJjLi£_l 4^ S 11 <',
^jj^jj^
I 1
.
Ji
<J jjjjj^li jLS-Lj-a jg <5 J J-J ^4_aLjjjöJ ^ jLui^Lh (_^lj j 4a <5 jjj*j4a j|^<jjjLSjljj^ <J LjÖ4oi 45 JjS ^jjjiuOJ
<J LOJj^^a jLS-i-a j-i jijjS
j-i oSJji-! -^j--j-*jj£ ^jjLSASaaJ ^ajajûJ (^jLiiijj d <5
*
jjaljpûJ j UûjLoIJûjJajSi aj jSjjh A I
j
<tj-î ^JJJ lULLLKA^jiajasjjS L
<J foi ^^j, j<^ ^jj^ jjj d ^CalKûjjj jd jui jai jjS 4a ja ^aiUjA-iû^ ^j-o j'ij^k AS Jj^ ^jL-LiL
<5 jjg<-al a lAjSJ j4_j <od^ f JjS 4jjlj4a J jS j LS-'wS j—j j^o j jS
jj; j-Û
aJmûj 0L$ûj<aaZMijj4ja ûjjSa^ cJajft- £Öjjj '_;. ^S-boaa j<S<a odL<a ijljûJ
^*JJJ Lf^^j-jj’jj^ <5^J^ ^
tj j'K*jj j 1
A - '
j
A
j
. tj ^jLSjljjS
jL jit jL^ajjaljuta d ^ij^ ^Lj ^bjjj (^ j^
JJHJjfi
^a jSajjt-4 Ija j— j-a jjS .
r ijUja ^jaLLlj JAaLSjd I .1 jaLS4_a jj*i jajjS
4L ji'ij Kq U jKjl k
jLaljj jL^4 Î * ja jLS^aaLskJûjû 4
t
»
^LjL j-L <Sjjalj jLjöjL
^jaLSajUjjSalU ^Aj4_ijj5 aj_jjj,^ J Upjjj£a
V
,%
fjja LVL=i.L ^SalLAija foLûl j4u*u4j
_!<_ —_— _ >
J
^ -1 <5 jÖljljjS J<-1
0 ^a !_£<-=, Laûja_ _L«ilj
Qaj ^ K VL- OjjjIjjL mK ^jSAaûjjiiAj
jd JijH *JjUiLS*u*j--jujjS d jdlKöJJJ
u-^lj*jLijj ^LSLsaL.
J j L A
Genetic Crosses
jLljûjL jj
p U<ÛjA£ .
jLStUJûjLû $j jJIjSjJ
ujL£- iI
.3j 4 jU ^ajûJ j 'J}"iJ«
V ¥
^A^Jjj (j^ÛJjj (_^A_j LîA_iLi öjLajjjjJ ^aJ .ol Pp <jL PP AjLîIjaJ ^jjSLLL jj
jjj^Sûjjjj aSL ^LLjjlîjji
,Ajlj ^SjJjJaJ P ^^-LJAj (^ljA-a.jAj JjS
jjj^ûjjj* Aljjij 1
A_1_JaL .oLSL OAjLûjL jj A«j ûjLûLj Au_i_j ^jA_ö cLjA-Sû jûJ< I JA_jA_jjjhhûj
A^AJIj GaL ^ASAjAjL
.ûjAjLûÖjjj OJjJûJjûJ
oA-jLûjL^jjj aJjL
V
(juljûûj J^Aibj tjj^jrA LILa^û j jjLSûjjj^j V V
6*7 ûjL
*** PP ^AMUajUjj
iUiw Jj£ ^aSAjAjLj ^jLw_Sj 5j ijt_jj
Ci*J j jjMLajUUjj
Pjp
^ aS j Ait-; a jUJM ^Y-Cj J^S
PP uL
7
' L
PP i
JJJjSî ^J^ V
3 Jj2 ^i>ûjV ^oSJjj >*?U (lLûJ '
PP
jLSûjdiO ^jLûj4Jb ^-; 6j6j6J-LjJ ^-ijljLj-. djJo 't jhm ig4__$4_i j l -^-L jjj dlJL-S
y
>i.L£
^IjHLiLjHLS JjS tir^-ljH ^ajjj .^j-U>6J j4_S j— Heterozygous
>
jl VtijL
jLSûjaSoi
> ^->
^ ajSjj4j Cj<ST_Lluj_û La £ J »1
^jijLu j^Sci 4 S<öjjj ^jSjjajU ^jLûj (jLj ^JOulj t£ûjjj jL (_CTÎ*J iS^jL^j M c4j^l>»ûJ -jljolL^
jjlSSjaJ jjLliftjiJ Slij ^J*u :
u4j^ fttal
£j^ J ûjûjlj^v ^4 fin.^j U JLmJiL^ûj^Oj jjj4JjûJ
#( ^J ^ 4
SS iaJ .Sj jlujj ûjLjj.j J IjUj (jpjljjjj (^ûjÛjjAS 4-j<LIjaJ| <S A-jLSijLv. (_£ÛjLûj
.^ASaJjLöjJ
^jj 1
^ i^ J a
J> 4L^J ,jjj F2 l-Usjjj (jO-iij jiLSajj: 4_1 jlj LS-ljSj
J+
jj '
V V
j? jkjSiljjûjU [5*jL*j jL<-4 OU*j<£ ^_1jj4^jûJ ££j 45<U 3/4 jA_S (_£ûjL»j jUa,aJ (^JJjûJ
<-, LiLjijjj ^jaSo LU ^ :<U<U>4j F^ Jm > !
m
A ûjj J oJ jjjju
.jjj [^jaSL LL jj ^LSajiSL
2,001
^rO aJ >* ^LSûjaSO <j jljLa- = 0,25
<SûaJ Ju<cv Ljj_ii5L<ir ûjOloLjj<*M ^Aj
8,023
<J <S jLaÊjûj jA-A j-J Jj_j<SûJ ^_+-jv ^-ijjjjûj . lAjûj 25% jjL^ûj^Uj ^ju (S^jrij (j^UûUji ^Jijjjjûj jj
IjjaSaSûj^jj ÛjLûj 4j jjjjjjû J UujjIjjûJ LaûjjAjû .1/4 ^j-jj^ t56jUj 4_i Ulj^Sj j4_j Lfijjj
V V
4^ oVi jjJûJ J<^4_J (jLûUA 3t 1 (jjûjjj Ujj_ûj jj fÇjj i ^Jûjjj (^ÛJJ^ 4_j jjL^AjjjA^
4^ < jjJL&ûJ-ûUi jL dL5Lî v^ûj jjJ ^^jljL Ij^jjLi. j4_û<J 4_jIj zjlji. ^Ajjûjj
^Aj 3/4 sltjj^-jJ^-A ijlj ,^_j4 Lmj ^j4mLj ûjLwjlÎJiJ j UajÇ, (J;ûj4«j ^j4^4o
-CjCjûJ 1/4 Çgj^ 1 i4_û jjj.j4m ^jjA^JLm Li ûjLwjlzvjjj (_£ûj4^4Jj
j-JûJLjJu^ jljUÛ I J
4 ^—jIjmL^, ^^-ijjljJ 4u_S I
1
^ÛJ Lj ijj
J~ ^ j^.û J^jJ I J
J J^J lj JÛJ Lûa
I
—j—*û_- j .
jL*<Lû <s^jûj _j•
;
j~ -*-4. 'v 4_SûjIjJ L j4^4_j
^ U I j *
JJ J 4SU L5
ulfcH ^UUIjSjJ
^
tUI
UCp j 4j .Monohybrid
jî
jU j oLSûjI jj<4 l5ûj d-u
oLSûJaj4_>
cross o33-^*j33 J
^jS^,
V
v
î ® ®
Punnett square ojij_* 454 U j^jl c^j-iûj jU» ^j l < 11 a <ULj
f/ ) ® §h
jj jL^A m ij u“*ij ^ûj^jJjiijjj jjUy ( 7"7 ûjjJLi jjjjiû JjLSd^
< j /
%K </ pp Pp
C^^Ujjaj ^Aj JULSa^ûj^J jL£ûjLajj ûjUu^jjj \j j A^Jij<U ^ja5-U
^UjU ^Jj S UU Ul cUijj ( 5 <UjSjIj^ jji a£ ûjdJA^ûjjjjj
'^4 j jL£^ IjjLS^jjj^jji <0 jlSûjtjU* ûjjl
ûjA-j jj J
pp
® Pp
V Pp
^VaJ ûjIjjj jj P ^UUj 4j AjS (A^ûjSaj Jij ^<£<3 a 4j£ jjSûAl^Jft 4j ^UkJ
(5ÛJÛjAjaI 45 Va (^5j_J jA S7 ~4
1 fûjlj iJj J
p ^ ~ 2 J;A > iAl^ûJ^A^ J
45 A
fl
jU 4UUaj j4j 454 "i r r ra jU^J ij4«j4jli jlj^. j4_A . 1 J j.vi jj 454 ^ jSjlj^û.
^jL^aJjJaj ^ 1
1 j *Uji .
jjjj-ûJjU ûj4_ijA 45 VU JûJÛj4uju 4jj4^ûJ 4^ U ^LjJU
aJ AjUIjaJ *£ jijSjljjûjl^. ^ajUûjLojj jj jûjUsU ^SAUjSjfj^, j\j^ jU
IjjLSûjU OdbkiW jj jljl^jjûjU* ^j4jUûjU ji ,çjj )
il J-j4_j ûj4^4jfjSjl
8-7 ûjUti
4_1 jjSûJ^* Pp MH^UjûjUij^ 4_U ^UiUiûJ J4U (Jûjjj ûj4U j 4—i4— .Pp 1
.jjjSûoUûj U 00 % 5 ÛJJJ ( U UljA^kjU jjS ^pljûj (_U4j ûj Uuifc j j j^ad-Û ^AiijjjA jAii ,jj1j4j jA£dJ
n-jj4_LU .
jJ*J ^juajjja j Ljj L£ a ji jj jj Jj 1 a_=laj
BB ^ûjS^ ^lj j^ 4J
j U-^ ÛU J_^
8-7 Û J^ rf3**
45 UU
.obûULUU Bb ^ajjjj ^lj l^ûj jj-û
ö ^jlj^j
45 <2 ûjjj BJ5 ^j4ujUûjU jj jUjLS^iiûj <£ (JûjaSU jU .7?/? jU J5ZÎ jiiUljU Bb
2/4 ûjUjjj jitj /?/> ^jAjUûjU jj 4j_iU4_2fcûj l^j^Uj ,cU>ûj 50% jU 2/4
\cf
4_iûj 50% 4_J <£
ÛJ (jSûjSAj j Jlj
Oj4_5U ûj 4U
^4_Uui 4jjj_Pjji
T 50%
^LSûjjj1jj4j
<jUa
î \® ®
jaSu
! jL-^JJJ
jj-jûj
L?*JiJ -û-SttjjjJ J jlj (j-^^J JJ-J
(^Xjj-Sa^ (5<4^ûj
45jSJ4_A ^_Sûj^4_j (^U-ûj
jUS4_ûUU4U
JJA o4U
IaUûjUi ^4_1 ^4^_Jj_i ^j-S<UiJ
5^ync,
jj^jj^
Ç^jljM
® M\m i?/*L
BB Bb
j 6/? (5jlj<j jlj^ uHJJ-hjj^ 4^ UjSûj .jj-jûjIUj jU Wp j»4)L4)jLj
9-7
ij-
50 rc
-£&j
2S
jj^
’ 2?^i j
j>i
JP Bb
© ©
.jj^jkjjcu JU^£^_ ^ja jl *><
J >j <f
?
® ^BB 4,
© ^Bb *
^bb
X
V V
L£iJ-* L^ ÛJ
lt^ ^
1
jAj^-u <JIj B Jliûj I
Jj 4j Ajlj1j£jljjûjLi GaLiIj<j jGj 9-7 ûjjj <J CWJ4 ^AÖ jSjlj^ .& ^ûjLfi
Ln L^ ÛJ^ J>* Lf^>J jIl^^ÛJ <J (25%) 1/4 J Jkiûj JJJ ^S^ÛJ Gjjijjj^
V V V
<jt>jîj
v
. Genotypic ratio q«liLj ^Lû^-i j&jjj aJaj.
v
^
ûjLjj Ij 9-7 ^ûjiiL ^aGj j_Gjj^ jO ^jlj£JjljjûjLi ^A^LiûjL^j-i
<U i ûjL^jj ^ûjjj j_j A»jûjLaL_j ^^ûjljlj j<lJ . 1 BB:2Bb: bb 1
\ Cf o^U
\© ©
(S*5±j Phenatypic ratio ûjLu^jj ^öjJj aJ AjIjj^ Ij^LSa^ûj
N V V Y
(ji^jLî 1
Jûjv (jSiûj 3 aJ AjIjjj
©
:
y y
Bb Bb
© bb bb
UJ^
JJ J uW
U" ÖJ
V
(SJJ* lf^ ûJ
^
V
A§ûj
v
Jrî
v
l. ^^n jjA^ aJ B/>
jU a£
j BB ±&
cL>l jj cLiljjûJ
c4-î OjH
l u<~ a_S i
: y.4 ",
Testcross ^jLSjîLj <i «
<*« i .-_> '.
I
j_J*j s.Bb aSoj
v y
10-7 ajji (JaSaJ ^jA uj^ j> i L_l -v.
j L jL ,j-JIj û^Lw ^jî Aj L» ûj Lajj a_i tilj^ L ^jjj_Gjjji.
^ûjV LAj ^ûj ÛJ jLjjL j-jAJi LjûJ Lo 4 jL^<-J .ÛJAGjj^ûjU^ 4.^ 4,^
V V
aL ja5G ûj ,10-7 ûjjûj AjjûJ jvûjjj-^ jLSd^ûj ^ûjjj ^A^j jj IjAj CmjjjûJ
cf
?\ ® ® J4S4J Jjj^ 3j£ (j\j*
jj* 4^ *-*V
® RR RW
>
jijjj
^ûî 1
-? ajWikjj
Ch ûJ
j
RW ® î;
RW ww 3 jJJ-*
,
*J F, p*£<4
jJijljJiU
^JJj
jjS j
^L^ojjj
oUaJjjj LiUji
jjS
Û^J^J 4^
jjJ LL?tH ^ (_£jlöjL ^Lû ^j^jduL ajl h -yjj
i <Lj F. ^adSdo (jjduiöj IjjLi LjJjA_4dJ
Jjj ^d_ldJ<_,L ajLukjjj jljlj dj <jlj (CÛ ^öajL ^Lo ^^l^AjLajLuijjj uSijjjj
^ÖJJJ ûl*H ^ >=» LT-^jS LjjIS .ûwJ bdi5j-J (^dL^dJJdJ jA^idj ^jIjAj ^jjjJlj djjdj
JjS d^ûjjj JjJJjduAjAj jjj~i L^jdJS jjjuuj jj£ ^&JJJ CjL&J jjj Ij (J-Ldut dJV
jjj-^ JjS ^jUAiLdut dJV ^l&jjj .^Jl j£jA Jj^ L^idj jiiLL£du^u
dJilj^lj
^ F, t£<^&j ^Lld^&jjj jj^d^ jjS ^Ld^ <JV ^*jjj j<5dj
w ^j^-i jjS j R jjj^u jj^ ,^-LJL jjj dj p[£ ^j_û JiiA-Lj pdLj .!RR:2RW:IWW jLai^L
2 -Jjj" 1 Û^^*hU ûjL«ikjj (^jlj^ljjöjLa. (^ûjjj ÛJ <ÛL jljAl ^Jjjjlj c^&jlL A_J
.oLöJ 1
v ^
j^jdj^ ûL Jlj û^^LJdJ dj ^L^ >^j_û Laöjj^-4 ûj foLLjjj Ld^djdjL &jL*Aijj ^JJL
oL^ûj ûWjW^ jjj M MN i N” i ;^jj-û ^-J jiv (^A^djdujjS j-ui ûjjjuûj jj -û^L-j
jAÎLSj J^AUJ>j4& ^L^ajLsûaj ^\\ wVij .IjjjjL* ^ûjLûjj ojj^ jj^ jljU^
jl tj
j Jj
d^Lî ^niii/n 4J ,ûj3j^]U JJJ ^Jjj-y SbjjjJ Aljjj^ ^JJ-HJJ^
jj ^L*j c^LI>î
A$ ^AûUIm&Sjj jAJ jj j^jUiL (^jaSaj tSj-*Aj J^AûAj .Ljj** ^jjj j
V
* J jL£ijL J
a! /*"AJ ûL>L jLS<jlij-> ^gay 'i~'« . ^^j j ^ijJJj tSjL^aj «JL^jj1j .(jtS&nj
v v v
1
V
^JjSJjjJ ^Lljj ^LLlS-Jljlj
ÇUjL (jjljLjjj.j aJ aSa_jjA_6 ^aSaLlIaL
4J LuSL_; Ij^IjISaJ co^-4 ^jLj^Loj
^jLijLSiJI jû-û
,cjJi
Û jfS cLj
X
JoL i jLuai JJ J ui^lLl JiU v v
.<ljjjLi j ^ljb jijAjaa tS^Vî ^ajjj û'j^j ^LSi-aLa^Aj ^j j^Vj j jj Jj^ JJjjjajLj j^'Li
OW cl4*J^*r! jljL :*jAj1j£jJ
Ij^ijjj <J .^Saj^A-j <jjj<Uu ^ij. jji ^ySjSajjj j ^ûjS-U (^Jjûj (j^-jjJ jj^
v v y
-Sij jjJ jL ^lbj j
~ L L 1 M ''
i -- v
j -
^ JJ ÖJJJ^ (3^4^^ Lftajj^ ûj .r jjj ^-L-Iaj jA^aj aJIj R ^jjJ jjj (jtLJl!
y
U-! 0J
‘V bjjAui JJ^ jAj^jAu aJIj
3 J
(
1
j J4 JJ^LûjLSAj
jlj^ 1 2-7 ûjliL 4 dûj !
^A^AjAjLûjLû J-4 (jLj*5LLSa_j a£ ^AjIjLj JJ^ jAj (J.Ijj- ^-iljSj j_iL$A-û LijA_j, 1 1
<
aJ (jiVSAljJAj IjAiLjSjljji, 1 6 aJ *a_ nyy ^.jAjLj öjLo j_i ^LiaSjJi ^jaJ tRRYY
ij
% 1 I .1 (^AJb I J^A_SjSLL& jAJVA-A aS-jûjJ I jA_t j\ -a jA-Ljjj-^ ^— L5L >
"
j. nA^
^VaJ cJûj l RY *RY iRY <.RY :aJ A_il_ij4 ^IjLj aJ cL5a_i ^jLSaIjJaj ^j-LAjjA^u
jA_j ûj r
(j
1
JjûJûjAmuj aJ a£ A_jIjljI jJ* J "
j ^
*
(CJa^A-mjj^jIj^ jA^ .CjIjA_Sû JjûJ
ûj A^A_jA_i û O ~id Qjl „j jjJjA^ j_j, Ajjj-ijjj^ ^Aj ^_iL^A_2fcûj jj-ûA^A ^IAjL ûjLû jj
J J ÛJ Û^-^J ls^^Lj ûjL^jJj IjjljJAj ./îrKj ^ûJ ^SûjJjJ
'Lh* j
rny.
î
d'
0 © 0 ©I
® RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
12-7 Ûjjl.u
© RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
J*" A-l
jj>4*jJJ-
RRYY
Rj- RrYy RrY> RrYy
J-taj jjû T .
S Jj,
jlSUdj- 1
j j
V V
Jp JJ J Û*J^
.ijLjJ 13-7 aj. Tt i iujiûjL ûûj 4^4 \ L,.i_i.
j
< j
-v. c \ (^Jjûj LLûj j (j^jjJ
y v
1 : 3 : 3 : 9
3 3 ^33 *
RrYy
13-7 0 jUl
î
cf
© ® © © flj^ffj
^
JJJ 4j _£ajJJJ ^SLjjjj
»J
RrYy
© RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
7 ^ jL<h
1
(jUûjLj* <J *iljJJJ?, j<^ Ljûj<j ûj<Jjj_lLi=w ^LmjLj ^JûJ ^ûj^HlmIjS ^3<±Ija. (jaj^iaJjll] ^ljajU ja î
(
Cj±*±i u^ J JJ_> U1j 4 (5jUjA j4_A JjL<£J jj I^iûjjj <J ,jj4 jL ..-,> Oj4»v ^s*lj<uui I
jjajjJili jjûJ jjiiAjlj I jîL$^ Ij rn<LS j<U*i<lJ UU<-Lmj jL Jj^ <jU<-* J-? *J^-jS j> *U J'S^-Û <liaj
<^ ojj^ûJjûJ lj .<£jJ ^ A K<l 'Ia oj ^jUj-Û <J j^^jjA^. ‘U^y .obajjjj IjSûjjj jU^* dij
... (
<U
u^J^
J<j JJ L^j_j<J j4_(*i ji Jj^U<_d J ^UrL ûj<^l£ûjjj .JjS <1 <j<JV<-A <UûJ 4£ûj<HhjIj£ ^JUjjjj.j^
* Z v
.<jL£ûjJjL&. <-» ju* jejj£ j4_L»i <jj<£aj -j j? jL*<-a <J jljLj^ ^UUjjj JjS j*
~ mi \
j<Jli]j£jJ J,Jj<-3<£ (_f4iljL£jjfc j<1 ijjjiljaJ \
j ‘L^J^jj^j^ 0L^<I4u1jul*i ûjLajj <£ Oj<£j*4 Lîj^ J4i<-a I
26)
jjl^ûjlj j^j? 6jli jLi jL£<jJJO <J JjjIjJJ .<jjj£j<«i<J *U ' jejj-? c5<fU^ <1 jUajUj* csj-a<»
jj j <J 1
*
1
jlj fii j-i C5jlj j^j? jiU i j1j-4 jj d<j ^ j^j*^j* jj ij^ûjjjj^^ ljjUûj<jjj£±slj
ji JiJ-G dl<j LflU^J .CJJjjûJjL JjJ<-j <j LjjLj (jL *jj-“ j<i fol^jjûjlj ^ajjJ jLSûjl£j* <J dll£<j<£
^_j U<^.ûj j_j &j<j LS<jljLi4j dll^<j <J U1j<_Lvmi j<sA <j Oj» »jj&jlj <^jj ^^ûjLujifcjjj i^ajLiMijjj
jLû<jLi ûjLiMikjjj jU<4 mSûjS<j ^jdlj *jU^JJJ -ûjûJûLLj ^jJûjUjj 45<3l 0*4 j LiGL ûjUji 1
jjljj <J <jl J ojûjljJAj jjûjL ^U Vî<jLj ûjLmSuJJj iS^jUj ^ûjlL <j j<£<3 ^jUjjj^j cUjljjûj .jIjUjLj
^<) ^Ll juö .o1j* j ^ûjjj J L: <J jlj^îjL j jf .OfjjjfJjlS<J ljjl£<U*j4 ^JJ-Gjj?.
<J cf*j^ j^ ûj j<* *ûjL J<52ij Ijj<jL ajLui^jj 6jj^*j jj j u^jjUjj^ ^ UUh jjbW
.oLûjjjj ljjlj<iL ^jjJij ^jjAijji <J jUj2UûJjU<j ^jL^iîL ^ll jlll !
(134)
IjjjjU (133) jjj <) jljU? ^£Ljjj ^jjjjjj^ 45j4j<j cA-jLj ûjUjj J<S<1 jLjL cj<-fLûjUjj
jLSajljlj
jLSûjljlj
R
ÖjJ o 'i 'n .-, si_^ öJîjjji L
^j~jj^ j^ A (jl^f-1 iS J L? ' J t* *1
CD Q © q <D © ÛJAJ^HJJJ
4
'^jjj J j
,ji.4LJjA^M ^Jjjiij<jlj. ijLuLj JûjUjJjUf (jjUmU .O
R R .ûjöUj^j ^IJûjUjj .£
jjWJ^ ^jjjjj JJ (
^jLûAJi JJ ^ijAjjj^SiJ
öi J ts^bbli 4^ Ö<jjA-A ölfcH^ t5Uajj4uj 3
f
^^Iaj-jjajjS ûjijlj^ (_£>L> ^ fj^>ajj£ f
^ 'JJ"*
:ûjûja£Ujjj
C cUU ûjûj<^ j-sjj£ *l£U ^jj^IJ
j CjAjU ûjUjj
V
.L1»A_iLj ûj UijL jjj .1
.1 j
JJ J ^JJ> J ÖJJ^*J JJ J ^
.2 .o
-UJJ^ûJ
3 -£
jUxijjj J JJaJ
.4 .j
ajLû jj :Pp .8
tij4_jL_i
Cwlj
+
f
4^4^ C5^*J *î
^ öjj-4jj^ ûjs*^u ^ ^ u Ujf] j a_i jaJ 4
ûUJh
-£ajJJ'J
- k
O IjjjjjU ^jSûjSo jljiljAi oajU ûjUjj
Jj^Lj ajL*iitjjj ^jljîljU ^^UûjUjj ^ jj^^jUj jj
Jb h.
rr
.(^jLSaÎLj .j
s
l>î-
l PP 2Pp: : 1 pp .i
3PP : Ipp .o
3Pp : Ipp .£
t5U J M^f r
J R oIjûJ Û^U ^J^ lj^*JJ^ JJ j u'j^ .YY .o
j aj j (j*JjJ-l JJJ ^jUi^jjj J-î Zz
.
