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 DUPL
C 409,267
NATURAL
SCIENCE
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no : 733
739
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17
13 3 NEW
33 PUBLICATIONS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
1. Sales Publications
Sales publications may be ordered ONLY from
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington , D.C. 20402
Remittances, which should be included with the
order , may be in the form of coupons sold by the
Superintendent of Documents or checks or_money
orders paybable to the Superintendent. Postage
stamps and foreign money are not acceptable . To
order publications, please be sure to include your
ZIP code. Please use the form on the last page.
MINERALS YEARBOOK 1973
Volume III, Area Reports: International, prepared by the
staff of the Bureau of Mines. 1973. 77 ch.1193
pp . Presents the latest available statistics for more
than 150 countries and areas and discusses the im
portance of minerals to the economies of these na
tions. A separate chapter reviews minerals in the
world economy. GPO Catalog No. 128.37 :973 Va
III. Stock No. 024-004-01838-1. $ 15 .
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
( These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and
Problems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities , will be available later. The preprints
present data on industry structure, reserves-resources, tech
nology, supply -demand relationships, byproducts and coprod
ucts , economic factors and problems, operating factors and
problems, and outlook. ]
Barium , by Frank B. Fulkerson 13 pp. 1 fig .
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01855-1. 35 cents .
Garnet , by Robert G. Clarke. 12 pp. 1 fig. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01844-5. 35 cents.
Gem Stones, by Robert G. Clarke 11 pp. 3 figs.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01830-5 . 35 cents.
Helium , by Gordon W. Koelling and Ronald F. Bala
zik. '11 pp. 1 fig . GPO Stock No. 024-004
01856-9 . 35 cents.
Hydrogen , by Daniel C. Adkins and Robert J. Jaske.
15 pp . 1 fig . GPO Stock No. 024-004-01847-0 .
40 cents .
Lime, Calcium , and Calcium Compounds, by Avery
H. Reed. 7 pp. 3 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004
01843-7 . 35 cents .
Mica , by Stanley K. Haines. 16 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01846-1. 40 cents.
Talc , Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite , by J. Robert
Wells. 12 pp . 1 fig . GÞO Stock No. 024-004
01845-3. 35 cents.
Tungsten, by Richard F. Stevens, Jr. 16 pp . 3
figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01849-6 . 40 cents .
Zinc, by V. Anthony Cammarota, Jr., Herbert R.
NS
BUREAU OF MINES
MAY 1976 MONTHLY LIST 733
Babitzke, and John M. Hague. 19 pp. 3 figs.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01840-2 . 45 cents.
INFORMATION CIRCULARS
IC 8704. Historical Fuels and Energy Consumption Data,
1960_72, United States by States and Census
Districts East of the Mississippi, by Lulie H. Crump.
1976. 456 pp . Salient historical data on consump
tion of fuels and energy have been summarized by
State and census district for the years 1960 through
1972. This Information Circular covers States east
of the Mississippi, and Information Circular 8705
covers States west of the Mississippi. These data
replace previously published compilations of energy
consumption statistics by States and districts. Fu
ture studies are planned using the same Btu conver
sion factors applied in these two Information Cir
culars. GPO Catalog No. 128.27 :8704. Stock No.
024-004-01833-0. $6.80 .
IC 8705 . Historical Fuels and Energy Consumption Data,
1960_72 , United States by States and Census
Districts West of the Mississippi, by Lulie H. Crump.
1976. 425 pp. Salient historical data on consump
tion of fuels and energy have been summarized by
State and census district for the years 1960 through
1972. This Information Circular covers States west
of the Mississippi, and Information Circular 8704
covers States east of the Mississippi. These data
replace previously published compilations of energy
consumption statistics by States and districts. Fu
ture annual studies are planned using the same Btu
conversion factors applied in these two Information
Circulars. GPO Catalog No. 128.27 :8705. Stock
No. 024-004-01834-8 . $6.50.
IC 8706 . Coal Transportation Practices and Equipment Re
quirements to 1985, by G. M. Larwood and
D. C. Benson . 1976. 90 pp. 11 figs. A study was
conducted to determine the amount of transporta
tion equipment required to move 1.2 billion tons of
coal in 1985. The Federal Bureau of Mines has in
vestigated a majority of the various practices as
sociated with coal transportation and has gathered
information on the regional origin -destination pat
terns, methods of movement, equipment stocks, rate
structures, and operational capacities of the most
important modes of coal haulage currently in use.
Models employing this information were developed
to establish the origin -destination pattern for 1985
coal shipments, estimate practical tonnage capacities
for selected coal hauling rivers, develop modal
shares for both unconstrained (by river capacity )
and constrained cases, and present a range of coal
transportation equipment requirements for given
sets of constraints. Projected transportation shares
for rail ranged from 63.7 to 72.3 percent, and for
river, from 8.8 to 16.4 percent. Other coal trans
portation modes (truck , conveyor, Great Lakes, and
tidewater) are expected to retain their historic
shares of coal traffic. Equipment estimates were
1
made for 1985 rail and water transportation based
on 1973 average and best practice. Average practice
estimates ranged from 675,000 to 710,000 hopper
cars (100 - ton ) and 3,100 to 5,940 barges (1,400- ton
equivalent). Best practice estimates ranged from
126,000 to 142,000 hopper cars and 1,750 to 3,450
barges. Full implementation of 1973 best practice by
1985 is unlikely. GPO Catalog No. 128.27 :8706 .
Stock No. 024-004-01848-8. $2.10 .
IC 8710. Coal Mine Equipment Forecast to 1975, by
Richard J. Bielicki and David C. Uhrin .
1976. 37 pp. 3 figs. This Bureau of Mines study
estimates the number of major pieces of coal-mining
equipment that will be required to produce 950 mil
lion tons of marketable coal in 1980 and 1.2 billion
tons in 1985. The coal tonnages were projected in the
intermediate coal supply scenario of Project Inde
pendence Blueprint (PIB ) . The equipment projec
tions were determined by consideration of historical
trends and by evaluation of information from equip
ment manufacturers and mining companies. The
ability of the manufacturers to meet the projected
equipment demands was also determined . It was
concluded that equipment supply offers no presently
discernable constraint to mining 1.2 billion tons of
coal in 1985. A shortfall in projected production for
the intervening years, however, is probable owing
to anticipated shortages of draglines. GPO Cata
log No. 128.27 :8710 . Stock No. 024-004-01851-8 .
$ 1.05 .
II. Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made tom
Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh , Pa . 15213
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed . Please enclose a self -addressed label.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 2–76 . Status of the Mineral Industries, by Staff , Bur
eau of Mines. 1976. 21 pp . 25 figs. The
Bureau of Mines has prepared charts highlighting
certain aspects of the status of mineral industries.
Diagrams present information concerning mining,
minerals ,metals , and mineral reclamation .
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8134 . Laser Alinement Sensor for Continuous-Mining
Machines, by Merle L. Bowser. 1976. 10
pp. 6 figs. An alinement (steering ) sensor for
continuous-mining machines has been developed un
der a Bureau of Mines contract. A laser source in
the entry projects a beam parallel to the centerline
of the entry. The beam is optically shaped to a nar
row , vertical fan and illuminates an array of optical
sensors mounted on the mining machine. These sen
sors interpret the location of the beam into meter
readings of heading (angle ) error and lateral dis
placement errors. The system , which was tested for
5 months in an operating mine, appears to be funda
mentally sound , and with some modification , should
N
be applicable to remote or automatic guidance of
continuous miners and other machines.
RI 8137. Geological factors Affecting Methane in the
Beckley Coalbed, by J. T. Popp and C. M.
McCulloch . 1976. 35 pp . 15 figs. This Bureau
of Mines study reviews the geological factors that
affect methane in the Beckley coalbed in southern
West Virginia , including overburden , coalbed struc
ture, type of and changes in lithology above and be
low the Beckley coalbed , and presence of fractures
in the coal and rock adjacent to Beckley . Depending
on the depth , the Beckley coalbed emits from 216 to
520 ft of methane per ton of coal mined , and the
Bureau estimates that methane emission in a deep ,
extensively developed mine in this area may exceed
3,000 ft per day per ton of coal mined . Average
face cleat and butt cleat trends in the Beckley coal
bed measured underground are N 33 ° W and N 53 °
E , respectively. Close cleat spacing contributes to the
friable nature of the Beckley and provides easy
movement for methane and water. Because rider
coals, splits, and carbonaceous shales may contrib
ute methane to mine emissions, predictions of meth
ane emission based on gas content of the Beckley
coalbed alone may be conservative. Beckley coalbed
reserves in the study area are 234 million tons. The
gas content of the Beckley coalbed averages 407 ft /
ton , and the coalbed gas reserves are 108 billion ft .
An Ice - Cooling Garment for Rescue Team Workers,
RI 8139.
by Maria I. DeRosa and Richard L. Stein .
1976. 13 pp . 6 figs. High temperatures encount
ered by mine rescue teams during emergency situa
tions may cause servere physiological strain , hinder
ing the men from carrying out rescue and recovery
missions. A prototype ice -cooling garment (ICG )
was developed by the Bureau of Mines to alleviate
physiological strain due to heat stress. The effect
iveness of the garment was tested with acclimatized
and unacclimatized subjects at a typical work rate
( 1,200 Btu /hr ) expected during rescue operations
and at various hot environments (97 ° to 113 ° F
dry bulb and 80 ° to 89 ° F wet bulb ) . During ex
posures with the ice- cooling garment, the subjects
were able to maintain a safe deep body temperature
of 100.4 ° F or below . Without the garment, the deep
body temperature rose beyond values of 100.4 ° F ,
a condition considered unsafe for continuous work in
hot conditions. Both heart rate and skin temperature
values were lower while wearing the ICG . Subjective
observation also indicated a marked benefit by wear
ing the ICG .
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8711. Recycling Trends in the United States: A Review ,
by Max J. Spendlove. 1976. 25 pp. 6
figs. This Bureau of Mines publication reviews cur
rent recycling trends in the United States. Al
though near - term prospects are poor for recycling
most present wastes, urban refuse is an important
exception . Such wastes comprise a mine above
ground, and much less processing energy is normally
required to recycle the constituents of urban ore
than to obtain them in equal amounts from natural
raw materials.
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS
TPR 95 . A Passive Personal Sampler for Nitrogen Dioxide,
by George H. Schnakenberg , Jr. April 1976 .
11 pp. 2 figs. This Bureau of Mines publication
describes a passive personal sampling device for
-
NO2 in air , developed by the New York University
Medical Center under Bureau Grant G0133066 . The
sampler has been successfully demonstrated in the
field and in the laboratory . In corroborative labora
tory trials the agreement with reference method is
excellent. The overall accuracy is approximately +5
pct of reading to a precision of about # 1 pct. All
evidence indicates that these samplers should indi
cate the time-weighted-average NO2 concentration
to the above accuracy and precision equally well in
the field since effects of wind velocity and relative
humidity are negligible and the effects of tempera
ture are about 0.1 pct per ° F. The duration of ex
posure and the approximate temperature are the
only data that need to be collected in the field . A
two -step analysis procedure in field or service la
boratory is then used to obtain the total cumulated
exposure to NO2 in parts per million -hours (ppm
times hours) , which can be converted to the time
weighted -average concentration of NO2 in ppm by
dividing cumulated exposure by the duration of the
exposure .
TPR 96 . Effect of Location and Type of Water Sprays for
Respirable Dust Suppression on a Continuous-Mining
Machine, by Joseph E. Matta . May 1976. 11 pp .
3 figs. The Bureau of Mines conducted a field study
to investigate the suppression of respirable dust by
water sprays on a continuous-mining machine. De
termining the importance of the top and bottom
sprays for two pes of spray nozzles was empha
sized . Results showed , at a 90 -pct confidence level,
that ( 1 ) at least 70 pct of the dust was generated
during the sump cut, even though nearly half of the
coal was mined during the downshear operation , ( 2 )
the water sprays on the top of the boom had little
effect in supressing respirable dust, and ( 3 ) B.D.
5 sprays mounted on top of the boom reduced dust
at least 33 pct more than B.D. 5 sprays mounted on
top of the boom . A single -cut technique was devel
oped that gave good reproductibility for replicate
cuts ( coefficient of variation of 20 pct) .
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1973
( These preprints are chapters from the Mnerals Yearbook .
1973. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
poduction, consumption , exports, and imports. )
The Mineral Industry of Minnesota, by Cynthia T.
Collins. 15 pp . 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of Missouri, by Patrick Ryan
and James A. Martin . 20 pp . 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of New Mexico, by Roman V.
Sondermayer. 19 pp . 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of Ohio , by Joseph A. Sutton,
16 pp . 1 fig.
The Mineral Industry of Wyoming, by Roger A.
Diedrich . 24 pp. 1 fig .
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
( These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook,
1974. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later . The preprints present data on
production , consumption , exports , and imports .)
Mining and Quarrying Trends in the Metal and
Nonmetal Industries , by John L. Morning 22 pp.
Iron Ore, by F. L. Klinger. 25 pp. 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of Austria, by Grace N. Brod
erick . 12 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Belgium and Luxembourg ,
by Norman A. Matthews. 17 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Brazil, by F. W. Wessel.
19 pp .
The Mineral Industry of the Netherlands, by Nor
man A. Matthews. 16 pp .
Natural Gas Liquids, by Ronald Prehoda and Leon
ard L , Fanelli. 25 pp . 3 figs.
Nitrogen , by William F. Keyes. 10 pp.
Uranium , by Walter C. Woodmansee. 23 pp . 3 figs.
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington , D.C. 20241
Some of these reports are issued weekly , monthly ,
quarterly , or annually . The following annual reports
were issued during May.
Abrasive Materials in 1975 ( Annual Advance Sum
mary ) . 5 pp .
Apparent Consumption of Industrial Explosives and
Blasting Agents in the United States in 1975. 12
pp .
Gypsum in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 2
pp .
Supply , Demand , and Stocks of all Oils by P.A.D.
Districts and Imports To the United States, by
Country in 1975. 7 pp.
II. Open File Reports - NTIS
An open file report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines report
that has been made available as reference material. Any
open Ale report may be inspected during working hours
at the locations indicated but may not be removed . If a
number prefixed with PB is given , the report is also avail
able from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield , Va . 22161
Microfiche copies are $ 2.25 ( domestic order ) and
$ 3.75 (foreign order ). Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $ 2.50 for a for
eign order. Please order by numbers given .
OFR 56-76 . Location of Anomalous Concentrations of Metals
in Alaskan Placer Concentrate Samples, by
Bruce I. Thomas and C. L. Sainsbury. June 20 ,
1975. 39 Mylar overlay maps. This report con
sists of 39 Mylar overlays prepared by the Bureau
of Mines Juneau Field Office. Made to fit 1 :250,000
topographic maps of Alaska, these overlays show
the location of anomalous concentrations of 25 dif
ferent metals in magnetic and nonmagnetic placer
concentrate samples. The samples , collected by the
Geological Survey during 1895-1953 , show high con
centrations of metals such as copper, lead, zinc, etc.
The overlays could serve as a useful tool in detecting
the presence of lode deposits upstream from the
sample location . Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Anchorage and Juneau , Alaska ; at the Univer
sity of Alaska , Fairbanks ; at the Office of Environ
mental Coordination , Washington, D.C .; and at the
Central Library, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C.
OFR 57-76 . The Study of the Properties of Transition Meta !
Compounds, by Harry C. Allen , Jr. Oc
tober 1975. 65 pp. 12 figs. A general survey of
possible chemical techniques was conducted and sub
sequently a detailed procedure was devised for the
recovery of the mineral values present in manganese
nodules making use of ion -exchange chromato
graphy. The technique of the Electron Paramagne
tic Resonance supplemented by optical spectroscopy
and nuclear magnetic resonance was studied to de
termine the magnetic properties of metal complexes
that might prove important to the separation of the
transition metals. The results of these studies were
interpreted according to the ligand - field -theory mod
el enabling considerable insight into the magnetic
properties and structural nature of the metal che
lates. These magnetic studies were carried mainly
on the Copper (II ) ion and led to the discovery of
a new class of one -dimensional magnetic materials.
Research done by Clark University under Contract
No. H0101609. Available for reference during work
ing hours only at the Central Library , U.S. De
partment of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 58-76 . The Physical Beneficiation of Ferrous Urban
Wastes for Utilization as a Charge Material
in Melting Operations, by Michael Lee Burch . Jan. 9,
1976. 91 pp . 27 figs. This paper discusses the
physical beneficiation of ferrous urban wastes for
utilization as a charge material in melting opera
tions. Research done under Grant No. G0122085 by
the University of Wisconsin. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., College Park , Md.,
Twin Cities, Minn., Rolla, Mo., Boulder City , Nev.,
Reno, Nev ., Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City, Utah, and
at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the In
terior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 59–76 . Bar Rolling of Ductile Cast Iron , by H. E.
Trout, Jr., and M. A. Gratton . Aug.
28, 1975. 8 pp. 4 figs. This report estimates the
potential for hot rolling ductile irons which are cus
tomarily used in the as-cast condition. It was found
that ductile cast iron can be rolled at 1,750 ° and
1,925 ° F at 200 feet per minute on a bar mill_to
achieve a reduction of greater than 90 percent. Re
search done under Contract No. P4150630 by the
University of Pittsburgh. Available for reference dur
ing working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
library in Rolla , Mo., and at the Central Library ,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 60–76 . Contrifugally Cast Stainless Steel Fiber-Rein
forced Refractory Pipe, by Charles W.
Kistler, Jr. , David R. Lankard, and J. Richard
Schorr. Dec. 29, 1975. 45 pp. 14 figs. This re
search was initiated to develop a self-supporting cer
amic pipe for use in coal gasification systems. Ideal
ly, the pipe would be impermeable and strong enough
to replace steel pipe that is susceptible to corrosion
by acidic species in the product gas. However, a
more reasonable objective would be a pressurized
shell, but the liner must have properties superior
to those of castable refractories now used for this
application . This program demonstrated that 3- inch
ID pipes can be fabricated from a stainless-steel
fiber-reinforced refractory castable mix by centri
fugal casting. Although it is possible to obtain some
degree of preferential fiber orientation by introduc
ing the fibers and castable separately, this procedure
is complicated in that ( 1) multiple batches of fibers
must be weighed out for each pipe ; ( 2 ) alternative
additions of fibers and castable are time consuming,
requiring almost twice the fabrication time needed
with a preblended mix ; and ( 3 ) fiber feed rates are
hard to control. Research done under Contract No.
H0252064 by Battelle Columbus Laboratories. Avail
able for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala. , Col
lege Park , Md., Twin Cities, Minn., Rolla, Mo., Boul
der City, Nev ., Reno, Nev., Albany, Oreg., Salt Lake
City, Utah, and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS .
PB 252 292/AS. Paper copy, $ 4 .
OFR 61-76. Effects of Refractory Metals on Oxidation and
Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium , by M.
M. Tilman , R. L. Crosby, and L. A. Neumeier. May
5, 1976. 13 pp . 1 fig . Research was conducted to
determine if alloying magnesium with sparingly
soluble V , Cb, Ta, Čr, Mo, and W would inhibit
burning of molten magnesium and corrosion resist
ance of solid magnesium . When molten magnesium
was heated for i hr (argon ) in contact with the
metals, solubilities ranged from < 0.0010 wt-pct for
Mo, Ta, Cb, or W , up to 0.0028 pct for V, and 0.0129
pct for Cr. Heating under pressure at 1,000 ° C re
sulted in 0.0544 pct soluble Cr; at 1,400 ° C , 0.0017
pct Cb was soluble. Mg-Cr and Mg-W alloys exhib
ited slightly improved burning resistance. All alloys
had diminished corrosion resistance in 3 -pct Naci
solution . Research done at the Rolla Metallurgy Re
search Center. Available for reference during work
ing hours only at the Bureau of Mines library in
Rolla, Mo., and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS . PB
252 578 / AS. Paper copy, $ 3.50 .