%
^44>» ûj j>* ^j'-^jjj .rr -j
‘'ShHf ajlj^j ûjLsU 4 ^^j j^ûj a_i L^^j^jlji Jjj jl J*Jl (JA_Û j_J jjjj^ <£Lj j4j “
\jo j
jl^Aj JjJJ ji J J-.JI
^JJ^ -I
t*kkî j Q tP'j
(j-4J *j JJJ (jLj*5Ajj*-i j-i-4 jw JJ J
^Ji5
^pLl^ijjj ^j^, ,_j>L£ûjL£ ^^rini aj aJ Jj^a.* ^j*jj *10
;A >
j jL^4-j
t
JjJ ^AJiIjLxwjj j O ^aYûj J>-t AJLwjj-j l> A-Ajt^a. *I ^JLijA^ k-lA_j l£Ij j4-J Ûa_j {jjA^ûj -Laj, JJ — Lj^ J IT j ^7-^ j (jjA^Jji
î
cf
@ ® © © l 5 ^*J J I
j f>^Sî
JJdj^-i
d Tû ^ûjjJ
'1 ^
'12
*? JlM j
J-J J*Û
^LSU O^ujjj
^aSajAjLj ÛjUuCjjJ Ûj^Lj
ur^ j^ '13
@
<
^LSûJjjLjJ
sIjA "N
jL jj <<SûjjjJ
_LûAjtj 4j
ûUi^J
jA^Aj <Jlû o-jjl JJJ Lffj'-^JJJ JAlJjj I
^ûjjj
öjj^j jj^ u-Û^jJ ^LUVji iS^J^j^J^ LjLI *
jj 3
LfJ^JJJ
?ûj<GL£ûJjjjj jjjJ^ij jjJ ^jj^ jjl'SSjJ û'-i ^ljajLojj <5 ûjUUjSl 3
J û^j ^ ^ 4 4
ûLfcH c^ûöj-iA.) .17
ûb'-î ÛJ^^H -^J ^*J u^4jj 4£ ûLfc^ u^LSa^IajAj u,Aj ?mM I ,18
Jt ^A^LajUjj Lî ûjdj £ ^jöjLs JJ*û ^Ûj u^4jj<^ J BB jljj ^SûjSAj ^îrtij JJ^
^J^PJÎ ^^jSjlja, {£>* *-î ^-îJ^ J / \; JI bb j Jj 4
_) J I_^öj ÛA_i
^jaSjLîo ûj^ *j^L^-î c^jjS îj^j^ ^jj-h ^Ujjj -- ^lIaj. jL^<_> I jjL^aS-ûAj, lJ 4 '
t
ls-^L^I j aJ ûj^ ^Ajljljlj ^Aj -19
^jj^. l
>j
4 j
j j^ > j t.i^ jljSjûw/O ^" 4 4_) a£[ ^A-jljûjAjLjS A-Ia^H ‘urîj^ jrHJ^ ^jLojj ^aIJjj ^ûjjj IûjA-SLSû-Ljjj
^ i . . i 4 l 4 a
j
l
ÛJJ^^-^JJ
^ 4
.
aSjjLjJ û* Aj
1 I
j ûj A_j !_i!ji j<j L^ûjj^ 4 jU«ijjj , F^ ^ûjjJ 45 ^ ûj * Fj
f
aSaj ^A-^ûj f
ûdj^
ajAijjS^u jJwLj
DNA j i
j * j 3-8
J JI^ShjLLIj
;
ylS^sLLLijjj ^-8
8 JJj4j
J — S 1 I & ^ — J I
4
J-A)
DNA
J jjAû jjj jtLujcU a£ ^AjIjAa^ jjJ jAj jliii4 ÛtM
^LSöjUUjjj ^ Jij JLS*jU^Ji aS öj^jaJ ^>1
Y
,ûjj-Jj^Ll IJjÛAI^uJJ
^jL-^jjj^
Lj^^h ûbj^
Jj
igj j
'
(jL-^j—4— — j,
j, 4-i*j^ — ] ûj^ — a m a—
i—ji—jj— j . i \ Pr^cicrick Oritfith
jj^ ^ CjLSûJ ûjO ^j^Lvûj aû uJjjS r I jj LSûjû j j j r<j aJ ^-tjj ^-ujSjAjj ^-tii j_û lLûj uLjjjSu
J ^JitSûjOjjSjiLs
jLj A-LujjkAj A^ ^uLijlSu j4j (^J j^u A_J
j J jLijS ^jIjujûjU >J OûJ
j j jûj^j
4 I jjLual ^ iQ jyj mm
.Virulent û^ûjjJp
DNA aS j jjj ^A^LajAjjûj
6jlj j *jj6j dljJjwbujA^! m_j ijûjjjjj S* pneumoniae ^LijISaj ^^AjAiLfi* j*l&
iS J j^
fOujjjLjUûJ juAj ^-ûljlAajS A*jjjSjAj ^jaujjU |
aJ êûj jpL^_Sj_i jL5ûj^A_L ûj^i aJ aS
AJ Ijljjjj (_£j_SûJ AJ ^jjjLi ^LSaJ JltLSûJ A.L aS jûjJjjI (^LjjISaj 1-8 ûjjJLi
\s
1-8 ûjj—
j _uuA ûJAjjJjSjJ
4 4tJ l .,^U
AujLI r R ^
^aAjaa jj-;
j^ A4 jLj j Ljûioj 4j s
-^v J“ J W
-S-'Ji<u K
<-_ i
J - 1
R ^JLÛLi i \ I jij^j-ij. j R ^jISûLî <u J . iMt n
M)&
‘
©
f
'
T’WL^ ê 1
aKT
j jjj-i j, j S jjLSi^jLi 4_i -i -* jjLjji
2
S ^LSûLi ijfl
ÛJ*WJ*
l jj~> .“,
**
<j '<
$ jjli^uLi
jLj 4
4M j-ajdSd-i
O 3
j
^S jjLSûli jjûji
«-*
j'jj£
a£ 5 ^jliûLi
eF>®
^ ^liûLi
4j sjjLû
jjLj^
,lj R ^jLiûLi
i5 jLijj
^
Vl
^bjS iîj jjjjjj ^ /2 jjLSûLi <u jjjjSke/i
W
‘ ’
H 4
A$ CjjA^jûJ ^jj IjA_jûjA_j Jj^j all jlji. ^A_! jiij Qjj^ jûîûJjûJ ûJ jl— ^ja?>
.
^(R)^ûlLiv j(S)jjajj4j2
lS^LLl jLs<J jL£jjLj_A ^ujj-îbjj^ ls-^j
4
^^ ^ j^jLîjj (jLjISaj
V Û» jûjAj ^ inu\jjj jj I V^jLiU
<J ^lidjjkAj Aj (jJjilijjj ^LljI (_gûjA MfiiljS (_£.j_A
*JJ-î ^ .JjSVûjAj IjjLjJjL 4 _j^ jaj4 W.nljS Ljljj aJjta ^jLûjj
<J JLûJjLû AjLûjj ^AjûjAILJjS *jja> j*Ajî -aW>L (^AjLi JJ ûsjûjûjJjjj ^AjLi <Sjj jj ajA&uAiLi 4j
j«? ojA^jûjûj-L j ûJ jLj jj jL-jj ^û_S_ij ^__Sû_iûLLk J__i ûjûjj jjH-a jLLi
. Transformation jljjS <jiJûj a£jj (^^jûjûjLj
(jjLSûjûjjSjaU
— J^J
if
_i_j
j, j \-j> r ‘~ ‘ ‘
3
<'
‘~ 1
L - _, ,
^ ^l_j*j<k_i*iA I 1 jZs J
(JJb & Cj^. ^4jûj4jj j^i il2 IjJ.LijLijj ,_JLS4JûjL4 j Oswald Avery
aW L>jjj ^lSy^jJjS^L <L jljjS t5j^ûj (5ûjûi ( £jA§Aj jljjs
V
A^ûjj_iA_j j)
gA jjNj j ,1<A i ^LSLIj ^JmAlsjLûL jj .A_ji ÖNA (jLj RlNA Transformatîon
^*jiGjjS_iiLj jj {/?iVö$^ RNA c5jaLLûjJa_a ^j-ojjjL *j -ajbjj^ ^j^Saj a£ ^jLj-a (jL ^AjûjûjA^Li, (jL
Ll aJ ^D/Vûfji^J DNA {£jA Tnûj— a û ^-ûjj—iAL —AûjjA—
j ^ûjjJ
\ a
iS^J^ j j ^
i
j
1 jîs
o'AiWj
Lij jA— (£*J— J^L j—îA jA_tu (jjûjiiLA
j
—
"***** jIjjaL
î j —4jl—,^A— Ij__ûA jj j
'
i \,\ j, _ 1
j ** i
^juj4_jk
j JjSjIO
jjjjJL j Martha Chasc (Juja^^ LjjL ^ ^ j
j 1
j^j jj jjûa 1 1 952 ^jJLuaJi
^Sj>a. UjûS'O
UjlSfltaf *U jU »t
,aj*£Ljjj£4-;
i
j
•v a i I '. 'i i~L
jj
^ O l_i
O
<Uo«\ A 1 ^a ji<J_j j jSjJ I_j
/sscfccmc/iiû cg/i
'
DNA
ajLojj
1-ijjS<kj 4J
DNA
UaöJjLi
<ûj^ jaj K ili i^
J '*“P
y-i A .iijljJJ ^jajLSwjj “P *& .
J-3 jr Jr^ j d
~
> L I " I
j i
u
^jlS4-t 3 jj joSJiaSjj ^j
I /l j jKii > ^ ^UijU jo54j £l UjSSu. 1
öJ jLS^ijjj LjjSij j*jj jSLxi kjJJj J«^4J jLS^Udjjjli ^j4j jûLS Ijifj UjajLSJjjj
.
jS^jwi <SjjîLijj£iy LjjSuj jûJLa. .gLSj ,jûj jj <SLjjS4j
A< ^aULiujjjLs jAj .ûjL_ijj<Aj jlj «Lliû4 dJjiL< j L<A_*y jjj Ls A-<
3-8 0 jj 1 fi
Phages gL Bacteriophages ji. LjJSsu «u ÖJ-ujJJJ Ljjj<A_j
J*L» JJ i
j ö L£ j:
j-i l_J jjû-U JJ L_LUjL<Aj j Ll J L<jui_LJ ^LjjLa f JhujAj^ J ^_wj jj_4i Ij £_£jL^jAAAJ
.
jjJ j_Ujju ^&jLjjj£d_j '°S ^jûjl£j*jj ^ JjSjS .1 jA^jjit Aj DNA ^jJ <^JjLj J LhHJJ4
l^tjjAJ .Laj_AjL<Aj DNA A^jjLi jj '"
. Blender *j*ja^a£±i
LjLjjjJ aJ j
L lj aA< j. A^AjjujjjU DNA aJ A_<AjjA_JU A< jl _*L * .E* Cö/i ^Ujj<A_j aJ
. I r_Ltuj jj Ls aJ
1-8 .s ^d -v J^u
J |
jj^ .1
V> i/V 1 û
i>* 1 J ‘“i*l^ j jjSLi ^jLSajAjjJjSjJ jj^ aS aSj ûjaj sj .2
^—— .___ ^ jj ~
-jj 1
j iRNA.DNAi J j U
^
DNA
LT J û Aîj
il
iS^JSJ ^ûJ^uuu ^UUUaj
[ liTnA jljitJ ^Y<U <dUûJjU ûjUjj DNA ^ûjAj j<UudJ jS jLSA-ijjLSjji ^uLsUöjöJ
.lj<aK \y *U
Jr
J^LS ^j£jlj <U OjJ^ ^AjûjU .cA1jSjUuûjJ^-4 DNA ^jjjijU
aJ \
\j^ . u ûj<u jjl A Lj jj
' ^jJjjj AjS j jjuuujlj ij 1962 ^LuaJ
. DNA jUuaJ IjjUjLSûjLS
j —
J Atî^ ^j 6 fjtSA-i <J LA^ûja^jJ ^CijjSaj jjjJ jjJ 4J (<ULjJ ^JjU DNA
jjjj-jLjjj l$jij jU4 *jLSûJjLjjj_K j-Ji (J^JûJjIULi j
ûJ ûJJ-î ûj'-îJJ j ^j-Jj'
(j VÎ'V^ P ^jj-ulj
j ^L&wjs ^aJa-oj^ j ^JjjjLS gJlj ^j^uii :oj-£U ^aj aJ Nucleotide
^aSLJj de Lij iaa V 4J ^U^ji ^aJuûj! .Deoxyribose jj jmsy ^ 6^ ûJ4^ aja^ lj DNA
OXyS öj-'LjjIjjJ aJ j ^UîAJ jjjJ» jjji_USjJi A_Lj JjA_^ jlj_i A_j isjij ~^4 1 A_5i (P) jjUuujii UA-jA-J-j JjA_S <J CjjJ-^J-J
Wjj3)> (jA^Llj
« J"A» <jL;
j (N) u^jjj^U ^LSaLjjaS Nitrogenous base <^1*2 .ûja(O)
ribose j ^jJ d*jJ (C) ^jjjU ^LSaLjjaS
«j£a^ h -d
^JjûjL aUjA^ûJ (ûjAj JjSjjj^ jj ^>î ÛJ jL «c4j>} Aj) jLSa j L~>Jj4U Aj_L
( DNA ^ûjj^jj jJ<-i ^Ijjjj jU aIja^ûj aS (jaJjL_slî jAj ûjA_ + DNA ^jjA^
r^j-jj J^-L ^jL^ûJjAj Ij_JaSaJ ( A^jJ j^AjSûj-1 Lij jAjju ^_jUaUAj (j£jA*j-ûljA«i AjjASÎûJ
a^ j 1 ^ j jj
-v
j^j 1 ">
aJlSj . //y‘tf/r € n boncls ^ yUj j.vA A
v * ^jJû^ fjLL
IjjLjii* ijl.JJ-'U ^jj-iûJ Ojj^. ^ûjImj jAljjiAJ <ûjA^ûjJ-a«ij jjJjAlJ> j JJ- AjjA^ûJ
I
1
jLSû^jjj 4 jjOjL4
4j
JjjG
jL^S^- --
±-K*
jJAjLl JfJLLU.J_l_j.L_U
V t
" d * d **"
j 1 i
jj
6*8 a jLvf.ij
4uj4_jlj4uJ ^V^-J i J^A_lijj> Ij DNA JjLjj^j Kj-LJ j4u_& oL-S-wjjk
j jjSaJm
j 't _i -v
j~ 4“ j LS 4 jiij tjjjj, Lj 4jöj jjj.
JjLj iThyfîlltî€ ^j_lûjLj :cmj a<aj!j^I ûjja, jlji. aJ l*Lj<4 j * jr 4 <4 j \ \ \ g’î
ajU: .Guanine jjil j_S jl — j Adenine jj \ ua_u jl — j tCytosine j-^j " jL^
"
6J .öjLjJ * 6-8 j
(J \JJ
j 4 I
jUjL<4jj4îJ4j ajj "*v <jjLi*a< 4jL^<jj
j j L<4jjjjx jjjj Lj
JH T :
ÛiLAi>* IjjU jjjAJ
.jjuljSjj G Ji *£jJ_LJJ4j JJ A J
*
jJjwjJÎjLulj JJ C ( jfJuÛjLj
Jl ^jLtU J ^
^^ J ^ JÖJ_L_JJ (jjl A 4 _. 5 (jjl llj 1 949 ^ ]LwiA 1
i4 .y fLiUm £t£j4*m û
£j? jf.j'
^LjjUfc jjjjjAj ^j4jjj (^ûjJj 4< Jj< V
J J (Eiwin Ch&Tgaff
^_<4j4J4uû j< DNA aJ 4 'rini jjjUu J4_t^ ^ûjJj ^UjU& jjjlj^ jj£
j4jljj jjûjjj Lêajj4-A
.Jj< DNA ^4jL^<jj jjJJutlijA^jj 4j ^jIj-mj4j AjljjtJjA^um ^4j JjIjûjû jJJj 4j j .1 jj^4_j4u_4i
Uj J_^4j ^jUuU ^jjj^j tjjûJ jl<4 jUa 4 4< ûJ4Jj<jjJJj JljjjLi. jj~î_>l \ ~ 0~
4< i
j -v
aJ UjSajaJ a£ ^^LUuij^jUi jU DNA 4J .Base-pairing rules jLS^Uij Ij
^ii-î
L_Aûjj4^ûJ 4j Jj j4juû j4j ^ajjajj 4j 4< cUjILmjAjûJ 4-1jjIj^
r I
1
jU JaJ^aJ 4jI JjL<ûjJu3ujj
ajU <J dl j jj^ j4u4 ö^Jj 4^ Complementary base pairs jL£ûjL£jlj<U <UiJ
jL< 4j_aj ^oAujjjj jL<4 jjU> jji^Lj 4JU: ^jUjjj^jjjji^j t ^UUL ^UjaJ
^ûjJLiuJj 4j jL<4jlkj ^JjAjjjj jj
y
oUûJ j4u<jlj4jj Ij DNA ^Jj4^, (bjJl^ 'J
cJ4j4J
I j4_j rûj 1 ATTC ^ J_i4_ijjj jûjLk DNA ^gûj J ûjj j4_^4_i 4_jjjU jj .Uj4 tUj4^>
V
jj J j4_i4j I Jj4S4_îUûj_Sli
j DNA ^4 -j 1 fl<U 4J 4<_jj$i jl_<ûjL<jlj4j 4_ljj
^s
_ijj_i4jjj_i.4_i
(A) \
to öê'£ (G) i
j±-£i* L“ (C) l
JW ûwO (T)
i l
s
0 °
*
G' ^
^
it a. . i ja —
C
$ T
- 'X
G 9 *'
G
(-)
i G g I C | G-
DNA
7-8 1
^Ji jXr^ j j <jLi j^-jLS cajj-Sûj jL*pLa DNA ^ l, ^ j j L^jjj
^ J
4j DNA (i)
DNA ^jjjijLi ^y-aAJjjJ jL^jjj a^jj^jj .^jj dllLjjdi
(u) -öLiaJ
jjJjA_4 ^lLLu jj
J
- J^LL 7-8 ^6jjLi -CUjSûJ <Qjj ^jj
~ 4 ~
^ijjji jd-jjdJ jLa. jl <4 \ \
Jj ~ ( * d. A_jjj_i 4_< Ciijjj_i^_ji iiJliJj^6J ^-Lj JliJwjlj <j j * I
L>j-j\
jJj J;
jIjLuLj jjJ DNA ^aiL^SL JjjL jj^aJ .oLkûjjöj Ij DNA ^LûûL j_L< jL
j *
j > a t L 'b 4 t Ci i Ad <4 h il i t L^_j4_> _j (jliAwûA^ i *CjJj-<ûJ
ACCTG TGAGAC
TGG A C A CTC TG
2-8
Ij 4^
1
3jj* ^LS4jLi4£Jj*uLa dJ S jjti jjLjjjJSjjj ^ASdutJiAj ^uij*L6 *1
.sj.il S
L’ JJj sjAStiLûVûjl UUi Aj_lj4£ ASJjLjj Ij
^jjjSjjLj j_i jLSAlil ^jj_i*Ljjj_*4j ^LuL ,7 O DNA ^ASdJjjJijU AiljJjjJ öjiaûj jjJj<U& ^iJJ 3
tUjjAjjjj (jLSûjLSjIjAj 4jij ^jljJûjtj jLSjlj^j
<ÛljSHtli. 6
j ^ûj*ÛjjSjAJ
V
LS-U<
DNA
'DNA Vt j
I jjJ i SY .
j
, Jjj_S
ajLajJ jj^ûjA-uu ^ j
->
j
^ l
j ^ **JJ
**«* A \ j<LJtj4_|
oIjöjjjj
v
DNA j-jjjjjilAjja
.OjCLSajjjjS
^jajjjJ I Jljj j. i r^<_j J I ûjjjûJ <J A^ A^4*Uj_i OLa. jjJ jj ûjAjJjjI j^ûj ûjA_1j.ûj 1 _y;s
(^AiLuiljU (J UA j 7-Jjlj
.ûjAjijjjljSaJ DNA ^JjAS ^^jijjjJ Jj^j ^jLSAlhûjjjAj .ûjAjASûJ L&. jHSajaJ A_j 1
j
DNA iffûjj ~>lj jjJjA_& ^J (jlûjljjS ^AlJ J iL1jûJûjJa_A qL^AjjVj's jjJjLa ûJjAj
AlJ
^yjjjj j'ij fejj J (Jjljj^4_i ^UjS ,DNA (^öjAwûJAl_j ^jLSAwûjJ^jAlJ Î3 (JjLî^jAJ&Aj AjIj Ja_i .DNA jjjjujljûjjj jJûjIIj
aJ d]AM viSûj (_g AJ ÛJ JJ l.j
> lIjJ ^JjAS Jjj IjAl-ûAJ .ûjAjkJûjl
J (jlj ftû J DNA ^£iU<4jL^j«UÛ JJ l£l4 JmIJ4 JjS ji-i<U
ij-AJJJj ij ft jJJ A_J AjijjjjlLftjjj ûjji. ^AJ -Auljl a£mJ ^jti^jbj -IjAlt
j jJijj-OjO^j
DNA *jjdidj 44» - jjaj DNA ^jjdfi jA*u <Jj«^-î.*j jL£*jLSj1jö i jj G diJ DNA ^ij,JAjj
- «o _r»’
4 • f
\
/'+ •
.. h |
VT*
±A
^
DNA
% *J***iV^
DNA
.A
• 1
SS^
• «?
•
•-
DNA
DNA sjj
^ j j. ;
aJ AjjJjS jj
rûjAiijjl jSoj ijoj^jA_i_j DNA jAu-aJ (Jjj j jji Ajj j j-îLi—ijjj j ^c_jL5ja_1 L 9-8
ta DNA aJ jLSfiUsUA
L^icî ^oj jjj jjj ^Auûjjöaj ^HJL ,DNA ^jjjjILajjj (^jLjS
^LSaJca (^IjJAj Lb ^ 4
>? AjjLSuLj^. ^jLS ^jCcLS ^IjjJjjjj oVA 6 û J (JjL5a_j
^j^Aîjj^
V
j *jj*b^Uj L^_a^ 4^ ^-^j^jIjLm jaJ
^ RNA DS A j _u *0 jf Lî
1
1
i .
L — ^ j J J — J JL <
,1 j_i j
j aJ jûj*jLjj ^öjAjLûAJ <U
~
r
j
;l
^ * ijJ_ DNA
Jjj j^ijrt 4£
j.
ydj^jdj ^jAXjjLS jjjjljjaj,
DNA Jjjjjllijjj
r. i
j
L&ojjt-A ^SJ Ly
^lj5jJ‘Û iJ^A'jjljSiJiij J ^£ijOLi.jj VNAjLSq j<LjO ,ûjOjj£_ija£
^_ijjASjûJ (^j-A AjjjöJ I J-i-jlj JAj j cAjûJ IjJ^j jjljjLj jj^ aS ûjAjLSûJjjjJj jj^ 4J (jSjjIjSöjULi
^_Sjj jjljûjöjLLjj
V
I O jLS^j IjjtS
V
jL. dj j__j4__& .jljj-S ^jûjûjLwj j
V
jAjaj4_i jjjSûJÎuJûJ aS jjûJ Aj!)Lj_4j_i j4_j ^JLjjj 4.S (^AjLjljjL jLi AjAjIjAJ
"
(J-jLSûjIjLa^ öjj-^ j j j “ j4 Sj i
J_J fej4-SlL j 4 I j
Jj5jjj<J
3-8 jÛ_j
C
ÛJ>?* ^4 DNA jjjjJj.Yj AjjJ
aJ ,
jj. jjh 1)NA (j.jLiiSL=k ^jl^OkjjjO (jXjjS *fî
.öj45_ijjjj Cj4S4_*^a^ c
oIJûJJJj Jj^AjAjLik oUUO
8 ^JÛ^Lj
j ^Û — 1 j ^ a j i
DNA (SJ ?i
y c*
4 S £j\ 51 j ^jLuj l
^ 4 i j, tk j Lmj *J^H ijL&^Jh jA-w, j^— i ^jLu^Li jLi dLjjOb
Ijlj 4_j
jj ^^^yOjAj 0«^-?jL4
*
(jj
JjA_) ^j_* 4^ ^jjjoL^jj j ^LliJ <S jjj^L
.1 Jöj 6jlj —^ ^ûjjii 4— 1 -1 (_^j_^^_j L DNA
ÖJ<-^jj
A * J * j L*, <VJjJ_Ji ^j-jLujLJ .j&j&jjjj ûj 4
v
— DNA ^jLuj^l—
ûjj _j jL/5*Li.
4 4 ^jj 4_t j 6J 4_j_j j*u L_i û J jLiJ I j-Lu/Aj (^jLu^Li 4_S (^4JjV<-4 j<_i 4j<jIj<J
‘L
‘ÛjJ-î^ H öj^Vjj^j^öj <
^jiAJ < £rcwi£>« repalr ^^jILaJ d*j Kink (^j^LL) J^ 4-jL LjJjjjJjS 4^ jj J^J
i jA^ûJ (_£j! jiu<Vj 4_Li J q4 j .. jLLIj 0 <£û_J 4_>l_iw
.