OFR 62–76. Preliminary Design of an Automated Drill and
Blast Machine, by R. B. Wetherell , C. J.
Crane, and W. B. Porter. Mar. 17, 1976. 46 pp.
7 figs. This report presents the results of a pre
liminary design concept for an automated drill and
blast machine ( ADBM ). The design concept was the
firstphase of a four -phase program and was based
on Hercules' experience with explosives for conven
tional drill/ blast /muck ( DBM ) tunneling and Rob
bins' experience as atunneling boring -machine
( TBM ) manufacturer. The overall objective of the
study was to design a machine that could combine
DBM operations into a single automated machine
capable of remaining at the tunnel face during all
operations. Currently produced TBM's have proven
capable of penetrating rock of any hardness. How
ever, these machines are not economical in hard or
abrasive rock formations. All objectives of this first
phase were not achieved. The major problem was the
time required for currently used mucking equipment
to clear the face. The anticipated improvement in
advance rate of the ADBM over currently, used
TBM's cannot be achieved until the muck cycle can
be reduced to 20 minutes per round.Research done
by Hercules Inc. and the Robbins Co. under Con
tract No. J0155175 . Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn . , Bruceton, Pa. ,
Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy
Research and Development Administration library
in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS. PB 252 829/AS. Paper copy, $4.
PB 251 705 /AS. Seismic Mine Monitor System , by J. C.
Fowler. August 1975. 42 pp. 34
figs. ( BuMines OFR 46–76 . Paper copy , $ 4 .)
Design of Reusable Explosion - Proof Bulk
PB 251 714 /AS.
heads for a Crosscut Refuge Chamber, by
Kenneth R. Maser, Donald S. Kingrey, and David
Hoadley. November 1975. 266 pp . 78 figs. ( Bu
Mines OFR 48–76 . Paper copy, $ 9.25 .)
PB 251 715 / AS .
Fire Alert Systems for Metal and Non
metal Mines, by John P. Wagner,
Abraham Fookson, Allan Harper, Mary May, and
Roger Welker. August 1975. 164 pp. 51 figs.
( BuMines OFR 45–76. Paper copy, $ 7.50 .)
PB 251 721 /AS. Properties of Coal-Water Slurries, by R.
R. Faddick . March 1974. 87 pp .
15 figs. ( BuMines OFR 53–76 . Paper copy , $ 5 ) .
PB 251 770 /AS. Lincoln Laboratory LTS- 35 Training System ;
Application to Teaching Essential Mining
Skills, by W. P. Harris and R. E. Rodgers. July 15 ,
1975. 29 pp . 30 figs. ( BuMines OFR 47–76 .
Paper copy, $ 4 .)
PB 251 916 / AS.
Enhancement of Lead Sulfide Volatiliza
tion From Lead Concentrates, by Arthur
E. Morris. September 1975. 21 pp. 7 figs. (Bu
Mines OFR 51–76 . Paper copy, $ 3.50.)
PB 252 020 /AS. A Conceptual Design and Feasibility Study
of a Variable Wall Mining Machine, by
Jay Hillary Kelley and Leonard Bianchi. August
1974. 157 pp. 31 figs. ( BuMines OFR 54–76 .
Paper copy , $6.75 . )
N. Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press .
Copies of these articles are NOT available .
OP 32-76 . Occurrences of Oil and Gas Soeps Along the
Gulf of Alaska , by Donald P. Blasko. Pres.
at 8th Ann . Offshore Technology Conf., Houston ,
Tex , May 3–6 , 1976 , Paper OTC 24444 , pp. 211-220 .
Oil seeps on portions of the Alaska Peninsula and
the northcentral Gulf of Alaska were investigated
by the Federal Bureau of Mines to determine ( 1 )
whether previously reported seeps are still active,
(2 ) the characteristics of the seeping hydrocarbons,
and ( 3 ) the amount of bitumen contained in the
drainage leaving the seeps and entering the Gulf
of Alaska waters . Eighteen oil seeps, 7 bitumen de
posits , and 12 gas seeps were located. In all, 102
samples of water were obtained from seep locations
and seep drainages. Water samples associated with
the seeps were analyzed for ionic content by solvent
extraction for hydrocarbon content. Analyses con
firmed that although the water at the oil seep sites
sometimes contained high bitumen content, the
amount of hydrocarbons actually reaching the Gulf
of Alaska waters from the seeps is minimal.
OP 33–76 . Metals in the Wastes we Burn ?, by William
J. Campbell. Environ . Sci. and Technol.,
v . 10 , No. 5 , May 1976 , pp. 436-439. The combusti
ble fraction of municipal solid waste is an important
fuel supplement for meeting part of our national
energy needs. This paper discusses the ongoing
characterization program of municipal solid waste
conducted by the Bureau of Mines in providing some
of the essential data required to evaluate the pos
sible environmental impact of using refuse-derived
fuels .
OP 34–76. Methane in Coal: From Liability to Asset, by
Maurice Deul and Ann G. Kim . Mining
Cong. J., v . 61. No. 11, November 1975 , pp. 28–32.
This Bureau of Mines paper discusses the safety
hazard of methane in coalbeds. Drainage before min
ing, borehole costs and its determent to techniques ,
methane in coal as an asset, benefits, legal problems,
and ownership are also studied .
OP 35–76 . Estimation of Coal-Cleat Orientation Using Sur
face -Joint and Photolinear Analysis, by W. P.
Diamond, C. M. McCulloch , and B. M. Bench . Geol
ogy , v . 3 , No. 12, December 1975 , pp. 687-690 . Sur
face joints, infrared photolinears, and Ronchi grat
ing photolinears were investigated in southwestern
Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia as poten
5
tial estimators of cleat orientation in areas of virgin
coal. Directional data obtained from the three tech
niques investigated yielded satisfactory regional
estimates of cleat orientations. Analysis of surface
joints was the only technique considered sufficiently
reliable on a local basis . Estimation of cleat orien
tation is based on the pairing of the principal direc
tional sets into all reasonable combinations of funda
mental systems. The system or systems composed of
the most dominant sets nearest to 90 ° separation
are likely to be a reliable estimate of cleat orienta
tion . Relative dominance of individual sets is based
on the number of readings that form the corres
ponding peaks of the rose diagrams on which the di
rectional data were plotted. The most dominant set
of the system selected is likely to be the face cleat.
OP 36–76 . Six Models for Interelement Correction in X -Ray
Analysis, by H. E. Marr III. Adv. X -Ray
Anal., v . 19 , 1976, pp. 167–180. Simplified models
are being used at the College Park (Md.) Metal
lurgy Research Center for six popular methods for
interelement correction in X -ray analysis .
OP 37–76 . Augmentation of a Mining Machine with a
High - Pressure Jet, by R. O. McNary , J. R.
Blair, D. D. Novak , and D. I. Johnson . Proc. 3d
Internat. Symp. on Jet Cutting Technology, May 11
13 , 1976. IIT Res. Inst., Chicago, Ill., 1976 , Preprint
D2, pp . D2- D20. Underground coal cutting tests
for the purpose of monitoring respirable dust levels
were performed with a boom -type mining machine
in which the mechanical action of the bits was aug
mented by a high -pressure water jet. The respirable
dust was reduced by the action of the jet to levels
less than 2 mg / m '.
OP 38–76 . Hot Rolling and Forging of Ductile Iron, by L.
A. Neumeier, B. A. Betts, and R. L.
Crosby. AFS Internat. Cast Metals J., v. 1, No. 1,
March 1976. pp . 17–28. The Bureau of Mines in
vestigated hot rolling and forging of experimental
ductile iron castings made with up to 70 pct of
foundry pig iron and 95 pct steelmaking pig iron .
Both sand and permanent mold castings were evalu
ated. Between 1,550 ° and 1,950 ° F , most castings
could be rolled to 90 pct reduction and forged to 70
pct without serious cracking . Charge and composi
tion have less bearing on workability than on sub
sequent properties. Nickel produced some adverse ef
fect, as did poor nodularity. Permanent mold cast
ings, which had finer nodules and primary carbides ,
could be worked as readily as sand castings at 1,750 °
and 1,950 ° F. Plasticity improved with temperature .
Small billets were also forged cold to 50 pct re
duction without cracking. With equivalent nodular
ity , composition affects properties of wrought mate
rials by altering the matrix and strength . Properties
vary with reduction and improve with working tem
perature . Rolled material has high strength and
anisotropy - low ductility in the transverse direction.
Annealing improves ductility , but anisotropy per
sists. At 70 pct reduction , impact resistance is about
twice as good in the logitudinal direction than in the
transverse . Annealing about doubles impact resist
ance. Impact properties were somewhat lower when
steelmaking pig iron was used instead of foundry
pig iron . Cross rolling can reduce anisotropy by
equalizing directional nodule deformation . Although
workability and ductility are inferior to steel, more
advantage could be taken of ductile iron's plasticity
to work rough shapes to final dimensions.
OP 39–76 . Force Exerted by Water Jet Impact at Long
Standoff Distances, by G. A. Savanick and
J. N. Frank . Proc. 3d Internat. Symp. on Jet Cut
ting Technology, May 11-13, 1976 , IIT Res. Inst .,
Chicago, Ill., 1976 , Preprint B5, pp. B5- B68. The
variation of force exerted by jet impact was a func
tion of nozzle design, the concentration of chemicals
in the jetting water, and changing jet diameter was
determined at standoff distances from 0.46 to 3.66
meters. These tests resulted in an optimized nozzle
design , demonstrated optimum concentration levels
for a series of guar and polyacrylic -based additives,
and showed that large -diameter jets retain a higher
portion of their energy than do small-diameter jets
at a given standoff distance .
OP 40–76 . Continuous Pilot Testing Confirms Floatability
of Duluth Complex Sulfides, by R. B. Schluter
and A. B. Landstrom . Eng. and Min. J., v . 177,
No. 4, April 1976, pp. 80–83 . The Bureau of Mines
processed a 120 -ton sample of Duluth Complex low
grade copper-nickel ore to recover bulk sulfide floata
tion concentrates. Pilot plant results confirmed the
concentrate grades and metal recoveries obtained in
the laboratory.
OP 41-76. Stabilization Methods for the Reclamation of
Tailings Ponds, by M. B. Shirts and J. H.
Bilbrey. Pres. at the Aus.I.M.M. Adelaide Branch,
Landscaping Seminar, March - April 1976, pp. 9-18.
This paper delineates the magnitude of the prob
lems associated with the reclamation of milling plant
wastes and discusses the various methods that have
been developed and used . Data from selected Bureau
of Mines laboratory research projects and a stabili
zation field trial are presented .
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SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 3-76 . Bureau of Mines Research 75. A Summary of Signif
icant Results in Mining , Metallurgy, and Mineral
Economics, by Staff, Bureau of Mines. 1976. 123 pp .
44 figs. Established in 1910 , the Bureau of Mines
under the Department of the Interior is the Federal
Government's primary research arm in the mineral
field. Since the transfer of the fossil fuels portion of
the energy research program to the newly organized
Energy Research and Development Administration
( ERDA ) in fiscal year 1975 , Bureau research has
been concentrated on increasing mineral production ,
decreasing energy usage through more efficient proc
essing, and decreasing material losses caused by cor
rosion . Concurrently, research is being addressed to
improved coal- preparation techniques, especially to
expanding utilization of low-grade coals and coals
difficult to beneficiate, which are essential for reduc
ing the need for petroleum and natural gas supplies
and for redirecting our energy consumption . Fluctua
tions in the availability of foreign sources of miner
als, metals, and fuels due to political and economic
variability among nations have necessitated intensi
fied investigation into coal mining , uranium - ore
processing, and geothermal energy sources — three
alternatives that can help alleviate the dependence of
the United States on foreign sources of energy. Re
search 75 is the fifth in a series of annual Bureau of
Mines publications highlighting significant research
and mineral intelligence studies. GPO Stock No.
024-004-01853-4 . $2.35.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
( These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and
Problems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities, will be available later. The preprints
present data on industry structure, reserves -resources , tech
nology, supply -demand relationships, byproducts and coprod
ucts, economic factors and problems, operating factors and
problems, and outlook . )
Argon , by William F. Keyes. 6 pp. 1 fig . GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01831-3. 35 cents.
-
Nat . sci
BUREAU OF MINES
JUNE 1976 MONTHLY LIST 734
Cement, by Brinton C. Brown. 17 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01839-9. 40 cents .
Chlorine, by Charles L. Klingman . 9 pp. 1 fig .
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01860-1 . 35 cents.
Chromium , by John L. Morning. 12 pp. 2 figs.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01858-5 . 35 cents.
Corundum and Emery , by Robert G. Clarke. 18 pp.
3 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01854-2. 35 cents.
Kyanite and Related Minerals, by Michael J. Potter.
12 pp. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01864-0. 35 cents.
Lead , by J. Patrick Ryan and John M. Hague. 20
pp. 4 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01850-0 . 45
cents.
Nitrogen, by William F. Keyes, 12 pp. 1 fig. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01859-3. 35 cents.
Perlite, by Arthur C. Meisinger . 12 pp. 1 fig .
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01862-3 . 35 cents.
Pumice and Volcanic Cinder, by Arthur C. Meisinger.
10 pp . 1 fig . GPO Stock No. 024-004-01869-1.
35 cents.
Shale Oil , by L. W. Schramm. 26 pp. 3 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01861-5. 60 cents.
Soda Ash ( Sodium Carbonate ), Sodium Sulfate, and
Sodium , by Charles L. Klingman . 13 pp. i fig .
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01863-1. 35 cents.
Stone , by John E. Shelton and Harold J. Drake. 18
pp. 3 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01852-6. 40
cents .
Titanium , by F. W. Wessel. 17 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01866-6. 45 cents.
The following chapters from Bulletin 667,
Mineral Facts and Problems, are being listed
again because of a price reduction by the Gov
ernment Printing Office.
Boron, by K. P. Wang. 12 pp. 3 figs. GPO Stock
No. 024-004-01803-8. 35 cents.
Iodine , by K. P. Wang. 9 pp. 1 fig . GPO Stock
No. 024-004-01804-6 . 35 cents .
Manganese , by Gilbert L. DeHuff. 16 pp. 1 fig.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01808-9. 40 cents.
Molybdenum , by Andrew Kuklis. 16 pp. 3 figs.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01806-2. 40 cents.
Oxygen, by William F. Keyes. 8 pp. 1 fig. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01809-7 . 35 cents.
Uranium , by Walter C. Woodmansee . 24 pp . 5 figs.
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01799-6. 60 cents.
Vanadium, by Harold A. Taylor , Jr., and Grace N.
Broderick. 11 pp. 1 fig . GPO Stock No. 024
004-01807-1 . 35 cents.
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8710. Coal Mine Equipment Forecast to 1985 , by Rich
ard J. Bielicki and David C. Uhrin . 1976.
37 pp . 3 figs. This Bureau of Mines study esti
mates the number of major pieces of coal-mining
equipment that will be required to produce 950 mil
lion tons of marketable coal in 1980 and 1.2 billion
tons in 1985. The coal tonnages were projected in the
intermediate coal supply scenario of Project Inde
pendence Blueprint ( PIB ) . The equipment projec
tions were determined by consideration of historical
trends and by evaluation of information from equip
ment manufacturers and mining companies. The abil
ity of the manufacturers to meet the projected equip
ment demands was also determined. It was concluded
that equipment supply offers no presently discernible
constraint to mining 1.2 billion tons of coal in 1985 .
A shortfall in projected production for the interven
ing years, however, is probable owing to anticipated
shortages of draglines. GPO Catalog No. 128.27 :
8710. Stock No. 024-004-01851-8 . $ 1.05.
II. Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made to
Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa . 15213
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed . Please enclose a self -addressed label.
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8131. Production of Blister Copper by Electric Furnace
Smelting of Dead-Burned Copper Sulfide Concen
trates, by D. L. Paulson , R. B. Worthington , and W.L.
Hunter. 1976. 27 pp. 14 figs. The Bureau of
Mines is investigating pyrometallurgical and chemi
cal methods for extracting copper from sulfide ores
under conditions that provide for control of gaseous
and solid emissions. Under this program , a new elec
trothermic reduction process was developed to pro
duce blister copper after collecting essentially all of
the sulfur by a single -unit operation . The process
feasibility was indicated by a laboratory - scale inves
tigation that demonstrated chalcopyrite concentrate
can be roasted to less than 1 percent sulfur and that
the resulting calcine can be reduced with carbon to
blister copper by a cyclic process in a single arc-smelt
ing furnace. Pilot- scale tests in an 800-KV - A electric
arc furnace demonstrated that 98.4 pct of the con
tained copper can be continuously recovered as metal
by operating at bath temperatures between 1,350 °
and 1,375 ° C. Smelting rates of approximately 225 lb
of blend / ft2 of bath surface/hr resulted in power con
sumptions of approximately 520 kW -hr /ton of blend.
The blister copper that was produced contained less
than 0.1 pct iron while the precious metals reporting
to the copper product and gangue material elimina
tion were similar to those in a conventional smelting
operation .
RI 8138. Seismic Equipment Used in Rock -Burst Control in
the Coeur d'Alene Mining District, Idaho, by Wil
liam C. McLaughlin , Galen G. Waddell, and John G.
McCaslin . 1976. 29 pp. 18 figs. In the deep vein
mines of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, rock
bursts are a potential hazard to the mine structure
and underground personnel. Damage repair costs are
estimated by one company to exceed $ 1 per ton of
ore mined. The Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with
the mining companies, has conducted research inter
mittently over the past 10 years to help reduce
bursts. Onsite inspections of major rock bursts were
conducted , and reports were submitted to mine man
agement; these included the geology and geometry
of the affected area . The paper discusses the develop
2
ment and improvement of microseismic and surface
monitoring equipment. The underground micro
seismic network , when operated on a regular basis
and the results plotted daily , is capable of detecting
stress concentration in certain areas. The surface
seismographs record rock bursts, blasts, earthquakes,
etc., throughout the district and show approximate
location , time, and relative intensity of the event.
RI 8142. Three Coal Mine Ventilation Studies Using Sulfur
Hexafluoride Tracer Gas, by Robert P. Vinson
and Fred N. Kissell. 1976. 19 pp . 18 figs. This
report describes three coal mine ventilation studies
by the Bureau of Mines in which sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6) was used as a tracer gas. One of these studies
was conducted to determine air movement and leak
age in a sealed area . Another was run to determine
the ventilation efficiency of a bleeder system . Finally,
a study was made of air leakage across permanent
stoppings of parallel intake airways. These studies
proved sulfur hexafluoride to be a useful addition to
the equipment commonly used in coal mine ventila
tion analysis.
RI 8144. Smelting of Arseniferous Copper Concentrate in an
Electric-Arc Furnace, by D. L. Paulson , W.
Anable, W. L. Hunter, and R. S. McClain . 1976. 30
pp. 8 figs. The Bureau of Mines studied the feasi
bility of producing copper matte in an electric fur
nace from blends of copper concentrate similar to
those currently smelted in a gas- fired reverberatory
system at an installation in Tacoma, Wash . A 800
kva electric-arc furnace was used to determine the
distribution of constituents when arseniferous con
centrates are being smelted in an electric-arc fur
nace. Test results from smelting 40 tons of materials
indicated that electric smelting is more like a conven
tional gas- fired system than originally expected . Al
though gas composition over the molten bath is much
different in an electric furnace , the secondary con
stituents such as arsenic, lead, zinc, and antimony
behaved the same as in a reverberatory furnace . The
results established that an electric furnace would be
compatible with sulfur and particulate recovery
facilities that are being used. Work done in coopera
tion with ASARCO Inc.
RI 8145. Extraction and Recovery of Molybdenum and
Rhenium From Molybdenite Concentrates by Elec
trooxidation: Process Demonstration , by B. J. Scheiner, R.
E. Lindstrom , and D. L. Pool. 1976. 12 pp. 5 figs.
The Federal Bureau of Mines has successfully
demonstrated an electrooxidation -solvent extraction
carbon adsorption process for recovering molybde
num and rhenium from offgrade concentrates. The
flow sequence consists of dissolution of metal values
by electrooxidation , liquid -solid separation by thick
ening, acidification and chlorate ion removal by sulfur
dioxide treatment, solvent extraction to concentrate
the molybdenum and rhenium , separation of molybde
num and rhenium by carbon adsorption , and metal
recovery by crystallization . Molybdenum and rhe
nium were recovered as ammonium paramolybdate
and ammonium perrhenate . Electrolysis of brine-con
centrate pulps to generate a hypochlorite oxidizing
agent in situ resulted in the dissolution of 98.9 and
99.1 pct of the molybdenum and rhenium , respec
tively , at an energy consumption of 13.7 kwhr/ lb of
molybdenum extracted .
RI 8147. Steel From Urban Waste, by Willard L. Hunter.
1976. 16 pp . 8 figs. A series of steel
heats, one low -alloy and nine carbon , was made by
the Bureau of Mines in a 1 -ton arc furnace from
ferrous scrap from incinerated refuse , steel cans, and
detinned steel cans, both alone and blended with
heavy-melting scrap. Two additional control heats,
one of carbon steel and one of low - alloy steel, were
made from electric furnace heavy -melting scrap to
provide comparative data . The steel products were
cast into two 4- by 4 -inch nominal 50 -pound ingots ;
in most heats, an 8- by 8 -inch nominal 750- pound
ingot was also obtained. Tests of these ingots indi
cated that reinforcing bars of acceptable quality can
be made from urban refuse components such as steel
cans.
RI 8148 . Calibration Models for Geophysical Borehole Log
ging, by James J. Snodgrass . 1976. 21 pp .
4 figs. The Bureau of Mines designed and con
structed a series of calibration models for geophy
sical borehole logging . A nominal hole diameter of 3
inches was selected as representative of typical core
holes drilled for mining and engineering purposes, al
though additional hole diameters of 2 , 5 , and 8 inches
are provided in one of the models for determination
of empirical correction factors for variations in hole
diameter . The physical properties of the models were
determined by laboratory analyses of drill core sam
ples and evaluated statistically for reliability. This
report outlines the location of the models , elements of
design and construction , and results of the laboratory
tests. The models are available at the Denver Federal
Center, Denver , Colo., for use by Government agen
cies and private industry to calibrate logging equip
ment for measurements of density, sonic velocity,
magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity .
RI 8149. Roasting Nonmagnetic Taconites in a Fluid Bed
ing Low -Rank Fuels as Reductants, by J. E.
Pahlman , P. L. Ruzzi, and R. B. Schluter. 1976. 15
pp. 8 figs. The Bureau of Mines performed re
search on a fluid -bed magnetic roasting process for
nonmagnetic taconites that utilizes low -rank coals
and lignites as reductants and fuels. Roasting tests
on a Michigan nonmagnetic taconite were conducted
at 600 ° to 725° C with lignite or subbituminous coal
as reductants. Partial combustion of the reductant
reduced the amount of heat externally applied to the
reactor to maintain the desired reactor temperature.
Cleaned , dried reactor top gases were recycled to re
cover a portion of the reducing potential in these
gases without adversely affecting concentrate grade
and iron recovery. Highest iron recoveries for mag
netic concentrates were obtained at a roast tempera
ture of 650 ° C with lignite and at a roast tempera
ture of 725 ° C with subbituminous coal, Magnetic
concentrates were obtained that were comparable
with commercial concentrates.
RI 8150. Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement Sealant in Coal
Mines, by Jack E. Fraley and Robert E.
Simpson . 1976. 17 pp. 18 figs. Magnesium oxy ,
sulfate cement has been specially formulated as a
sealant in underground coal mines for reducing
sloughing of shale roofs and coal ribs, for reducing
air losses through block stoppings, for constructing
sprayed stoppings over approved jute cloth or metal
lath, and for reducing combustibility of polyurethane
foam . A standard spray machine (Mining Enforce
ment and Safety Administration (MESA ) approved )
was used for the underground testing . Our research
shows that a 12-inch coating reduces shale and coal
sloughing, reduces air losses through block stoppings,
and prevents fire propagation through a metal tunnel
lined with polyurethane foam . During the under
ground tests , excess mixing water was used to im
prove pumping the slurry to the spray nozzle . This
was later found to increase shrinkage cracks in the
cured coatings. Controlling excess water is important
to an acceptable coating .
RI 8151. Applying Computer-Drawn Maps of Geologic Data
to Analysis of Mining Problems, by Charles M.
McCulloch . 1976. 26 pp. 15 figs. This Bureau of
Mines report discusses the principles of using com
puters to draw maps and plot geologic data of mining
areas. The types of maps that can be drawn by a com
puter are reviewed , using as examples two separate
areas where poor roof and gas emissions caused min
ing problems. Such maps can be used not only to help
identify problem areas, but also to predict areas
where problems could occur, thus giving mine opera
tors time to work out solutions prior to mining. The
average cost of a computer-drawn map for a mine
property is less than $ 100, including computer time
and man-hours for data preparation.
RI 8153. A Spiral Sequential Sampler for Air and Liquids.
Preliminary Results, by Robert P. Vinson and
Fred N.Kissell. 1976. 8 pp . 7 figs. A sequential
sampler based on the Archimedes screw , has been de
veloped by the Bureau of Mines. Its initial purpose
was to collect air samples during tracer gas studies
in underground mines. However, the basic concept
can be applied to other sampling needs, including
sampling of liquids. A prototype was built and suc
cessfully tested in the Bureau's Experimental Mine
at Bruceton , Pa. The simple design makes the sam
pler inherently durable and low in cost .
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8709. Coal Mine Illumination . Proceedings: Bureau of
Mines Technology Transfer Seminars. Pittsburgh ,
Pa., November 4 , 1975; St. Louis , Mo., November 6 , 1975 ;
and Denver, Colo ., November 11, 1975, compiled by Staff
-Mining Research . 1976. 82 pp . 73 figs. Re
search personnel from the Bureau of Mines, repre
sentatives of the Mining Enforcement and Safety
Administration (MESA ) , and members of the min
ing industry met with other Government and indus
try representatives at three seminars held in Pitts
burgh , Pa., November 4 , 1975 ; St. Louis, Mo., Novem
ber 6 , 1975 ; and Denver, Colo ., November 11, 1975, to
discuss the results of Bureau -sponsored research on
coal mine illumination . The program , aimed at devel
oping suitable illumination systems for the working
places of underground coalmines, covered hardware
developments and field evaluation and the status of
proposed MESA standards and proposed MESA en
forcement procedures. These proceedings contain the
opening remarks to the seminars and eight technical
presentations on various aspects of coal mine illu
mination .
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT
Technical Progress Reports make known new or improved
systems and techniques in mining and metallurgy developed
by the Bureau of Mines.
TPR 97 . Dust Control at a Transfer Point Using Foam and
Water Sprays, by Richard J. Seibel. May
1976. 12 pp . 3 figs. The Bureau of Mines studied
the effectiveness of foam in controlling airborne dust
along a mine section belt line, using personal gravi
metric samplers to obtain the data . Although foam
was significantly more effective than water sprays in
controlling airborne respirable dust at a transfer
point and along a mine section belt line, a strate
gically arranged water spray system may be suffi
ciently satisfactory and comprise a more economical
and convenient dust controlmethod. Also , the section
belt to main belt transfer point is a significant dust
source , and additional foam or water sprays may
need to be applied at such transfer points to alleviate
respirable dust generation . The application of foam
or water spray to the underside of the belt is espe
cially effective for dust control.
 PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1973
( These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook,
1973. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod
ities. will be available later. The preprints present data on
production , consumption , exports , and imports. )
The Mineral Industry of Alabama, by Joseph F.
Corey. 14 pp. 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of California , by Walter C.
Woodmansee . 30 pp . 1 fig.
The Mineral Industry of Colorado, by Andrew
Kuklis . 31 pp. 2 figs.
The Mineral Industry of Mississippi, by C. L. Read
ling and Alvin R. Bicker, Jr. 14 pp . 1 fig :
The Mineral Industry of Tennessee, by Herbert R.
Babitzke, William D. Hardeman , and Robert E.
Hershey. 18 pp . 2 figs.
The Mineral Industry of Virginia , by Charles E.
Vannoy. 14 pp . 1 fig.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
[These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook ,
1974. The complete volumes , covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production , consumption , exports, and imports .)
Bauxite, by Horace F. Kurtz . 18 pp.
Copper, by Harold J. Schroeder and George J. Coak
ley, 47 pp . 1 fig .
Mica , by Stanley Haines. 10 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Burma, by Timothy Adams.
7 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Finland, by F. L. Klinger.
11 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Israel, by Michael J. Pot
ter. 8 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Mexico, by Ronald J. De
Filippo. 14 pp.
The Mineral Industry of the Philippines, by Richard
H. Singleton . 17 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Thailand, by David G. Wil
lard. 13 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Tunisia , by Roland W. Mer
win . 8 pp .
The Mineral Industry of the United Kingdom , by
Horace T. Reno . 17 pp .
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite , by J. Robert
Wells. 8 pp .
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington , D.C. 20241
Some of these reports are issued weekly , monthly ,
quarterly, or annually . The following annual reports
were issued during June.
Asbestos in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 3
pp .
Beryllium in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary) .
1 p.
Carbon Black in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) .
2 pp .
Diatomite in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ).
1 p.
World Crude Oil Production Annual in 1975. 4 pp .
III. Open File Reports - NTIS
An open file report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines re
port that has been made available as reference material. Any
open file report may be inspected during working hours at the
locations indicated but may not be removed. If a number pre
fixed with PB is given, the report is also available from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, Va . 22161
Microfiche copies are $ 2.25 (domestic order ) and
$ 3.75 ( foreign order ). Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $ 2.50 for a foreign
order. Please order by numbers given .
OFR63–76 . Feasibility of Automated Rail-Haulage Systems
in Underground Coal Mines, by Eugene A.
Dolecki and Paul T. Ryan . February 1976. 332 pp.
102 figs. This report outlines the base for the devel
opment and evaluation of automated rail-haulage
systems in terms of the service requirements for
haulage systems in underground coal mines, and of
the performance of existing haulage systems. A gen
eralized automated rail-haulage system concept is
defined . A safety impact analysis of automating the
mainline portion of the underground system indicates
a 50 % reduction in injuries and fatalities. A cost
effectiveness (over the total life cycle ) study for the
system indicates a cost benefit can be obtained from
implementing an automated rail system . The design
specifications for the total automated rail-haulage
system - including subsystems and components — are
developed, and the equipment types and general de
sign approaches evaluated, with selections outlined .
A detailed conceptual design for a prototype auto
mated system is described . Conclusions and recom
mendations are presented, as well as a program plan
devised for implementing a prototype automated rail
haulage system demonstrated in an operating under
ground coal mine by 1980. Research done under Con
tract No. H02420i1 by the General Electric Co.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo .,
Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library in Morgantown,
W. Va .; and at the Central Library, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS . PB 253
106 /AS. $ 10 .
OFR 64–76 . Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities:
Chutes and Screens, by E. E. Ungar, W. N.
Patterson , C. L. Dym , and A. Galaitsis. July 1975.
156 pp . 49 figs. Recent studies aimed at defining
the noise problems in coal preparation plants showed
that chutes and screens constitute the most prevalent
sources of noise in such plants. The result of a re
search program with the objectives of an in -depth
investigation of the noise generating mechanisms of
chutes and screens and the development of design
guidelines for cost -effective quieting of chutes and
screens are contained in this report. Having identi
fied coal impacts and the drive mechanism as the
primary sources of noise, methods using vibration
isolation and damping and resilient layer techniques
have been recommended for source treatment. Re
search done under Contract No. H0144079 by Bolt,
Beranek , and Newman , Inc. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruce
ton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown , W. Va.; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS. PB 253 257 /AS. $ 6.75.
OFR 65–76 . Nickel Recovery From Western Source . Task 1
Report Technical and Economic Evaluation, by
Singmaster & Breyer. December 1975. 137 pp. 8
figs . This report describes a conceptual plant design
and cost analysis for winning nickel and associated
values from Pacific Northwest laterite deposits. The
overall economics of such a plant, based on 1975 esti
mated costs and prices, are somewhat better than
marginal. Research done under Contract No.
J0255007. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., College Park, Md., Twin Cities,
Minn ., Rolla, Mo., Boulder City, Nev., Reno, Nev.,
Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City, Utah, and at the Cen
tral Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Wash
ington , D.C.
OFR 66111–76 . Research and Development Program on the
Disposal of Retorted Oil Shale - Paraho Oil
Shale Project, Laboratory Tests on Old U.S.B.M. Retorted Shale,
by W. G. Holtz. Feb. 28 , 1975. 75 pp. 24 figs.
Various physical and chemical property tests were
conducted on approximately 20 year-old retorted oil
shale from the old U.S.B.M. retorted shale pile ( a
byproduct of the Paraho process ). The material was
difficult to handle and tests in the laboratory and,
in most cases, did not react as a normal soil during
testing. Peculiarities and problems of working with
this material are discussed. Test procedures, acquired
data , and generated physical properties are included
in the report. Research done under Contract No.
J0255004 by Woodward-Clyde Consultants for Devel
opment Engineering, Inc. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruce
ton , Pa. , Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash .; at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown , W. Va.; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton . D.C. NTIS . PB 253 597/AS. $5.
OFR 66(2 )–76. Research and Development Program on the
Disposal of Retorted Oil Shale - Paraho Oil
Shale Project. Laboratory Tests on Paraho Pilot Plant Retorted
Oil Shale, by W. G. Holtz. July 31 , 1975. 145 pp.
68 figs. This report contains information on the
physical and chemical properties of retorted shale
waste material which would be representative of
materials that would be produced during oil shale
prototype plant retorting operations. Comparisons
are made between physical properties determined on
both newer and old oil shale. Research done under
Contract No.J0255004 by Woodward -Clyde Consult
ants for Development Engineering, Inc. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities,
Minn ., Bruceton , Pa. , Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane,
Wash.; at the Energy Research and Development
Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and
at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 253 598/AS .
$7.50.
OFR 66 ( 3 )–76 .Research and Development Program on the
Disposal of Retorted Oil Shale Paraho Oil
Shale Project. Laboratory Tests on Retorted Shale from the
Direct Heated Semi-Works Plant, by W. G. Holtz. Dec.
15 , 1975. 99 pp. 40 figs . This report contains in
formation on the physical and chemical properties
of retorted oil shale waste material produced in
the semi-works retort which would be representative
of materials that would be produced during proto
type plant operations. Comparison of those materials
and those obtained from the pilot plant retorted
shale ( Phase III , Part I ) are made to study the
scale-up efforts. Research done under Contract No.
J0255004 by Woodward -Clyde Consultants for Devel
oping Engineering, Inc. Available for reference dur
5
ing working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver,Colo. , Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruce
ton , Pa ., Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton, D.C. NTIS . PB 253 599/AS. $5.50.
OFR 67-76. International Trade in Phosphate Rock. Present
and Projected to_1985 , by B. F. Buie, G.
L. Daughtery, and Allen T. Cole. December 1975.
125 pp. 30 figs. In 1985, 70 pct of the world's
supply of phosphate is expected to be produced by
the current leaders: The United States, the U.S.S.R.,
and Morocco . Phosphate rock production in 1985 is
forecast to be nearly 219 million metric tons, or 71.2
million tons of P205, approximately double the 1974
production. A conservative estimate of present world
reserves is 21 billion tons of P205 , of which the
amount remaining in 1985 is expected to be nearly
300 years supply at the forecast demand rate for
1985. Additional reserve discoveries are anticipated.
The same rank in exports is foreseen in 1980 and
1985 as now : ( 1 ) Morocco, ( 2 ) the United States,
and ( 3 ) the U.S.S.R. North Africa will become in
creasingly dominant in exports. By 1985 over 93
million tons of phosphate rock is expected to be
involved in international trade ; 52 million tons from
North African and adjacent Middle East countries,
20.8 million tons from the United States, and
9.9 million tons from the U.S.S.R. Data on trans
portation costs, pricing, and production cost esti
mates are included; also maps and notes for the
principal producing countries. Research done under
Contract No. S0133092 by the Florida State Uni
versity. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Tuscaloosa, Ala. , College Park , Md . , Twin Cities,
Minn ., Rolla, Mo. , Boulder City, Nev. , Reno. Nev.,
Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City, Utah, and at the
Central Library , U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 253 741 /AS. $6.
OFR 68–76 . Evaluation of the Cadmium Disc Breakflash in
Testing Electrical Circuits Safety in Explosive
Atmospheres. A Comprehensive Study of intrinsic Safety
Criteria, by Zsuzsanna Zborovszky and Louise A. Cotu
gno. November 1974. 164 pp. 44 figs. This research
was conducted to analyze the criteria of obtaining
ignition from a low -powered electrical apparatus
containing no inductive elements, and to understand
the importance of the different parameters with the
ultimate aim of providing information that would
permit the improvement of present testing tech
niques and apparatus. The direct and indirect effects
on the possibility of obtaining ignition with an 8.3
percent methane- air mixture from a resistive circuit
were covered . Research done under Contract No.
H0111585 by the Denver Research Institute, Univer
sity of Denver. Available for reference during work
ing hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn . , Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and
Development Administration library in Morgantown ,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 253 589/AS. $6.75.
OFR 69-76 . Oil and Gas Exploration on the Iniskin Penin
sula, Alaska , by Donald P. Blasko. 1976.
19 pp. 2 figs. Natural oil and gas seeps on the
Alaska Peninsula led to early -day oil drilling in
several areas of the Peninsula . One such area was
the Iniskin Peninsula, located on lower Cook Inlet
near the northern portion of the Alaska Peninsula .
By 1975, nine wells had been drilled on the Iniskin
Peninsula ; all encountered encouraging oil and gas
shows but none attained commercial production .
Logs and drilling records were studied and it
appears that all wells experienced common problems,
including trouble with hole caving. All wells encoun
tered encouraging gas formations at shallow depths,
and the deeper wells encountered strong flows of
salt water at depth. The last well drilled on the
Iniskin Peninsula encountered hot salt water and
steam. Available for reference during working hours
only at the office of the Assistant Director - Field
Operations, Bureau of Mines ; at the Bureau offices
in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau, Alaska ; and
at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C.
IV. Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press.
Copies of these articles ar NOT available.
OP 42–76. Geologic Assessment of the Health and Safety
Hazards Associated with Subterranean Excava
tion , by Maurice Deul. Proc. 1974 Rapid Excava
tion and Tunneling Conf. , Soc. Min. Eng ., AIME ,
San Francisco, Calif ., June 24–27, 1974 , v. 1 , 1975,
pp. 541-542. This Bureau of Mines paper discusses
the engineer's responsibilities in selecting the sites
for safe operations associated with subterranean
excavations. Included in the discussion are health
and safety hazards such as methane explosions,
water and sand flooding, dangerous dusts, toxic
gases, and the elimination or minimizing of thermal
shock and radar poisoning through systematic ad
vance planning.
OP 43–76. Natural Gas From Coalbeds, by Maurice
Deul. Pres. at Forum on Natural Gas
Potential of Unexploited Sources, Nat. Res. Council,
Washington, D.C. , Jan. 15, 1975, ch . in Natural Gas
From Unconventional Geologic Sources, 1976, pp.
193–205. This Bureau of Mines paper discusses the
recoverable reserves of gas in coalbeds. The paper
includes a discussion on the amount of recoverable
gas, the percentage of recovery, and the techniques
used to implement recovering gas from coalbeds.