J ÛJ^Î
j jjkjAiujfj ^j_ûj_ûl^_i_o jjVjjj^ ^OjIj^Aj ^jLu^Li V v-ajLu ûLh
jjjjl ,*£[ -*. 4 J cjj— j jjL_^^_i jJîljL^
1 4_Llj Jj DNA ^j-jjjj Jjj-* jj ji
6j j^- j-1 ‘û 4 -^ jLa_jJ j£ jAudû jL
/,l SL -jij ^<jw*Jj (jp<__j VL_a j__j I jbjl— (_^j —
j_j I
- j 4^j 4 j
jL_j^jlj^ûjl aI j
^ JJ < Lijj 4 . 1 J jAwvw 4 —
,
J ^j j J 1 m6J ^jj<J ûL_Lûj 4Ljj_i^Li
£ o Llû 4
4 _j
tlLu4^ — —^ L- ja^ -
j DNA ^jLu£L^ ^.jL^Jvaj jjtLj ( 1^-i‘ij *
,4 jjju4
'
s— ‘"-- '
.
j
j
jj 4_J_lûJ
i Of Mj j
£
^4L^4u_ljliL,
^ jö.4^
(5J^4
^ j^
Gene therapy ij
*j ;
¥
^ j jL^L ^jj-î jL_^4u_ij_-4 ÛtLHjL-! -sLmuLj Ijlio
jj ^^—jLjIj 4 — ji
lJJljj
4_j , jj 4_^ûJ
I j4_jljöji jjj j j<J 4- DNA ^jLu^L^ Jjj ^ tj-lL-Sajj-i
ûL-> ^ ^
jjl ‘l
J | <U ^jjjJjiu
jjj 4_mj ^__^LlJ__J Lilj—ji ^ .L jl jVj
^<L_jLu<J£ j^u ,j_jVj-Jj—
Lj-iLiiiijj ( 5j_^ 4u_j PActo/jfl^e ^4ûLk jL DNA 4j LS^j ^j^iujAûûj
4
-H ÛJJ^^JJ^
Ojja jO ojjlju^J iduuiJ —J*^‘La. Lui
^ * l ^4 ~ c *î
4__j 4Ûil
j 4_J
.OJj-^ÛjjJ jl J j
^^_L<_4jLj
4h^ a Ij * j-?
AjShh^ 'Shfj^
jj ûj ,OfjSûJ ÛJ J^hhM
t 6j 4 j
1 jjJli 4^_AJ,j_a.ûJ ^Lu 0 ^ 1 IV A
1 ~i 1
j
'V <S (_g<jfj4Û-J j^ \ I
J<J 4_i<jlj4J
^jLuSLa. û-jjJL ^^jLjjûj
^jj^j^ûjLi ^L^ûjj^
DNA *jijjr ^.ij*JûjSytaj<iJ ^HViiJ-Û j^jLj^Uja ^jWSLi. J DNA O *£ J-JJ J4J 4j<Û1j4J
. jû J-i Ijjjj-O <J 4 "V \4 ^jj". ^_Hjj^a.4_j Jj ,DNA jI^u4j 4£ y JjS^j .jtjjLs j-ijjj'jjJj 4xuU jlO
hh. 1 1
1
jj J_i ijUj j jJ. J,
_ —j » j ;
i
J iRNA , DN.A>
j J ~ J
I
IjjljSjjLjJ
^ <j
l;
*j ;
«U ,!
j
I
j
IO tfdJ La >j (ji^ p$«_. -jjjiöj-jjUj
glS44Jjl^j4d 4dLLl6J6 J
j'û 1
j *>
jj Sl Jjj-aU jljSjjLjJ ^^jCjaj
j i~im %j&J 4
j
öj 'iljja ~i
;
i
sU jl Ja t j,jLS ai *j ^
V< y
<^i 1 f DNA
Vij <U *"
j4^û^4jLjJ 1 yilj^ J s J ,1 j\l<J. i
y Jj. < ‘ 1
.
aJ û^'^J^Ij AjLûjj ^ajAHiiiljS
UhH^H 1
Lh^* J ^ ^LAj.Ijjj ^jj^LmjjJ ^jLjS aJIAjj ^Aj .oLSûJjjLj .oLS^j L DNA
i^lujûöjLi ^jjaJ Jjjj^û aJ c>LSûj ^jjifljLj ^ajAjjjJ Afglnnin
. RNA jL Ribonudeic acid suijS aSj^U JljjaI . 6jdjlS*J JLjjS ÛjAIjjSjAuAJ tfjhjS
h*JdUjj2j4J<jJ C£j^ J J-^ t£*j' —*^-l *ûLfcH^J*J l£j* J J—^ J aj A V "t j—SjA —— 4*
.
1
~ 1
LSû JAw 6j aJjAj 6jLûj_4 ^SjjS
lj DNA aJ aS ^AjLjjLjIj j4j j4j*iAJ ûJjAu ûL^AJmJjjj ij^ rt4JSj4-j ^jjjljjS . CjLSûJ JjIjISjûJ (_£jl JjSaJ tRNA J
I r
11-8 6 jl^
UAjIîaJ C^jji
8 tSJjA,!i
- \ 1 — j L . U j
RNA DNA
12-8 V
DNA <U RNA Av
^I^AJjSijiJUu ajljUi Aj d.£^jj*Ub
^ j,
- rRNA 4 tRNA 4
^ûjUaJ jlifaJ
mRXA - RNA
3 jUi*
v:
^-'A
• <3/
/V'
mRNA
H£/
''
llH* ' * • • >%•% .. 'A
^4^sUUja j RNA
(j^A ~ i
^
K\ ^Vaj '"''2
J: /j 1 Vj l
“ jr j j * 4j ^ALLjJ A^jjLji DNA jSiûj RNA
RNA <^a£aj , 12-8 + ûjIjLa^ ûj ûj jj jIj^* aJ DNA ^aiL^SIjaJ RNA
j rRNA aJ aS ^S t^jj-ulj (^jSaJl d<j Ajtjli ^ Kibose ^jjiilj ^jSa-î
RNA
jJaj. t ,a ^4 a Ij DNA <_S j^ajLj ^j l
jj-L.^ 1 ^
NwS^' tRNA jL-j ^jl ju j ûj ijjjj DNA jjA_^ ^_j Luj j^j ljC^ j aj— lJa_j
(_£
i 'l 4
1 j j
far (
jjj ^ 1 \ Ajj
RNA
RNA aJ jIj jj^ jA_4 * 13-8 ^ûjIûj RNA ^^ûjA^mj ^jj^ lj3Lf£<jLiAj
13-8 û£U
RNA ^o^ji
û ib JJ^ RNA S <^l£a_j ^jj* 3oUljjJ ^jjjI^jjJ aJ O Mj 1 6J jljL^ ^jj
>*<
aJ (jlSA^jUllj ûjUjj AjûjA=Uj *£\J RNA aS * Messenger RNA (mRNA)
J RNA 4^\ljUi jjISajaJ
1
j 'ji ? j ^Jaj (mRNA) jljJjjj AILîaJ jlj^JjUj ^<Vm JjJ ^JJAJUU-Jjj jj ûjAlIjljSûJ jIjSjjLiJ * Jh?
RNA UjjSaj
*
JiUijljLi
V
a_ja_4 i IjSjjLjaJ a£ DNA aJ ^jûjUjj (_^Auh*U mRNA JjjUA_i^AjL**lj djjLj
aJ —_*— - Jij rRN A
RNA ^ajj J (^jJ-^ j 4-* JJ/jjjLuj aJ 4-2 jL2i-s j-uj-ujlj jj ûjAJÎjJIjSûJ
• 1
tf*
- jJ-hL^h jL5»li;jjj <J d<j*jLûj j rRNA <J
y
.
j<2û_i
[RNA .
^jjjJLmjjJ jj ÛjAjjjljSûJ ^jo^jjjlj jj jL£ A Lij Aj
Transcription
^DNAaS
wijfjLj Lk i j l4 1 I JL-Û
J Lu (^AuijLj Ji
^jl <A j J
QA ~ -* 4
j
^LI j scribere IjÇUjV aJ
.CjLûJjjj JjLSa^LûjAjjj I
^ yjj 1
Au q| 6, ^ DNA ^-JLi aJ oLûj
($ RNA a£ ,4u DNA ^LSû-^UjuJ£jjj ^jIjSjjLj ^LaV>jj
L^ûjA^ûJAj .^ûjjuAj ji j(j JÛ^j jl» L oKûJujXluûJ ûjAujjSjAjaJ j oLûJ jj<u ûjJLj
iijuJ
j ûj^-jjjSûJ DNA {jjûju^uj, jjJjAjSi ^ a> V ^j 4. < \ . . jj a \ ^_ijjJL4uj RNA
,ûj<»Lûj La^
. Ij DNA ûj-i^ jj jjj aJ HVsaj j<juj <J a< ^aC \ ju jj Kj-iu j<L JL lIa,ûj
jjJ L j5ûjj<C4 Jj RN A ^JjaS aJ A_laI_jjj Qj )ûJ IjjAj ûjA-sAJ ^Auûjjl&C j jL
C^LiAj^Jj J<SL LjjL jj .L>a£ûJJjLj jjjI Jj4j ^ ^jj RNA <J ^^^JuLjj-Kjaj
aJ (JLSajlîLj. jCa_jL _jj 1ja_j > cjL A CGAC I DNA ^<4^jj^- j a_ jl <a
1 j %
1
" a
jj Lîi Ljj^ ^ajI J), i j ajUÊLj RNA ^ûjA^aJa^j ^-ûjjjaJ -j ^jL^ja_& ^ûjLsaJ jUjjj *0 JaI jjLStlJ
rRNA (j^ tRNA mRNA ^ûjjjI-ija-} a^ûjaJljj^jAjaJ ^jIKaJ a_< RNA jaJ KNA jj < Ti j d ^-a^ ^jû
-a IjA^AjLkAj (juLoj.fi ioV>IjjûJ A_Sûjj-iljjAuj A_j RNA jU ,oL vtuj/i
^d-il Mij i ULSi J RNA ^ajd^ajd^i djjLS jUj j RNA jJLSajuUjiiijjj ^ <u jj RNA ^ujjd-j
ajdJjdjLdA,
RNA f;
DNA
RNA ^AjduJ'Lj ^Ju>jd_.
RNA
DNA DNA
RNA
:*4
f •
j û ^ aLlj *L
^•*
L j _ I
« J jS ajLa jj » ajLûjj
(_£ J ^_j LS4u_l_j Lj_i j I
^
j-j4_i jLSA \\ ‘|
j
A<-1 AJLjJl f I J__J I JJ-SJÖJ ^jLj-SaJ
AjA_jûjljlj jölj Genetic code ^JjAbJ ûjLajj jjûj jjj . niRNA ^LSûjjLsjjJSjjj
aJjjj (jj Jj<_jjjj .oLSûj mRNA ^4 ^jjtjl "i 4iij ^tejj^jjjj jj ûjLaLj
ajLûjj aJ .oLSûJjjLjJ jjftjl m Jj J JjLSa_* jtuj-ijlj I <Ji ^A-lLjjjjjj jaJ j LS^.J \j n4_j
¥
aJ (jAJ^ûlAjjIj
j ^ Va aAj ^Sjwjj lj mRNA aJ jjwjjLö "jj Nj ^ *
j^u IjaJjA_j
^-ij-û^j
^ j, ni jj Jj mRNA aJ jj Lv j j N jj-j ^^^AjjlAjjjj ja_a JjjjljVj ûjj
t Codon
jA__j ^a_v! _i
V j, ^a_ji 4iuj_i jA_j
j mRNA ^jLSauL j j j_^ 64 a-_S 1 -8 -V "
^yVljlSjûj .oLSûjjjLjj IjaJjAj ûjLûjj <J A/ûfJîi7î£ jjjyAj ^ \j ^aV a_LjJ GC/7
J JjIjÛjûJlIj j jj^ûAJSi aJ| ojiûJ A_Sjj jLû^^Aj jL^A-jj_lj-aAji ^J^jj j^ jLûAjjjjfû
V
^jjjjjS .oLSjjjLjûJ j jjSjûj IjjjAJ AXujjjVj AuS oLSûJ LijjHUj jAj jj ûjLûLj
O'j^jAS
DNA aJ jh iSj^j ^ ^^j -* 4
j_gajj.-a. 'i
j i^jl^aJj"' jj j ajj ,oj_j£Li jjLjJ ,jLj dlj jj j ij-S <0 Jj 'j~jjJ j4_4
iS^^-îjij lAî 4^
V ^
ûjU ^^IuV ^ ^IjIjLl^ aUjj 20 jaJ ijIjIjA-a
j ûjAjLûA^ \
j -J JjL$A \ \ \ nAj AI1jj_I (^J-jA-iJ-jj P dllj-J-J J J-J J<L_AA_i CjAj_jLj
^iL£*jLG<U
V
AJIijj A-S AjI tRNA AJ (j;A_jj jS ûjJ jAJi .ÛLh^AjûJ dAj ^IjJAj jJAj ûjASA-jAuj
'jU ^VU.JjS
ûLLLj .CiJJûJ JJj j_=k mRNA ^jjJjSk ^ûjjj JaSaJ rCJj^ûJAA jLa-ijS ^ i_uAj
AjLSû J jkjjjjjjlj LîA-4 dJAj ^IjJAj lJAj <Qj }ûJ IjûJjAj ûjûJjjjjj ûji ^ûjj^jj SajI jj^j RNA ^ j^^J
f
ÛJ J J^ AjLIwûj
S
1 i
B
jjl_j U A A jjjj^ ^j^jajIj
1 I
j ^U jJLj Lw <J j ^j^ *j ja.iI j.
-w. tRNA
^jiiij^jlj iJll* tRNA Ijj ,çj\ vaJ ^Uöj 4—
.
:
“ l\ K A A Vt^Aj
i 1
f FU
a
c n >
| .öj^ûj^jU^ - 5
^.j^j_j_;Ij ^_Li l Cj
KjtL*
$ 4
15-8 ûJ^MJ
Ol^J*J yJLSûjL^kjfc
»
^
jlj
V
^
j^ iA I
V v *
(_£
J_i A_ij_J j A^ ^AûLajjLj-jIj jAj 11
j
j
I j Aj Au_j_!Ljj_j l
"
^ (_£jA_iL_^j ûVAj
V ¥ ’
jjj Jty v c^jjj j^jts f C Ij^ '^jjjj <J fokbi 25,000 (j^jji
^^A_J_ij^JJJj J^_A ^ L_' . I
j ^jj jj j^J AjLjjLjjlj ^Aj .^jAj^ •'J^
j Jj5Ljj j jî*J j ji
Ij, jjlUljj Aj*Ciljj ,1 jlLSûjljSjjljJ AjLûjj ûJJjj j*jj AjjjSa jiujjj Ij ftjj
4-8
rtiRNA ^!jj£jûj a£ c
ju_i AjLjJlxiAj aJjjj ^Aj ,6
Aj juAjjjj ^Aj JjU-kJ J jLuLOj. 4-i J RNA ^aJöjja Ij*m AJ djjj> jAA „2
4^
4 *5
8 ^-^ ®EE
j I
I
j Ljj^1^4_j ^jL^aLLî. jljjk <0 j LS<jwj ) Lulj 4S <4 ûj jLû ûjCajj {_£ û
j4_jj_uj j^ [^LjIjj ^L^ûj^JjSjiU
\
4^j-j jj ajÇ jî£4-4 jS^jOLa. G ^aj jLt
jLSûjljlj
4 j\j~* jjj>ljLi 4JLAj .jjûJ JJ^H &J Ju DNA y> t aj Lj jjJo jji y- L j j,J |
<DNA l
T
LH ûJ JJ^H JJi 4lj 4 i JjJjLa *jj Jjlj^ Ij^Lja^j j jjL c5jj^J u jl
jLSûjljlj
jLSicikj jUjL* (148) Pynmidine
(129) Nucleotide ^UjjJSjji (147) Nitrogcnous base (148) Base scquencc jlSJLiij ^jjdjjjj
4-S tiJI jjLj jjJ^jj- 3 aj j "> ‘0 4J DNA ^y^j jj4^ DNA I jojj 4_S AjûjIjj^ jaI sDNA ^jjjj jILû jj j
C5^î J J DNA ^ jj .ûjdJljjjSûJ ^jAjG (^IjjjJLAjIj (jiijj IjAiLiG
.^ijjSlj ;j j* DNA JJ JjA_* ^ûjOjjjL^Aj jjjj jll4jj j *
(jLSûjljlj
(150) DNA Replication DNA jj< ujftjjj (150) Helicasc jj< >
<
^jidj
(150) Replication fork DNA öj<uJ<h ^jj^J
(152) Muîation jljjU (150) Semi-conservative replication ( 1 50) DN A Polyraerase
.oLSû J jLSûjjljÛj^ ^ ‘1
’j J
*4 Ajd * G (5jl jii4_i
jj oLSû jjlS ^JLi kilûj DNA fl jûjUjjSjajaJ
jLSûjljlj
(155) Transfer RNA (tRNA) ûjûjû^jS RNA (154) Ribonucleîc acid (RNA) Termimuion signa! jiU-iLjj£
(157) Genetic code aJ^_i *jUjj Ribose jjuj (156) RNA Polymerase RNA jrwjA*
(158) Amicodon jjjj£ ûJj (155) Messenger RNA (mRNA) 5J T ran> I ation j\ J&j 5 j
( 156) Promoter
^ j^ jn’j RNA 1
160) Genome ^ jujx
1
156i Transcription a j4_Ujfij4j4j (155) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA
..
j,
J
.3:1 ls<Sj> •£ ,î
ûv [,
^j j-û y 6jf
.4*1 (^a^jjj .4 .2:1 ^A^jjj ,
ç aJ a^jjjAj DNA .4
J <Jb <J dJAjjjj^. ££4 Aa« u^ÛjJjAj j L5i Jj Lj jj_15 jJ-» <J f 9 l^4j1i^jjJ jj RNA ^JjSaI^IjU j
^
,
jjJuUJ J_IJ Lu .4 Jj J JlL_j
L
.^J.
JjSjjG G L^Iaj hO
la. i I
A
'"J j 4JJ Ajj A ^ûjLûG
* DNA (^JjA^ <a1jJj_* ^Aj Jj^j^LjijL^ G LflAi
^-A
I
.
J
^ ** jS^ J
, jj Lj_lKjjj . ^
.c^LLujj
U^jj ^JjLj .4
DNA 4il . .1
mRNA l^jAJ
. .0
.mRNA j DNA
. tRNA j mRNA .4
3 'E
.1 j
.4 .4
8 (J:JjAj
L J V ^ »
(^AJ ‘ GJj£
LI^j^Aj UljjS i^jljH ^jjjjJljjS aS ^ajIjAji jjSjjL jL 32
V
jU£aJ^jJSj±j iS^^J^J ASAîl^ ^KLal4 -1 ^ C5 °J^ tfjb L ^ISajAjjj^iL jj^ *J 4^J^JJJ *13
*v« T
Ij DNA .aSLjLj JjLjjJSjjj ^L^ajA_ll^£lj ,15
aJ rnRNA aj aS iRNA jjjLSAjjjj^ajj — öjaSajAj jjKajjL jj-lS jjj jljjj <£ j-jjj'L <j! jjAj jL ,16
<_£
jjaS jj j j jSIjlja_j j-î jjjjaj jLjijij j DNA ^jjaS .2 . 6j&jASjjjj£ jaJ*Jjjj Ij DNA
jj ,|j_Jûj jjj-it
jj j jA_j jLijL Jj DNA aJ Ij DNA ^jjjjj jjjjbjj j aJ DNA ^ûjAjsJaj ^ajjjAj ^jjLöjj »19
j 4 ^
. I _u Lî
j^ K jjj j}j_a<L_£, ^jajAj-* ^&jjûAj jLSLlj T 3 jûjLluL aJ jjLu^L ^jSjjS .21
aS 'j ^
~.j_t Njj jLilû
1
3 AjLS&j j Lij L j ajj JjSLjLj j öja^ajjjj Ij DNA ^jjjjjlLhjjj ^ISaJ
J;
v
.a£jjLj ^Lji *^5
5 ajLaAJ
<
^ lîSjjljjL jj^ -M 1
jj JJJ jj-4 jj J jJLSaJ JAj^AA jL (jjaSjjAJ AjAjIjAJ ,1
a (^Ajjjjjj jAj jA_w ajLSûj jLS oLûjjjjj DNA Ij jlJaJjLlj juAj a_4 4<j -C/LSj DNA Aj jLj jaJûJjjj
ajj aJ dljjjA-A ^jjJjSjjjLS ^Ajjjji (^ajLjûJ Ljjjjjlj 3 LjjL -C^î aJ DNA ^JjjjjlLajjj ^Ajjj^ .1
j R.VA DNA \
4£)
i
. Lj
J A j
j
aJ
9 ^ €E
J J
3 u(
c> -ij
s-i<U! 3 jL£<yA ^> '
1
^3^33^
J Û^^J^Vjj^ *-**-J* j j-i jjjöJ jjja lj*jj<U jk<U .
jlj<LujLj<CA ^yûlj^ J Vju s J i j<LUaj|j
djJ ^ JJ-^
3 CF jJ-Ujlj kj^ ^j^LÛjj<u ^Söj ‘ölJûJ33j jLS<ujiLjikAj jajJULajj
ÛJ O
' v v
'wS^i J
. •
, ^
CjIjöJjjj û^-Hj-îj ö J ûJ J^ û J j\S^Ju^ ^ûj 4ÛLûV
•
*J Û^>>jj2 Jh V V V £*
f^j 3
^ J j^j4 J
oLûJ jfJJ
J^ ÛJ^* ^ C^LSûJ
ÛJJJ^ÛJjûJ ij 1 ”9 J m><J <S JjLiAJ * ^-4<ui J J Jjj LuAJjAkJ
ûj^j ,^-ÛuiûJ
^jSûjJ ^-4 y ^j^Vjj^ JL4_SU^ ûjLS jAÛ 'vAj ^^uijjjdoJ ^Jj_4ju <0 û4 ^
^Jfij^jLûiJJ J<i_LAJ <jLS&JjLS
JjLûAuJulujj LlûjAuxi^J ûjLûj-i ^_j Lj Li I
j ^Sj<j jj ûjAuIjj^SûJ
.^jlS^jUoa.jjj
J3J4J
oj<^jj<j ^jaSjjIS
^ Jj^jjj-ujûJ Aui lliuAj iûLSjJ^ (j^ Lo jû jAJj^jJ J J-ûAuÛujliuLJ ^jûJA-juj ^LjûjAujju^J
<iI_Aj-J l_i JJ ±S jjj-sf.ij^ < Drosophîla melanogasier ûju-q ^ A.J a j^aJ ^LSûj<iJj£i!
.ûjAuILSûJjjjj |jLSû jûjj<jj 1_4
j ûjaj 4Û AJLûjuijjjjS Cjjj^ û -1 ^ ^ ‘^ 4-4 ^V"J-°JJ^ jlj^ ‘LLû
1-9 ûj^
jL <ii t ^jLS_JSö_j jjLjjj >_* -y
LfJ*
— j>*
* ^ ^O^jL-aju. j ajiJiLjÇju û*LS*jl
J
2-9 ûjjl*
dûj ^J^J-frJjS A^oJwjj jjJ Ijûjjj <J Jj<jljj<_j J dL*Jjû J^ÖJ £5 J ûJ û 'LjJ
(jl_S<Söjjj 45 <-îjjj <j .<J<^ jljLiJi ^j^jijjS 4^kj3 Jjj ljjLS<_4^ <J aj <j4_4
04£4>Lu (^>*
jS*jj<Jb JjjjjL4jI j4_ö<S
I
j<^4j jjSdjjöj ^jujj-ajjS d<j jjj j 4SJj4 ûj .cAj* j 1/1 ûL£4_ij j jLSûjj
.U»jjS 4irfJ ^JJ^
4_S jj j ~ j
" d<_ji4__S_L & |^j4 iLS j4 j tc jLSûjL S a4—4» I J_jLSûjû Jg—Ju-u4— 1
4_J 4 ‘n! 1 j
A
^jJjLXjj ^LSd jLûjj J ^4i_i f4_i4_4 X\ j«i jijjS Jjj <4jûjjj
jMjû jj 4L4J
jL4-û4j cAjûJ (S XX ^jnui jijjS jjJ jjjI Jj4j (j^Lî 4_jljjî X ^ jui j-û jjS <S
^
Autosome
_4-i4j1o
sorna
^jLjj 4J
9
1 U ) J
F,J {^ (')
Pc?
3-9 £jj * i
\»t 'v«,
Ai jL> j^**J
(
XH Y XY
j^jjduû flJ ^SûjjUb ûjKIujAj jj«Aj
XH Y X
r
Y
<U (i)
j^j tr^i^
JJJA4 ^a£<u
‘LîjJjj ,j*ui3Sji>i
? û ii J x
F,? p?
XRX H H
r f r
jsi jjLJ
J jl\4 K a Jj^a^ 4t£ OJJ*jtjJAJ ? X Yc? X X ? X Y<?
F.
tjajH Ai jH* J jJJ^ i4* jLLLS^jjJ
.jj-ii* 1 jLi 4£jj ^jjLSûjjj
J>aj-î ^jWi jjaUjLI
rii
!£W <5 J tjj^ ö»û 3 * j*L*44<1 t£j^ ^LSûj ^LjJjSl!
ÛJ^J ( J U^JJ^
jfiUijdJ Ij
^ JJ A \ lj<~
-,J|j
t
JJ4*J ^LuLj ^ ‘JJH Lf^J^ AfcH LT^ J^ lJ4u IfjAÛ
1
L? û
.y£lS
— LSa
> il
i ii
ji * J ÛJAJ (jl»J
jl ûûLwJ I
1
a ^> 4 I / jLSjj-û (jliLLi .1 J-L-LuijLa.
/j l Vrj j-’K i
>J ^UJJ J JJ J ûb^ LS^JJ^JJ^ IjAj cLj^-i (lî^jK) X Y j (jjj^jK) X X' ö'j^ ? OJJHJJ^ 4
A
J! *J JJ- .
3
.