OP 44–76 . Safety and Economic Implications of the
Degasification of Coalbeds, by Maurice Deul
and Ann G. Kim. Pres. at National Coal Associa
tion/Bituminous Coal Research , Inc., Conf., and
Expo. II , Louisville, Ky., Oct. 21-23, 1975. Proc. 1st
Symp . on Underground Mining, v. Í , 1975 , pp. 1-8 .
The Bureau of Mines has developed several methods
of draining methane from coalbeds in advance of
mining. This paper discusses the methane content of
coalbeds, methods of draining gas from coal , and the
economics of draining the gas.
OP 45–76 . Estimation of the Methane Gas Content of the
Mary Lee Group of Coalbeds , Warrior Basin,
Alabama, by W. P. Diamond , G. W. Murrie, and C.
M. McCulloch. Pres. at Joint Northeastern Section
Southeastern Section Ann . Meeting, Geol. Soc. of
America, Arlington , Va., Mar. 25–27, 1976 , abs.
with Programs , v. 8, No. 2 , February 1976, pp.
161-162. The Mary Lee group of coalbedscontains
the largest coal reserves in the Warrior Basin of
northcentral Alabama. This Bureau of Mines paper
discusses graphing of the methane content of coal
cores obtained from various depths and the empirical
curve produced for estimation of the methane con
tent of the coalbed.
OP 46–76 . Radiochemical Determination of Microgram
Quantities of Lead in Acid Solutions, by Ches
ter L. Jensen and John P. Baur. Anal . Chem., v.
6
48, No. 6, May 1976, pp . 905–907. The principles
of determining radioisotope 2Pb by liquid scintilla
tion counting were combined with a solvent extrac
tion method for lead using tri- n -octylamine ( TnOA )
to form a rapid method of analysis of lead contain
ing solutions. The solutions, containing parts per
million lead and 21Pb tracer, are the results of a
project on the study of the dissolution behavior of
lead- antimony anodes during the electrowinning of
copper . The method is being used on a routine basis
on both sulfate and nitrate solutions containing
copper concentrations from 0 to over 1000 g / l.
OP 47–76 . The Potential Hazards of Methane Gas in Oil
Sale Mines, by Fred N. Kissell. Proc.
Environmental Oil Shale Symp., Colorado School of
Mines, Denver, Colo ., v. 70, No. 4, October 1975, pp.
19–27. A Bureau of Mines technique for measuring
the methane content of virgin coalbeds by degassing
exploration drill cores has been used to estimate the
methane content of oil shales. One site, where the
core hole was about 1/4 mile from an outcrop,
showed negligible gas. However, at another site
where the core hole was 2 1/2 miles from the out
crop , the shale contained about 16 cubic feet of
methane per ton. It is doubtful that a simple com
parison will allow a prediction of methane emission
from oil shale mines; however, it does appear that
deep oil shale mines located some distance from out
crops may have methane gas to contend with . The
deep trona mines of southwestern Wyoming are
gassy, and this gas is believed to originate in oil
shales that are interbedded with the trona. Also,
because oil shale mines will have large entries and
relatively low air velocities, the tendency of methane
to accumulate in layers may result in additional
difficulties.
OP 48–76. The Behavior of Nitric Oxide in Glow Discharges,
by D. G. Kuehn and L. M. Chanin. J.
Appl. Phys., v. 47, No. 5 , May 1976, pp. 1946
1954. The decomposition of nitric oxide in glow
discharge plasmas was studied using mass spectro
graphic analyses. Various gas mixtures and forms
of applied power were utilized. NO readily dissociated
form N2 and 02 — or N2 and CO2 when CO was
present initially.
OP 49-76. Characterization of Municipal Incinerator Efflu
ents, by Stephen L. Law and Robert R.
Greenberg. Anal. Chem. v. 8 , June 1976, pp. 55–
82. The output of a municipal incinerator consists
basically of three components : atmospheric emis
sions, aqueous effluents, and solid residues. Of pri
mary environmental concern are the atmospheric
and aqueous emissions. A thorough study of the
Alexandria, Va., incinerator effluents has been under
taken with many basicanalytical skills being required
in the process . This Bureau of Mines discussion is
concerned principally with sampling, sample prepara
tion, analytical methods, and data treatment.
OP 50–76 . The Methane Content of the Beckley_Coalbed
and Its Relationship to Geology, by J. T. Popp
and C. M. McCulloch. Pres. at Joint Northeastern
Section - Southeastern Section Ann . Meeting, Geol.
Soc. of America , Arlington , Va., Mar. 25–27, 1976 ,
abs. with Programs, v. 8. No. 2 , February 1976, pp.
248–249. This Bureau of Mines paper discusses the
geologic factors that control methane in the Beckley
coalbed. The amount and type of overburden , coal
bed structure, changes in lithology above and below
the coalbed , and presence of fractures in the coalbed
and strata adjacent to the coalbed are also included.
OP 51-76. Use of Montana Chromite as a Foundry Mold
ing Material, by S. D. Sanders and G. V.
Sullivan, Trans. Am . Foundrymen's Soc., v. 52,
1976, pp . 65–72. An investigation was conducted
by the Federal Bureau of Mines to determine the
feasibility of using domestic chromite as a molding
material for ferrous castings. A submetallurgical
grade chromite was obtained from a stockpile near
Nye, Mont ., and characterized with respect to grain
size and chemical and mineralogical composition .
Tests indicated that the Cr2O3 content of the material
could be increased from 42 to 44 pct by high -tension
7
electrostatic separation . This upgraded material
approached the Steel Founders' Society of America
(SFSA ) molding material specifications with respect
to chemical composition, pH , acid demand and loss
on ignition . Comparisons of the thermal expansion
and fusion points of the upgraded material with a
commercial sample were found to be essentially
identical.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
I. Sales Publications
Sales publications may be ordered ONLY from
Superintendent of Documents
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Washington , D.C. 20402
Remittances, which should be included with the
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Superintendent of Documents or checks or money
orders payable to the Superintendent. Postage
stamps and foreign money are not acceptable . To
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ZIP code. Please use the form on the last page.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 4–76 . Mining and Mineral Operations in the Pacific
States. A Visitor Guide, by Bureau of Mines
State Liaison Officers. 1976. 76 pp . 32 figs. This
publication is a guide to mining and mineral opera
tions in the Pacific States (Alaska , Calfornia , Ha
waii, Oregon , and Washington ) that may be ob
served or visited and some other points of interest
related to minerals. This guide is the first of six
covering various regions of the United States : New
England and Mid -Atlantic States, South Atlantic
States , North -Central States, South -Central States,
Rocky Mountain States, and Pacific States. GPO
Stock No. 024–004_01872–1. $ 3.45.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
[ These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and
Problems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities, will be available later. The preprints
present data on industry structure , reserves-resources, tech
nology , supply-demand relationships, byproducts and coprod
ucts, economic factors and problems, operating factors and
problems, and outlook .]
Feldspar, by J. Robert Wells . 16 pp . 1 fig . GPO
Stock No. 024-004–01871–2. 45 cents.
Iron Ore, by F. L. Klinger. 21 pp. 5 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004–01865–8. 45 cents .
Lithium , by Richard H. Singleton and Hiram B.
Wood . 17 pp . 6 figs. GPO Stock No. 024–004–
01873–9 . 40 cents.
Titanium , by F. W. Wessel. 18 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004–01866–6 . 45 cents.
II. Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made to
Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
scie
Na .
BUREAU OF MINES
JULY 1976 MONTHLY LIST 735
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed. Please enclose a self -addressed label.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 5–76 . Mining Research Review , by Staff, Bureau of
Mines. July 1976. 59 pp. 37 figs. The
Bureau of Mines mining research can be categorized
into four areas : Safety , health , technology, and en
vironment. The 1975 mining research reviewed in
this publication is structured according to these four
areas, and representative projects are discussed .
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8140. Producing Synthetic Rutile From Ilmenite by Pyro
metallurgy . Pilot-Plant Studies and Economic Eval
vation, by G. W. Elger, D. E. Kirby, and S. C.
Rhoads, 1976. 31 pp . 11 figs. This report de
scribes pilot -plant studies and an economic evalua
tion of a process developed by the Federal Bureau of
Mines, Albany (Oreg .) Metallurgy Research Center ,
to produce synthetic rutile from a rock -type ilmenite
concentrate . In this process, ilmenite blended with
coke and lime is smelted in an electric arc furnace
to separate most of the iron as salable pig iron and
to form a titania -enriched slag of low iron content,
which is treated with oxygen and titanium pyro
phosphate. The titanium oxides are converted to
crystalline rutile ; the phosphate glass contains most
of the associated impurities. The treated slag is
ground and leached with sulfuric acid to liberate
rutile crystals , which are concentrated by physical
methods. In pilot testing conducted to obtain data
for a cost estimation, a synthesized product contain
ing about 88 wt-pet TiO2 and less than 2 pct Feo
was extracted from a rock-type ilmenite concentrate
containing about 45 wt-pct TiO2. The estimated fixed
capital cost (on a mid - 1975 basis ) of a plant pro
ducing 500 tpd of synthetic rutile is $ 28,290,100.
Based on 330 operating days per year, the estimated
operating cost for this process is $ 351 per ton of
synthetic rutile. The estimated selling price of syn
thetic rutile made from rock -type ilmenite is $344
per ton , based on a credit of $ 160 per ton of pig iron
and a 20 pct interest rate of return on investment
after taxes .
RI 8141. Size Distribution and Mass Output of Particulates
From Diesel Engine Exhausts, by John A. Bres
lin , Anthony J. Strazisar, and Richard L. Stein .
1976. 10 pp. Size distributions and concentrations
of particulates emitted from diesel engine exhausts
weremeasured with cascade impactors. Samples were
taken from the exhaust of two types of engines
using three types of fuel and operating under five
different engine speed and load conditions. The meas
Z
ured mass median diameters of the diesel particu
lates were typically about 0.3 mm . There was no
significant difference in mass median diameter be
tween engines or fuels and only a slight dependence
on operating mode. Concentration measurements
ranged from 14.2 to 250.9 mg / cu m , and calculated
mass outputs, from 52 to 3,443 mg/min . Significant
differences in mass output were found between en
gines, fuels, and especially between different operat
ing modes. The quantity of clean dilution air that
would be required to reduce the particulate mass
concentration below the 2.0 mg / cu m respirable dust
standard for coal mines was greater than the dilu
tion air to meet the standards for noxious gases for
both engines tested .
RI 8146. Electrodepostion of Titanium Diboride Coatings,
by David Schlain , F. X. McCawley, and
G. R. Smith . 1976. 22 pp. 11 figs. This Bureau
of Mines report describes a method for electrode
positing titanium diboride from a molten salt bath .
Initially , the electrolyte is a mixture of LiBO2,
NaBO2, Na2Ti03, Li TiO3, and TiO2. The cell is oper
ated at 900 ° C in a dry , inert atmosphere with
consumable anodes of titanium or hot-pressed tita
nium diboride ( TiB2) powder . Agitation of the elec
trolyte is essential. Current densities may be 6 to 9
amperes per square decimeter (amp /dm2) with tita
nium anodes and 9 to 30 amp/ dm2 with titanium
diboride anodes. A current density of 6 amp/dm2 is
equivalent to a plating rate of about 35 micrometers
per hour. The adherence of the TiB2 deposit varies
with the substrate material. It is most adherent on
molybdenum and on 4130 steel that has been pre
plated with copper and nickel, less adherent on
nickel, and still less adherent on Inconel and on 4130
steel without the preplate. Cathode and anode re
actions are suggested .
RI 8152. Physical Desulfurization of Fine- Size Coal on a
Spiral Concentrator, by J. E. Zeilinger and
A. W. Deurbrouck . 1976. 18 pp. 2 figs. This
Bureau of Mines study was conducted to determine
the sulfur reduction potential attainable when wash
ing fine-size coal on a spiral concentrator. Crushed
samples of Middle Kittanning and Bakerstown bed
coals washed on the spiral provided pyritic sulfur
reductions of up to 90 percent for the plus 200-mesh
material. Pyritic sulfur reductions on the minus
200-mesh material seldom exceeded 30 percent; con
sequently , this material would require further treat
ment. The capacity of the spiral was 2 tph per unit
when washing 14 -mesh by 0 coal. The ability to re
move pyrite combined with the higher-than -expected
capacity makes the spiralworthy of consideration as
a rougher -cleaner in new fine-coal desulfurization
circuits.
RI 8154. Beneficiation of Unweathered Indian Calcareous
Phosphate Rock by Calcination and Hydration ,
by Philip C. Good. 1976. 17 pp. 1 fig . Un
weathered low -grade calcareous phosphate rock of
about 20 percent P205 grade was beneficiated by a
procedure in which contained carbonates were de
composed by calcination at about 1,000 ° C. On quench
ing the hot calcined rock in water , major impurities
passed into a slime phase which was mechanically
separated from a coarser concentrate fraction . Phos
phate rock of two major types was beneficiated in
batch - scale studies yielding concentrates containing
31.3 to 38.5 percent P2O5 at recoveries ranging from
54.8 to 86.0 percent. The samples were from two
major deposits in India . Processing information
gained was utilized in extending the work to a con
tinuous- flow system , processing phosphate rock at
rates to 157 kilograms per hour . Superphosphate
exceeding 16 percent water-soluble P205 was pre
2
pared from concentrate derived from continuous-flow
processing .
RI 8155 . Modification of Bureau of Mines BERC Rock Dust
Meter, by H. K. Sacks and D. Martin . 1976 .
5 pp . 3 figs. The Bureau of Mines has improved
a mine dust incombustibles analyzer originally de
veloped at the Bartlesville (Okla . ) Energy Research
Center (BERC) . This analyzer provides quick , ac
curate analysis of the percentage of incombustible
material present in dust samples taken from mine
ribs, roof, and floor so that costly overdusting may
be eliminated while still maintaining a proper level
of incombustibles . The changes being effected on the
present design of the BERC model IV rock dust
analyzer should simplify its operation and calibra
tion procedures, resulting in increased accuracy .
RI 8156 . Automated Borehole Surveying System for Steeply
Inclined Cased Boreholes, by Willard J. Tesch ,
Jr. 1976. 27 pp. 6 figs. The borehole surveying
system described is used to measure ground movement
over and near operating mines. The magnitude of any
movement is controlled by the ground conditions, the
mining method , and the mine progress. By correlating
these factors with the measured movement, equa
tions can be determined for predicting the effect of
mine progress on the surrounding ground. These
equations can also be used to predict the effect of
mining a similar deposit with similar ground condi
tions. The borehole surveying system is used in cased
boreholes to measure the inclination of the hole in
two perpendicular planes. Grooved casing with an
inside diameter of 3 inches is grouted in the hole.
Two probes are used to obtain the data necessary to
calculate the hole position versus depth . One of the
probes contains a gyroscope, and the other contains
a biaxial force-balance servoaccelerometer . Readings
from the transducers in the probe are punched on
paper tape by an automatic data acquisition system
as the probe is pulled up the hole at 30 feet per
minute by an electric winch . Readings from the in
clinometer probe containing the accelerometer are
used as input data to an on- line programable calcu
lator as they are punched on tape. The calculator
computes preliminary results of the survey being
made. The paper tapes obtained during the survey
runs are later used as input to a computer that com
putes the offsets of the drill hole versus depth in
true north - south and east-west planes . These offsets
are printed for each foot of depth . Changes in these
offsets between the first survey and subsequent sur
veys are a measure of the horizontal ground move
ment between the surveys.
RI 8158 . Seismic Detection of Trapped Miners Using In -Mine
Goophones, by James A. Powell and Richard
A. Watson. 1976.8pp. 5 figs. A seismic system
which utilizes in -mine geophones to detect trapped
miners has been developed . Tests at the Bureau of
Mines Safety Research Mine at Bruceton , Pa., and
at two operating mines indicate such a system has a
maximum detection range in excess of 1,000 feet.
The system is fieldworthy and portable and requires
less than 30 minutes to set up and check . Real-time
detection is possible.
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8712. XRF4 — Computer Programing for X -Ray Analysis,
by Harold E. Marr III. 1976. 32 pp. 4
figs. The computer program XRF4 was designed by
the Bureau of Mines to provide for the calculation of
several different interelement correction procedures
in X - Ray fluorescence analysis, including Lachance
Traill, Rasberry -Heinrich , and Claisse -Quintin pro
cedures. The program was written in the BASIC
language for timesharing application, and a conver
sational interaction with the computer is employed
during operation. This report presents test problems
using data for iron -nickel- chromium alloys and alu
minum alloys and directions for use of the program .
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1973
[ These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook ,
1973. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod.
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production, consumption , exports , and imports .]
The Mineral Industry of Indiana, by Robert A. Clif
ton . 18 pp . 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of Pennsylvania , by Franklin
D. Cooper. 49 pp . 1 fig.
The Mineral Industry of Texas, by Charles J. Jirik
and Roselle Girard. 36 pp. 1 fig.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
[ These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook ,
1974. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production, consumption, exports, and imports.)
Coal - Pennsylvania Anthracite, by Dorothy R.
Federoff. 26 pp. 1 fig .
The Mineral Industry of Japan , by K. P. Wang. 45
pp .
The Mineral Industry of Norway, by F. L. Klinger.
19 pp .
Sand and Gravel, by Walter Pajalich . 29 pp. 1 fig .
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various minoral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
nood for certain reports is made tom
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20241
Some of these reports areissued weekly, monthly,
quarterly, or annually . The following annual reports
were issued during July.
Asphalt Sales in 1975. 6 pp.
Barite in 1976 ( Annual Advance Summary ). 6 pp.
Effects of Air Quality Requirements on Coal Supply
( Supplement to Bituminous Coal and Lignite Dis
tribution Reports). 171 pp.
Lime in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ). 2 pp.
Nitrogen in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary) . 5
pp.
Petroleum Refineries in the United States and Puerto
Rico . 17 pp .
Sulfur in 1976 ( Annual Advance Summary ). 17 pp.
Vermiculite in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ).
3 pp.
World Natural Gas in 1974. 10 pp.
III . Open File Reports - NTIS
An opon Ale report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines report
that has been made available as reference matorial. Any
opon Alo report may be inspected during working hours
at the locations indicated but may not be removed. If a
number prefixed with PB is given, the report is also avail.
able from
National Technical Information Sorvice
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, Va . 22161
Microfiche copies are $ 2.25 (domestic order ) and
$ 3.75 ( foreign order ). Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $ 2.50 for a for
eign order. Please order by numbers given .
OFR 70–76 . Study of Low Coal Canopy Concepts, by H.
Billmayer. February 1975. 39 pp . 18
figs. The objective of this contract was to develop
protective canopy concepts for low coal machines.
The four machines specifically addressed in this
study were the Wilcox Mark 20 PJ Auger Miner,
the Wilcox Roof Bolter ( " J " ) , the Lee -Norse 245L
Continuous Miner, and the Elkhorn AR-4 Scoop. Pro
tective canopy concepts were designed for each ma
chine. Wooden mockups of the canopy concepts were
constructed. These mockups were installed on the
machines and were evaluated in the mine by the
machine operators and mine foreman . Research done
under Contract No. H0346102 by the Bendix Corp.,
Guidance Systems Div. Available for reference dur
ing working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruce
ton, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash ., at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
Library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton, D.C. NTIS . PB 254 301 /AS . $4.
OFR 71-76 . Feasibility Study of Salt Encrustation Processes,
by J. Richard Lucas. Oct. 6, 1975. 72
pp. 46 figs. A feasibility study of the use of sodi
um chloride as an effective and economical method
of dust suppression in underground coal mines was
conducted. The Salt-Crust process is being evaluated
as an alternative in certain areas of underground
mines to the present methods for reducing explosion
hazards associated with coal dust in underground
coal mining. The development of a free - flowing mix
ture of sodium chloride has been achieved which will
allow its use in the roof, ribs, and floor of a mine
by application with gunite machines, Bantum dusters,
or trickle dusters. A preliminary corrosion study in
dicates that the rate of corrosion in a sodium chlo
ride environment is acceptable and that the health
hazards of a salt environment are not likely to be
a factor in its use in underground mines. A literature
review shows that sodium chloride can be used to
stabilize surface roadway clays, and thus the Salt
Crust process could be used for the stabilization of
underground mine roadways. A cost study indicates
that the Salt-Crust process may be as economical as
conventional rock dusting. Research done under Con
tract No. S0144008 by Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University. Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa .,
Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Re
search and Development Administration library in
Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 72–76 . Water Jot Chock Mounted Miner Feasibility
Study, by FMC Corp. Sept. 12, 1975 .
78 pp. 17 figs. This report presents the results of
a study to develop a hardware concept of a water
jet chock mounted miner with an analysis of the
economic potential and developmental costs of the
system . Research done under Contract No. J0155036
by FMC Corp. Available for reference during work
 ing hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruceton , Pa .,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash ,; at the Energy Re
search and Development Administration library in
Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 73–76 . Design , Development, Fabrication and Testing
of a Portable Self - Contained Respirable Dust
Recording Mass Monitor, by Pedro Lilienfeld. Oct, 25 ,
1974. 55 pp. 11 figs. This final report describes
a program whose objective was to design, develop ,
fabricate, and test an airborne mass monitor for
unattended and recording measurements of the con
centration of dust in mining environments. Sensing
collections are performed by beta - radiation attenua
tion, and inertial implementation, respectively . The
instrument is portable, battery or line operated, pro
vides a digital printout of the mass concentration
during each selection sampling period , as well as the
accumulated mass of dust, and the elapsed sampling
time. Research done under Contract No. H0232039
by GCA / Technology Div. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn. , Pitts
burgh, Pa. , Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research
andDevelopment Administration library in Morgan
town, W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS.
PB 254 503/AS. $ 4.50 .
OFR 74–76 . Preliminary Engineering and Economic Evalu
ation of Underspoil Haulage in Area Strip Coal
Mines . Part 1 , by 0. A. Gallegos. October 1975. 111
pp. 30 figs. With expectations of increased activity
in surface coal mining, the Federal Bureau of Mines
has authorized a study to determine the preliminary
economic and technologic feasibility of underspoil
haulage in area strip coal mines and to identify
geologic and geographic areas where such a system
could be used . Underspoil haulage is the transporta
tion of coal from the pit bottom by_belt conveyor
through a tunnel under the spoil. The objectives
were met by literature search, data -gathering visits
to several active area strip mines, and by analyzing
various haulage systems that were superimposed on
three model mines. Potential advantages of under
spoil haulage include : ( 1 ) improved mine design,
( 2 ) lower mine operating costs, ( 3 ) improved land
reclamation , ( 4 ) lower manpower requirements,
( 5 ) lower mobile equipment requirements , and
(6 ) smaller, less sophisticated maintenance facilities.
Research done under Contract No. J0155151 by
Dravo rp. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Den
ver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn. , Bruceton , Pa. , Pitts
burgh, Pa., Spokane , Wash.; at the Energy Research
and Development Administration library in Morgan
town, W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 254 575/AS . $ 5.50.
OFR 75–76 . Evaluation of Materials for Protecting Existing
Urethane Foam in Mines, by Barry L. War
ner. Sept. 2, 1974. 58 pp. 24 figs. This program
involves the evaluation of various coatings for use in
preventing flame propagation on urethane foam sur
faces in mines. Full - scale tests were conducted in
simulated mine passageways , using kerosine pan fires
as an ignition source. A test was also conducted on a
recently developed fire -resistant foam , without coat
ing, to evaluate its resistance to flame propagation .
Test results showed that, of seven coatings tested,
four cementitious types were effective in preventing
flame spread on the urethane foam used . The test on
the uncoated fire -resistant foam showed this foam
to effectively inhibit flame propagation without a
protective coating being required. Research done
under Contract No. H0144009 by Walter Kidde & Co.,
Inc. Available for reference during working hours
only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver,
Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh ,
Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and
Development Administration library in Morgantown,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment ofthe Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB
254 682/AS . $ 4.50.
OFR 76–76 . Development of Protective Canopy Concepts for
Underground Rail Haulage, by Hanns J. Bill
mayer. Jan. 12 , 1976. 85 pp. 10 figs. This Bu
reau of Mines report provides the results of a study
to develop protective canopy concepts for three
classes of rail haulage equipment, mainline haulage
locomotive, secondary haulage locomotive, and small
utility vehicles. Wooden mockups for two machines
were constructed and installed on their respective
machines and evaluated underground. Research done
under Contract No. H0357091 by the Bendix Corp.,
Energy, Environment and Technology Office. Avail.
able for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin
Cities, Minn., Bruceton, Pa. , Pittsburgh, Pa., Spo
kane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W.
Va.; and at the Central Library , U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS . PB 254 504/
AS. $5.50
OFR 77–76 . Development of Fuel Cell CO Detection Instru
ments for Use in a Mine Atmosphere , by R. M.
Dempsey, A. B. LaConti, M. E. Nolan, and R. A.
Torkildsen (General Electric Co. ) , and G. Schnaken
berg and E. Chilton ( Bureau of Mines ) . Dec. 19,
1975. 88 pp. 37 figs . Work has been conducted
to develop a fuel cell instrument for monitoring car
bon monoxide in a mine atmosphere. The approach
has been to optimize the fuel sensor cell configura
tion for the specific detection of carbon monoxide in
the presence of other mine gases utilizing recent ad
vances in catalyst, electrode, and solid polymer elec
trolyte (SPE ) technology. Parametric testing has
been conducted on two -electrode and three -electrode
sensor cells to define performance and life character
istics as a function of temperature , feed flow , and
applied sensor voltage. Extended life testing has
been conducted on best sensor cells under continuous
and intermittent operation with feed gases to define
possible life limitations for the mine application .
Reliable , efficient gas sampling and electronic con
trol circuitry have been fabricated for use with the
fuel cell sensor and integrated into a device to meet
the performance and design specifications for a
portable, battery -powered handheld direct indicating
gas detector for use underground. Four of the pro
duction -type instruments have been tested and
delivered to the Bureau of Mines. The instruments
have a meter readout for the range 0 to 50 ppm and
0 to 250 ppm CO in air. A resettable lamp is used for
a danger warning signal.Research done under Con
tract No. H0357078 by the General Electric Co.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo .,
Twin Cities, Minn . , Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh , Pa .,
Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library in Morgantown ,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS. PB
254 823/AS. $5.
OFR 78–76 . Research and Development Program on the Dis
posal of Retorted Oil Shale - Paraho Oil Shale
Project. Field Compaction Tests , by W. G. Holtz. Feb. 20,
1976. 86 pp. 19 figs. This report contains infor
mation on the compaction characteristics of retorted
( semiworks plant, direct heating method ) oil shale
densified in the field by various types of commercial
compacting equipment and the effects of ( 1 ) number
of equipment passes, (2 ) thickness of layers, and
( 3 ) moisture addition . It also contains information
on field densification of the retorted shale and par
ticle breakdown occurring during the compaction
processes plus a comparison of results from full
scale field tests and from standard ASTM laboratory
compaction tests. Research done under Contract No.
J0255005 by Woodward -Clyde Consultants for De
velopment Engineering, Inc. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruce
ton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash ., at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown, W. Va .; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior , Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS. PB 254 728 /AS. $ 5 .
OFR 79 (1 )-76 .Concept Feasibility Study for Training Equip
ment To Improve Coal Productivity . Final
Report, by Anthony E. Szczuka, Keith L. Contor, and
C. William Morris. Apr. 2 , 1976. 223 pp. 60 figs.
Two facets of surface mining were studied : feasi
bility of using training simulators to increase pro
ductivity of haulage trucks, front- end loaders, and
shovels ; and improving the efficiency of dragline
operations with a computer-aided analysis of drag
line usage and the addition of an on -board operator
display. Training costs per student were estimated
based on current training practices. Training objec
tives were derived from task analyses of haulage
trucks, front- end loaders , and shovels. The cost effec
tiveness of training simulators were determined.
A computer-aided analysis defined the critical per
formance parameters. An on -board operator's dis
play is recommended to improve operator efficiency.
Research done under Contract No. J0255014 by
McDonnell Douglas Electronics Co. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities,
Minn., Bruceton , Pa., Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane,
Wash .; at the Energy Research and Development
Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and
at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the In
terior , Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 254 863 /AS.
$ 7.75 .
OFR 7912 )-76 . Concept Feasibility Study for Training Equip
ment To Improve Coal Productivity . Final Re
port Appendices, by Anthony E. Szczuka, Keith L.
Contor, and C. William Morris . Apr. 2 , 1976. 301
pp. This report documents the data (explained in
BuMines OFR 79 ( 1 ) -76 ) that have been received
from manufacturers, coal companies, training cen
ters , Government agencies, etc., that pertain to the
completion of the Concept Feasibility Study for
Training Equipment To Improve Coal Productivity .
Research done under Contract No. J0255014 by
McDonnell Douglas Electronics Co. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo .,_ Twin Cities,
Minn., Bruceton, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane,
Wash.; at the Energy Research and Development
Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and
at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the In
terior, Washington, D.C. NTIS. PB 254 864 / AS .
$ 9.75 .
OFR 80 ( 1)-76 .
Ore Crushing and Grinding — Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 1: Guide to Bibli
ography and Index , and Literature Reviews, by Richard H.
Snow . July 1973. 131 pp. This report, bound in
nine volumes , contains a literature and patent bibli
ography on size reduction and related topics. It is a
continuation of the British “ Bibliography of Crush
5
ing and Grinding" published in 1960 , and it extends
coverage through mid - 1973 . For completeness, sub
ject and author indices covering both works are in
cluded . Volume 1 covers Guide to Bibliography and
Index, and Literature and Reviews. Research done
under Contract No. S0122069 by the IIT Research
Inst . Available for reference during working hours
only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa ,
Ala ., Twin Cities , Minn., Rolla , Mo., Albany, Oreg .,
Salt Lake City , Utah , and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 8012 )–76 . Ore Crushing and Grinding Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 2 : Author Index , by
Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 138 pp. The nine
volume compilation of literature and patent refer
ences, which is a continuation of the British “ Bibli
ography of Crushing and Grinding” published in
1960, extends coverage through mid -1973 . For com
pleteness , subject and author indices covering both
works are included . Volume 2 covers the Author
Index . Research done under Contract No. S0122069
by the IIT Research Inst. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities, Minn .,
Rolla , Mo., Albany, Oreg., Salt Lake City, Utah , and
at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 80131–76 . Ore Crushing and Grinding — Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 3 : Subject Index ,
by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 158 pp. The
nine-volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
" Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding" published
in 1960, extends coverage through mid -1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included . Volume 3 covers the Subject
Index . Research done under Contract No. S0122069
by the ITT Research Inst. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities, Minn .,
Rolla , Mo., Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City , Utah , and
at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 8014)–76 . Ore Crushing and Grinding Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 4 : Abstracts 2845 to
3999, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 356 pp.
The nine-volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
“ Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding" published
in 1960 , extends coverage through mid -1973 . For com
pleteness, subject and author indices covering both
works are included . Volume 4 covers Abstracts 2845
to 3999. Research done under Contract No. S0122069
by the IIT Research Inst. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala., Twin Cities, Minn .,
Rolla , Mo., Albany, Oreg., Salt Lake City , Utah , and
at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 8015 )–76 .Ore Crushing and Grinding Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 5 : Abstracts 4000 to
4999, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 257 pp .
The nine-volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
" Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding " published
in 1960 , extends coverage through mid -1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included . Volume 5 covers Abstracts
4000 to 4999. Research done under Contract No.
S0122069 by the IIT Research Inst . Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa , Ala ., Twin Cities,
Minn., Rolla , Mo., Albany , Oreg., Salt Lake City,
Utah , and at the Central Library , U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 80 (6 ) –76 .
Ore Crushing and Grinding — Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 6 : Abstracts 5000 to
6869, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 236 pp.
The nine-volumecompilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
“ Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding” published
in 1960, extends coverage through mid - 1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included. Volume 6 covers Abstracts
5000 to 6869. Research done under Contract No.
S0122069 by the IIT Research Inst. Available for
reference during working hours only atthe Bureau
of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities,
Minn., Rolla , Mo., Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City,
Utah, and at the CentralLibrary, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 8017 )-76 .Ore Crushing and Grinding — Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 7 : Abstracts 7000 to
7999, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 242 pp.
The nine-volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
" Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding” published
in 1960, extends coverage through mid - 1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included. Volume 7 covers Abstracts
7000 to 7999. Research done under Contract No.
S0122069 by the IIT Research Inst. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of mines libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities,
Minn ., Rolla, Mo., Albany, Oreg., Salt Lake City,
Utah, and at the Central Library, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
OFR 80 ( 8 )–76 .
Ore Crushing and Grinding - Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 8 : Abstracts 8000 to
8999, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 233 pp.
The nine-volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
" Bibliographyof Crushing andGrinding " published
in 1960, extends coverage through mid - 1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included. Volume 8 covers Abstracts
8000 to 8999. Research done under contract No.
S0122069 by the IIT Research Inst. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities,
Minn., Rolla, Mo. , Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City,
Utah , and at the Central Library, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 80 ( 9 ) –76 .
Ore Crushing and Grinding Bibliography of
Size Reduction . Volume 9: Abstracts 9000 to
9965, by Richard H. Snow . July 1973. 211 pp.
The nine- volume compilation of literature and patent
references, which is a continuation of the British
" Bibliography of Crushing and Grinding” published
in 1960, extends coverage through mid - 1973. For
completeness, subject and author indices covering
both works are included . Volume 9 covers Abstracts
9000 to 9965. Research done under Contract No.
S0122069 by the IIT Research Inst. Available for
reference during working hours only at the Bureau
of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Twin Cities,
Minn . , Rolla, Mo., Albany , Oreg., Salt Lake City,
Utah, and at the Central Library , U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 81-76 . Development of an Automatic Fire Protec
tion System for Mobile Underground Metal
Mining Equipment, Phase || Report, by Gene R. Reid ,
David L. Stockwell, and Richard J. Plog. Dec. 2,
1975. 151 pp. 34 figs. This work accomplished
the following objectives : Acquisition of data in
accordance with the project data handling plan.
Data were acquired through visits to 20 mine
sites in 10 States and Canada, visits to Bureau
of Mines and MESA facilities, visits to mobile
equipment manufacturers, and an extensive lit
erature search . Analysis of accumulated data that
provided the following specific types of design
inputs: Selection of the type of mobile under
ground equipment found to represent the great
est overall fire hazard ; typical operating condi
tions for the vehicle ; characteristics of the re
ported fire experiences; and performance , cost,
and maintenance factors affecting potential pur
chases of automatic fire control systems for
underground mining equipment. Development of the
AFCS design concept. Utilizing the data analysis
results and considering the state-of-the-art of fire
control system components, a recommended design
concept was developed with particular emphasis
placed on the need for a low cost and reliable sys
tem . Research done under Contract No. H0252038
by the Ansul Co. Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruceton , Pa .,
Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Re
search and Development Administration library in
Morgantown W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
NTIS. PB 254 851/AS. $6.75.
IV . Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press .
Copies of these articles are NOT available unless listed among
articles that ARE available on page 8.
OP 52-76 . New Sources of Alumina , by James A. Bar
clay and Frank A. Peters. Min. Cong.
J., V. 62, June 1976 , pp. 29-32 . Nearly all the
alumina from which aluminum metal is smelted is
made from bauxite. While there is no shortage of
bauxite worldwide, recent events have cast doubts
on continued U.S. availability of adequate supplies
at reasonable prices to meet the needs of the domes
tic aluminum industry. Large increases in bauxite
mining taxes by members of the International Baux
ite Association , coupled with demands for majority
ownership of the mining companies by exporting
countries, and insistence that alumina plants be
built in those countries have caused a re -examina
tion of the alumina supply situation . The cost of
alumina from domestic nonbauxite resources is ap
proaching that from bauxite by the Bayer process
and it now seems worthwhile to carefully investigate
the technology which would make this Nation less
susceptible to unilateral actions on the part of baux
ite producing countries. This paper discusses the more
promising alternatives to the Bayer / bauxite process,
and reports on current work towards relieving this
potentially critical mineral supply problem .
OP 53–76 . Mass Spectrometric Observation of Difluorocar
bene and Its Reactions in Inhibited Methane
Flames, by Joan C. Biordi, Charles J. Lazzara , and
John F. Papp. J. Phys. Chem ., v . 80, 1976, pp.
1042-1048 . Difluorocarbene has been identified in
methane-oxygen -argon flames initially containing
31 pct CF3Br and burning at 0.04 atm . Profiles of
the concentration of this species (maximum 1014
molecules cm - 3 ) through the reaction zone of the
flame have been determined , and from these, pro
files of the net chemical reaction rates have been cal
culated. These data, combined with knowledge of the
complete microstructure of the flames studied, sug
gest that CF2 is formed in this flame principally by
the reaction CF3 + H → HF + CF2 ( 2 ), and k2
2 x 1014 cm3 mol - 1g - 1 at 1540 K. The decay of CF2
is via reactions with the major flame radicals, CF2 +
( O , H , OH ) → products, with rate constants of the
order of ( 1-5 ) X 1013 cm3 mol - 15-1. The implication
of these reactions for the mechanism of flame inhibi
tion by fluorocarbons is discussed .
OP 54–76 . The Waste - Plus -Waste Process for Recovering
Metals From Electorplating and Other Wastes,
by A. A. Cochran and L. C. George. Plating and
Surface Finishing, v. 63, No. 7 , July 1976, pp.
38–43. Laboratory - scale research was conducted by
the Bureau of Mines to develop a new process for
treating electroplating and other wastes. Various
acid and alkaline cyanide wastes were combined
under controlled conditions to neutralize the wastes
and precipitate the metals and cyanides. The metals
were subsequently recovered for recycling. The proc
ess was successfully used to treat the major types
of electroplating and etching wastes containing Cd,
Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The economic aspects of treat
ing concentrated electroplating, etching, and anodiz
ing wastes are especially attractive because of the
low cost of mixing two wastes, the high value of
the recovered metals , and the simplicity of the re
covery procedures. The filtrates from the waste
plus-waste step were relatively harmless compared
with the original wastes and met Public Health
Service standards for free -cyanide content. Free
cyanide ions were not detected in most of the fil
tratęs ; the limit of detection was 0.03 ppm. Small
amounts of HCN were produced during the neutral
ization ; the HCN was collected and neutralized.
OP 55–76 . Degasification of Coalbeds - A Commercial
Source of Pipeline Gas, by Maurice Deul and
Ann G. Kim . AGA Mon., v. 58, No. 5, May 1976,
pp. 7–9 . This Bureau of Mines report presents an
update on research on the drilling and stimulation
procedures for draining natural gas from coalbeds.
The report discusses the degasification practice as
an economical and feasible method of increasing
supplies of high - Btu gas and the many production
advantages associated with it.
OP 56-76 . New Nonelectric Explosive Initiation Systems,
by Richard A. Dick. Pres, at 49th Ann .
Meeting Minn. Sec., AIME ; 37th Univ. of Minn.
Ann . Min. Symp., Jan. 14–16 , 1976, pp . 32–1–32–17.
This Bureau of Mines report describes five non
electric explosive initiation systems and compares
them by pointing out advantages and disadvantages
of each. It indicates that no system is satisfactory
in all situations, but that each is essential in the
blasting industry. Two new developments described
will increase competition and flexibility , both of
which normally work to the mine operator's advan
tage.
OP 57-76 . Flame Spread in a Dust Fire , by John C.