L^UJO J A^4^J ûlÛ)j Ci^j^jU^ .(j-iûJ X X ^jLjA^jJ ^A^ûj>i j X X (jI^aLLg (^ûj>i ^ÛJjJ ^jA-iûJ ^YAj
Lj ^ûûû JJ ^^jjjSjljir aJ jLSAiUj-i sex-link jijiwAj ^ji^» Y-linked genesY <u jIjIlu^u
d 1
I ^j) * jaSa! ^jjJi j, ^jl_jlj, a ûjL-ûj_j iS^ ^j i çj-jLjl_ilj
j ûL^jj-*
y v
Aj^LUj-J jL AS AjûjAj (_£ASajjJ& IjO cûjAjLo ÛAj4j4_ajS jSûj û^^jlj^LjLj
4J ÛUj"? jjJ (^ûjAIjJjS j 3 4-j LuJa_4 (jl^jj-û *
^ jujj j-ûj
^LûAJi AJijaSûJ
4
JW CS3^J J ^ ûW^*JJ J J û"^ (J^V ^ JJ-îjW^JijM ûW^rî^! ‘Lûj-Juû ^ Lj û r
aJIj G^ Tr± j4 1
j A. (JuAJ ^Sjûj ^JjJAj .^Jjlaj j-ajjS <LlLaJ jLû4_Jt jAjai AjjASûJ aS
JL ^_LJU jAui,A_j aJIj L jpj j JU ^JlJaj .g ^Jiroj j^d ^Sj^j ^JjJaJ jA^aj
^a^aj ^_jLSaS>Lj ^l jLjaJ l_i_al iaJ ^a^Lj ^ Sj ijj-l-Ijj-^- ûL^jj-* ûLiL ?*# fc*
43
^jAjLj ûjLimA jjj ^jjSIjjAj ^j-ûûjj j ^Aj^-ûj Ij-ûL^-jAj aJ (G L/ x GgLl) ^aSaj
t
67 •"
1
O-jjS
jj c£ûjAj û^jj^ (£<?^0 j-b J jL? lt^V û"^ ûW (Gg//) *zsjj& JL ^iii^Ajji_ l-^aj j-U>? a?j-»
A-LÛAj ^ûjAjjj-jûrîJ ûjLjjjJ A_s JJ^JJ ^Ij ^LSjj^-û ûjAjjAjAJ *ûjA_j> J LSj I
Iji^jji dJ X ^4 juai5*J(j£
6jA_Ij_i OjJ-i .AjAjAj ^j L-hjjjjA_j oLûJJJJ Ijûj4-1jjA-J LS aJ a£ qLSa jjj m j j_m
-ûLSûj j 1
ûb^H^ aDNA ^A^jL c£ûjAJljjj_5 6jA_1_ijA_i A_S
^uaSJ^uiU ^4 ^><4
1 jjjj_i_LuA_j,1 j
oL5L
j<-1jj<-j
{(>iû^j) I
LS AjjS AiLtjj j IjjAui ^JJ ^ I
J
A
J UjLûJjjj
*
3 HjjP
^<LX^4Û ^r»Ula
jLAû ^jiujjjjS Ûa_4 a£ Qj jJ j J ÛL4 j-J JjJ ûU?H
i (_£ûjLû La_j6
^As-ûj JiLSaSL (^JAuii (^ûjJj La_4 öj .oLöJ jLj ÛjAj-jjAj ^-jljjjj ^jaSL A_J jlj' . ^4^Ud_dk.4JU
v V V
X
(^ûjLj IjA-i <oL 3 jAj ^jj (^iUj-i (^L^Slj aJ ûjjjI jjA_> ûLH^AjA_L^ aS f *jj j „
1
>* 2
cjLûj ÛLjjJ f
jMmj-ûjjS jAuiaJ AjLAiiui ^aJ jL-mijjjAj ^LSaJUjj û*^ j<U - djJöu ^ajjluj
LJO
jL Chromosome map ^AikiAi ^iLL
fl
.(jLSjj^ ^ljKj^ji dJ Alfred H. Sturtevant oiUjjji- ,^s 5-9 >3^
4”9 (_$ûj j mi iûj! jlj (^gûj j o
^ m j 1 . o ^—c jj-u j—oj j|_S (j A m i A A— i
^A_p^A — 1
J *J ;
41jjji4_û jjjijO
.X (^JJ^UJhIJjS
^J'LLjAi c£ J Au^ aS ûj dllUjJ jjA^_ JJ ûjAljjAj (^ûjJj ^jjjSjjljAj
v ^
v V
^
jLjIjIj (^jûjASLi (_jûjLo JaSaJ cA^-jjSûj AjIjAIuiIj jljLt^. ISa a^n jjj jj
V
9 (_£jj<u
jAujaJ
‘f
j — a
v
, 19>C 4ûLSûJ j Lj_i ^
jjj.aJ ûj4_ijj4_j (_£6jjj
V V
^ AjOLSûjLjAi y
iJjJ jjAjj
ji<4 j *j ^4 j
Tn ^^ \ ^_iLjij j_> jjjjjl^o ^jj ^fLjSL jijij^Jj^jJ 4^LlUh
aJ ûjijjtj 4^ ot-Î6Jji>J uijj-û I aJ X ^_ö j_uj j^j j< (jjjLSLw ^<4 j4 ^Ll Wi 5”9 jjjjJJ
6-9 >J^i
n
û'* 0L !
^U.l ^
/ A
jbjLu Mutation j/jjL <J oLjûjIj-jHL-j
1
tj—‘Uj-S
~' "'
*
V V
< J .' _'
J-^
: (_£Jj 4 S jJ JjL J jS^lLS jj aJ J l <4 ^V 'J
-H.
J
jl j l A
Jl £4 li ^ Uj 4 l
^ jIjJI i
ti
^jj
h.
(_£jj^ îlljJj^Jt AJjj^u jj roLSjjj
4J aI_i_j£ j’jVj U) jJjjV (I) ^jiljjLi jjûjl J-j 4_j jL^AjjLk. <
Uj 4_1 ^ljjLj
( e)
.Ûj 4_JJjjljSL 4_j LajûJ Lû j_i jli_i_j 1 j 1 A. d r..4 1
jlSLlljjL)
ajijjjjoUi (J,
l-Hoj—jöjj^ jLa^ JaSaJ jjLÛjA^j jLLU sU j 4lS aJ j6j J OjS-IjûJ ^.jjyj jrûjjS
^ iûljjU ^4j 4_jLSj 4__j. CjJ jSûJ jûj ûjLjj 6 j-uj j_o jj-S UjJLv_ö 4_S l_L»
j j__L1j 4__iI j
4 — 4_j£ .^ULS
^Ijjj jj-a *& ^
7-9 (_gûJJ «1 CjLSûJ-û4_S ijl \ j^u j^a j j_<
t\ I 1
j ^4—<4 I j r»4^4_J
21 *U 4_j)j jIjSjjUj
Down Syndroni€ jj/j ^ûJjUj ^j-A 4_jj_> U jjLîûjjûj *j 4-
*
jj »4 » L^
ûLiJ IjJOj jjlj ^iJjUj
ij j ajOL*J_J
j
r Jk
iA
\\ 4 \ g) C
M
1
y jJ 1 m 1 1 1 G
JiiaGjjS
A B
G !”g'
|c
1
A B
G G '
1 I
A A
JL^LÛ^ UF
G G c
C G
1 G
G W
A j-uaGjjS
* U
) |~"|
A
G m G m jjJLi LJ
1 i
A m A m
A B
jbjLi 4Ljtj^ jj l jbjLf
M ('}
(jl jjU
jijjLi Alij 4J jjLîjjJSjIi do ^bV jW ûW ûj^jj^ 8-9
*oIj*ojjj jIjIjjLij .
n ajj aJ jjLJ jL ojLjJSj^ dkj ^jjLj IjiljjLi
aIIjaj aJjAûaj ( Frameshift mutation JbjL ajIjV öjJûj OuA^ûAj < 6jA uloftj
jAl .w 8-9 ^JJÖ jAl ^ljJ AljA^ûJ A^ ^LSajIj^Aj AOjj JJ-^^J CSJ-*
1-9
lF
4
^ ^JJjSljJAJ
b jjj-ijU. j
IjAjlik jiJJJ*iA.jb ^jjjAj jljjL Aa jmj j* jjS ,7
4jidJ J jLSajjijJjJJj£ 4rtS jj (jljjjjJ 4SjJjjlj4-l 3
,AiJj6J <Ll<LjJ jkAj ^JjJjlj OljûJjJj
.
jlSAj jwy jdjS
9
^ J I J
1-rLj^JjLj J-*
lJaJa^ûj (5jLjj *'
‘U 0jUj_> (j-iLil-ilj j-ijj ^ ‘i l n i
j . t .1 ,,,,aJ u3^j
~1
V ^
4_jjj^^jj j j LAjjûj Lo jj c
L "‘
j LSAyj^jûj Lû j_j
1
(jJASjjAJ <ûjAjJjSj aS*j J ,^_5Ia_jiûjA_j j_j ûjA-^A-jûjiAL <J Jj-S jj-* AJ
.ûjAjLûJ Oj J^ ^LSAjjûjL jj ^_SaJa_^ûj (_£jl—ûju 4_J Lj-J jj-fi* .—jLSAwûI JjAj ^_jA_J L ûjLul^jjj ^ûjALjJjhSjJ
I
^ISAJA^jS {jûjL>Li jj V
.ûjijK*jijjj ABO diU^ûj tf
jU}j
v y
f^J^M ^Î<-Lluui
J jljluj^J + yjj_i ^_jA_jijJ_S_j_i jj_iJ LIlj j Aj ^ r„>
j ^-uj JJ-J y Llj LS A_S L_j 4_J iJj
’ '
j^** -t l3J »jLsjj ^UjjIjAj A^ yl^Ajl jLû jj AjûjLoL {jU^jjLwj jjSjA-mj jj AjûjLûL Aj_L
j i
l i -~
^ Jj ^ .
(_£
Lfc
~
jASûj jLS^jjûjLöjj 4 'y
jj ^j ^ J j,d jjlj A ^Ij Qj j j—
.
Au-ujj-jûJ jLj i
1
^ Jwj4^_ij_jj L__j 4 j J ûjA^_jA_i A_J
-
j'-SajljLka. J jûjLoU (jLS<S_U,Lojj
9*9 j
jj*Z r e o
4j4-û ^Aj^ijL^dJ jLf AJJhSi
lb **
^Ldii JJJ jJ A£<Uj<Ub 4£ CjUbû^JjoJ .
AJ<Wb ^AjJij^AJ jU JjjAAjM Û j±
^AjwijU 4£<j>ji.u jifc»ö 4j jjj*Lj jj ^jj^j.AjjujLû jj jij LaLj jLSojj jjyuLj (i_Lû
jjj^j
^jj-JUujiU
-4^4^ÛJ jlji
jjjjjjjj ^LinLSjj J
Ijij
ijjj <u j.
j A A
Aj IjAj Oaj ^ÛjAJ aSOAJlaw jA^aJ aAjjj-ûj jj .ûjAjLajj ^_j LSûj Ijj "
_S j i^aS jAjSs IjAj ojj jjjAj j ^-ILaJ aSaJîA_Liw ja£aj >ûj Uniajj^J AjAjIjaJ ^jIjLj
LjbûjjAJli i ûi 1
” ^A *Ljja. i
j L_j_S j j J j A-A j)Lj ^jIjLj aJ iû1
j5 a_j A^jAjIjAJ oLiwi_jjûJ
>1j jLSaSLj ^ j\ O "A AwAJ jA^Aj " j “riiA4 j jA-J ^LS « ^ AjAjIjaJ
"1
..i
û j ;
*i
2
I
j Ij (Ç-^A-S-Lw
V A_JjLwA_S jAj ^
^OA-jLj ÛjLw^JJJ IjAj jjj-l <-Sûj jjJ jLw *«$ûj_Sa_j
V V v
ûjl m JJj IjAj oj-J JjjAj j i-Sûj uilAj jL^A^Lî ALuAl jaSaI ^VAj jAA.ûJjûJ 1(
^jljjLi ^jSJa* u$ûj jjJ ^^aS jjJ .jAjkûJjûJ jjjjAj ^A-Uw LjLSaSLj ^ÎAjLj
jjjA_i ^jpLJAû jj *-Sûj j1a_i ^Lj AjAuû (jLjLiljj ^YAj jAiwLjjûJ ASAÎljjLi ^jjjjAj
.ûjAiAiwi
.ûjAjjlj^Lj j Ljj LSiAJ I Jjl-o j_i jjljJûJ ^VAj sjJhi'Aj|ûki j jJj A_i ^jJjJAj
ûjAljLojj aJ jjj ^jl jiHi I JJajj-û >LSAjA 4jhj j AjjuA^j jjSûJ OwûJ aS ^Aj jL-4 jj jAj
4_J JJoSj_i .^_JûjLûj_J ^_JjjL^^bjj {JZ jjfc
A_LûûJ Al_j jLj_û j__i jaJ iJjJ-jA — JÛ *
j)A^_i.ûJjû.J
^
AjjûJ Lo jj jLjjLSAj jJS AS jj-ûljjAj ^.aS j
A_jA_JÎ) UTijujjaJ <_£A_ajûjLJ jA_1_jA_^ aJjûj A^j jj jA_j jAj*jA_j jj_^ûJ -KûjLi.jAw)) AjIj genesis
(J'j.j
Y V
,^-oA^jAj Qihji ^LSaJUp aS ^ Aj> jL-o jAJ ^jj ûJjA^. jA-4 . hM^/ö/IZ/I JjjJjL-p
jLûjLûj AS a_j
jj ^.aJ ijA_ijA_4j_i tûj iûJ jJjjj Qmj^ ^Sjûj IjAlJ oLSjjLj jjJj
^A^ >£jjj L_i>_ûAJbjALj AJ ûjLjuujjjjAlJ lJLLJAj A_jIj 6 Lj 3 jjIjjjAJ
A A
A^ <_£
AjaAjU A 1\ A j-i jj j^. jAJ aJ jjj (_^j-> aJ jjLjjxijjjAj A^ ^JjJAj oJa_j.öjLûj
J jL^aJj-A j_i dj-fl A_j4_SLj_laj AJ L_&ûjjA_A Ijj-MdJ-j ^Sjûj jA-vuAj jj^û J > {fiûJ
“J-h* ^ öJ J 05jdJ J
jLSöjjJU Ai «ÛJ*U
Q'J* i w* j<V> <clj Complex characters jjjJU <Jjj^ <d jjj
0" '
jj j^jaj JiA. a.j m .(JjjSajjjjL^ SjA^AjAj jLSA Ij ftjj j aSJjjjAj Jjj ^^ûjIjU
j
^jJJjA^jAj ^^AjûjaIIiAj iûj^jlLj I Jo L£ jLûA^aJ j AjjJijj ûj-S ^K.±7\£.
L^jij^j^ j Jj LS AjJL j^. Ai j ûj^Ailj ^jiL jii,A_j j tlLoA-o ^A^^Ajjj-it dlûj (^jLj
‘^ ûJ l (^jLSj-hÛ tilûAoû
.ÖjAJXj jSûJ
Jij
10*9
^mjûj Multiple alleles JjJaj aj aja* jLjjLjJ jLj J^Jaj ^ ^Aj^UV^ jAj
(Br
B
fi w
(..
B V A
tf
jjjj. J<j<jj j£
d'MUajLûjj
I
UjAjL jjUjjj
\SJ3j jAjjAJ ^aSIjjA ajj
6***-
ti öL tt
H A
fi jL ft j|
*
tf B
*
O A /1 i^,/A jjjih II tf AB
JSf
/Y YiV V/C o^jLjûjUjj
u AfcL 0
lH^aJaajS ^ILS-UjJA. {*_,) <£j±- *LUj£ (i)
ja j, SjOLjj jöLSajljjHl
A , A j j j
CffJJJ^ A^JJ^ iSJJJ jUmU! A^ûjASIjjAjûjJ jjJ <J ^LSUjjUa Ajjj A^A_AjjlAl
1,j !Q j^jAj^ öj-^* A-S oL_î*jjûj 4juJ i 10-9 .^ûjIIj .ciMjuSLjjûj ^jjj^i
^Aj *ö^ûj ÖAj ^aLuaj jj J JjjJ ^ji j (j^jjJ ^ji fûjL^ûJ jl jJjj^L. ji
f
Ljjj j uhjjJ öl^H 4^ Uu jIûjL f L j aSûj jj jt jJ jjaL
X ^j—ûjiij j-ajjS Au jljJUu4u_i ^J-J jA_u L Aljj^sjSjj ColO 1“/? lîfl ilfl € SS
j jjjjju jSûjûjaj LS-i L^Sj! jIjSjjLj ^Sjûj CijjljlL <SaSL IjLaSaJ .cLjûjIjjAu
CiLl JjL jLl (JIjj-i.Auj ^CliLiûJ jLSaJ Al jujA-J IjjljjL ^-ûLilAjAJ oLûJjjj
jLi ^pL^ASLijû (^jjjAj fCuj^ ^LLijj ^ILSa^Iûj aJ LjjIAu* 11-9 sjL,
^AS
(^AlIIj (5J
J^j!
7
A^ dAuAljj W_jLjû jLS^_j (j^aSjj aJ ûjAlASûJLjiL (^jjjS uSjûj
V V
“
11-9(£6jii
5 ^J^ûj .jJ<Uu-j3J*J
j<Sa1 o<jLiO -
j ^ -* jL/jljLi. Jj<*_)Lijl m^jjj <j<jlj<J < ji ji
j ûjjj (ASjJ
AÎUAi jlj^lljLS ^uIjIAj ^
~4 A
j
).. ^jLL .CjI-iA_û j L xLU> Au L ûjLaju (jLûA_A
öL ûj A_j Ljjj j _uj LSûj jjûj j A_uj
I j çjjS^JJ i . >ûJ islijJUj Ajî Ajjj-ûj jj (jjA Aji .t
ûjAILjjj jAuu* ^jLiL aS .ûjjjAj 1 jA-ijûAJ j Ajlj I Jûjjj aJ ûjAILjjj jAu« (^jj^
4 jl _aA.
!
jjLj I JûjJ-J aJ A-SAuA-Lu** ^_i_jjAJ£jûJ Çg j I
J i
^
J4\. .oIjAuSûJjûJ Ijûjj-J A_J
9 ^
J ~ 1 L î —A s û
JjJsQ dU ^
MO *îa 4 ij-ii
Single- JjJO dLj ^LSaIa,.Lmj jA^jAj cjjjSûj cu^ûj jIjSjjL j ^SjK Ajj jIaj
Jj
" ^ 1
J
" ^ * l5 -^J J J I—Sa lljA 1 ,_i Ia_j A, *\i J C5 j^ ^ jjLuS j4j
^aS ^IA^Aj jjju^jjj ^Su uASjA^ Aj jj <A_iAA ^JI j a! j A jj A_i_Li ji*L ^Aj ^jSJaû
HD Aj jjoiijjj ^LSA^ijjLAj (^AU-ijjj ^jJUkA-ijA-iAj ‘ûjj-LijJ ^ijLj aJ dl^A_j
12-9 Ûjju j j iCjJjA^-J jûJlL! jl jA ‘vA jfCtj A4 il Sa \\ (_£ûjAl (jLj_J ÛJJ-J OLJIaI^
LJ
1
Jj
l
\
^ i
jU jljLui ^ijnUJjSU^
jLSAj-lûjLajj AjjJu j^4_j ^yjjjS iLUli YtfcMûJ
j'jUJj-ft ^IIU JJ jpj^jjLSo ^jaSûjjûj ULlL^Alljlî ^jjjlû aJ ^ûjLjjj ^Lj^L aS ^aILSJas* jaJ jjj
jl^lMjjj dJ fl-£jj jMÖwöUi öLiJjiJ ^SIlajaS ^_iûjLaj_j ^LSûjjUL^SI-i ^ k ^jj 4 aJ a_j_jJLjj_j- CrÊ/î<?nc .vc/'££7 î//z$
^
H I t._
j
1 ~t .
.
3 1 d«£ CiLiJ ^jLjjLp j l^A*j*«jj> jjS A lûjAljjSj AjLjAJ AjAjIjAJ aS tj IjSjjL J
V
jj£j ^ ^iLSUjj^Sjj
aS Ll^L .DNA ^j^jAiJj ^ljjjll! LftûjjA_4 (jL I-ujjî aJ jIjSjjLj
.A^dJljj** j_Jj m£jIJ 4J jiiJJ
jLi J
aJ jJA-juûLû *l -»
jjl j»'_-u 4j l‘Ij I
j-LU£*j£
y j. t
^jULajj
l^jj* Ijl*
j*
h*i k4 JjS, ^Uu4j j
1 ^ i^Lu jjjjLSULUjj
<J ^j<j<£ 900 <J 1 j<_mj<J bJJjO i^yu<J ^Lll ifojTi <J (jujJjJwf ^ij-^jj dj£<_LujJJJ (
jj LS& J J Lo<-. AjJ ^j_^JLUj<J
J 1 1
J-° j-“j* jA <Sjji j; aj j~, iJ jljj!jj£ ^jj-û OjJiJ jljjL iSj^ s ^<£|j_Jj
iA»
^JjLû AS<_aj.jjU ^jjjjAj <_j jjljaj ^jJwujjjLj .IjjJI jj_* ^J'Li'û <J jjJj^i
.
jj&J aSaJaS jl£<jjjl^jSa]j
8% aJIj (
^j_û#<J J
-‘1 A .j-jLSiJjJ 1 - du<4 i_^A *< it j
- ^AjLw <J û-*jj tSjji CLq<_4 i_J
<_wi<Jjji"
1
7 j-]Uj jS ^jljjl—fli J<LjLl 2jJ îîpjj 1
ZjJ n vmtjaJ jLt^Li ,ljL<j JK*)
DNA ^Jj^ 4S jl^Ajljj ^jU#£U, ( BRCAI
CiLSLj ( F8 )
,^<S<J 600 <J I jA^,aJ 4JJ jU <^<j (jL^ jj^L AjLa. A jj.w'tj fllwujiii^j j-ojjiU aUajL *ûjj^5j~i LJ^Luj — [^Lj lJ— >^<J
]
5 ^j-j^jj^ < ~l\ 1 aj jljjL ( 1 i*jH<j j«J V <J wj^jjLaja-J*— <J CjJjOJ jL«AJ ^uilj-tAjj ( HEXA Jiv*)
ijJjj-1 <S jLSjj<i.L ^jjj^SaJa^ ^j-4 i-uJljU ^jiWJ
.<jl_i ajL&aJ
,1 JjJI _kjjy
9
A ^ J j
y
lULULSAjljlii* (SJJJ^ ^ (jJ&jLjj ^Lji4j ^ ^UlSJAi^ jAJ jjj
^SjbjS JuA-zA-j öj «4 Genetic counseling ^ûjLj^ ^jjSLjjjtj jjj <Lja£ûj
<J f^Ajj,4^
^ AS*jAj4^1 J ûjAjjjSûJ jl jLÊL j4jjUj 1_4 JJ J jLj ClLuAS ÛjA-JJ-AA-J
**
\
.Jx± CuSjS ^j-ujjjl jl j_jI *\4 II . uj AjAJiIjAJ a£ ^jjAjLuAS jAj CjIjûJ ^jLjllj aS ^SLjj^
Aj jjjIjjAj ^jLSLIj (J£ûjA-jjJ jSj! ^aSjjAJ jLA-ûAJi ,C*LSj JJ-J jjjjJ ^jJljJ-û jj
^jl^jjjiU jLSûjLSjjjlj j (jLS aS^m jj CijjSûj ^ûjSaU/ ji^Al jSûj LL^ ûJiPj^
V
.
jjjjjLjj^ ^jaSaI ^LSûjLSj^ ^ûjAjjjSaaS ^jîAjîjji ^ûjLjûj jASj jLSLjljji
^ i i. aA i ^JJjjj jj CjjjjSûJ /jj_i VL JjAj-Û ^jj-ûAj ^uLjj aS Ajjj ^A-cujjAj jAj CjIjûJ
V
aJ Ujj (j£jjS
J ^aS (jj-A A.aj _iûJ
j CijûJ aSaJaS jj_iVAj j LjJ J JaLaJaJ“ jjJ" jj^Lj
^Lji^U Aj jUûjjjLjj^ jj jj&Aj ^ljji. ^JhjLj ^j-Liûj jUASiLujj
aJ jjVAj JjLjJ ^LjL ^jLjjjV j-J *(jASûJ LjjjLjJUS JL-L
jLSA SMi^jrj CiJjSûJ ^Ljis. Aj cll J-iAJi 4£ûjjjSa_j ijLSûJ jL A^jaLuJ ^L Jj-SjûJ
AjAjIjaJ Ajjjhûj ji .aSaLli jîAÎ .^LSULuuJj Aj jj jA-j AjjSj jj-UjLji*, jL jjj
jjjLSaJL jîAj ^Va-j .ûjSaCL ^jLSaJu jiAl jj Ci LSj jjJji«jAj jjûJ ^jJLujûj cLjjj
ujJt^jLaJ jLjj
V
^ûjAjjjjS
V
aJ AjJjjj iAjIju JjA_i**ûjAj jjj aJ l lu j* aS j JjSjA_wjûjLi ^aSjJ
* "*
LjJL-u
tj «
L
y y- y
^jJjAjj jjjjjSjAiuûjl^ jllûj AjLjjSjAuwiûjL. ûjj^ ^a_j .cjuuujjjL ^S.Vl ja jj
ç.
Aj - i
j
i .i.d i.\ h
" j JjSjA_uiûj La. A_L_Û j_j iA_jA_û ^j-ujjjjL ^Sllj-ûjj A-S çLujaS
¥
Ijl A
j I
^LAjL^jj^L AjLÎkj (^JjAjjjj I
ûlJajLej-i J aj*CL>yj
A j J j A
j&*j ^j^ ^ 1
oajjL ^j'j^ ^^^34 ^IjAjjSy
<J Ojj^ jj ^aj LKj-^. ^jjJIöjj<j ^ jW"j±jLî CFTR
jLi aKûjIjSSL^ ^iujjjLa ^jLLLj t( jijöjlj jIjSjjLjj ^SIjaijjjLs DNA
A_J i
~*
i jk 16 J
b öJJJjS-1Aj4 (^aK b L£ Ijl Ji j-b aS A-mj
j jj Ls jA-J * aSaJIj j^^Lj .j*tu
JJ'J'J^-^
jAjju A<A_LjU.Aj ^A-ujAJ 4 " mjjlj AjLS jAj ^^jjJLûûjIj jj IS^ûj j > uj
j jj AjLat L$_jAj
j^-i -6^4 b^ j^Çj û jj^j^" ûj^ *LIajj ^ L^* J *jL> >î j^ ûb^J^P
L>jJ^>j ^jjj jjj-Sûj (jLSAûLî aöcJ —$—j4_j 1 I j i <l_S ^CuJ jj_SjAuiajjL_^ c Ij ftj_
2-9 uHj^
*AiljS^.*j ^ajiCLjjSjAj oi j^j jiUujL* jjj .1
¥
V
UJJûJ ^ ^JAjILLa^ jJJ.jÛUujAJ jOjîAj '&*
j^aaS jSîJ^ ^Aj <M JiJ4 lAjJ^ Ul^ûjlj ^ .7 ^Sî* 3 jj j'Ul'UijS *jU>j iJJj<ui> 3
AJ ^.jl CjjjSaj 4S jja. iLjLjjjik AJ<J-i^S J<*j . H a _j / / j<clLa<cj
.jjj j4 f jjUjUaJIjjh* aJ
^aJajjS aS LOîi ,j
5jjj JJJ B ^aJajjS JjjLu .8
.jjj O ^jjjji ^aJajjS jLjjaSaj jjloLi JJJ A ^yjjji^ ^j J^S JjjIjAj jni Ajj^-JjLSAj 1 -9 ^AiiiU .4
9
jj &
jjLj ^j^jjli^ bj*£<j**> <£ c5 <-j^4-4>î ^jj^ jAj * .jLS^j-ij-ûjjS j<—j aIjaSûj jL£<Jl4jj
jLaA^ j4u^aJ Jj-iûJ Jj-ujLft (JLiAIIjAj .
j L^ûjjûJjAjjLi A-llûjj ^fSL ^j-aîtjj <S ajIjljj
j LaL jl_Lii j_s j<j jLS<jyu j-oijjS
f J^J^Jj^
jA-u*A] Jjij* JJ j jljL t^ÛjLû La* .^j^jjjj£ ji^ jöJLmjIj <Sj j ^LS<^j^j_4jjS ^Vaj .j<SûjjjL j
.oLIûJjLj ûj4l1jj<j ^lt Jjjj ^jA^AI oIj JJjJJ j tjjlöJ jLjj A_i_Û ûjaSL ^JjSjjL J<j jLjlûjjAj
j^ jljiûJjL^Ai 4J<1jj<J J_i ^ JAlJ (5*JJJ iJ^J*J<JjSjJ -
o S-S Coju*j-ajjS<ii4j
i^ÖiJ -u rXîJ^ ^ ur^J^J-JJ^ ^‘LLL.Al ^jjSl^jjj .cLjSûJ<-ft X ^j-ijnûjjS jj j (5 <SL jAj I JjLSûjû JjjZliAJ
.ûjAjLSûJjjjj JLIajIa^jj ^j^j-^j^jjS j X ^jSl-s j« jjj jj£ <£ ^<SL
<jaJIj i
O ûûjûjjjj 1 \W *\4 ~ i
O ûL^aILi <_jjjjjjj ^jtjjL H .AjûjJJ sZjjjSûjJa.* Y
ob&jjjj .jl^OLk <ti*J ^JjjLi .jjLSOIjli j_» jOjjjlj^j X ^j^j-ijjS j<« OjaSûj *£ jAj
Lpjajî
hoL^ûj jûjöûIj j jiLû<-û <i jLS L^Iai jûjaJ ^lL^AlLi. I O jO jljlwAö f-i-j3Aj ^IaL^ X ^j^jjjjS
.
Aj jjljI^Aj
O ^jLljljjS <j jjjljljjj jLSAjj^j^ijjjjS OljjL Llo jjbU j#û jjS A flA
J T jA—w LjASûJ ^jLSaJjJAJ aS AjAjAkLjjmi
L»Lj LjJjjV jLj IjjIjSjjLjj j^j^j^juijjS ^<jL^£l_j jL A-j jj AjA^ X (J-A juLi j* jjS LAj L4IAJ Ûjj ^ûjAjjAjaJ
^HJ^OjS jljjLOlajA ^
jui j^ jjS ^jjjjLj X (j-a jw j*jj^ J<^"<i cLjSûjJ-i^ JfjA-i ^ftjhl Aj a£ ^Ajûjli
.LjIjSjjLj ^SjJjijj <J jjLj jL oLjjJSjjj doL O LîûJjûJ jIjIujAj ^lIjjAJ uSjjA_Sj— Y jL
(jLSöjljlj
069) Loihal mutation jljjLi (167) Sex-Iinkcd trait jIjI-jaj jûj jIaL— (170) Suhslitution
( 1 70) Poini mutation jijjL (170) Fmmeshift mutatîon jljjb öûijV (1 69) Translocadon ijd-iluJjfi
(169) iNondisjimctioii ajAjjjjdjLû. (170) Insertion mutation jIjjLi ajjjjjLj) (169) Inversion ûLaSj&j
(166) Autosome ^j^jjjl AÛjaj aILs, A^jjjjjj jlljjU 068) Linked genes jIjIwaj j
(166) Sex chroraosme ^j^jajjS <Lûjj (J69) Gcrm-cell mutution ( 1 69) Ddctiou jjjjV
j, ajAljjjjoJ jljljljljj*jLi A_lmjjjA-* ûj ^jAljjjj^J jLjAj jL^AjAAiMj (jL jL^AjjJj jölAj .^jjjöiljljjAj
.cjLi.ûjjûj jLIc jI jj
a£aJAjjj£ a£ ^ûjAS ^jILlj Aj jaJûJ jL^A^Alijjj
f
^?Aj j^jjAj ^IILJaI (^jtjjSjAj aJ Jaj ^jSJa-* ^L aJ I
uW ^ jL*Jh
û *-? .CiLkLjûJ (5 4 )d 4
“
a_t .ii
AjaIIjaJ aS ^AlLijSjj^ jAl jAu,aJ ûjIj^ jj jLû-jj jll) .jj^ûJ IjjA-juAj jLltfcJûJ jjLj
L^î uA3>> jLlLSLIjL
j jLSAJlejj Aj jjj^ûjIIjH ^jljJ daj jl^ûj jJL AlAiiui ^
I
j^*j jl^AjLLjj a! jûuljLjî ^jijjiijjj (J^ajIjaJ j ,jjSûj IjjAuAj jLjLwûj jjLj jL JjJaj
.ûjSaÎI ^yllSAJiijiAl aJ jjljuxjAj ^jjil jll
Aj ûjlji-iAj öjjjAi jj <(5jjjS ^ûj ^jLsjj I
X ^j^j-a jj^
A L < I J_lL* jj Jj^jAuûj L aJ Aj jj Jj A_uj ûj Aj
. I
IjjCj^jLi ^-LjlAj ]$ö inconplete dominauce jyjU ^jjjjjij jIjAwj jALli j.a^«jjjSLû.
j O'a_jL ûjLûjj
.jjlS-LLiOjîJ ^ljjL j jjLSLLkLjjjjjj ^ljjL J
öAjL ûjI Oi
j <-» jlj^HjLS j fijJ J*jL«Lî <£
Vjjj
. V ‘
ûjLijjj j4-u*
jjj ji-w BB
V
j ^ûjuijajjS (^
4 (jljJJ ^JjûJ_J <4 2
^J^JJJ ^^L-mLj ji Bb
^j^-Ljjjj
^UL jl ^UL ji bb
^ IjAituj cIajaJ ûjûjijA. (j;AjLS_ûAi ^.aj ,3
V
.
jjljjL <i!jV ^ûjLLj^ <ûLjL a_Hj
*jLajj jLi_j j jj A^ûjAILSûJ ^jjjj AjLa<J *S
V V
v a
^jljLuAj ^kjj <J ^jÎAUu ÛJAILjJJ J^i ^jljlî ^LjL <£ JjJO ^jjj-i o
ajlj^j jL^
i
jj4j *j*LLjjjj jA*w jj IjjL^ - J-
j j^ij Lj j
1 j«ij^j jS j<-i<J j, LSLIjajj ^jLjI .
^
’ÛJ^LjjjS -OLjLi <^juj*jj£ Îûj^IXlJjS .9 .ûj^jAj ^jL <Jlj aSaIIa jj .J
.^bjL Oajk j SjjL jjJSjJJ jJ<j ^jjjjj 4_1 cjul JjAj 4_j<jljiJ 4_jLûaJ j2t LS ,5
.
jljjL aîIjV .j
OdJ^ (j-“ t^ûjLe ji <o!jL ^a£aJ<L^ûj ^jLa jj
^aIL j^ûj<-j o jS U* a_j ojjlj^Lj LL.mVi ^LSaJ aILoaJ ^LSI ,6
(_jjLj3 .oLûjjûj IjjIjSjjLj jUljjk 4J -Ljjjj^j
^¥
I
.^ûjUjj ^_IjkL .o
JaSaJ oLûJ
m 12
Jûj'l—A ûjA_jLojj
3 4'irO
cT
aJ
CjLSûJ AaJjLjlj
4»j
ûjj-û
.
jlSAuj^j^j*jjS
.ûjjjIjjAj ûjAjljjLAj
^jUiLL
aJ*-uj£
<-jLa<J ^LS
Ljj^SV
aS ûjAjjj j ^Sjji<oLj
,4_j 4_6
J3
jLAjAjL
^
.4
.7
ûîj^
S<jAjL öjLuiwjjj ^Aj ^ûjLjûJ
.ÛJ_JjA_J J 4 ^fi.d I J
J jL*i4j
^ jîAj .£
Y ^ jui jûjjS Aj Ojl jIlxJ <J -O
.aJI
jj ajJmcJ aSaJ<Jljjuj
.<JI
jj A_iii4j * J
, öjpj <—
j a_LwaJ aaIa L iu .4
ûj ûjj^ ^jjîjjj ^j^jj^L^
(jL£^ "j û <£ j ûL£<^jwj*jjS <uuîj3 jljjj^J Jjjlj<-j .11
,<£j ûL£<-aj^ju>jj£
<û 1jS«l1aûj j£j±j
^jjLJ j jj j^jj^ <J t^lj<£ ûjjj ^ 4jl£j<_i j4j .12
^ij J*i<J *^jwj-fljj£ jLa<^ j<-lu X ^ j-u jji jj£ j4_np4j Örosöp/î/ta //je/a/iogaster
jL^js ^jja£ûj I j<JjJ<j ^uljlj .(/) Jjj *J ^jSj^ 42jj<£*j Ij^jj^ ^J SRY .13
^JJ-PJJ^ ^ ^J ^jj} iS^ J^JÎJ^ *fj^j^jj^ <j<£6JjL£ ûj^ X ^j^jjijjS v jlji*u<j ^LLSUj^j-i 34
D^Z*/ X G$/*/
h>
j o^->t-> ûjLaj^j <J <£<jj<^ {_s*jd!j — j jj * s S*j4 ^AjJ <J jljîiJrf<_J ^LSdjJljj (5 ûj 4_J Loj_) j4_uji
V
j<£<L ^<jLi *jL-ijjj ^ jil jjL <21j j jljjLi <-&j-Luj_Ajj£ jljli<J <ui ^jljLi .15
<Jljaj <£ Jjjj3 ^-ij jjjLiflJ ûj<Lj<£jjjJ ^A^Jjuilj jj_j Cj-uj 6J<J <£ 4 --^~ ^W^jLj-ilj J<1 {Jj ji. .17
^ÛJ4JLj<1jjjJ (jjJ <£ ûjXîlU ^jj ûj<£j yjjjj a£ i fl i i.i flj ûjiSjûjLû ^ûjOLöjj ^ll£ûjljjzL .18
^<_1<^ûj ^jLûj^ <J jfL ^^ûj <-* jlj^liajLûL ^Li 3 ^a£a_ujî. jj jljSlljjajLi ^A-jLi fljLû jj ,19
L^jijj* 1
M ^4 J I J ^ -
j > A
v_j
*j I jûw^u j L> * j ~
L LjLj S<_LjLi. Ljjj^Sjj j<_j ^ajLjLajj oj'Lojh ^WlLlj <j<llj4j <£ ûjûj<£j ojj£ <^lj jjj .20
jj jî ^ j jSj4^*6jIa oj^
JjLi
^5j Luj^ <J jjj5j^SjûJ<S îjjj<L (j-jjj ^LIjj j AZ*j±. <_j ûj<jjjj£ ,
j l£<_a jwjûj j£ ijljjLj :oLj£ûj ûjJjj Ij DXA
^ijjj^L ^jLuijJ 4J Jj^Ll jlî j<j ^aJaaûj lûjLklwljS *jlj<^jûj 'jOj"1 -jbjL^Ilj
J j^ i
t
' <jii ^jjljLj <J ^,l£ .1
GENE TECHNOLOGY
jlJudtJ J 1 _1 <
;
j^U jjljjaj jljdUjSjJ . MicrOiin'ilV jl-.i iiJjj C_J jJjJaJjU JvS . UjjJjjSO,
CjJJ^JJjûJ j4jJ Mrtj J CumLu II :: ^ji-Sjjj j(Wj 4J 4 TmiSVtj dJjJ J^J jJjJL^ j4_dj. .aJdJujj£a.Jj4_i4J UUjLî. *J JVLi
.
OJjîiJ jkL_utU 'ii IjS' j i& jLj jjljl j ^ jijki^JJ
10
1 J L J j U
DNA tf bjP££<G
,
jl Ijj
j y I
ç Vtii.il tdA J_J jj^ûjlj DNA j*Luj<U jLjLjIj Jj4*U
V
jj i DA A ^UjjJjU&lî
r
jj ûj jji Vi.KtL't <u j" y *
jj & J A l ^ 1
j*Uu4j d<U4*£j<U DNA JûJ ^UjjJjjSAj J <Ujj*aj
lj_jljLJ \jj ud j I
<L_£
j DNA j * *j
mI 'id 1
3 jj *_l g ;jl ^ jIjLj
ÛjLSjL* jlj^ ^jlSûjlj^ûU <U ^jZi^jjfU ^<U + jLuJ ûjtU^jaSL^ j j1^4_j_jûjLûJJ AjjJjj_S.4Û
<j kuL^ûj 4-^ûj^-ui
jtiUY^-J uljl jjU j4-i jjuu^, \ j 1 m i ^Jî jl i
\ -k ,/t ja V lj<.^.i DNA ^UjjJjûSaS
jMj VU a>Jj li£<j 1j DNA
Û ^* u 0
.
^jjjSSL^. JJ ^Ujj&jI£«u
•Hb* irHj
jJ dl<_jj<LA W “ij A jKd >
>
*J JJj W^ ÛJ H JJ J ^jûjJj aJ 0*10% ^aS-jÛ-J ^VAj *ÛJJ > ^A-J<U IjiJAji* aJ DNA (_£<L_ijjû
j\_ ^ i
J<j 1 LL—j*_S j<_4 4_j 0 *U U DNA <_j jLui^jjilij Lj jjljjûJ û^jLilj û^ûjljjj jj-i"
ç>jjS DNA j< \j r Ljp
DNA
1
ij-j
L-S^j-Jji-J Lj A-iA-jiU ûjliûj-S l^jjjJ UjjjA-4 ,*jûjl J— ^ Ij sj-i jjJ (jljM j
^ DNA (2) j
<jLj, DNA a^jLj ^aX ^aji^ 'i \jK l \
(3) 'Ailjjtj ^gVN R ^jLSA^jlj I
Djlj^uLj
^ I
j
J, Llu jl jluL_j 4*J
^ 1
j
jv Llu 4 L)NA ^j-lL^ûjl juiL-J <L I h .*,
Luu
ijAJdj DNA
t-£jj-a <j^aJ ^j^AjAjLtij ^3 ljW ^Jjjjjjj aJ a£ ^Aj DNA jAj
^jJjSûJ^IAjjJ Aj j"vm.u j^j JUUI3 ljA_jljU ÛJJ^. jiAj .A^aSjjj ^jj Aj jL^jJj
V AaJ*J J
J ur _S 1 *JJ-
tl 1X4 ** a ja_j ^l j^ </*< 4i aJ iuuj Polymerase * chain reaction (PCR)
^ûjJuCuAJ A_< ûjûjIjlî ^AjIj1^jA_A ^Aj ^jjAj DNA ^<jJLA_i aJ <jjj ^ûjIjJ^jAjAJ
ûjAjûjIj<jjjjIj 1-10
¥
A< DNA aJ UAjA^jU AjIj iAjA_Ö dljjJLi Aj ^_I_ujj jjj PCR t (^jL^jA^
jjLjLiAJ-AjJ'-i OJjAjûJ A<Lilj A< lOJjij^J {_gAjljjl-Ijj Kjjj jAj (^JjAjjj 1-10 ajXi,
V
^^jjjiAi j DNA ^jjUjjJSj-p jlj^ jA^ ^jjlljjlj aj ^Umjjjj PCR Laûjja^ j">Ai u^Afc^J tfj^Al
DNA a^jLj ^jjj Primeis jt <^ <^ <
* .aja_a jL<A<jj \ ruaj j DNA ^gûjA-oJAj dJ d-oA-ijLj aSajGI^ PCR i j
jj^A_4 o1jjL< ÇjL<ûJjj"niûJ jjjj J j AjjJ t^jCj^ <Cijj<-i jij A jjJ OJjJlujjjûJ j<Lj j_iJj£jjjû J_J 2lJ LMiÛJ l^- A
j K J jj L ^AjAijU
aS f£jLSûJjA_i JjLiiûjjAA {gj_a AjjjûJ ^-ûjAS jjj2ûjlj-ii J ûjaSjj t is .< aj IjASaSjJmiûJ jljijAJ
^ 30
^A<ûjjilj jjJ ^JjSjljuftjjJ Aj ojjöjlj DNA ^ûjAjJAj ^^JijjjAl j f j4jl«iAjûJ
AijU
DNIA jLjjj-U ^yjl ûAjûjAj
Aj (jjljjûJ A<A < miûJ jjJ ûjAjJjSjLui jj Lj Ij ^gjLSjAJi aJ LfiûjjA-A DNA , aj DNA ^AijU JAjAJ
j_j LS «
j ^ÎAJjiui
V ^ jjftl <<l jlS^j MHOJ 1
M| >
J jfliJ
JJ ajAlJjSaJ
lj\^j JJJjW-*
j_i j ' ^J '
J
^ J 'j- J • '•
.Jujj4_i îjtuiijtii
,Oij£ai 0*>* / .
*
J5 j ^JjSjVjû *4j4jjj£U»>!
ASAjAUj
DNA
ijiA*
DNA jJ
j4£
K
% DNA
E •
^^ajjLuj jjj j j
J
jjj cû
i
.'
? 1
;
DNA
•
A jL-Saj ^ <
"
* ^ *
I
^ J jl— J Ojj-£ îj—ij
V
j*^-^
(( ^t>jzH ^ ^ö -4 ;
DNA ^^jL
DNA ^^S_jj ^-jLS.A.ijLj iiljjj^,A_i <öa-^ajjLS Sticîcy ctids
* AATT C
CTT AA DNA
*G } 1
Lh-Lv ^jUUaj jLljjûJ j^jb 4^
i
2-10 AW-“
^Sj-sjjjAj ^jj&o DNA ^LSaL^L^ lj 1 ^jLS_i«l_û aJ ,3*10 ûjj»* jLijLjûjLS *
A G jl^jj
^
AJlaj V 4js. j4 r.. y.4 -u jûjOi UL_jA_SU 4_SjU DNA A_&,jLj .oljjûJ J A_Soi_J_I V <Ok. I
jl ^aJ DNA B1 11 l
m n i m
II
. m ?i
\S
6,i
4**i
-1
1
1j* ^ljjLöjj 4 jijjAJ jj 4j4AJ^j,lj£iJ DNA ^4-ja.jLji 3 j J [, Sj 1
jlj[4_=t,jU L DNA 'J
~
4-1
J -
j-
'
4— J-j
J
iS jjjSjj,
jlSdljijj ^LjjjJjj£4_i
AjAj^S^i^d-j DNA
^ A j I )
DNA
oIjjöjûjIjJ jL jjjIjJ ^ajaILl ^ j I j > ^l-ijjÊ j_î DNA {^LjjjjlSAJ
*6b ûJ ÛJ-H!j u^-H jLSAûLî* ^ûjjLo ajL^j_j ^jl -^j-hh^AjL^Aj
Genetic ^jûjLajj ^ûjljlAj aj cLil^j-ûA-AjAj IsS* c£ ÛJJ ^ jLj^LA' ^IjaS
^j^ALuljQ
^SA-jAjLa. jL DNA (jA^jL ^j-ûAijAi aJ ajjTj i Clone jIjjSjAjaJ
DNA aJ dA-jA jL ajaJjaJ jljAJj_SlJ ^j*jaIa_î dLjûjûj-Lij jLj jIjaji
(^ujaSaJ A-iiLjjj a£! i \ ector jasUlIuuIjL jLaJ .^iLIj ^aSjjAJ ûjAjjSjjAjAJ
^juAjLjI^Aj iA_j
j ûjLjjSAj jL AAjjLiJ cljSa jJl Ajû j-ûL DNA aSjASaIlJjL
-jA^ûJ aIiA^ A_jIj1j jLj_ûL DNA Afi jli^ûjljjSjAjAJ AjL^ (jjaSJjhO tOl-iûJ jjj
ûj jj—iûJ i
jj
~ i ^JLjj_j jAjL jj-J S ûj4 \ Tj Sjd id I
çjj4 ^4 T..Jjl j
aJ uijj_uj aj cijj
^ j
aU aj DNA aJ jjLlj j_j PI asm id
s
j LS û j j aj 5L
(_£ûjll* _^_jA^A_ij^ûjA_uyi A^ûj_ujj_ûjj^ CjjIijjAI aJ jjAJ&lj LjjSAj (_£AjLl ilijJjA_d
I Jjljl JjA-luAj ^-llll^jj (^ûj AjIjSj Aj aJ aJ JjjijjL ^jIu ftjlSAj ^jACji 5-10
V
julAj ^IjjjIljjjJ aJ ûjL-ujjjjAj LûjL ^aJ J^aJI^jj jAj a£ ûjAjLSûLjjj
4-10
J^jjj aJ
lH >Î
1 Jj£ ûLî^J^ yS3
^ÎjAJjSjJ
jijljJ^j j L i "i j . n
jû^LujJ
riJLjjjjjj jjJ 1 ja£ ^JijLdijj
^ j - Vj j
jA—
1
0 ^ jj<_i
j S
1
Jij^d DNA
jj-iiji ii Vt J
DNA %
ÛjAS
tf>4 dna 2
Oj^A
5-10
^
1 1
|
i i
J$jA
t
^ûj4_il *jljS 1 4-1 Lpui*iûjJ«L-a ^ljjl jLjjjjLfilj ûjLjjj J ^jlj£ J^xu^u jj
j) j lj_lti**L_i Ûj4 Ji j
\
^Ûj4 \*\miw)4uU jûjlj-^1 J ^ jj_SûjJ<L_4 j 4 fti L. 4_1 DNA — 4
DNA ^l£^U^<4
^ûj^JLlj^L Ajjj-ûjjj J<_A .ûjIjLLAjLS^j £*mj4_j 4^ jjj jj E)NA ^LjjJjl^4j
^JjjSjljL j jljLLljL ^LojL ^jjijjLjjj IjjjöjjL ^sjIj-î 4^ DNA
jj l^4_i DNA L4.ûjj4u-4 .Cjjj1L4ûJjL^4j ûjIj^j-1 jLu LûjS 4J<4_A4j ^4_jljL
^ Vj<; -
*
jljj**# LLui L_j ^_j J j-^-Jj Lj J j_j lj j Ajl ^4 1 DNA j^>j 4 V
j
i i . i t
öjLjjj j DNA ^jjA^ .^ûj^^Ll ^jljî^j jj^j^-i^ûjLijj^i Ij 1982 ^JLtu aJ jlj^ Jî lT^" '1
lS J I j
a^jLî aJ jj_*aJ a_< fûjlj^S LLa_i DNA ^LjjJjJ-SaJ ^LkLijL^A^ aJ UkjUj jSjl j-a. jA«aJ oLL jj^ahAj;
^jLuLj ^ûjljl
LaûjjCjA j a£ &j l i>j ûjAc L L aJcj!^j
^j-iLûjûJ aJ AjLl_j_IÛjH J^û -ÛHjLL£sAOjL<Ah_j I JujL_£_j_^
0 *l
^
.jLjIjj öij^jlj^ c^jL <J JI^<j jCwL
tÛj1-ûA^ jLSûjV (_5jA5_jjL< j ûjjAj jLh^-jUj^ A-L-ij^ I( jj-1^Lj
JJ ^_i_j|j AjÛl L*ljjj^<
^ j<-ûAi
t£j^j*-i ^JjSjduu'öjU. ^LSûjKjJi JlajLlgjj4
oLh^ jbL^ j tsjjj lH '-11 J
uHJJH^-JJ1 J-î ÛHÎ^ cHJ^ J ÖJ^HJ^* J J ^IAjA^AjI^ jA-û ^ûjAi jlSûjj*
^J JjJÊIj (jLiLjAS j4j JJ Ljj^ ^AiJA^ j ((ÛJJ^J^ ÛHJ^” ,ijaj<5L CjJJJ J L^ aSLj (^ûjaJ
jLA^AjjAJ > .- l ]
j 4 A rA^jJ<lu jLSCuij^jlj^
*ÛH^H J Û^JJ^ JH ^jLSjj^ ^AJLhJjjj
ûjAj.'V ^aLj j<j!j^. jAjuaJ <JL Ja^aJ
^ûjLdj-j tfsjl jJAj A_< ^AjULsjöJ jAJ jh-LjLûJ djj-^-J jjû ^j-^A-jjLjj
rA<J jjIjAj AjA-4 IjA^ûjIjm.jS
<
jj AjUaJaw jAj v jll‘Liji-H' jjh><_û
1-10
jLij jJjiSö &jAjLLjjAJ Cijjjlj^AJ a£ Û^-î A<jj Û_mj ,6 4j ^jJjSIujJjJ AJ jyjjjAjU DNA jS ,1
j< 4".*rJ
DNA ^asLia^ ^jjLU ^aAjAj ^jbjS -7
V A 1.1-y. j L i 1 I *. 1
.ûjA^aIÛV'A^ i j!a<L ^jAwu^aA-a. 4j AÎljjlSjjj DNA DNA ^JjSUjjJ aJ öjJÛjjSjAjaJ ^jASaUIjU jJjij .5
^JAS-UJ^J
10
— J J A L J J J 4
LJ
v *
JjSujljJ DNA ^
i L< -^jd- Li dJl j
^A-i Jj dl£iU
jj j J jSjI^ jj I j^<Li jjjjjjj j.o j<Uu ^jûjG<U aj<û<ûlj jjjjj dJa j,tûl j<Li j\jjS jSjjîS
,oL£*j ^jj* ^j-4^ t£A3jJi
j ^ljajjjj
•
iS^JJJi ^l^A&jS ^AJiikAj ^Ljlj
*ûj4lL£ûdljjS ^jj^
m a^,*. a ^Liiujûj l c» I
(]
j
^ ^jLSaIjAj ûjLûjj ^ULiij lj 1990 ^JUuaJ
jûjOLiS ^LSûjj^* t^JJ^ (IjIaUIj (^jjjj-o 4J jlji^jljU ^öjjjj ^jjjûûjjAS
Lfîjj* L£ ûJJJi
1 Jj i O l^i l|
j >
j sj J V l IjC^
l 1
iS^jjJi ^ i^WjLulj
^JJ^ ^ çjL&jLûj^ AdLSûJjLjjJljU jj^A_4 ^UAu^jj
ls^LSöjjjj ^ Jjjjj ^-^ ^JJ^
1
jA»waJ ^lijljAjkjA ^ ^jujJL ju A^AuAJLA A_j ^LIj ^j-iuLûL LHiûj jA__ft lûjLl* 3.3
.^jL^û^jL j Ijj^jLaIj
Aj ^fcLjULj JjLSû J ^_L_i_i I J A^ûjjj^j A_S (J;AûL_jjLj_jIj jA_j l
*1j a
J j
'"J
a
jj ^ j 6—
aJ 4 JU, ^AiJAS j ^JLûjj ^jjjûJ j (^JJ^
J U^ShîjW^J *AîJ OJ^
li^JJ^
j lmASj j ûJjJ f jdîjjJ ^ûjALsJj^I]
^jlaili4j ^JJ^ (j-aji^ t50jJ4 ^ ^>Vj O ^aSuJUî Cwj-jaJ jJLjJ ^JJ-û (j-a J
*
>
J > (^ÖJJJhJ
,ûjOLSûjjjjj jA^ûj jjJ aJ Al jLiJ (^jLj jj J aJ Ij 2001 ^jJLu (jjLûjA_«jAJ .iJLiLfujAuûJ ûjA_Sa_jAu
j j3a
( j
v
j
v
I j ûjO j£ j SLi I 5c/e/îce j Nature ^ ltL> I j l—lj__S
6-10
iS* 3&+
1
2003 ^LuaJ jiL jj^ ^oJajJjj ûj .cjja^ jöj ^jj* LSû jy LjjJSjL
iJ^JiuH *J 5 4-1
6-10 J^*jlL .Ijh_SaJ 3jIjjûjL^ A^S ^ûjAJ JLjjjJ Oj<Uu
V
^O&AU Jj__SjIjA^J Ij
^ yv a
'1
a a jUajJu jt^Sû jL^
1 1
^
L_i
JLSû-uLjJSjjI tS^HjdJ ^ULLJ J 4*"^ a£aja3j jj3
^ UjSjjUj JJ liljjAjj 1 AjS jA 1 jAj^jAJ DNA
^ iKx j K j j'
L
(_g
i_jl juUil jjLJ , n.NA " jj
j
^
.