Edwards, Henry E. Perlee, and Robert
F. Chaiken. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., No. 76 - HT - 53,
June 25 , 1976, 7 pp. A theoretical model was de
veloped that describes fire spread in the axial direc
tion along the surface of a cylindrical coal-lined
duct. The model includes the thermal transport
mechanisms of radiation , forced convection, and
radial conduction into the solid surface. Flame
spread along the solid surface is defined as the rate
of the propagation of a specified ignition tempera
ture along the solid surface. It is determined that
for the system parameters considered radiation is
the primary mechanism responsible for establishing
the terminal rate of flame spread although convec
tive transport enhances the process . The calculated
flame spread rates are supported by experimental
observations in duct fires .
7
OP 58–76 . Influence of Rock Fractures and Block Boundary
Weakening on Cavability, by M. A. Mahtab
and J. D. Dixon. Trans. SME, AIME Ann. Meet
ing, New York , February 1975, v . 260, March 1976 ,
pp. 6–12. The results of a parametric study of the
influence of natural features ( stress field , rock
strength , and strength and orientation of fractures )
as well as the influence of induced features ( under
cut span, boundary slot, and other boundary -weak
ening measures) on the cavability of an undercut
block of ore in mining by the block -caving method
are presented . The two -dimensional finite - element
analysis technique was used for this study. A coarse
" mesh ,” along with linear homogeneous assumption
for rock properties, was used to model the problem
of initiation of caving in a block of ore . Interpreta
tion of the test results suggests that weakening the
" abutments" of the block as well as certain orienta
tions of natural fractures exercise significant influ
ence on cavability. These findings hold promise for
immediate application to known situations in block
caving mines.
OP 59-76. Inexpensive Method Helps Predict Methane Con
tent of Coal Beds, by C. M. McCulloch and
W. P. Diamond. Coal Age, v. 81 , No. 6, June 1976,
pp. 102–106 . Researchers at the Bureau of Mines
Pittsburgh ( Pa. ) Mining and Safety Research Cen
ter have developed an inexpensive method of cal
culating the gas content of a coalbed from explora
tion cores before mining . The resulting, data and
design charts can be used to estimate the gas re
source potential of the coalbed and to design ade
quate mine ventilation systems to handle any prob
lem . Cost of the analytical equipment is less than
$ 100 , and the time required to conduct the tests is
normally less than 1 month .
OP 60–76 . Preliminary Experiments in Pellet Induration
Using a Coal-Fired Cyclone Combustor , by
John C. Nigro and Robert K. Zahl. Skillings' Min .
Rev., v. 65, No. 23 , June 12, 1976 , pp. 1 , 6–14 . This
paper describes preliminary pilot plant research at
the Bureau of Mines Twin Cities (Minn.) Metal
lurgy Research Center with an experimental pul
verized coal-fired cyclone “ slagging" combustor for
indurating iron oxide pellets in a rotary kiln . The
slagging combustor was investigated because of its
potential ability to burn low ash fusion temperature
subbituminous coals and lignites without incurring
kiln ringing as was the case with a suspension -type
burner using these same types of solid fuels.
OP 61-76 . Note on Removal of Sulfur From Stack Gases
by an Electrical Discharge, by Francis J. ,
Palumbo and Foster Fraas. J. Air Pollution Con
trol Assoc., v. 21 , No. 3 , March 1971 , pp. 143–144.
Based on the theory that the ionization energy of
SO2 is less than the other major gas constituents,
and that it therefore may enter preferentially into
reactions to form lower vapor pressure products,
tests were conducted in an electrostatic precipitator
type reactor. Pulsed direct current, and more so ,
pulsed high - frequency current were found to be more
effective than the constant direct current normally
used for dust precipitation. Two types of high fre
quency generators were tested, a damped wave
spark gas oscillator with a carrier frequency of
10 megahertz, and a radar generator with a 2,800
megahertz carrier frequency pulsed at 900 hertz
with a pulse width of one microsecond . Sulfur was
removed both as elemental sulfur and as sulfuric
acid, while H20 and CO2 were found to be reaction
promoters.
OP 62–76. Preparation and Structure of Low - Iron Cu-Ni
Matte From Duluth Complex Concentrate, by
I. D. Shah, R. B. Schluter, and W. M. Mahan .
Pres. at 49th Ann. Meeting. Minn. Sec ., AIME ;
37th Univ . of Minn . Ann. Min. Symp., AIME , Jan.
14-16 , pp. 25–1, 25–4–25–27. Bulk sulfide flotation
concentrates from the Duluth complex were pellet
ized , roasted , and smelted in a single step to yield
copper-nickel mattes containing about 4 percent iron
with copper and nickel recoveries of 95 and 77 per
cent, respectively .
OP 63–76 . State Severance Taxes on Mineral Production ,
by Phillip N. Yasnowsky and Annette
P. Graham. Proc. 105th AIME Ann. Meeting, Las
Vegas, Nev., Feb. 22–26 , 1976, pp. 45–58 . A com
position of State severance taxes on minerals is the
basis of the paper. In addition , the tax revenue and
geographical and mineral production characteristics
of the States that levy severance taxes on minerals
and mineral fuels are shown.
ARTICLE AVAILABLE
The following article that has appeared in the outside
press is now available for distribution . Copies may be
obtained by writing to the Branch of Publications Distribution ,
Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pa . 15213 .
OP 58–76 . Influence of Rock Fractures and Block Boundary
Weakening on Cavability, by M. A. Mahtab
and J. D. Dixon. Trans. SME , AIME Ann. Meet
ing, New York, February 1975, v . 260, March 1976,
pp. 6-12 .
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MINERALS YEARBOOK 1973
Volume II, Area Reports: Domestic, prepared by the staff
of the Bureau of Mines. 1976. 53 ch. 800 pp. Con
tains chapters on the mineral industry of each of the
50 States, the U.S. island possessions in the Pacific
Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico , and the Canal Zone. This volume also
has a statistical summary identical to that in
Volume I. GPO Stock No. 024-004–01878–0 . $ 11.
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
SP 4–76 . Mining and Mineral Operations in the Pacific
States. A Visitor Guide, by Bureau of Mines
State Liaison Officers. 1976. 76 pp . 32 figs. This
publication is a guide to mining and mineral opera
tions in the Pacific States ( Alaska, California,
Hawaii, Oregon , and Washington ) that may be ob
served or visited and some other points of interest
related to minerals. This guide is the first of six
covering regions of the United States : New England
and Mid - Atlantic States, South Atlantic States,
North -Central States, South -Central States, Rocky
Mountain States, and Pacific States. GPÓ Stock
No. 024-004–01872-1. $ 2.15 .
SP 6–76. The Importance of Minerals, 1776–1976, by
Staff, Bureau of Mines. 1976. 39 pp .
36 figs. The Bureau of Mines published this bro
chure to depict a vital part of the American past
and relate it to our present. The brochure presents
a pictorial review of the sources and uses of many
of the minerals and metals “ then ” (circa 1776 ) and
" now " (1976 ) . GPO Catalog No. 128.2 :M66 / 10.
Stock No. 024-004–01870_4 . $ 1.30 .
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
[ These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and
Problems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities, will be available later. The preprints
1
scoil
Nat
BUREAU OF MINES
AUGUST 1976 MONTHLY LIST 736
present data on industry structure, reserves-resources , tech
nology, supply -demand relationships, byproducts and coprod
ucts, economic factors and problems, operating factors and
problems, and outlook . ]
Aluminum , by John W. Stamper and Horace F.
Kurtz . 30 pp . 3 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004–
01868-2. 45 cents .
Anthracite , by Leonard W. Westerstrom . 11 pp .
1 fig . GPO Stock No. 024-004–01877–1. 35 cents.
Bituminous Coal and Lignite, by Leonard W.
Westerstrom . 16 pp. 5 figs. GPO Stock No.
024-004-01874–7 . 40 cents.
Clays, by James D. Cooper . 16 pp. 4 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01883-6 . 35 cents.
Graphite, by W. Timothy Adams. 13 pp . 1 fig .
GPO Catalog No. 024-004–01876–3. 35 cents.
Strontium , by W. Timothy Adams. 8 pp. 1 fig .
GPO Stock No. 024-004-01875–5. 35 cents.
Zirconium by John W. Stamper and Edmond Chin .
11 pp . 5 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004–01882–8 .
35 cents.
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8713. Strippable Coal Resources of Colorado. Location ,
Tonnage , and Characteristics, by Charles N.
Speltz . 1976. 70 pp. 14 figs. Coal resource data
from public and private sources, in conjunction with
previously published data , were used by the Bureau
of Mines to determine the location and extent of
strippable coal resources in Colorado , All Colorado
coal is either Cretaceous or Tertiary in age. Cretace
ous coals occur in the Dakota Sandstone, the Mesa
verde Group, and equivalent formations while Ter
tiary coals occur in the Dawson Arkose, the Fort
Union and the Wasatch Formations, and equivalent
formations. The strippable coal ranges in rank from
bituminous in the Yampa region to ligniferous in the
Denver basin . All this coal is low in sulfur content
(less than 1 percent) ; ash content is low to high ;
heating value ranges from 3,000 to 12,000 Btu's per
pound. Ash from the lignite of the Denver basin was
found to contain an abnormally high percentage of
kaolinite which conceivably could be recoverable as
alumina. Total strippable resources of approximately
18 billion tons were estimated in 12 separate coal
regions, fields, or deposits . Coal recoverable by con
tour mining techniques was not included . Criteria
used in defining strippable resources were a mini
mum coalbed thickness of 2 feet and a maximum
overburden thickness of 150 feet , except where the
coalbeds are of exceptional thickness. GPO Stock
No. 024-004–01880–1. $ 1.35 .
II. Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made to
Z
 Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh , Pa. 15213
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed . Please enclose a self-addressed label.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 7–76 . Minerals in the U.S. Economy: Ten -Year Supply
Demand Profiles for Mineral and Fuel Commodities
(1965–74), by Staff, Bureau of Mines. 1976. 99 pp .
93 figs. The Bureau of Mines has prepared supply
demand flow diagrams and 10 -year tables for mineral
and fuel commodities that present essential data re
quired by government, industry, and others to form
ulate policies and programs that can help assure an
adequate and continuing supply of mineral raw ma
terials. The 10 - year data base terminates with 1974
figures because adequate world information was not
available beyond that date. The selected mineral sup
ply -demand tables and flow diagrams comprise but
one " output" from the massive body of information
and data collected and compiled by the Bureau of
Mines on a continuing basis covering mineral pro
duction , consumption , prices, shipments, imports ,
exports, and stocks, as well as industry activities in
all States and abroad.
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8157. The Reactivity of Aluminized AN -FO With Pyrite
Bearing Ores , by Y. Miron , C. M. Mason , and
R. W. Watson . 1976. 25 pp. 14 figs. Previous
studies at the Bureau of Mines outlined the hazards
of ammonium nitrate- fuel oil (AN -FO ) mixtures in
the presence of pyrite -bearing ores. The recent trend
in the mining industry to strengthen AN -FO by the
addition of aluminum metal raised the question
regarding the effect of aluminum in AN -F0 in the
presence of pyrite- bearing ore. Laboratory work ,
similar to that done previously, demonstrated that
the temperature of a self-sustaining reaction in the
presence of AN -FO ore-aluminum is not lower than
that for a comparable AN -FO -ore mixture. How
ever, as might be expected from known thermo
chemical data, once initiated, the resulting reactions
between AN -FO , aluminum , and pyrite are much
more vigorous than those observed for AN -FO and
pyrites alone. The temperature required to produce
a self -sustained reaction for the combinations tested
in this study is 250 ° + 20 ° F while in the previous
Bureau study, reactions were noted , in some in
stances, at 150 ° F. The different pyritic ores may be
the cause of this variation .
RI 8159. An Electromagnetic System for Detecting and lo
cating Trapped Miners, by James A. Powell.
1976. 15 pp . 12 figs. The theory of electromag
netic fields indicates such fields could be used to
detect and locate trapped miners. To be useful, the
hardware of the system must meet a number of
requirements, including small size, intrinsic safety,
and rugged construction . Such hardware has been
built, and the system has been tested by the Bureau
of Mines and its contractors. These tests indicate
that the electromagnetic method provides a practical
means to locate miners in emergencies .
RI 8165. Fluidized Coke-Bed Chlorination of Ilmenites, by
H. M. Harris , A. W. Henderson , and T. T.
2
Campbell. 1976. 19 pp . 4 figs. The Bureau of
Mines investigated chlorination of domestic ilmenites
in a fluidized coke bed at temperatures of 950 ° to
1,150 ° C. Objectives were to develop an effective
process for producing TiCl4 suitable for TiO2 pig
ment and to reduce pollution by collecting and treat
ing waste byproduct chlorides. The reactor for these
tests was a 10.2 - cm -diam quartz tube heated exter
nally by electrical resistance heaters. It contained
coke beds of from 35.6 to 82.5 cm in depth that were
fluidized by 13 to 25 l/min of chlorine. Ilmenite
concentrate powders were introduced at the bottom
of the fluid -bed reactor, using the chlorine gas
stream as a carrier. Test results showed that greater
than 90 pct of the ilmenite reacted at optimum con
ditions and recovery of TiC14 ranged from 95 to 99
pct of stoichiometric . A temperature-controlled
cyclone was used to remove high-boiling-point chlo
rides such as MnCl2 , MgCl2 , and FeCl2 , and also col
lected fine unreacted ilmenite and coke dust. Impure
TiCl4 and FeCl3 were separated by collecting the
iron chloride in a condenser controlled at 200 ° C.
Titanium tetrachloride vapor was cleaned by passage
through a salt-column filter followed by condensation
in water-cooled and refrigerated condensers. Liquid
TiCl4 was purified further by well-known industrial
methods to meet specifications for pigment- grade
chloride. Integrated tests were conducted in which
chlorine, produced by dechlorination of FeCl3 with
oxygen , was recycled and used directly in a fluidized
bed chlorinator.
RI 8166. Recovery of Lead From Lead Chloride by Fused
Salt Electrolysis , by F. P. Haver, C. H. Elges,
D. L. Bixby , and M. M. Wong. 1976. 18 pp. 8
figs. The Bureau of Mines has investigated the
electrochemical reduction of lead chloride as а
method for producing lead without the pollution
problems associated with smelting . It was deter
mined that high -purity metal ( > 99.9 pct Pb ) could
be obtained , using PbCl2 prepared by ferric chloride
leaching of galena concentrate :
PbS + 2FeCl3 → PbCl2 + 2FeCl2 + Sº.
Optimum results in small-scale electrolytic tests were
achieved with a bath consisting of 40 to 70 wt-pct
PbCl2 dissolved in KCl-LiCi eutectic, an operating
temperature of 450 ° C , a current density of 2.5 amp/
in ?, and an electrode spacing of 0.5 inch. In large
scale tests made to develop a cell design for com
mercial application , the optimum electrode arrange
ment proved to be a bipolar configuration with
horizontal plates. This gave a current efficiency of
86 pct with an energy requirement of 0.52 kwhr /?b
lead . To determine the effect of impurity buildup in
the bath , 1,200 lb of PbCl2 prepared by ferric
chloride leaching of galena concentrate was elec
trolyzed over a period of 2 months. Little deteriora
tion of the metal quality occurred in that time; all of
the lead produced had a purity equal to or better
than corroding grade ( > 99.94 pct Pb) .
RI 8167. Reflectance and Emittance of Spectrally Selective
Titanium and Zirconium Nitrides , by R. Blickens
derfer, R. L. Lincoln , and D. K. Deardorff. 1976 .
24 pp . 15 figs. Several thin film absorber stacks
with spectrally selective characteristics were devel
oped by the Bureau of Mines. The stacks consisted of
a silicon thick film or a zirconium compound thin film
on a reflective thin film of silver. The zirconium
absorber films, with the general formula ZrCxOyNz,
were prepared by reactively sputtering zirconium or
zirconium carbide in argon with small amounts of
oxygen , nitrogen , or both, or by oxidizing zirconium
films in air . A few similar types of films were pre
pared from titanium . The short-wave absorptance
over the solar spectrum , a ( s ) , and thermal emittance
at 600 K , e (600 ° K ) , of the solar absorber stacks were
 calculated from room - temperature reflectance data.
The values of a ( s ) ranged from 0.47 to 0.93 ,
e (600 K ) from 0.49 to 0.034 , and the ratio a (s ) /
e ( 600 K ) from 1.7 to 34. The specimen with the best
combination of properties, a ZrNx-Ag stack , had a
solar absorptance a ( s ) of 0.85 and a ratio , a ( s ) /.
e (600 K ) , of 24. The effect of film thickness and
composition on spectral selectivity was determined .
An emissometer for measuring normal total emit
tance up to 800 K and a method for determining
a (s ) , e ( T ) (hemispherical) , and a (s ) / e ( T ) using
simulated solar radiation are described . A calori
metric method for measuring a ( s) and e ( T )
(hemispherical) at elevated temperature is also de
scribed. Measurements made on several specimens
agreed favorably with calculated values.
RI 8168. Noise and Vibrations in Residential Structures From
Quarry Production Blasting . Measurements at Six
Sites in Illinois, by David E. Siskind , Virgil J. Stachura,
and Karen S. Radcliffe. 1976. 17 pp . 17 figs.
The Bureau of Mines studied environmental blast
effects in six occupied residential structures. Air
blast , ground , and structure vibrations were meas
ured both inside and outside residences for seven
quarry production blasts. Walls and floors responded
to the blast noise and vibration by shaking at their
own natural frequencies, often with greater peak
particle velocities than the ground outside the struc
tures or their foundations. The vibrations of the
houses generated noticeable internal noise , correlat
ing with the arrival of the groundborne energy. The
later arriving airblast wave was predominantly at
low infrasonic frequencies (1.0 to 1.5 Hz) and had
similar amplitude and frequency characteristics both
inside and outside the structures. Significant struc
tural motions resulted from the airblast overpres
sures for at least two of the seven blasts. The most
severe airblast effect occurred at a house 1,800 feet
from a 5,047-pound (200-1b /delay ) blast. This struc
ture was subjected to a peak of 0.16- in / sec particle
velocity and 130 dB ( L ) airblast. The wall of the
second floor responded to the ground vibration and
airblast by shaking,at particle velocities of 0.15 and
0.28 in / sec, respectively . Analysis of these data and
those from additional field studies will be used to
identify appropriate, safe, and reasonable impulsive
noise levels, measurement techniques , and factors of
design applicable to minimizing the adverse environ
mental effects of blasting .
RI 8169. Recovering Gold From Scrap Electronic Solders by
Drossing, by E. F. Ferrell. 1976. 9 pp .
1 fig . Gold was recovered from scrap electronic 60
40 ( tin -lead ) solders by drossing with aluminum or
zinc at elevated temperatures . The gold, together
with other metallic impurities , collected in the dross
phase which could then be separated from the molten
solder by skimming or filtering. Drossing upgraded
the gold concentration by a factor of 10. Further up
grading was achieved by a combination of steps in
cluding an oxidation roast and either a combined
cyanidation -amalgamation treatment or an aqua
regia leach . The gold was then recovered in highly
concentrated form from the aqua regia or cyanide
solutions by cementation and from the amalgam by
volatilization or dissolution of the mercury . The
solder was purified by reaction with NaOH to re
move dissolved aluminum or with SnCl2 to remove
dissolved zinc.
RI 8170 . Water Barriers for Suppressing Coal Dust Explo
sions, by Israel Liebman , John Corry, and
J. Kenneth Richmond . 1976. 26 pp . 10 figs. The
Bureau of Mines developed three types of passive
water barriers for suppressing slow -moving coal
dust explosions. One type is a modification of a con
ventional tub barrier and depends on the dynamic
pressure generated ahead of an explosion to tilt the
tub to release its water and suppress the explosion .
The other two barriers operate in response to an
increase in static pressure developed ahead of the
explosion. Tests indicate the first barrier begins to
release its water at air speeds as low as 50 ft / sec ,
and the second and third barriers will operate at a
rise in static pressure as little as 0.5 psi. All three
barriers were found to be effective in suppressing
coal dust explosions propagating at speeds as low as
100 ft / sec. A plan is described for installing a water
barrier in a working mine on a trial basis.