jtSA^jjS
..
jj
CiLS-JjljJ I
jSjj jj 4j jt&* 'lj
O JjljLj
AjAA I Exo ns j
j, LS j j_luS A_i aJ (j lj 1 ri 1
^ A_i L 1
*
JjS_lu Aj I j LS A_û jjjj j-û j jS 4 2
L^_lA_J A^S O jAS jûJ JjSûJ ûjjûjA_û JliJJ JûjAj A^S (^ÛJaJ ÛjJ-ûAS ^_1Jj_Û 0 aJ j ^ 1 .3
jûjûuJJj (jjJ-r*'
Jj j-aj-V i-a. (jpûjLiua !
-
1 0 L
jjjLj Ûj£
2,065 1.9
19,049 97 or i<W
~ 30,000 1,700 3>!
~ 30,000 di^
3,630
-3,000 ij^L> u-^u
1,700
1 0 jj4_»
^ ^ ^ 0
yljûjûjojj \\ y
~ “'*
j ^jj^v t \ i_J&jj_û UjH^ ^ûj^J Jjj fu>4 ^.j
" j-u
A>"^AjJJ j"? ÛJ J
ij-Ljl c^jjj öj^ ‘jL^-^j j^« J û^^-^J^ c£j^Xu^
¥
^û^jL ^ûjiiLSjJ jjûjûjI^û ^jjlSûjj^ .1 <J ( û^* j û^ öj^j^ ^j^j^
Uij^a^ 4-^ ts^'jjj^ J^ J^ûjLj *J'> (jdJJ^ (j^J-H^ tS»JJJJ
^H-ij^jLiJj^ ûj'>4-4 j'-^ J*jûiijj jH^JJ-?- <Ji J>“ Öj.L<^ öjjûJ ÖJJ? J '-ij
J j4j (J^
l -4
1
J **“ J
6 lS<ûL^<u
J -î I^Hdjj-* ur°j^H C> ûjjjd
^ ^ C^^W^jLhIj J 4^ (jt^
-jajj
&13J* jûuIiLj
^jjLjÛ \ "uijA Sl "j-1 4_S4^jLjûjA-lm LgliO 'L-ûAÛ 4^j|j_^ILLj <l£ ^*j4_j ijljijjLjJ
CS.j-* AJ*jjj ( *jIjJ<U5 (Sj^ iSJ^ lSjLh J jlj^Lj JJÛ -^jj* u^jLu^
^jj4jûjj ^j-iLlj^itiiûj4-j j_i ûj i4^)j-ijj DNA <S ^^LjLjjlj ij j ~îmûj4ui
J ÛJ^-ilj^Lj^ J ûj4Ûjj5LlJ*li ûjljjljj L-ÖÛJj^l-^ J J_sL^ 4_1_1J jjJ 4 J jlO, _1^ 4jujjj
T 1
J-J ij_Jû J ûjLi j_J ^j—iLjLjIj \ U/M )
,
Û^J ^ 4
1 —j. I
J J (
Ç-UJ ^ j ^“JJ^j ^ û 1
J L Jj—
û^LLûU icWj
j i I UU V Lj; 0 o
jjl *
djjjJLj ^j L 4i f
jj 1 j j j j" j Lî
v — '
jLSOÇjjj
ûj (I j^jjûjû jAjjL! ^jJjljJjjj ^ j1 *
jL
fr>
ijiûliijLik jLS^IjIjjj
^ *3i
Liljî Ojii jLj ^jl jJ>Li .ûj4j4ljlj5!kjS LjjjJjI^4l ûJjLjj ^j-J a_ij j j j jj
I
Ijj^UjUjlJ . jI^LSajuJjaS jUuS
.
UUû dûj c^jj-û aJ Uij-> (^jûjûJ-uj tiljjj^ jj ûjAIjjASûJ tS^Jjijj jAj iLûjj
V
4^JJ^ jj
cr'b^J^JW
4-î jJûjlj *
jiûjlajAj ûj4_kll 4£ (54jL_ij3 jj^ jAj IjAj *c4-J (^J^
jLSAijA jj ^jLS ^4^1 j^ O jiU4$Ii j^ .
jLSAjLî> c?jLS ^lj jSj.^4 j ^
CÊJj3 J 5J J ^ (jAlj^jrHjjrî
^ûjaJj < 1
j j * <a_S<jl_j4^jj ,Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
v
1
j J A
Û W^ J
V
A_> OJ jjû j A^d LS^^JjS ^lj^Aj
u.-'^J J
f 1
ûJ^J-^Lj
j^I-ujû JiJAjt ji 1 *^A j. j ~j jj ûjJ-at—j iûjLjJ LûJ-jAj ^A_j ,^_-ûA^A_j ^;ûjA_jV^-I jJûj
j
DNA Aj A^ mRNA {£j^ ûlLAj^jA^S .a£<Vi wm>.5^j ûJjj ^ Jj jLu jAj-u AIjj^ûJ JJ
^ .ij-A jj A_^ ^ûjA_j j_j A-jûJLûLj jjuA__4i _j “ j jûJ jL_jj ^ûjAjLuj jûj J 4 K& K i.sj
LSjW^j (jA 4-! ^jLSajUjj JijjSjûj I <0 ilw jUijU jaji-; ijUljiJ JiU JjSaJ jj
LSjje- öiJ^L ^jjSjjLj jj jiiU
2-10 (jA^
^jASjJjjS
J 1 1
, > aJ
(jj^jjL-î i jj -" 0 1
-^ J tjjlj-! ^ u^J -^ 1
tfj
lZZjû& û
J4j j<jmAJ O LI û J lL£ jl4ûl .tlMj^ujfiLiû J Ij^LljLLuI J
4jLjjLSSoJ^sG a£ 4 VI (G<LiLj 1 *
v
j LMi?*
lf
^ û'^ Y
4-4-*>-!
ji ^a Uj^ ûjAlL^ûjjSjJ^
J j5L j L-j j <o j ^LûûJ ^AiLiAJi
*
*i *! \ ’v a i^_j jIa-luûjA_i L~i . r . i
^j , \ \ a, * I ^ -A. 1 J.,
OjJjL^Aj ^jjjj^jA^LHûjLa.
dJ ûjIjj (j-^Lûûj ^ajIaJ^ ^LSaJ oLSûj JVLi, Hoxd4 ^JLajj a. {jjûjaI
^Ajaj A^ d
iÇ
JÛj jJ ju A_o i^*û^j 4^jûjL^ (^IÎ-JjA-*aJ
i ÛJ I
J
^ LfidJ ^j-Jlwj
j jjjj l—i j j t i aJAjjiJ^
J ûjAIIjSjAjaJ ^jSjliS
^JaSaJ j|LiA_^4 " f*M
j
iAl A_ji.
j Lj j Höxd4 Ij A J4 jjljA j*\ j 1
1 .A^JA-*jS Aj
oLSûJ ^A^LjjJjj^Al
dllijjjAj aJ ûjLu-ujjjAj (jHj 1\ Aji ûjAujjj . jj^Ja^sj'î Rcportgr g(?ti€ j~t
"*v
^ vt û 5 j
j .IjJlSjIlS ^LSaSûJJj
^Aj ^j-ijjjjûJ AS *Ca li O A«Sjûj (^-ijj-iAj £_£AlLj-ûAJj ûjöjLjjjJ rjj^ 1.
1~ riij\A"
(j
L.J 8 ” 10 ^ûjIhj .IjaJAjjjS (Jjûjlj^ (^JuLûûJ aJ jJaJ ûjjjAj& lj£lu aSjJ aJ A \\ A j-i
J aIajLj ^jSjIiS
.
"
" J
rd ~ DNA aJ Û^A Jj~jl '*
A ~ g" (£jjA_jjjj
v
AS OjA^JûJ û^4 JJ ÛJAwûAJ
A-î jljI^Au ^jILSa t ttöjûj
^__l jIAjjjûjAu
j A-ujAJ^ ^IIj-Sl JjAjjljA j"ntûJ dj oLSûJ (jj
jl JlIA_1 Höxd4 Aj-j .oLSûj ^ajLajj
V
8-lO^d,
1 .iS i
m a aJ //tu'e/4 jXyij-i OjmIaI DNA ( 1)
jjJ jÛA4pUOjAj
J ‘Uû^ aJ UjHo j jji huÛAJ
1
l \ —
< m J U,J
I i
ii
%
*& li^fjjjli
J 1>Û Jj (Lj
CFTR
LtUj-Î ^J^jUuûjU.
Ij jtjlj öJ-iuj A-J ^aJUj iJJ-jjj (jL*A_AAjl ,
_J ûJ ûj_l ££ûjlj-jA_J
tjj<UaAj 1 j A j_i 1
j
^A^JjAJ jUA-ûAj Çjj Tûjl JAJLaU j_^Aj aJ jj îl ^ 4
ûjUjj J ^-u/jj_jL_3 ^-jLll JAj
jjJ ^Jlaj! ^jjSj^ûjLi ûjUj
^1 ^1^J> ^jj^LLjjiU ^^ikiû .IjjjjjJaJ tjjjljjj Aj JUjjAj ASAJjjî.Aj ^A^La^ ^jLSA^jjk ^JjSlLjjj
V
j-U >! ^MjXöJjûJ jUj-ILJiûJ ^^iij^A-i c^jIj__S_i j L_!J ^-jL_S ûjj_Ji —
A
1
^A_JiUjA_S jA_j
dJ jUwyjJjiU ^luujjj
•iljJjAuft jLi AIDS jjjjA£L*iûj (^jSjAj ^UaJ J ^ûjUjj ^jjjjAjjjj^
jr Jw -
"
JJ
"' UkJjAûJ
6f4-*j-î ^Jj^jA^ûjLi tfjtjjiJLj IjjjJLab aJ a_jIjaJî .ajUAjjII ^j^Aj
1-HSy J 11*- 1
AiLi A_Jl Çjj j i
j
I
J jj-jl ^
\ ûjL-jjj J DNA JJjj_jl j__jû J (j£A_j l *\ jA j l jA £
aJ ûjA "
j \\ rt ûJ jl *y vjj^ ^j Awûj La. ^jjj&jj ^_j Jj-SjA-luûjL^. jA_4 IjAj Qj j X î
'Lîjj^ ^AjûjLû
4 i J j
4£4jjLj
1
4&
j j£ ^sjiUU.
1
% f
.
^ÛJ^-i-SjJ^j^^J 4_J Jj„S J LjJLmjûJ I J-_û 4_U^_x_j i£bjA*M ^—sLj^ûJûjd^ 4_J jl ^ij.s l V I
10-10
M ^4j-î* jJ^ *jl JjS .dilu J J^a dûj jlj^j (Jjûjûjlij
.û jtJLjjjSjd-JLl jl£ ûjUL*Ui
d djjU ^ 6j ^kl« ljS 4jlj ^jdCloniiig by noclear transfer djjLj ^ aj^ûiwjljS
Jjljjfi
j"
, 10 " 0 jj-jj "* oi
]
^
^o&j^ji lj 1 996 ^JL- aJ j ûj r»i ja Lij
^ JJ*ij±4 JJJ ^J J f^
4-? JJJJJJ^j 4-^ ûj4L3jSj4_j 4J ^jl JjS* <£ J 4S4J
V
Lj ^ûjjLa Ij^JLiii ^Jj]yAj^ ^^A-ûAJj
^
t t
j^ j<5^J I
j-6 jjAj j*j jS LS 6j4_tu-û <u2k aJ ij, DNA j-iL^ûjjj ûjLjjj
jljjjU 4j 4_4
.
J 4u_j J-jûj^J^j 4jslj 4_S ûj ^-jljûJ . Ojj^ lj 4_j L_ .
i L ijj t h 4__j j
>
I Jj4_^ûjjJli Uijj-û
^ i
j j4 jj j__4fc {_£jLSj_j4 ojj I J_> L_> j-J I <J dijjj-3L4.j lo*La-j4d
.ûl J-JjûJ
,ûj 4jLS<j ^JSûj (jy^J 4^ dljja, 4j I JJj jj_o 4J tj 4J§Lw j jj döj j Lsj IS<-û JjU I 4J
©
(
j
10
A j
4J g_ilj
D* IjicJLiaU jJ
fj Ij^jljjfJ Jj£
(jjJLIjICiS ^ljj aJ jl M j^ Aj
fl
’
j<uij -Sûj
V
d bi^ lH j ^U i (\5JijyAj
jj ûjULijS jlLjj jLJlSjlLi^ ^-ûjjjjjAj ^AjLSûjjj jAj IujLûjAj jUljûJJjj
v
•jSjûS jrj^J -“u t Ljaj ^aIsU j a£ jJ j ^IaS ^lLSûjj^ jj jUJl^ jj L&ûjjA_a iLfjASljj ^jjjjU
Herbicide jj jASL Herbicides
.
U^jj^ ^jAjjUaJ ^jSjAj jA^j aILUjjj >aJ IjA^ jj^ jUj (
'
V
« tln^j^ »
^AjLSjjj jAj jj jjA-iA^ûJ j L^ûjAIIjji J jlSûjjjjû Aj jUj <£ ^4_iUjj jjj
(
j^LN aI .oUûJ jjj dlj js. ^JJ ^yj l V) d Hft A-AjAj JjjIj JAj rûjjA^ ^-iLj
I
j U ûjIjjIAjLSAj jL AuûAj
7 L
lv
<
sVi .«L gbj-} .dijJJi ^ûj^-uj ^^JûjLijA^ j^ûj 3^4-JûJ çbjJ <J Cil*4
^^ j
A j^
J j ‘ t
j
Ij ^ûJlj L j LSu ^JLdJ *_S 4_j Jjj E Û^JjI^LL J cj-^L 4j ^-3jj
3j-*"L \
j a/Vj 4j dJ4-3* 3jLjjJlû tjuLiA^aAJi ûj Jj A "
j
> &
V
h , >
l$jh LjIj j doLjjjJj-LSO j4_4 J-J ^L IJJ 4.J jj .it jLS^ Aj ûj4 L j 1j.1\ 1
y
4iLL*ijjIj 4l£ ^ûj4u j4^uj4J (jSjS Û^^J J -û^JJ^^ 4^
4j
û- JJJ J
^
cj«
4 u^ vllj J-j 4__4 i
4_j jj_li_i .ûj 4 bLS 4-j_jj_î. 4_u_j jj JjLs. j jl_^ 4_ij 4wû 4l-j
jj ûljUlîS
3-10
1
0 ^jjo
Û
10
jLS*i!jlj / 4ljj£
<£ DNA ^jljjlj ,jlj ^LS^Jla jlljjj^S oLSû-LwjIj jLSajljjD DNA ^UjjJjl£<j ^"v' i$l
^j-iÛ 4 1\ >c»J (^JûjljjS ^4_j .j<£!aJ ijLijj.4^ j aj4_LyUaJ DNA <J jjjûjLjj j j^L5j jj\j j jjbLl 4jiij ^U^jjjj
{_£j4jui*o4^ 4ji jLStûjiiJj <£U J j£I Jj4_j jj aj<UllU 4J ajljLii laûijjj ^ijj+L^jjj 4J (j-jjj4_jU
.ljDNA <J Û4_j4_ijl_j j4-4 ^L^ûj|4_ u o4_i J ,
|i
t J 4 4S4_uj 4_£ ^<_&LliuU Jj^jjLjJ aJ IjjjIjJA^ A£jJ ^^lSLj
jLSajjjA^ ûj.4-uj*o4_i DNA ^Ajjj^j 4_j<jlj<J j^j4_ljdi#<_j . JJj j j AhSOj lU<J
.Ûj'4jjl4_j4_j DNA ^-jU^^jU ^gaj4 j*in 4- Lv^ 4_| ijlwû J<j& jLLIj DNA ^Uj_ûLu J 4 Vj | -fj t i . 1 1 t
^jLjI J j_j jVj. ftûJjL£^j L)L^ûj4^jj 4£ 4^ûjjj4_j jlj^J j£lJ ^LJ1AjI£4j4j Jj£ SsIajj J J DNA ^ajCjjjS
ûjûjûjVjj 4J ^ DNA jij I j^ ^ “ jii Ijl 1 4_1 DNA ^4^jL tfjA^ DNA jDiiLj . PCR ûj 4_J-^ ,^-Ajjj^J j_i ^ajiiij
DNA 4_J jLi ~ F
j J 1 Jlj4_J ,^j 4 il.
<
\.\jij
l
|
J
^ 6D5dJ J Û^^J^
^4j^*04^jLi J<iij4£ ^44 jj4J
(183)
jj^U^^jj^ .^jUûjL^ j^ûjU Jj£!Laû»_ ^aSjj^J ûj<Ujj£ûjl laJ^jJ f
(186) Clone ajjjîjHSjjJ (184) Polymemse chain reaction (PCK) Length polymorphism *jî
(186) Recombinant DNA jjjUjiljajLi^jj DNA jLSûjljjS ajUj UjLû (185) Restriction enzyme j*ljj4S ji<J
(183) Variable numberof tandem repeais DNA fingerprini DNA s* Lt- j >
(186) Genctic Engineerîng Plasmid
(185) Gel electrophoresis
.jjLS<Jl4tjj ^jLsjj jj ûjj-tjL* ^-AîijjS.li <J jj j4 Ul j-l JO (J j_4 Oaûj 4_lUjjUjlj ^4j
ÛJJ-fl^M ÛJ^ jj^ t^ijjj^ U<5 tf^lUjUlfj J<J ^^LSAaaûij'Lûjj <j j j^.Sli jj£ j*u«6j U», j j j j£j UjjjliMûo
.^Uillj j ^l^jjL j ^lLjjj .pL&^uUU jj û b^flj^ 'U .jUll LA^bkj^ j
^UL jj jiuu^Jûj j<Jî jjj-»jS <_j i w^i j ûLSajl^LlI'j'^'^j ® Sj^j ^j^Si^ûJ jA ûjjj ^fjjj^ j-* jU^ (^ajjjj
M?Ajî ^0<J^ j jj (5JI<J jjj UiuJijLjj <S jl^lSlj ^jjSiu# jjj U (jujjj^ ^LSûlajj *£. oj<Sjûj 4_ij juL
Ul*jj ûl*H ^ Jjjl/** ûUMj^ iS*J^* .ûUûjIj^jAj-U S* ûu^^ jjj l^ju-04 Û^UiHjj^ aJ d<jûjUj -!
4_jjûJ ^O^Llûjj jO Ûûj U ûJ4^UoU Û^ûjIjIj jU J ^jS^jûjL^j ^jj jj£l«jjj <J ûjl jî4j ^'5 <4 Jj£ûj ^jjjjJUj
SJJ^ s^J^^J^ ^jlj-j^ JJi s^j^U ^j-a J^"4dÛLH -û^U-ûjjj <J jj*j jAS jjj
j jjUo flSji ^ûjUûjSlJ l
j jûjûLj} ^l^Ojijjj . j-ûjj^jjj ^JJ 4_S ^ûjjJU
.ûj4Sjj£ûj jLûlS^SlJjLS j jUljj_f4_a jLSajljlj
( 1 90) S nglc nucleoti de poly mo rph
î i s ms 90) Pnoteome ^ jwjjj
( 1 (192) Proteomics ^jijjjjjj^
ûj4jj<j<j ^ûjljjlijûj ^4^<£jjU <£} ûj<£j j a ^jUuajLi ^IjjSIaJj jj ^4jjlAûjjL£<4 ^ûjU jj ^ûjlalU 1
J
.djll^l^U 4£ûj<iH44 ÛjjU ^jji£<J<J ^SjjûjûlUj AjJûjUjj AiÛjiuU
jU Ulpi<^ j4j <J iZiJjjLS^j ^ûjLûjj ^ûjloIU ^jjjS^—iJÛjUu i-i d>l JûJ^-4-jU
^ \\ J>jj jSj4muûj Li I
^jSj^ j jLJLS jiii^ ^jjajj^ *£ ^UlSûjjj U jjj^Sli ^ûj^jjjSiujlj {j<Sjj 4J jLS<ajûjUjj Ujj^£lS
^ljJj4_û jj j4£û_I USjjS ^jOjUU j jjjlo j j-l j^<j<j
1 jj ^uujjj ^^^JÛjll ^jjjjSjjjlj jU IjSlJlöjj
^UljÛJûjjjj j<U j-jj j£VûJ<4 4_S jpujjlûJ sl2<_^ Ûj U ûj<jjjj£Li jj (jIlAjj (^jjjSjAuuûjLi ^UIajU^
^jjfc < \ k I
1
1 J~
“
-
jj U ÛjljSljjj jyUjl jjS ÛjUfijj 4^ .CJJjSjj4_ji4j<-LAja J I jjLS4_AJûjU jj Lj jûÛ
{^Djli 4j ClM^ûj-|4_i ^jlS^jj <J jjj ^<lj_ij + ^jj^ '4j4-SjjU ^ûj<jl-jlj£ ijA^jj j aj<jj j£j4_j<J (_5jljjS 4J I I
(j U j A_uj
ÛjljSU jjjlj j_i
j Uu i U<L_4
jLSö^ljlj
(197) DNA vaccine DNA jjLjji (198) Bioethics jlS<4J4jjjy iLLLjoj djjU J4ÛJ4
1 'tm jl
||
J.4_£j j
4J ÛJf<jjj^J<J<J
(jjûjLijwjj jj £
j Lyio 4^4 ijjl K\ a LIjj
^ 4j (_jûj^jl_ko*ifa_j l
.
jLSöjljlJ
:
*j^-hjjj CA^ ^s^bbb "^hjj^j^ t^jljLi .2
jjl
*jL" ÎÛJ ^jjLA (^ûjAJiLlu IjS (_^4_Sjj4J
V
.
j^Jj*04j tJ-^Jt* 'I
v
V V
jjjW^h ^jWjjJ DNA .^j ûjJjaJ<LA Qj*J
j (^öYa^
ÇaJjJj ^jljL. ^jûjûjOj jjj <5 DNA
DNA
^ V
*jj<S jC *4
.ûj jjfij<tj<Ji
I DNA .^j G lIjjjjLS^ j f DNA ^jjL^ûjj^S ^jjSa^jL: U 4jL*0 ^LS +5
.j4£^j 4£ ^JujiU .£
-Jj
^UIj 1
t6
.ûj4_1jjSj4lj4J (_jj4lS4J1*uIjLj .1
^4
rr.rrfA ArrGGT^ LJ.
^ ^ijJjLS^j Jjûj4_lLjS ^ûj 4jj jSj4_j 4j
I
4j L^ûjljjS j4j *7
. DNA (^ûjUjjSj^jaJ J
J_l
*J I ÛjLûj ^ûjJ-J'
fjj4^ ^j4 ... *4
.CTTAAG .j .TCCGGA
1 0 ^Jj4j
I L h ^
A
f^J
DNA j^jj4_i_iujj U <J VNTR ^ ^_iwij .12
ub ûJ^W^ j ^ajjj ^ c£jj ' J jj J >fb Ut *1
.*£jIj
^IjjSjaULij jlj-Joi (_£aSjjA_] jlj-U^H1 ^ jA-»
ÇdUjtA ûj<jqJ<_j
AJ jjjliij CjiiA-4 ÛJÛjljîi (^AjuflJjfÎjj jl ûjj ^<1 *2
jU jj <Jjj
^C^j^û-J DNA j;4 ^‘l 6 j <_> "jj 4^
ö j^
ijjlj^jûj IjA^AjljU ^Jjûi <J ^^^U-ûUm _
j-|
^J^-UjJJ OA^Ahû'Îûj
^îjj-0 l5*jj>î (^LSûjsQjjjj <J ^ ^j^ji^ ,20
P _ ¥ “ V ^ V . I V V -
1 8 ’AHJJ* ^J-*^
lAnjj^ u^jU^ cîajjjj ^ 0 Llo^j j Lu I
jûûU j ^jj -22
jA^ûj ^jJûjLû jj (_jûjljj<j <J Ij AjOIjaJ a51 ^jJL a£jj jjj .25
.j^jLjj ^HaajjjjjAj a£
^ÛjLcjj ^ûjl-ljAj
Jh± “ DNA Ca j jS jj
j ji l^jjj ûj jj j j t ..iljl * f
I
j*j a_i
WV * .
-3
J J
^ûjaj^ (^jA_4^oA^ fjA^jjA^ ^j-ûjjjAj jl^ûJj-ûj jLj f
.Auijjaj .
I _D jj û î I
j — j ; —£ JJ 4 ^ 4_^ 4_AjA_1 dlL^ûJj jûj dlAjJ*S ~1 A^ jL^4 1 Ml J I
J
*î
f rM np ^ûjbjûJ jljjjjjlj
jj-L^ 4 lj ^
U > L L j > I n .
( 9 ) .c4jjjUjij ^
~ , > j 1 - jj 1 ^_*<LjajA_i 'l< aj l j<jv. ûjL" aJ a<I<a_j rVLIclc JLJ^L
jUjAjLjj Aljj^ jj J aUjj^L (^ûjO jj^fjL. J jjjj jjS (150) .ûjAjKûjLjja. LlJ DNA (^fijiiLj
aja_>UL jO Genetic code aJjAj *jLajj j<j A^jj^jjjj lnterferon jjj^jAÎijj a< A-iA^jlAl jaI DNA Polymerase
jt£ûJ±t3jJ<jU <^Ujjjj ^Cûji ^jju jjjL ^jdZujjI A< jjj JJhû*L-4j4j fljLLa. c*Ij*j DNA (>jjaS ^jj-L^jjj >L*
.j ûj *-j juj a< .ÇjKûJ < a ^ iaj OLûjj-^jjI AlLi. >A^aJ -uJ>i (150)
*£ >*J <{ L> » jL<<Aj (>jJAj<Aj ( 50 ) >U AjA^jiL jAi RNA Polymearse
jAUjjjL J jljljjL J >ILjI a£Lj*j jjû Epinephrîne jjjijL jM Aj oL&j RNA ^ >jj l
l
"
^jj h
<J ji5< jj ij fld A-u*jj <£ .JjIILûJj^AuÖjAj JLLjJAÎ ^jjS DNA (^JjA< aJ jJAjûjj y »j jjl sjIjLa;
j,L jLftj-; >UjjbjjJ^>jl ^aILl ^ûJjAj aJ A-kjLajLSi A^A-6 ^jlLj JjJaI jj J aJ Ai^ûjL jj
Germ-celi <ûlA ^LjU (69) AjjI ijlVLi. a5ajLî jjAjLSjL AjjKjoft rlj-ûlj^LLj aJ Vector jASajjujIjL
(169) .oIjûjjjj Ijjaj&jljj jljIlAJ AjjLûjL^ >jAj ^jjljL^ oa^jL DNA AJ JaSLi >L DNA
Somatic-cell ^uIAaLUJ >ijjL (68) IjAiLk (JûJjAj tsVjjjjA-a aJ
j oKj ^>Aj
J jiLS<LL.4JLd G Ll jjL mutation ^jLHIjjS Action Potentia! jts >j<û (186) .ûjAJljjlj^!
<k5 ûj'Lj j oL^jjjL^jnö (JÛJ<- ilnil jS <J sljLSiJ (^jIlLAj j^LluJj ^LL-AjKAj > bjjALj >AjAlU
jj, ûjAjIjL dj
j 1 ‘Ç d ~a L , , l ûj L jJi <— (67) .Ij-UjIS >jILa<Ij (192) .^jLuAiijj jL jj
(125) .ij^LjjjtjSûj jL<A^ûj LilLL*jj aS ajAjLL d±lA4jS Organ Lfjb-J Epididymis jjJL
Molecular genetîc ^jj*£ »jb > (7) ûl j j jiiAJ jjLSajL^ aJ I_lLI j rA_;Uj< (^JJJ jA^a) AsLjjLU
>L*ji j ^ûj^LtJjSy A<£i.y. Spongv hone ^VtAin (108) jAlû4i .
j^jj^
(125) 4 u y>v.A^ j j jWiklij a ji. *J A<A_j AjLL A-ii jj a£iijjhjj^ Estrogen jj^jj"nn
jjj f*jaûA< SJ^ 1 >
<wjjjU Bacteriophage a£j> Ljj£<u (11) Ajljji t^ûjljS ^LLjj jjj-îjjj j^L!LLjS J j^A^uûjAj
jL a<IjUljjj l» Recessive j-jAj j jU ^ ajIjI.41 aSjaj 4jAj aJa-s j< A<jijAjj ft Insulin jjJ j.n i*u
LgûAJ jjjjûJjûJ aj<iL <S <LL1jJL (1(1) ,a<a<-ujjL aIIjûj Ij^jLj<jAj G jIAuÛAj^LI ^5ajAjLî
iSJ±J*-î <_r4^ JJ^J^ l ^aJ >K<<...y Skeleton jaSj-u aS-oU I_Ûj> aJ jj<jj< ^-ujAÎh £
j4 J ^^jA-i
(129) -J- V'jU --jLjûJ > s jj CjA flj ih jA<Jju*L* ^jJ^lJL .ûjûjaLL^ jL ajjjh* (99) ,ûjaiUjlûa<
. ^ J . h jJ j J i
j j> *£*>jjj Jj5 <1 «v—j£» ail$£Ij <J aS^OL Olfactory recepfer j^j*j jjj (1 15) jlSûjûJj^J
a£jjj O j-f j'r* jL5*jlj£*jjb ^j-êaj ‘AjA^ Ijjj jJ ^LSijûjjj - w <V ij - j< 11 -i jS Hercdity * jL jj
(126) ljlt£Ojjy jj^
+ &jLûûj j^ûjAj jj ^ûjA-ILûj Ljj jjL ft ûjLIjL aJ LISajjûjL jj ijLu-tjjj jL
^ûjaVIpJjS Self-pollinatiOTi lt-LjAj ajL<4<] .oL LCj jjjLA^lj (125) jL<^oj jj
^r^j^ R J^JJ^
^ AjAJVa-A aSIûJ & (81) jjLûjI jj<j jjj^jjj
, jaI <J Origin
<4»j ^ySiijS vj^j^ >j ûL Jj^ Koch's postulates V jS ^LaILL^ûjaj ûjûj^I^k ^VLlL a_j aSJ jivL aS AfA^. jL
ish^ O ^ jAlljjA^ jaI j ^ 1 J jjj ^ jiS <Ijj aS höjLLL jIjIjjL Aj j * ““ ^^ jj lLoJ jLjiJ jAu<J
(1 18) .oLSûjILj&j jjjjJljA^ (47) ,<±i*.j^Aj ^aI (83) .jl jL j jjjA^jjlS
<ljjljjL Poitil mutation jLjL aIL jL Movable joint <Laj* ajjjj jaI Ininiunc system jii.jAiji ajjjSjAj
û4 ijr^JJ^^ ^JvjÎAÎ ajAjjAAj Ijj3 ^ljljjjCj (^aJ jj> ^ <J<J<Sh4JA jlSj^L û_ijL aS jAjLLL j ajL,
*
JJJjjSûJ IjiUjjûJjiJ 1*I'|
} >1
J
l Kj 1
I
(13) -^jS ^<lûji jlûj CiljiJ jjj .
joJûJ jLjLVAj J l,iij-AJAJ ÖJ Aj_hjLûJ
v
(170)
jj^ jjj Si^'jh Immunity jjSj-4 (51)
jjL RNA ^ajj^jj <SL Probe jLSjJL (56) .^jj ^UjIjûjL aJ A^AfAijûJ Pupil A-LVj )
jL jûjSjLi ^^Sajû j jL<j <5 <j DNA Connective tissuc LLi ijJLlvjiu jAj. JJ j< < AjI J Li.
j "*j
(187) .aj<j*jljSLii oLvjjlc ,j<-j jj<_» <jljjj j_£jjj ^jSAjaJjL AjIjjj +<S<jLLL jL < ~j > aJ aS cVj^iJ IjAlSLjjj
AjiLlj ^ajAiJjSil projeet (6) .wjLSûj jLl^JUî «J B ^aIL Memory cell LLi, ajoj4_^jj_i
^jjLjLj j iJjLa öjLjj kij jJiA-4 lSjJûJ iJiJjjAji ^AjûJjL i^jLa! ijAj (^AlLk jL jaSIjjAj
(189) .^ASA^JjAjjj ^Sjjjlj ^aj oL&J <jLiajL&j ^öjûjO ®Û J p'ÎCi hû-jLûjL ^Vûj I_lûaSaj
û-njjii^ Progestrone jjjpLM-ajjj jjj Jjjjljjaj jAj<_ö IjLjISajaJ ^j-jLuL ajaILj &jAI^aj ^Sljj^- 1 j^ainent jaI^aj
ItûljAlilA L Jjûj ^lAl fAfLjjj-a jjjl aJ jifcAj j*vwv ^jûjlli A_s ~ j » » jV1_4 IjljL ji ^jjjyliAj ^jISa5LIj <
jljJijju* ^jjl^LljjS ^jjLa olj*jjj&j (186) .
(14) .ûjAijiLûj
| :
J JX .
., ^_J i-SL juM» ^Lj L&Jj<A jjJ AJ aSj^Aj lAjjAiJAj jiL AjI^Su ^5 jjj iSjh^ - 4
^H!
—' iJtjjjj^
aSjj^ L <1jj ji Plasma cell ^LL^jtiL JujjIjAj b<_iA_4 lj DNA j RNA <J ^ISaJjjJ j jUuj *jL ÛJ
.
jji nm | 148) j-_--- 'lj jj1
jL jsiiJ Wv j jnJtwjljl—-I (10) i-Af 1 jll
(?4) ÇjLSa.M.^JJ J.
A14SL ^L^jj^L ^iii Purine jjjj^ tjjûjlj Bronchiole Ijaji jaLjjJp*
di-A£ <<£1 jL Dependence y*— aj ja jj j -O aSiSaj hAjjJlbJL jjj U 4-* k5j> ^ û^j^h ^j^
<_>
.
~ j~ ~i. t\.
.
i
>j s j j
l
i. -*
j
. j t_j
- -
_ '-
RNA <1 ^L-ijjIjL jl i " ^aSajjS&jAjm (39) ,IjjLSaa4*« jLaJ jjûjljjAj
j-t l û4 Lf*“^
- -
1 S i
j •
j <_i j " • I
j o A_»<_4 DNA j aS aja±jjjj jL Trachea canal ijAafc jj
(83) : Vi\jj A> <-> ^lLSjjLS ^ûjL (148) a! OuLmiA i ajAilS<44u jjJj 4jû Aj "Lj jV
(196) .AjAljjû-1 jj J jA_Û AlIjA^iJ oUj U-d ^jjjJ .CjL^iJ jL< Ijjjl JjiJ ^jJJj—** aJ J
*<}<* j SeminaL vesicle ^ ;i /« ajij jj (12) IjAUji aJ jjjJ ^UAj ^jA*w ijljjd sjLjjjASjjLS jlSAjy jj jl^UwjjJ
^ tS'Lljjj ^ j
jjJ j ^ 1
Peptîde hormone dij OJjA^iJjiJ UL^L^Uh
J tJ|lj&Jj6J Aj<l[g 4^ Jiil^&jljajJjJ LjLj jjL^A-oUiAj A^i jj aJ Aj jjs.jjHÛ J ^LSdjjJ ^ljjljijljj
. .^lJj a< i jlj'flj aJ dlL^j <£ (91) ^KdUjjj jL jLSûj^lU J û L^A<J Jjiu Ld Aj^jjJ ^JjljjS
(171) .Ij^jjljlit ^Aiûj ijdi^Aj j*jU ^ijajLj jU Retîna ajjl jU .ijAlUijUjJi A^J J ^jJ. l^Aj jHijj_4
jd Menopause ^iUjj ^ ^aûa! a£ ^jjj^iJjij Aj Ajjj jAj r^Llijj jj (j:j-û A j w> j jjUjjAj iASj- ^UijjU
<i ^ ^1 < i 'i .-, I Jjj-3 4j<j<j<j J^Sjj aJ jLviLj JjL<i J CiuijjJ . AjjjLa ^j^UJ-S ^jjjljAjjiJ ^jj^ljiJjAj
(113) aJjjÎU 55 ( 86 )
Sex chromosome p
jw j* jj£ aaS j3 dLUijS ^jjLIjjJSjjj aSLj ^jULU* Negatîve feedback
^ djji. jjJ jd a£j&Aj Single nucleotide polvmorphismis aJ ill3jL£jA_Û Ijjjj a£ AjfLjLj ..Jj'i ^
(166) .oL<aJjj.laJ S Lj >> L jlî jLSASLi I-ujj AjLijl | j t DNA v jjjrtj ^aA<Aj JTjLUaj^ JuUijljjjj ij^Uj 1
jd Anmiotic sac jtj<uu ^ASijjI ^ja^aj 1 1 j jj Ll jjlfj jjj cIajaJ jjij jIjLjj^ (101 ) ~
jL t
~ ' j> -">
Ja ' 1 Auaj^uij jAJj
~ j'j *> ^Lv. jljAw (_£û-1jA£ ^ AjAjASûjjI (190) ^jUi ^jLjljjj aÊIj< !j4jjJk aJ Jjf£ jUjaî
(116) Genetic disorder ^ijUjj ^ljj ><V» ^AjljU Blood aloliol concentratîon
a^ ajaja^ajj! jaj Scrotum jji£ Ajjj^-<^~ jLi A-uajLi jj ^j^AjaJL js>Aj J 1 ^jUj^ aJ aJj^£ lS-H
jLj I
J-<^1j Aj aJ Ajljjlj ;
(_£A<A_f j-& (85) (ijAiij<ij ajjj£ BAC) aj
(107) .ULSûjûjjU (172) .1 Jj>jjj jj.jj< aJ Ajjj£jjiA£ i<jU aJ aja^jLj Platelets j_k ^ûjAj
aJ ^ûj<A_i ^AjLijUjj ^jL jijiUjj AjU-fjjj j<J 4£$&<4 iUj! jjJjAJJ A-jijlû jd Blood pressure jjj^ ^lUiaj
AJjIj .
a.,.^j I
JjIjUjLjJ ^< > 'J û j, ... jUajjl ^ (jdljjj jA_lj AjLiiJ jUuAj ijA-jj-ftAj jjj-^ a£
aJljj jjj ^Îluûj Virulent j&jjjjj ^jjjU ji Opportunistic infection jA^ jj AjijAjU^ij A^ AjIjU.
j ^jiö i/j-û AjjaJ A< Aj LUjûjû JÎjj ^jLhL n—JjijiJJJj û Jjj A_j A <j i.iA^ (76) .^lAJijijA^L;^
(143) .(^jjjjjAj (Jjjlijjj AjjjûJ >L Aj ^ujjhAj i (jjj-A. AjjjLj Skeletal museles a£Jj^u ûja^aj
Alljjjjjjji Testosterone jjj^riMUjj ^çjjI-Laj j^ diliU ^iij^rAj jj kdljlSjjfi ijA<jiijjA_f jjljujJJ ji ^A^JjMlU
jjLl^ûA^jAj j &jlj ^UaIA-U. Aiijl (61) -CjjJi J j4jj J^iAJ ^jjL^AjiiAj j jjjluAjiJ
NitrQîîenous base ^UyjjIjLi ^Sjjj aJ aJVa_û aSUj I jjjj A^Ijl jj^ ^a<aj Sarconiere ^aSJjijwU jU
jJij (Ajljjj ij.
i i^ jjjjLj Ajj-iI JjAj ^Nj
"
> ijA^ijjj *j^eS ^ 0 4 a^UUlj
(126) .ijAlIjjlj^ij ( 17) .
I
j a£U jjtu U aI j j a£J j^u La
(147) I
j DNA aJ Aj LSij jJijLjjj j a jij ^ jjjjLj.
oL£*jL?lj
. j J j J
^rr,\ V
JJ J I
AjAflJJ**' jAj jOÎllt 3-£-ÛJ-^
^jjj^oL ^LSaJ aj<GjjjUi d Asthma « ,j&4Û<îujL<l« » juuUjl* *^j(G
—(13)
j^^^ijj^
^ijjjj ^jLSA^-ajj U*Vjj_û
J*k£ Follkle
E
^:a Ac^
--
jj
ûW Û^aLj^ a£jjL
(169)
jjjUijLS
^ûjdJjSL-i
^ftjd jj£Lu.
4j6j4_j
(58)
aJ
.
I
û L5 û j
AiL^Lji Puberty
^L5a1
j L5Î ^4^*Ljjj4 -OIjûJ
I j5L j L j
IjajI* aJ
aîj jjj * j j
ljl4-S<J
U jj
j-.A^û
^jLj
aJ dLil jjd d ^Sjja-j I jaJ L< Ld i
jj ju jj
<L;U I \A<\\ * Jj Lfc&jjA^ -<jlj£A_idLL jLi jûjLÊd jjjjJ d ^LlL^^jLj j jJjUaJ JûjLjAJ j I iqL , l\ j~i .SI &J
ijdwjlj^ij aîLL Ljjjjlj J-f Two - Dimensional gel ^î*aj Serebral cortex JLL*
(109) JjLaJaJ ijj^» ^jjjSjûj ^Jl^j j^- ûLf û^ <L_L.'iL_i_»d> 4uljJ ^£*jAj Jj£Li jj L5^J ÛUajjjJj AjUji jAjjjAi
djj Punnett Square c*Lj| ^^uLjSji^i d ^L5 aJU û^ll^jjî* j ÛjA_l I lLjJ
j ûUAyûljjAj ^jjUjj J 1 JlLS
^
lF
(136) ^jjlSo Amniocentesis jijAu* jdj±i jûjdjjSUi ^j!)LjljLj t5*jAjjjj3jjj Axon ûjûjAj
^ajdliv dLifcöJ djlj-jSi jp jUljjI ^ Aj. ^ljJljla <J jlj<-^ ^Lj j^J <u d<jjjl (67) .ûjAjJjjl jS*J Aj dLk ^wA-l a!
tjJjUjj ^AjAL jî*d ^jdjjSl^ljjj ( 175) ûN4 j j ^piji Li jAj ^aUa£ Axial skeleton jaSjaj ajajd
(195) .^a5ajj1i^ ^jjHiL jj jL ajLûftj Motor Neuron <uLi ûjUûj ^Jjji j sl^iJ ^ajjjj j j jmljAj ^LaUjj j
^jlj jS Impronatatîon Û-LûjLj d ÛJjLj4^Ij ÛjLoûJ ;^*_JÛ_>Lk (9) .ajAjjjSûJ AÎjS ^itijji
j “. .
(1 l^) idjl-iJl-ila
. M h
Ajjj a5 jljILu ajLj
^^jjjjLj d A \\
1:
ûW ûUaUj^U jj ûjûjUûJ
(75) .ijdjjjl j^iJ
^p-ûljjdjS
ûUdujj
— E *
^ûjd jijl Taste bud ajA^ Kustachian Tube ^UU y> ja£ja. (1>NA Finger prînt) DNA jlAjUajL^
V
4 I_s 4 ^ 1 ' 'l
~~
c L - 4 * ûjl*^4-ft4J 4lj LLj-Jj&jL ,jJjS a£aja£ji dlpl£ ûjA^ûJ jûJ a£ û^^4-*
J *| >j,
.
j ^W» *
J Û^J j<--3 (79) .^AjA^J l £ i.S. aJ jûjLLjJ DNA r.\ r.j
Peripheral nervous ûjUûj j-j ûjAjI JASUU aJ ûUaSJL* ûjAjaSjjAJ jjjj£i.J LiUjjJ j OJ;Jj4ûJ iS*J*£ t^b J
a£jJ j ûL^ftjUoJ (^ljjAjjS , i^AjaU aJ ÛJJ IjûjûjLi ^jJjSaJ A^AjA^j^. (160) .AjAJi Ij^LjA^ ^aJaJ
——
(72) ,*ja1j j£*j ûL^jUaj ^jLSkjjjL aJ jliUûj ^jI-lljAj a5 jUjljdl dijji
J iSJJ^J jjjjCA ^l^Uûljid (11) .IjjAjJ j^l-jjj (^AjIJL Ja^aJ j cjliaûSjji Jimljjj ûU
(8) .4-jIjjj ^
~
"•
•
jj * j
j% 1
ûLSijljlj
j A j ( ' j> j
^ j i V l
DNA {JUjA^ <J jl > J L aUJ HeEper T cell jaJajjjLi T ^AlLik (77) ,jjIj£ûj
tSj^ ^ASûj^alj *j 'ûjljjSjij jî LL-J jU *A±Iji A$ j jiw a^ jjik Uuj-J £ B cell) B jaIUl
^ L
Jj
>
JJ**^ J-î Öii^* j-î -Lilj-i. ^aJjjJ Artery jAjjjI. aJ oL£ûj ^jIjJLaj o L^a j.1ji ajAlIjj
LAjtîjjAjjS ^Aj ^jILSaoI jIAj <jjOjIj£*j ^jl^AaîjlAj j_> ajAlI jljSaJ JJ aJ jjj J (52) .IjojaIL^ j_jjSjAj ^jjLSajUlaaVûj
I
j ^a. Jj4_iljjij jj (28) .JLiaJ a^oaILî Phagocvte (u * ^AlUk
(35) .öj^jSûj Voluniary rnuscle aUj^U Almjjjlk jL^ûjûj&jljj ûJjj jU jL^j-ûll ûjjU
^aSajaILi Neuron AlUk ajU*j JLm-j'IjI. oIjjljJÛJ ASajaSJj^uL* (49 33) ûj AilSûj jlbi j o jajI ojyi
j oLi&jlujjjij ^pjLiûjL^ ,jjjjLi<£îj (15) |I j-jjj, IjjA^aÎjjJl. Whitc hlood cell jljik .^jau ^ASjji
<J aJLUij 4jL&j jIIJa* jl Nerve jLa^j cmuI _U- ^jIjAj ojjjljlU aSajaDjwL L^jjj j ^jjjLi j UjI^aj -jljî
öli^ jjjlUAÎûlj ûjLaûJ ûjAjUA^Ljj aJj dûj .Cmj^L IjjASaJj^. jAi-AjUûJ J ^II^L ûj^Ii jl^Aijjtj^ûj
h
LSi aL a>j pi ! juO jJi ûjLfiûj ûjjojLj (16) .A^Jj^uLaA^ujjJ j aSJjwU .(_5jSjAj ^IIjA^I*ijaj jj oljûJ -~-»aJ
j<£} j^La Cardiuc muscle dJ^u <Uj (29) .ajAlIjljSaj Red blood cell jj^-i jjjj^ j^jj^
(5) AjA^ Ijjj AÎ j<LLu*jj«Ljit aj^aLa^. ûjIL ^ajAILl (Erythrocyte)
a£ ajaLuAj j-U Spînal cavity jIJaS aSjj Ajt_ul jj£jjij_û j Aijjt jII ^jjU j
(8) ,aj
^ ^j Protino synthesis jjljjj \jj ?"- jj
1
IjjIjjjmj ^j-Djja! jS aJ jj^
J
j j
*
aJ AjljjS jj4 *a5 ajûjjLo Drug jLj^ j J<J ^LUûjLSAjAj aUIjjj ^JJjI^jjJ (32) .ûjAiIjljSûj
<J ^LLui^ jU ^jjjoj tfjLj j Ij DNA aJ a^ jLljI i Cy totoxin T ccll ^jijjiûj T ^-UUk
^IjlUjS ûjUûj ajjftjU ^jLöji ^ljjS DNA ^ljjjaljijjj jj oIjaa aIvojjIj ajj^ JJ J ^I^Aj Rod jj A^ Ijy ^AlLi
aj LiiJ A^LmM^ .jÎAjiûJ jLa silIlU: tii.1 jûjIojAj a^ iAj Y ajju ^SlJLi. ^jjjjj aJ AjA_4 jLiljj aj<_UiUûJ jS
^ajaiLî Nervous tissue ULi ûjLû*j ( 1 50) ~ ‘I * -ilUj j- <£ DNA Autoimmuoe diseasc ^Ujî f
jAlLifc ajLoaJ a£ iûjLeaJ ^jJjIjjAjj^ ûjûjjIL^jj ûjLijjj DNA ^.1 J_sO jj Ajjj^jAj IjLjjI A^AjIw jî-Al
Epithelial tîssue <UL£ agaSjjj ^a^aSjöjj LÊJjjj <j_jGjL) GuAj Lris ajjCjj .aSajûjjU Antigen ja£Ijj<u ajj
kojûj jO jji Valves öjL*ji .oljftjjjj lup iS^jl JJJJ ^ ûL£*jL*. Coronary circulation ^jAjjjjS jj$*>
^5<jOl4% Epiglottis ^Djjj ^Uj {^ ijO {>ja5U j j UU U ^gL^U <J (83) .*jUl* jUjajG <£
aj
<jj IjSjji <J Ajja£Ij£j£ jitG jjW j Lp L_> <J I j.j -0 -
(^Jjj ajajU aJ a^iLaj Vestibnle jS 1 j
(38) Jjjljijji ^L£aJ tjjyij sUjjjL^ >_ll_i Ribose j>ijij aU>UjU Neuropeptide jjUjiûjUûj
<£ ***~i j<^ jaJ Carpus lutenm j4j a jj4j (155) lj RNA (93) .*L>L£öJ ^ljjAjj ^.IjjAlj^ ajUûJ
aj <jOJO jO ^jaU^ Duminant Jlj (rRNA) ^jau^uIj RNA *jj j^^aj A^jUjjjj Antibody jj
<J LjjG <5 ^ajU j<j ojjjajjûJ Ajiûi tdU RNA ^uJjaS Ribosomal RNA AIIjûJ jU tûjGl JûJ jijSjjU-J ^j^jjIjjAj
I
4 ;
< ~U û J a£ Ajj ûjjj-jj jiLSiUlj jU jL£aJ (_jjjfc
‘U.Ulj j jajU j ^j K ^ CS i
^jJAjU ûjLsjjAJ ioLAjjjûJ GAjIjO aS ^ûjAjIjjLS *j CillujûjJAJfc
u 'i'"^^ <J aj jti4_ijjj sjUj Uijll aJ jijj3 ^IjjjI^jjj aJ (^jIjUg ^AjU ajLaûJ jUjjJL aJ ^jAjiIjIAjj^
<£ G<_Ua ^fjjjlj Vagina ^j iJJ Cowper’s gtand jUyS ^jj JJG jjj ,^£i£U Heterozygous ^öjjjj
&j _ j >4
j
A ^ i j^O ^ajûjûJAj jl jJIjlU <J v jm Af
l
jrijjlj jj-aljjUj^ ajlj (133) oUj . _!. ûj l jCj4 ay,j aJ jljU^.