RI 8173. Degasification and Production of Natural Gas From
an Air Shaft in the Pittsburgh Coalbed, by H. H.
Fields, Joseph Cervik , and T. W. Goodman . 1976 .
23 pp . 22 figs. The Bureau of Mines conducted
research to determine the effectiveness of long holes
drilled in solid virgin coal in degasifying an area of
the Pittsburgh coalbed showing that horizontal holes
drilled into a virgin coalbed from the bottom of any
shaft will effectively remove methane gas in com
mercial quantities from the Pittsburgh coalbed . The
in situ pressure at a depth of 214 feet into the coal
bed and the average gas and water flows from the
five degasification holes were 3 lb / in2 gage and
860,000 ft /d and 1.7 gal/min , respectively. On June
19, 1975, after 593 days of degasification , a compres
sor was installed and pipeline quality gas was intro
duced into a commercial pipeline. As of June 1, 1976 ,
after 1,022 days of degasification , over 753 million
cubic feet of gas had been drained and 117 million
cubic feet of gas had been purchased by the gas
company for use in the local community of Wades
town, W. Va. The gas drained to date is six times
the gas estimated to be in the area subtended by the
holes. Methane emissions at the working face of 1
West mains, Federal No. 2 mine has been reduced by
50 pct, proving the value of methane drainage by
horizontal degasification holes drilled from shaft
bottoms ahead of mining .
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8714. Assaying Ores, Concentrates, and Bullion . Revision
of Information Circular 7695, by H. H. Heady
and K. G. Broadhead. 1976. 24 pp . This Bureau
of Mines report provides specific information regard
ing the analysis of ores, concentrates , and bullion .
It describes analytical services provided by some
Federal agencies, and discusses analytical techniques
applicable to the precious metals. The appendixes
list Bureau of Mines State Liaison Offices and com
mercial assay laboratories.
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT
TPR 98. Self -Sealing Brattice for Coal Mine Rescue and Re
covery , by Fred N. Kissell and Edward D.
Thimons. August 1976. 7 pp . 7 figs. A self
sealing brattice intended for use during coal mine
rescue and recovery operations has been designed
and tested by the Bureau of Mines. The major design
difference between self-sealing and conventional
brattice is that the fabric is cut and sewn as a hemi
sphere instead of as a flat sheet. This new type of
brattice offers reduced weight, leakage, and installa
tion time. Preliminary testing indicates that the
concept is worthwhile, but that further develop
mental research is required.
 PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
[ These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook ,
1974. The complete volumes, covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production , consumption , exports, and imports. )
The Mineral Industry of the Federal Republic of
Germany, by D. H. Desy. 28 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Kenya , Tanzania , and
Uganda, by Avery H. Reed and Robert G. Clarke.
11 pp .
Sulfur and Pyrites, by Roland W. Merwin and
William F. Keyes. 25 pp. 3 figs.
Zinc, by V. Anthony Cammarota, Jr., and Herbert
R. Babitzke. 34 pp. 5 figs.
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20241
Some of these reports areissued weekly , monthly,
quarterly, or annually. The following annual reports
were issued during August.
Feldspar and Related Minerals in 1975 ( Annual Ad
vance Summary ). 6 pp.
Iodine in 1975 (Ănnual Advance Summary ). 2 pp.
Kyanite and Related Minerals in 1975 ( Annual Ad
vance Summary) . 4 pp.
Pumice and Volcanic Cinder in 1975 ( Annual Ad
vance Summary ). 2 pp .
Stone in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 4 pp.
III . Open File Reports — NTIS
An open Ale report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines report
that has been made available as reference material. Any
open Alle report may be inspected during working hours
at the locations indicated but may not be removed . If a
number prefixed with PB is given, the report is also avail
able from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, Va . 22161
Microfiche copies are $ 2.25 ( domestic order ) and
$ 3.75 (foreign order ). Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $ 2.50 for a for
eign order. Please order by numbers given.
OFR 82-76 . Materials Problems Associated with the Devel
opment of Geothermal Energy Resources, by
Beverly A. Hall. May 1975. 44 pp . 6 figs. Rep
resentatives of the geothermal user industry, the
corrosion and scaling research laboratories, and the
metals industry held a workshop -meeting to discuss
various materials problems associated with the de
velopment of geothermal resources, and to prepare
preliminary outlines of areas where research is re
quired. The problems associated with the develop
ment of the geothermal brines of the Imperial
Valley , Calif., were the primary subjects. The cor
rosion and scaling of materials and equipment is a
major problem and the development of resistant
materials and specialized equipment were discussed.
Chemistries of and laboratory gas solubilities in
4
brines were presented . Research done under Grant
No. P0150296 by the Geothermal Resources Council.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa , Ala.,
College Park, Md., Twin Cities, Minn ., Rolla, Mo.,
Boulder City , Nev ., Reno, Nev., Albany, Oreg ., Salt
Lake City, Utah, and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS. PB 254 990/AS. Paper copy, $4.
OFR 83-76 . Mineral Beneficiation Studies and Economic
Evaluations of Potential Copper-Nickel Produc
tion From the Duluth Gabbro, Minnesota, by J. E. Lawyer,
R. L. Wiegel, and N. F. Schultz. Dec. 1 , 1975. 212
pp. 39 figs. This report describes operations, and
estimated costs, to produce 150,000 metric tons per
annum of white metal containing copper, nickel,
silver, gold, and platinum metals from two hypo
thetical open pit mines operating on the Duluth
gabbro. The processing includes mining, crushing,
grinding, beneficiation, and smelting. Based on $ 0.75
per pound for copper and $2 per pound for nickel,
the project would yield an after -tax discounted cash
flow in excess of 15 percent. Uses for byproduct
sulfuric acid and calcic feldspar are also proposed.
Research done under Grant No. G0144109 by the
University of Minnesota. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Tuscaloosa, Ala ., College Park , Md.,
Twin Cities , Minn. , Rolla, Mo. , Boulder City , Nev .,
Reno, Nev ., Albany, Oreg. , Salt Lake City, Utah, and
at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 255 020/
AS. $7.75.
OFR 84 (1-11)-76 (set) . A Master Environmental Control
and Mine System Design Simulator
for Underground Coal Mining : Volumes 1 -XI, by R. V.
Ramani, C. B. Manula, P. M. T. White, D. Sutton ,
A. S. C. Owili-Eger , B. Mozumdar, D. K. Jeng , A.
Bouillot, R. Rivell, R. Sanford, J. A. McClay, and
V. T. Burgos. March 1974 - December 1975. 2,505 pp.
190 figs. This 11 - volume report on the master de
sign simulator ( MDS ) describes the total systems
application as an integrated simulator of an entire
underground coal mining system . Research done
under Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania
State University . Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities , Minn ., Bruceton , Pa.,
Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy
Research and Development Administration library in
Morgantown, W. Va .; and at the Central Library,
J.S. Department of the Interior , Washington , D.C.
NTIS. PB 255 420/AS ( set ) . Paper copy, $79.25.
Microfiche, $ 14.75.
OFR 84 ( 1 ) -76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mino
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining . Volume I. Executive Summary, by R. V.
Ramani and C. B. Manula. Dec. 18, 1975. 31 pp.
2 figs. This report is volume 1 of an 11 -volume re
port on a dynamic general purpose computer simu
lation model for underground coal mining. The
master design simulator ( MDS ) has a wide range
of possible applications in the design and evaluation
of underground coal mining systems from the stand
points of health and safety , productivity , and mine
environment. The MDS consists of nine free- stand
ing, function - oriented subsystem models linked to
gether into an integrated , comprehensive model of an
entire mining system . The subsystems comprising
the MDS include geology and reserves, methane
generation, roof support, subsidence , production , rail
haulage, cost, water generation, and ventilation.
This volume of the report contains a statement of
the purpose and scope of work, and provides an

overview of the MDS with a brief description of each
subsystem . Also included is a discussion of several
areas of application for the MDS. Research done
under Contract No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania
State University . Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver , Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton, Pa .,
Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library in Morgantown,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 255 420/AS. Paper copy, $4.
OFR 84 ( 2 )-76 .
A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Mining. Volume il. Geology and Reserves Subsystem , by
R. V. Ramani, P. M. T. White , and D. Sutton . Mar.
31, 1974. 206 pp. 12 figs. This report, volume 2
of the 11 -volume report on the master design simula
tor (MDS) , describes the geology and reserves sub
system . The two functions of this subsystem are (1)
the design of a geological data library to provide
input to the other subsystems, and ( 2 ) the calcula
tion of coal reserves and associated values and
grades under various user- specified conditions. The
subsystem uses a weighted moving average method
to interpolate between the borehole values and pro
vides output in report format, graphical plots, and /
or storage on magnetic tape or other storage devices
for laterretrieval. The application of the subsystem
as an independent model with test results and com
parisons with other methods of computing reserves
is also presented. The appendix includes a user's
manual and a program listing. Research done under
Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State
University. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton, Pa.,
Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library in Morgantown,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 255 422/AS. Paper copy , $ 7.75 .
OFR 8413 )-76. A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume III. Methane Generator, by Ř. V.
Ramani and A. S. C. Owili-Eger. Mar. 31 , 1974.
81 pp. 7 figs. This report, volume 3 of the 11
volume report on the master design simulator
(MDS ) , describes the methane generator subsystem .
This subsystem is used to determine methane emis
sion rates into the mine environment. These flow
rates are then used by the MDS in planning primary
and secondary ventilation systems, planning , a
methane drainage system , and analyzing complex
ventilation networks. Both steady- state and unsteady
state gas flows are included, and have been modeled
as second order nonlinear partial differential equa
tions. Finite difference equations are used to obtain
numerical solutions to the models using a central
differencingscheme. An application of the model is
presented. The appendices include derivation of the
gas flow equations used and a user's manual. Re
search done under Contract No. G0111808 by the
Pennsylvania State University. Available for refer
ence during working hours only at the Bureau of
Mines libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn. ,
Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane , Wash.; at
the Energy Research and Development Administra
tion library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the
Central Library . U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C. NTIS . PB 255 423/AS. Paper
copy, $ 5 .
OFR 8414 )–76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
5
-
Coal Mining. Volurne IV. Roof Support, by C. B. Manula,
B. Mozumdar, and D. K. Jeng. June 30, 1974. 72
pp . 10 figs. This report, volume 4 of the 11-volume
report on the master design simulator ( MDS ) , de
scribes the roof support subsystem . This model is
based on popular roof support practices for different
geological environments with related restrictions
imposed by the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of
1969. From geological sections, the model determines
the anchor horizon for roof bolts and the density of
roof support necessary. The roof support subsystem
is tied to both the geology and reservessubsystem
and the production subsystem of the MDS, but it
can also operate as a free -standing model. Several
case studies are presented showing the application
of the model. A detailed user's manual, including a
program listing, is presented in the appendices.
Research done under Grant No. G0111808 by the
Pennsylvania State University . Available for refer
ence during working hours only at the Bureau of
Mines libraries in Denver, Colo. , Twin Cities, Minn.,
Bruceton, Pa. , Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at
the Energy Research and Development Administra
tion library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the
Central Library, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 255 424/AS. Paper
copy, $ 4.50.
OFR 84( 5 )–76. A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining . Volume V. Subsidence Subsystem , by C. B.
Manula, B. Mozumdar, and D. K. Jeng . June 30,
1974. 199 pp. 40 figs. This report, volume 5 of
the 11 -volume report on the master design simulator
( MDS ) , describes the subsidence subsystem . This
subsystem uses the finite element method to simulate
ground movement caused by an advancing mining
face in an underground coal mine. The model is
structured around the concept that the ground mass
is a layered media of different thicknesses and ma
terial properties. Gob areas are considered to be un
filled with broken rock at the beginning of mining.
After mining starts, the gob areas are filled with
broken material which provides resistance to the
lowering of the overlying strata . The model is tied
to the geology and reserves subsystem , but it can
also operate as a free -standing routine. A case study
is presented illustrating the application of the model.
A detailed user's manual and a program listing are
included in the appendices . Research done under
Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State Uni
versity. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton, Pa.,
Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy
Research and Development Administration library
in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS . PB 255 425/AS. Paper copy, $7.50.
OFR 8416)-76. À Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume VI. Production Subsystem , by C. B.
Manula, A. Bouillot, R. A. Rivell, and R. Sanford.
June 30 , 1974. 327 pp. 15 figs. This report, vol
ume 6 of the 11 -volume report of the master design
simulator ( MDS) , describes the production sub
system . This subsystem provides the means for
moving the model through time on a computer and
recording its behavior. The logic of the production
subsystem can accommodate multiple face units and
both standard and nonstandard activities in each
mining section. Each activity is assigned a specific
and separate list of instructions for the simulation.
These instructions include determination of tram
ming paths, wait and change point locations, entry
and cut locations, as well as commands to advance
in the mining cycle and tram . Advancing through
the mining cycle is handled through a sequential exe
cution of a subset of face jobs that is predetermined
in the program logic . A case study is presented
illustrating the application of the model as a free
standing program . The appendices constitute a user's
manual and a program listing . Research done under
Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State
University . Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver , Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa.,
Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Re
search and Development Administration library in
Morgantown W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
NTIS . PB 255 426 / AS. Paper copy , $ 10 .
OFR 8417 )-76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining . Volume VII. Rail Haulage Subsystem , by C. B.
Manula , R. A. Rivell, and R. L. Sanford . June 30 ,
1974. 327 pp . 7 figs. This report , volume 7 of the
11-volume report on the master design simulator
(MDS ) , describes the rail haulage subsystem . This
subsystem can be used as a free-standing model or
it can be linked to the production subsystem to pro
vide rail haulage capability. Complex rail haulage
systems can be realistically simulated with this
model. This report includes complete instructions for
operating the subsystem as well as a program list
ing . In addition , a case study is included that illus
trates the application of the subsystem when it is
linked to the production subsystem . Research done
under Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania
State University . Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver , Colo., Twin Cities , Minn ., Bruceton , Pa.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy
Research and Development Administration library
in Morgantown W. Va .; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
NTIS. PB 255 427 /AS. Paper copy , $ 10 .
OFR 84 (8 )-76 .A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume VIII. Cost Subsystem , by R. V.
Ramani, J. A. McClay, and V. T. Burgos. Feb. 13,
1975. 262 pp . 21 figs. This report, volume 8 of
the 11-volume report on the master design simulator
(MDS) , describes the cost subsystem . This subsys
tem provides for the projection of costs and invest
ment of operations over time using data generated
by the MDS subsystems and data libraries. This
model incorporates a direct costing feature for use
in conjunction with the MDS, and considers labor,
capital, and operating costs. While the model is cap
able of independent use , the direct costing of supplies
and other operating elements are sacrificed in the
absence of the MDS. The model generates cost re
ports covering each shift of operation for each
mining section . Optionally, cost summaries are gen
erated for each day, each month , and each year of
operation . Finally , a discounted cash flow analysis
is performed to determine the selling price of the
coal mines. The report includes detailed instructions
for operating the model and a program listing . Re
search done under Grant No. G0111808 by the Penn
sylvania State University . Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruce
ton , Pa., Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash. , at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown W. Va.; and at the Central
Library , U.S. Department of the Interior , Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS. PB 255 428 /AS. Paper copy, $ 9 .
OFR 8419 )–76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining . Volume IX . Water Generation, by C. B. Manula
and A. Owili- Eger. Sept. 30, 1975. 303 pp . 27
figs. This report, volume 9 of the 11-volume report
on the master design simulator (MDS) , describes
the water generator subsystem . This subsystem sim
ulates the flow of water through a typical watershed
reservoir combination to predict mine drainage
quantities in underground workings. The model is
an integrated one that handles both the unsaturated
and the saturated flow domains as a unified system .
The solution of the model is achieved by numerical
techniques of finite difference method coupled with
finite element analysis. The water generator can be
operated either as a free- standing model or in con
nection with the geology and reserves subsystem as
a part of the MDS. A case study is included illus
trating the application of the model to actual data .
The appendices constitute a user's manual and a
program listing . Research done under Grant No.
G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State University .
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo.,
Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa., Pittsburgh , Pa.,
Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library in Morgantown,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS . “ PB
255 429 / AS. Paper copy, $ 9.75.
OFR 84 (10 )-76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume X. Ventilation Subsystem , by R. V.
Ramani, A. Owili-Eger, and C. B. Manula . Sept. 30 ,
1975. 116 pp. 20 figs. This report, volume 10 of
the 11- volume report on the master design simulator
(MDS ) , describes the ventilation subsystem . This
subsystem has the capabilities to handle ( 1 ) branches
in parallel or series, (2 ) fans in parallel or series ,
( 3 ) multiple fans, (4 ) methane, compressed air , or
other injections into the system , (5 ) leakages and
fixed quantities, and (6 ) calculations of absolute
pressure at nodes. The program uses the Kirchhoff
junction and mesh laws, and the Hardy Cross itera
tive technique to converge to the desired accuracy
in solving for the head quantity. A case study is
included in the report illustrating the use of the
model. The appendices comprise a user's manual and
a program listing . Research done under Grant No.
G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State University.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo .,
Twin Cities , Minn ., Bruceton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research and Devel
opment Administration library in Morgantown ,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library , U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB
255 430 / AS. Paper copy, $5.50 .
OFR 84011)-76 . A Master Environmental Control and Mine
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume XI. Total Systems Application. by
C. B. Manula , R. A. Rivell, and R. V. Ramani. Mar.
1 , 1975. 620 pp . 35 figs. This report, volume 11
of the 11-volume report on the master design simu
lator (MDS ) , describes the total systems application
as an integrated simulator of an entire underground
coalmining system . A discussion of subsystem organ
ization and development is presented , along with
execution instructions for various computers, simu
lation techniques and limitations, and a case study
based on data from a coal mine in West Virginia .
The case study illustrates the use of both the inter
active or dynamic subsystems and the event-oriented
subsystems, and provides information necessary to
link the subsystems together. The appendices con
stitute a user's manual for the linked subsystems
and a complete program listing. Research done under
Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsylvania State Uni
versity . Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa.,
Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Re
search and Development Administration library in
Morgantown W. Va.; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS . PB 255 431 /AS . Paper copy, $ 16.25.
OFR 85–76 . Development of Illumination Systems for Low
Coal Mines, by Albert Ketler and Russell
Pellman. Jan. 28 , 1976. 58 pp. As a result of
early experiments in underground mine illumination ,
the Bureau of Mines recognized the need for addi
tional experience with the underground lighting of
coal mines having low coal seam thickness. The
article reports the results of several fluorescent
illumination installations in mines operating in low
seam coal. Research done under Contract No.
H0252048 by Ocean Energy , Inc. Available for ref
erence during working hours only at the Bureau of
Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn .,
Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at
the Energy Research and Development Administra
tion library in Morgantown W. Va.; and at the
Central Library, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C. NTIS . PB 255 799 /AS. Paper
copy , $ 4.50 .
OFR 86–76 . Study of Continuous Face Haulage Systems, by
David M. Cowan . Dec. 5 , 1975. 221
pp. 25 figs. The purpose of this contract study
was to determine which concepts of continuous face
haulage can be developed into a safe , practical, and
cost- effective conveyance for application in under
ground coal mining using the available state -of-the
art. The advantages and limitations of 15 different
types of continuous face haulage systems previously
or currently used, or being developed , were evaluated
as to which ones had the most impact on under
ground coal mine haulage. The two most promising
types of continuous face haulage systems covered by
this study proved to be the bridge carrier and flexi
ble conveyor belt systems, although both require
more development work to extend their use into a
broader range of mining situations and to improve
their performance and reliability. Included in the
report is a list of service requirements for an ideal
continuous face haulage system to be used in under
ground coal mine haulage. Research done under Con
tract No. H0242025 by Joy Manufacturing Co. Avail
able for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin
Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh , Pa., Spo
kane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.;
and at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the
Interior , Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 255 841/
AS. Paper copy, $7.75.