L *
aSAaj JjûjjAj (135 ) .oujaUjjûj û_uU> ^j-jjjjASAiAS Aj U-A \
^ \ j j.iJ I
j '_ J 1 J
IjLijj
.<_}<_& ijû^jj ^p5j_yu jGci (jjijG Phenotypic ratîo oajU ûjUiijjj ^*jjj (^ÛJftjU tfjljJ J AJ jl^A-MjjA^
jiajU A \< I
~ I *jj~ A^jjU ^4jA_ijJjSUl Bioethies jLSgjö jjjj a_1uij*j .öjGjjjij^ij IjA^j^ a_j ^LSûjljjjaj
Jlj urUJ^L *A^<SU jiljLl (198) .DNA ^UjjJji^ ûjjjS Adrenal giand JlUjjaI
(jiLSijljlj
5 ' " 1j .
i£j* ‘*J^JJJ Uij j<L Abdoniînal cavity jjJ<c£ <£*« Inscrtion mutatîon jijjU Ujj^jUj
( Jj&jLa cj <5 nZiljûJjjj aj<lL5<jjjijjj4 j4^uOj klLrw.i 4jjU Jjj <J jJ'ûjjJS jU JjU jjJS Jjj. ci<J. Ûj4-jj_i <J <5ll1jjU
^L5<j j_aj j-i <aîjI jHJJ-f ^-gLl Alveolus ij<o j^yyiyK^, j ^l_iI<jjS ûjLoaJ ^SVLa, <5 H<jîLoaJ
^IIJLa ja <5ii<Lj-* Sex-Linked trait (39) .CiLû-ijjj. 4_* <5 ijJ^J ^Jil54.Aj,5 V U.
ijj4_j j4> j4_uj <^ LSûJj j Lj J. Pulmonary Circulation jj^ (94,74) -^ûjU
JjJjj-a 4j V (VjLj X ^Jj^.jJijjS JJ J<J
j4^L> ^Ojl^ d <uUji ^jjj^jjaj ajlj5 Pituitary gland j^j ^ „-,
j
ft jij
Coniplex chiii iicter jL£*jjJLi *~^4 jj» jj^4j^- <U UjjjJ jj ^-j<> <5 ÛJ|4_J L5iJ j5 <jU j-*j j-4 J<j jlj_Lj4_i;.
'
j; j
. j5 jJ U Ijjjj iLIjLwIj^-A (94) .^iljSaJ IjjUlljjaj
d^jûj^uj Cieavage (38) ^UaJjjj (jlji ^j^I-aljjU <J jU L^lu*jj <J <i)j*uLji
^ \\ KtK.^. j jKj
L
(156) .^ISûjjIj^jUj ^LjILijtJû J aj<jlS<j<j ajj 4-j ajdjjjpLuaJ ;ÛJ<Ij.j5ûJ LjJiijO .l ...
(26) .aj4jjj(jS*j Jjjtu 4_*l _lj4_k jS Stcroid Hormon jj^jjjb ajjjjjju*i ajjjj jj j j<J j!I5<j Ventricle Ufj^
<JU Synovîal Fluid -CjjJ^Ij JjjIixiJj^ «0 <£llj^jj4 aj4_L j5*. <j JU <5 <j<iljj<5 <4j<£L) j*vLa
^ \ -i
V I \\ y~ 4 Vi j.
j j j l ibrin jjjjjLî j<L Ja ^ûjûjIj^, <j!j<5ûj <jljj *jjiui Menslrual Cycle <IliULa
ij A \<>\* I.Lu<jUIji ^L5 jj jiijS <5 o(5aJ ~"“jj 1 <LljljJjaJ. <lL£lU .jlljjS <j 4o<_Lila ^llljjjjjj
(34) J.L54 VLat. ajjjj <J Ul ^\Ihil< 5jj <-^j<5 j jlJlalj ^j-ljjjU <J
LL5aj Ijlj
j U j J
jj jU ^ijjjj Atrium *J<£Ujj£ ajaUj^U Extensor <£Jj*ûL 4£jL£ <J ,-olUûj Braîn stem ^Uaj ^j*û
j ^jj* j-i *-** J lsj*>o Pharynx jj^sA <lj*UJ j***jU j<lj jb lexor jj_jU aSjjJL O {JjUûjjjL '—'l~
' j ' A .* 1 ûjA^jA-jA^jj
J jJ ^j UijAjjuû^^ J,a£aJ ajaj<J ^jLjS j*>^ JJ oljûjjaj uULjjj U AjaSja* m jj U Aj<ji j Lj Larynx Uj jj
<£Lj ^ajajU ûjU*j Ja5<J j,L (91) LjU<jU ^ûjûjûj jj jU (38) .oL^ûjIjlj<j >-2_jûj j<jI jjj ^^jU^Uij
jI^<j<j IjaUj j<S<J jLi ^j^jjj^S Lcthal mutation jijjU ûj*j>£ j<j Follicular phase ^Gja
(67) jA^ûj . jöjj<S<J jU<jljjU a L aj i
.jU jj~ j< “ ^ jU ^<U_LU IjU-î aS <uA_ÊLjjJ>
^jUuUi a£jjj <J i Papilia JU j£
< o j. aljjLj aS iOLSoJ jûjajjjj jj<ui*#aj<j; jj>XÛijAjl jA^ftASt ^<J_J
jj j j_UA-J I
J
AjjA^ÛJ jj J # A^kJjvU U aJajjj Nj jl i L iûJ ^AjLZaJJ ^jjL^ jL <oLSûOjLjJ ( 113 ) ^ojjlwûJûjA,! j oL£ûj
J jO ÛJ jJS ^M ULj—
{_gjA 1
J J I L >
I
^J_lj jlu (1^7) oIjûj jLLuöj . ^jLj
j ûj< X .
. L.' I
j j 7
< L^- , - 1
<_t jjj<__j U a^jjLSj^ (I)NA Vaccine) DNA ^jUjS
J oUj Omjjj 3 J vjjLSAjjjjjjS ^j^U» >j DNA ^Iajajû. jLj Craniai cavity jlJ<£ 4JJ<s
(27) .oUûj jU% ojIjjLj jAj ^^Aj <OjjSûJj-u#Jj (S) -A_jljll ^i-UûJ ûjAjvj {JaJJa^
Atrioventricular nod j£*u - JJ (197) .^UjiAj csj^ jb AjUûjûjûjlfj ajjj Vaccination jl3ji
AjjA^ÛJ jjJj (JjA^Jj^U ,j^A_jA_jLî <U<jjj ^jjijûj Menstruation <Ujj<s <J ijjjJÛJ jûi jdkAj (JjLS.j_4 ^ûJjU
J o-#lj (^<JAia_ijS jjljjj jljJI-ilû aJ U'Uûj'UuSLj OLu»j wj j_i J j-? UC^jUL^ J Uj^
j L£ ajj Lj-ûj <jjjU<^lj ,ûjiA_Llu Ij (113) .IjUlllU ^UaJ (56) .
jLV<J j5jU ûjAjlj^Vûj
HJ>Gj£ 45 JhA <Uûj jA^ûjImjj j jjjj^jjl jj Biood type jjjU ^aJa-ûjS Natralktller Cell ^Li *jsjjS
I jvV <£jjl j jU Substicution *ja1jj j£ ^ J=* 45 JJJ j<-u*Ajj J<£ûj <£ ûUU ^kAj HÛjjJjS<j lo<û jUû^jU a£ A_><_Ji
tj DNA <J djjjjj^ jU lJj jjLj jjJ£jU (34) .ûjA-jUûjjui jji.<-a <^4 {JjA-iU. jjLHAjLU.
^ ^ uj - -
*
j
a
jj^ i£ DNA <J Vj ^ ] Uljj_û A^U jrfjj^ Cortisol JjjUjjs h ^jiûjA-H-u
j A^J ftljj<j aJa_*jS
DNA £*-L<-i j<J <-l jljj^ oUûjIjj jLij Unjj^? ^IjJfUjjjLS jK^IUUj^ ^Aj, r AjjûjlS £ o^ui5 jjlj J
(169) .Cilojjj j ol^ftj u j
j
4 U<AJ jw uû aJ jUûj JJ *S ^AjUjft. J<j J ^jji J ^ JJJJ^Û
aJ DNA a^jL 1 ~. Aj <jûj jU <J oCûJ jUOUm |>ûjAjl Jiû *ûj ^jA^jLjj Kndocrine Systein <Ujjj
<J jL a£jJ ^^AjAjU* JJ ûjA^AjAjL* (97) JuLj ^IU ULjojU J^ jULa.j |kljj<j !^JjJ<-ajS
LfljJ*j .j-aIUaJ ûjjj Testcs jL£UjS jÇ jj: A_J <j_MUjjj U AjftjLjj fl ,.X
j
e
. a^ulU jLj .jSiwSjj ^ûjU ^SjA^jUj
j j^LUl^ J jUöjjj <£ <
S* ûjCjJ J 4> a jU JJ -UjAjûJ ûjaUaJ ûo jjjU# ^jUjL*j jljj ftjjjjjU# jj jj
(107) .ojjj _ii<_*jA_i <j jljlûjj jj nûjAjjjjj jLS<£Jj^#U j j^j j JLLj J ^ ^r^JJ J CAjjh
j J j
(134) .
jiiliJ- j I ^ i ij J (74) .IjjAAjLj ^jL'Li <_1lu<_* jj-ui Chorionie Villi j-lj^jjS ^ts*&aj$
Sj.ii ÛjJ <J ^liJJ^, JjJ fOLS^U J^ Ol^ûj djtjjAJLUj ^ÖhJjhuIjU juAJ Transfer RNA (tRNA) ajajajjjS RNA
(137) .ûja2jj£û j (74) .jjLj^jUlj^jJ <l^jj IjjIjjSjûj *h RNA (j Jj<l£
jO Vas deferens ûjûjû£j£ ^jjJ ^ûjAHluIj^ j^jj dJ ûj<Ujj$_><U<U jj ajAlj jljSij jL^CUs^
uJ-JajajjJLj ^ ^ ciIjjûjIjIj ^LSûjp a£ Clonjng by nuclear transfer (155) -jjJj^d^A^ [jjjLijj ajj
Ijj4^<JL jijLl<J ^jjlj <J *jUjj ^ jj£jjUj j^mLU jjjM (76) *ol£Ll ^jUjIj jL<Aljjjj
aJa_jjjî I
jjjjj oljûj ^Ji jj jljjLu ^*jL3LjS (135) .<<£ûjljjljj<j ^jJajLj aj
^ jjJj-m Bronchus jjjj Ail
(1 10) -^UjmûJ 4J-U j oL£&J ^DNA <J i*Ili<Lj ^Ud Deletion jj jjY (39) .ûjAHujAj&J ûjIjAj^ (Jjjj
4jjjj Blnod capillarv jjjJi jaJjjJjjj (196) .^>jj£ <lAaj£ Lymphatic System ^1jldij£
^kUij ^ijaj^w Cerebrum lJ^U^ ^jj-î tJdM jLSdJjjJ aUjJj jL^jjS Aj)ljj<Jj£
~ Hit&j
1
J CjJjSiJjfrJ (jtjj^ ^j-* I Jjljj£jaj j-jLSO <s£<Jj<lj (25) .ajAlIj^aj
^ajAi JjS Ljj ^tjj <J <JjjS ^^ûjU <<jM v<| j^ a > Chortotiie Villi sampling Smooth muscled au j^U
OjjIjj'— <l£ûjLqûJ
î I JLijJj Afi (OJJ dljjUaJ ^^L<4fUj£ (^ajû jj^^ix ij^j^Sjj «J
(70) ûj<-L-h Wjy jjjj^i .d i 'n . ^J j-J .OJj£iJ ^Jjjjj£ 4J ^Vaj hjA-ft IjlL^Aljjjj jjji ^aJjjJ
a^Uûj ^ijljj Cerebellum djjsuiû (175) ,<J<jjj£ ûjLjj (5) .A^ tjj
jL^<^JjwL ^<Jj j^, j< - £ *
“ • -
h *
<_£ <l£u jw j_o jj£ j<_4 Autosome ^j^u jjjjS < i ij< Mueous membrane ajj«u < y i > I
^Uji siijU<-û j ^L5Li j_» ^VUj (166 ) ,& juu j-ojj£ < ft< jj <J <L, (jjLS*jjj -ûL& aÎxa^jjj -d
jj ^ S*Ujjjjj jO Myosin jjU ûJ^Ll^jj (5JJJ d aj xaj^jl JJ<^ ajûjjjjjj (48) .oljûjjaj
<£J^U .^KûjjjUd iJJJ^J ^ûj^u (166) .cjIi ^ftjUjj ^jjillJ <£L3 jaI (79) jj Al«*jjlj J Ajl-iajajU ,jjjS
(16) .Jlioj [jjljjS Transcription * j<l1Ij£j<u<j A-Sajj jdjjJ <£ Ajd^ j<j Uymph Ua_i I
^jj <£1* ju> j^A Meiatonin jji jj^Ua ‘U ‘ûujj <l£jLj ^-Jjj-llujijjj (31) ajdA^ûJ ^j£ jL£jjS
^jliwfCj röl^ûJ jjluJ,jJ ljj<uuJ<J jl_jJU j£aj cLj ^SjJjA^ aajjî ^Tjuaa PuJse jj jlijjl
[JljUj <Jja,jLjj *J JJLU ^ tjm^jj <J ol^&J <_j xRNA ^jjjIuxjjj Lj^^djjJ ^ajajU (^JJJ AlUuJûj a£
(100) jjUj* ^L^ûjljjU jSûj ^L^ûjIjS dajDNAU aj j j 1j ^^UUjUaj (28) .[jl^ûjAjjjj^ ^AajLjAj jj j3l
Monohybrid cross jjj-iSûjjjj aSU jlu rl-lijj^ <J AiLûûJ [jJAi [jajûjlja.
6^jb'j ^
J U j
(86.) -
ji Inlections disease ^jj ^ jî<U <j<J Lj <_ûj<j Bone morrow römj j jj
<£jjj<i Second niessenger ^ ûjjj ^jll >4 ^UjJ^-f ^<l<jj4 *£<±±L j^<j JJJJ 114
^JJ^- «<jl j^ . nn jLkJ
jIjSjjLjJ ^SAjûJ jL* Jjj Jui<_4j,4_j jJllL^ .<j LSA_i_kSj4uiiIj (jU 4—u j jjLi j,U ji^<_j (11) ,o!aJJ-*4-AjAj <&JjS
^JiUiGLi (5jjj j<*- ^^jj^jij “-j (47) uL
<£l (15) Musde fiber jL4j <Uj^U
jjLftjJ *J kjiljlj j^ J^L-j<j I <J - oj>,} J_û<j Fîxeti joint <UU j_& û^jjU <J Jj <SJ J^dU ûj4ÎLs4j <J 4_> 4_>4_jLi
{92} .oljûjjjj ^^jLî cLj oUUjjj Ijol ^<Jjji <ljU ûjJ J <j4J| lj<iij^L*U
Termination signal j~^_^r.j< ^<jUUj jj<j Uk. <U jiuLa <J 4_i_]4Jjj jûJ ~h l
Rlteumatoid ^jjIU jj j<SUj_û. 4it£ûjjUjjJ^jU ^jIjSjjUj ^jj^jjjj j jjj£<j <J <$jjj *-* j <*<^ LjIaU*
^io<Jj£ ^^jLijjjj (156) .oL£ûjjjUj jj_4 jj ^jjUjS .o j jj
jiiujjLa
jU<lûj^ ^^lîûj ^ j4 -UIjûJ t£ aui\ j<i LJiiibilicat cord JI<u <SjU jd Muscle tissue *ûl_U ^ujj^u
(14) {14} jljU<j j jj^ Lij <^a i
.
j ûj<j<£j j 4J j ojLuj^jû J ij<ju 5U J <J jS ûjflJojjU^ jjj^ jjljjoj <j£ ojjIU oLl Uv
Osteo arthntis <5Uji <v*u ^Ij j£j<a (117) jjûj j<jIi jjji (5) .‘Ljji. ^iIoûLU^U jj
jLjjjJ LJjjîJj jjJlS-dj^ j^<j ûjî Ribonucleic acid ujjjjij ^ jl *UjU jj Muscle Fatigue aIi^l ^ijj-ijjIU
^LSûjlSjji ^jjaj ^jSj^j j-^UU jl aJ ^ jj<l Messenger RNA j(jjjU RNA ^ljj^ajS ûjUûj ûjjûjLÎ
(38) jtl<o«> .
j4-ûSûJ <_> s <A.UûJ ^JûjUjj ^-J <jlmj j_A<j (72) .IjiJ *J olS^jiU^lj
Internal respiraction ûjû^U ^LjljiIUui L)L> jU4J<_j ^livoj^Ijnk 4^4-4 <_> <£<_, i^Jj^U Diaphragm <Ua4jjU
<l£j± ûb> ^ <jllûjll tfj j^jJU c^jfj ^LJj! *ûj<4jSijLx3v jLij^ûj ^jjj <_l uO<JJjS)j ÛjA—J-ûjl jjûjjli
(38) .( jiU ^l^LUj - j JJ-O L^j-4 4-1 ,i-i *. .', lj_LjUj£ <Jj Jjj!iIj<Jû jl J dûj iûU4lJ ûjûjljî ^L^ûJJxdlj^J
jLj
l
(58) .<jU Chromosome map ^juijajjS ^<Ujfc<j (_ 5 jjûj <^<jûj jU Matrix û jjU <jijjj
~
<-*\jU jj j ûlfcH ^ line Z- ,jJj-û j<jM| 4J 4 H ll J|
j ^Ujû (J|AIjj ûj< i ri <-j CiljûJ (_g j. jjj4) (OUûJ jIS<î1a
J
t< .
Û<Jûjûjûjj jS AjLûûJ <j 4jJLj_) <1 <JjUju1 Acquires immuno j^u ^ji.U
^l<j<jLi Ncutrophil ^ jiS'^jS UjU <JOjjL *L JjLi'llû— j-j L£<JJ 1
Uj^ ûjl_4ûJ (Aids) deficiency syndrome
^<111^ ^jja.jij Ovulation jUU<£IU ûb>* j^UOjS ^Uji ^ûjCUj^Ujj ji (60) .oU dVUU
(112) Jjjlj<lJj4 (_£<j j Kj. 1
> <J aj jLZLij <Sj) (97) .^jli-JjU^J 4_luU-^4 ^jJû Diabetes mellitus & ^j-kAû
jjj I
jL_~ 4£jjL» Codominance jjjHÛ'jj -* 1
^jIjjjûjjJU j^^jûjjU Nicotine jUjSjj jUöLk <J Ij Ûjl Jjiujj<_a
j>j J-^Vl
(136) jjjjftjjûJ i-ljljft jj ^JJ^j ûjIjjSjûj jj^I<J ^A-kJjlj-a&j jI-L; c£y* <SJJ&J^ tjrHj* ^ ol^ûJ
fiiVCuLj A_Uj<£jjLS -
jLSûjUL
A < J
^ ^ >
Jh ‘.jlj*JjJJ KNA ^jLSûJjA^ aJ a_oUijS ^AjajjU Histamine j^LU^ .oLiaJjaJ cj j UûjSa-j j<5,aj
F Generalion
t
Fj ^a£aj a£ j>L aJ a-Ihjjj Hemoglobin jjj jl£ j^û 3 JjjjJj ^Uaj j< ajU aJ
^_jl J^jJ <J AjLUjj-j !jj<j <SL _j-öA_Sa_j (32) -CjJj^ûjJUÛ ^ m< JJ i I jû lSöjJ Jj-lj jLliLjjj 4-al ji ^jûjjU ^jdjjS jjjijj^
(127) ,1,loA_<<_j ^Ai-ûJ jjt pAILSaILI J4j<jljjVij ajL j< jL Expiration ajLijA-uiLAj&
^L: jjj P Generatîon jIjLj ^a^ûj Aj .ÛJJJ siijALji jLj Ç]a JJM> jjkO I jA_4 Jj<j4J 4jA-JJjAj aS <J<jl J A_luL<_Û
.^jjaJ Csjj^r AjLjJûjLajj A^ jjj <*<<< j o'—jLAJ4_a jijOjjjjjj^ (42) .cLjU-Aj ijijûj jt ûjAjUa _vj i ,i. <J
^aJAjjj^ a£ ajCL^I^j jAj Placenta j«3fcjj Immune response jj^ju jûjaIi.w'Îûj jL jj <U<J ^ûjûjûj ^Jja-a
j-aJ jLa A^ljja- ^jj^jJU Aj ol JûJA^jjj (52) aj j <J Rîi factor ^^3 ^jLS j^
J ilLI
j
jl jl ^ jLSoJiljj4j AjjjSj<u 4jOLjH«Vaj jA^aJ jaji ^AJA^jS ^LSûjASIjjAj
JaSaJ jjU *Ujj^. 6^3^^ Ui-k J Ccll-mediated imnnine response ^jI^ALmCA aS CjJjSaJjûj AjljA^jjjLS
Ja5<J olja J ojj^ jUjjAij jUijS jj CjLSûjjLS ‘ a_aj jS jAj ^ûjAjI jjiHj 1
j J J^3î j^4h daj <
ûjja J!.'nin_id'i
J Jj DKA aJ jlAjLui OLî ^jLjUVa^ aJ jLS<Ibk ^ULujIjLj (78) .jijLj jjjA^. t jffoji
(148) .b RNA <J J^IJJH j*5<U ^oj A_j “ jh~ ...i i.i i.
'(_Û4jjA_iS ^UjûL jW cnjjdLS Pathogen ^jlL
Low of Segregation aj<jjjb-* ^UiL (53) .*jAj 1 ^-iL<AjLi, jA^f J ^jûjajb j jL jjûjûjUj ûJjj
ajAl^a j LiA £i . ] ajLöjj ^LlOjji *jL£ j_û ^5LjUû_> Reeeptor jSjûj (47) .
^pi^ jitO ^j^ <1>& j
(129) .
jHAJUsA^ ^ljjai^jjj ^jLS aJ aJ jI jSjjUj
^j ja- ûJjA-ojAjjL <£<_;ûj jU Hormone jj*jja
Low of independent assortment a^Ujûj Depressent jLajûJ aj< iVi iaj (91) JUd aJ <i|j ^KaLU ^VUl
^jI^AjaJ ji^HWûjLi jj &jL^j_a j 4j<jU4 j-ja£ ^Uji ^VLa. gr 1 ^
^jL^aJ jirAjjA^ ^ajlû* <j ajAJuajUa. »CjI Jû_LûU_jAj ^jjA^J j-luI-û (_5*jAJ j jJ jUvj <£Uj^jjJ Luteinizing hormone
^jLxU-jj ji Ajua ^jj^II ^j-IUaI . oL£iaJ jLj jb <J*aJ ^VU- LûjIj <J jj ji lL<.U3 '. ^jIIjjûJ Uajj<u^j
jj j a< A-jajU jaJ> Map Unil j ^^j ' jASaj ^aja a <j j oIjoLLj Inversîon aj!jJ ^jûUU ^ljij ja
(169) .19!’ UbiljliO (169) ,!j-4 jjuM j-ajj< jLaJ All^AlIjj A_*ijl ^ajaj<£Ljj ^jj^jj^
^jb j< aJ aSjjLIia.* Translation jijj&jaj J<U<5 j IjaUjL j j ^-n jj <^ <-ûj<-> J
LUûjljlj