OFR 87–76 . Logistic Performance of Continuous Miners, by
Leslie D. Marrus, Pryor McGinnis, and
Conrad Rogne. January 1976. 120 pp . 27 figs.
This project and final report represent an effort to
collect, analyze , and verify reliability and perform
ance data on currently available medium - to -high
seam models of continuous miners being used in
underground coal mining. The analysis determined
availability, mean time and tons between failures,
amounts of down time associated with various fail
ures, labor and part costs required to correct fail
ures , and various indices ofmaintainability. Machine
performance and reliability are discussed relative to
cumulative tons (machine age ) produced and pro
7
duction rates (machine loading) . It was determined
that performance can be significantly improved
given preventive maintenance programs that will
increase machine availability . Research done under
Contract No. S0144087 by the Bendix Corp., Bendix
Energy, Environment and Technology Office. Avail
able for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin
Cities , Minn., Bruceton, Pa.,_Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spo
kane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va .;
and at the Central Library , U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS. PB 255 971/
AS . Paper copy, $ 5.50.
PRESENTATIONS
[ The following reports on minerals and materials were
presented at meetings held in the Washington , D.C., area
during 1976. The reports are available ONLY from the
National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Springfield , Va. 22161, at the prices indicated.]
PR 1–76 . The Bureau of Mines and Development of Appala
chian Mineral Resources, by John D. Morgan ,
Jr. June 23, 1976. 22 pp. 5 figs. The organiza
tion and functions of the Federal Bureau of Mines
are described , with particular detail given on instal
lations and projects in the Appalachian area . Work
of the State Liaison Officers and the Eastern Field
Operation Center is described . Anthracite research,
demonstration , and mined land reclamation activities
from 1952 through 1976 , are listed , along with a
9-page summary of metallurgical research projects
from 1911 through 1976. NTIS. PB 255 931/AS.
Paper copy, $ 3.50.
PR 2-76 . World Distribution and Flow of Major Mineral
Commodities, by John D. Morgan, Jr. Apr.
28, 1976. 18 pp. 9 figs. World mineral production
is closely related to world steel production . World
steel production for the past 25 years is graphed for
five major areas : the United States, the Common
Market, Japan , the U.S.S.R., and the rest of the
world . Detailed tables compare the following major
countries and land areas : area ; population ; iron
ore and raw steel production , scrap and steel con
sumption ; bauxite , alumina, and aluminum produc
tion , aluminum consumption ; tin mine and smelter
production and consumption ; copper mine, smelter,
and refinery production and consumption ; crude oil
and coal production and consumption. The role of
minerals, including scrap, in the U.S. economy is
assessed in detail. NTIS . PB 255 963 /AS . Paper
copy, $ 3.50 .
PR 3–76 . Availability of Conventional Energy Resources
Materials Coal, by John D. Morgan , Jr.
June 21, 1976. 17 pp . 15 figs. This paper con
tains 15 illustrations that give details on the U.S.
coal concentrations in forms that economic extrac
tion is currently or may become feasible . The paper
discusses that portion of the “ Identified Coal Re
source " from which “ reserves" are calculated . A
coal bibliography is provided . NTIS. PB 255 798 /
AS. Paper copy, $ 3.50.
PR 4-76 . Mineral Data Improvements and Critical Materials
R & D at the U.S. Bureau of Mines, by John D.
Morgan, Jr. Feb. 24 , 1976. 25 pp. 13 figs. De
tails of the Bureau of Mines Supply / Demand Analy
sis operations covering over 100 mineral commodities
are described . All data gathered on copper are listed
for a case study. The role of minerals in the economy
is quantified both in tonnage and in dollars, along
with the degree of importation and the sources
thereof for 37 major minerals. The relation of min
erals to the transportation infrastructure is detailed
and 100 mineral commodities are classified in a
matrix of 60 possible problems involved herewith.
NTIS . PB 255 964 /AS. Paper copy, $ 3.50.
PR 5–76 . National Considerations of Strategic and Critical
Materials, by John D. Morgan , Jr. June 7,
1976. 20 pp. 13 figs. The relationship of raw and
processed mineral materials to the economy, and the
role of exports, imports, and recycling are quantified .
Import status for 36 major mineral imports is de
tailed . World steel production by major area for the
past 25 years is graphed . The relation of minerals to
the transportation infrastructure is detailed , and
100 mineral commodities are classified in a matrix
of 60 possible problems involved. Major areas for
future research including high-temperature and
corrosion -resistant materials, and the synergistic
effects of trace elements are covered . NTIS . PB
255 965 /AS. Paper copy, $3.50 .
IV . Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press .
Copies of these articles are NOT available unless listed among
articles that ARE available on page 9 .
OP 64-76 . Four Factors influencing Observed Rock Proper
ties, by P. G. Chamberlain , E. M. Van
Eeckhout, and E. R. Podnieks. Ch . in Soil Specimen
Preparation for Laboratory Testing (ASTM STP
599 ) . American Society for Testing and Materials ,
Philadelphia , Pa., 1976, pp . 21–36 . This paper pre
sents a review of the effect of four factors in speci
men preparation that influence mechanical property
tests - moisture content, orientation with respect to
rock fabric , fractures, and specimen tolerances— and
discusses methods developed during various Bureau
of Mines testing programs for controlling these fac
tors. Bureau and other research is cited to present
problems in obtaining suitable property data arising
from these factors and to define solutions to the
problems. Rock mechanics researchers dealing with
field sampling and laboratory testing should find the
material helpful in establishing specimen handling
and preparation procedures for obtaining relevant
test results.
OP 65–76 . Puzzled About Primers for Large-Diameter ANFO
Charges? Here's Some Help to End the Mystery,
by Richard A. Dick . Coal Age, v . 81, No. 8 , August
1976 , pp . 102–107. The correct priming method for
large-diameter AN - FO charges has long been a sub
ject of controversy . Axial priming, multiple point
priming with small charges, thermal priming, and
shock priming are techniques which have been ad
vocated . The correct location , size, shape, and formu
lation of primer have been debated . Various re
searchers , including the Bureau of Mines, have per
formed studies which clarify the situation . This
paper brings together conclusions reached by differ
ent studies and makes specific recommendations to
the operator.
OP 66–76 . Clean Fuels From Coal Are Expensive, by
Sidney Katell and Luella G. White.
Hydrocarbon Process., v . 55 , No. 7 , July 1976 , pp .
85-90. This article presents economic analyses of
five gasification and three liquefaction processes.
Product costs from coal conversion will exceed $ 2 /
MMBtu ( 1975 prices) and can reach as much as
$ 5.45 /MMBtu under certain conditions.
8
OP 67–76 . Leaching a low -Grade Copper Sulfide Ore , by
Brent W. Madsen and Rees D. Groves.
Ch. 47 in Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Hydro
metallurgy and Electrowinning , Volume 2 , ed . by
J. C. Yannopoulos and J. C. Agarwal. Port City
Press, Baltimore, Md., 1976 , pp . 926–942. This re
port discusses the results obtained by leaching run .
of-míne and minus 6 -inch plus 12 -inch samples of
low - grade chalcocite-bearing mine waste. A mixed
kinetics model was applied to the leaching of the
sample with the fines removed where bulk solution
transportation was not rate controlling. The model,
when applied to the run -of-mine ore , gave somewhat
higher predicted copper extractions than experi
mentally determined. Oxygen was introduced into
the run -of-mine ore and leaching was continued. Be
fore the leaching experiment was dismantled and the
residue sampled, the ore was treated with sulfur
dioxide and its permeability was improved markedly .
The results of each of these procedures are inter
preted in relation to the attendant condition of the
test.
OP 69–76 . Use of Titanium Carbide as a Deoxidizer in
Electric Furnace Steelmaking, by R. H. Nafziger
and W. L. Hunter. Ind. Heat., v . 43, No. 7, July
1976 , pp . 16–20. The Bureau of Mines conducted an
investigation which shows that titanium carbide is
an effective deoxidizer for metal produced from pre
reduced iron ore pellets in an electric arc furnace.
Although it is less effective when scrap is charged
into the furnace, titanium carbide is shown to be a
better deoxidizer than silicon carbide. Although
aluminum remains the most effective deoxidizer , the
report shows that titanium carbide can be an effec
tive substitute when pellets are used .
OP 68-76 . Pilot Plant Testing of the Citrate Process for SO2
Emission Control, by W. A. McKinney, W. I.
Nissen , D. A. Elkins, and J. B. Rosenbaum . Proc.
Symp. on Flue Gas Desulfurization , Atlanta, Ga.,
November 1974, Volume 2. EPA Paper No. 650 / 2
74–126 - b , pp . 1049–1067. A pilot plant was con
structed by the Bureau of Mines and operated jointly
by the Bureau and the Bunker Hill Co. at a lead
smelter in Kellogg , Idaho, to study the citrate proc
ess for removing SO2 from industrial waste gases,
citric acid , and sodium thiosulfate, and followed by
reacting the absorbed SO2 with H2S to precipitate
elemental sulfur and to regenerate the citrate solu
tion for recycling. General features and operating
results for a pilot plant are summarized . Process
economics for coal- fired boiler flue gas desulfuriza
tion are projected on the basis of the pilot plant
operations.
OP 70–76 . Citrate Process for Flue Gas Desulfurization , a
Status Report, by W.I. Nissen , D. A. Elkins,
and W. A. McKinney. Proc. Symp.on Flue Gas
Desulfurization , New Orleans, La., March 1976 ,
Volume 2. EPA Paper No. 600 / 2-76–136 – b , May
1976, pp. 843–864. This paper discusses the Federal
Bureau of Mines research and development of the
citrate process for removing SO2 from stack gases.
The discussion covers the operation of a pilot plant
that assesses the feasibility of flue gas desulfuriza
tion . Operating costs for a citrate plant and capital
charges are included .
Minerals Extraction and Processing : New Devel
OP 71-76 .
opments, by Joe B. Rosenbaum . Science ,
v . 191, Feb. 20 , 1976 , pp. 720-723 . This Bureau of
Mines paper presents examples of new industrial
practices illustrating advances in minerals tech
nology. Continuous copper smelting, improved acti
vated carbon systems for gold, flocculation -flotation

of iron ore , and in situ leaching of uranium are four
newly adopted processes that indicate how the tech
nology base is being broadened , although they do not
necessarily reflect industry trends.
OP 72–76 . Acoustic Core Logging in Blast-Damaged Rock ,
by R.E. Thill and D. V. D’Andrea. Eng.
Geol. Pub . by Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. ,
Amsterdam , The Netherlands, May 1976, v. 10, No. 1,
pp . 13–36 . The Bureau of Mines, in cooperation
with the Duval Corp., conducted a blast- fragmenta
tion experiment to determine the feasibilityof pre
paring a porphyry copper -molybdenum deposit for in
situ leaching. One of the major problems in the
extraction methods and equipment applicable to
core - logging equipment and methods were devised
and used as one approach in solving this problem .
The acoustic parameters indicated the deterioration
in structural quality from the preblast condition, in
which the rock was badly fractured and weathered,
to the more highly fractured postblast condition.
Because of the highly fragmented, poor structural
condition of the rock after blasting, the rock was
indicated to be suitable for in situ leaching in 20
and 15 - foot blasthole spacings, and in some zones
in the rock at 25 - foot blasthole spacing.
-
1
OP 73–76 . Evolving Improvements in Underground Mining,
by Sheldon P. Wimpfen . Pres. at the
13th Min . Eng. Convention, Sept. 8–12, 1976, Are
quipa, Peru, 1976, 57 pp. This Bureau of Mines
report discusses the exploration, development, and
extraction methods and equipment applicable to
underground mining. An appendix contains tables
and illustrations that amplify the topics discussed in
the text. Tables 1-9, inclusive, are mentioned in the
discussion . The balance of the illustrations and
tables covers design and other aspects of modern
underground mining.
ARTICLE AVAILABLE
The following article that has appeared in the outside
press is now available for distribution . Copies may be
obtained by writing to the Branch of Publications Distribution,
Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pa . 15213 .
OP 73–76 . Evolving Improvements in Underground Mining,
by Sheldon P. Wimpfen. Pres. at the
13th Min . Eng . Convention, Sept. 8–12, 1976, Are
quipa, Peru, 1976, 57 pp.
 ORDER SALES PUBLICATIONS ON THE FOLLOWING FORM
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( The Secretary of the Interior has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public
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INT. -BU. OF MINES , PGH . , PA.

136
NOV 041
19
137 NEW PUBLICATIONS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
I. Sales Publications
Sales publications may be ordered ONLY from
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Remittances, which should be included with the
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INFORMATION CIRCULARS
IC 8715. Basic Estimated Capital Investment and Operating
Costs for Underground Bituminous Coal Mines De
veloped for Longwall Mining. Mines With Annual Production
of 1.5 and 3 Million tons by Longwall Mining From an
84 -Incla Coalbed , by John R. Duda and E. L. Heming
way . 1976. 25 pp. 1 fig . The Bureau of Mines is
developing estimates of capital investment, operating
cost, and selling price for underground mines produc
ing bituminous coal by various mining methods. This
study estimates the required capital investment, oper
ating costs, and selling prices for two hypothetical
mines designed to produce 1.5 and 3 million tons
per year ( MM tpy ) by using a longwall system in
conjunction with a continuous-mining system . The
coal properties being mined are assumed capable of
sustaining a 20 -year production period . Wages and
union welfare payments used in this study are those
in effect as of December 6, 1975 , as set forth under
the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement of
1974. Costs of materials and equipment are based on
January 1976 indexes. Initial capital investment is
$ 33.8 million for the 1.5 -MM - tpy mine and $61 mil
lion for the 3 -MM -tpy mine. Capital requirements,
including deferred investments, were estimated to be
$52.5 and $94.2 million, respectively. These figures
translate into total capital investments of $34.87 and
$31.31 per ton of annual production . Assuming a
desired 15 -percent discount cash flow rate of return ,
with Federal income taxesat 50 percent, the required
selling prices would be $ 12.06 and $ 10.94 per ton for
the 1.5- and 3-MM-tpy mines. GPO Stock No. 024
004–01886–1. $1.
IC 8716. Bibliography of Investment Costs, Operating Costs,
and Related Economic Information for the Mineral
Industries, January - December 1975, by Joseph Sabatini
and L. A. Conley. 1976. 58 pp. This report,cover
ing the period January through December 1975, con
tains abstracts of articles concerning all phases of cost
engineering and economics for chemicals processing ,
mining, and other mineral industries. The bibliog
' niversity, Nat , sco
lichigan
1 Science
Tary
BUREAU OF MINES
SEPTEMBER 1976 MONTHLY LIST 737
raphy has a major emphasis on energy -related activi
ties, and many abstracts give investment and operat
ing costs for synthetic fuels plants, oil and gas
exploration and production, underground and surface
coal mining and reclamation, and nuclear and con
ventional power generation facilities. Some other sub
jects covered include cost estimating methods and
theory, reports on construction projects in the United
States and abroad, developments in the environ
mental control segment of the energy economy,
progress in solar and geothermal energy develop
ment, deep ocean mining, and logistics in the energy
market. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01881-0 . $ 1.20 .
IC_8717 . Analyses of Natural Gases, 1975 , by B. J.
Moore. 1976. 82 pp. This publication
contains analyses and related data for 234 natural
gas samples from wells and pipelines in 21 States
and 1 foreign country. All of the samples were
obtained and analyzed during calendar year 1975 as
a part of Bureau of Mines investigations of the
occurrences of helium in natural gases of countries
with free market economies. This survey has been
conducted in the United States by the Bureau of
Mines since 1917. In late 1965, the survey was ex
panded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses
published herein were made by mass spectrometer
and a special helium analysis apparatus , which are
described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 486 and 576.
The results of the investigation of the occurrences of
helium are published annually, to make the informa
tion available as soon as possible to the gas industry
and the public in general. Seventeen previous pub
lications have presented the results of 10,831 gas
analyses prior to 1975. GPO Stock No. 024-004
01877–9. $ 1.45.
IC 8719. Projects To Expand Fuel Sources in Western States.
Survey of Planned or Proposed Coal, Oil Shale , Tar
Sand , Uranium , and Geothermal Supply Expansion Projects,
and Related Infrastructure, in States West of the Mississippi
River (as of May 1976), by John S. Corsentino. 1976.
208 pp. 22 figs. This Bureau of Mines study is a
listing of fuels -related projects that are presently
under construction, planned, or proposed by various
companies and organizations in the Western United
States. The future facilities covered in this report
fall into the following categories : coal mines and ex
pansions to existing mines, electric powerplants and
waste- to - fuel conversion plants, oil shale projects, tar
sands projects, potential geothermal facilities, coal
slurry pipelines, railroads related to fuels develop
ment, uranium mines and expansions to existing
mines, uranium mills and enrichment facilities, oil
refineries, and natural gas processing plants. The
projects are listed by State. Data concerning the
company, location , planned markets, process type,
initial operating date, capacity , water requirements,
employment, current status, and other relevant in
formation are included . Each project has been plotted
on an accompanying State map. Due to present
1
uncertainties concerning the fuels industry, some of
the listed projects maynever be constructed. No at
tempt has been made to determine the degree of
certainty or viability of each project. GPO Stock
No. 024-004–01884-4. $2.85.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
[ These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and
Problems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities, will be available later. The preprints
present data on industry structure, reserveg-resources, tech
nology , supply -demand relationships, byproducts and coprod
ucts , economic factors and problems, operating factors and
problems, and outlook .]
Fluorine, by Hiram B. Wood . 21 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004–01885–2. 35 cents.
Zirconium and Hafnium , by Sarkis G. Ampian. 17
pp . 2 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01882–8 .
35 cents.
II . Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made to
Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh , Pa . 15213
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed. Please enclose a self -addressed label.
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8136 . Oil and Gas Seeps in Alaska . North - Central Gulf
of Alaska, by Donald P. Blasko. 1976. 123
pp. 7 figs. The Bureau of Mines investigated two
areas of oil and gas seeps in the north -central Gulf
of Alaska - Katalla River to Bering River and Cape
Yakataga to Yakutat Bay to determine ( 1 ) whether
previously reported seeps are still active, ( 2 ) the
characteristics of the seeping hydrocarbons, and
( 3 ) the amount of bitumen contained in the drainage
leaving the seeps and entering the Gulf of Alaska.
Thirteen separate oil seeps, six bitumen deposits, and
eight gas seeps were located, sampled , and analyzed .
The oils ranged from 35.2 ° to 14.1 ° API gravity and
had sulfur contents from 0.53 to 1.31 wt -pct. Bitumen
samples had API gravities from 2.4 ° to 14.6 ° and
sulfur contents from 0.28 to 0.88 wt-pct. Gas samples
had specific gravities ranging from 0.577 to 0.883 and
caloric values from 724 to 1,427 Btu/cu ft. A total
of 63 water samples obtained from seep locations and
seep drainages were analyzed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry for ionic content and by solvent
extraction for hydrocarbon content. Although some
of the water at the oil seeps had a bitumen content
as high as 246,000 mg /1, the amount of hydrocarbons
actually reaching the Gulf of Alaska averaged
< 2 mg /1.
RI 8143 , A Conceptual Model for the Role of Oxygen in
Xanthate Adsorption on Galena , by E. E , Maust,
Jr., P. E. Richardson , and G. R. Hyde. 1976. 56 pp.
5 figs. The present work is part of an ongoing
Bureau of Mines effort to provide a better under
standing of the fundamental phenomena involved in
sulfide flotation, the role of oxygen in xanthate ad
sorption being one essential issue. Galena was chosen
2
as the material around which to develop a conceptual
model, partly because of its demonstrated oxygen
sensitivity and partly because information on its
properties and flotation behavior constitute the larg
est part of the fundamental information available
on sulfides of commercial importance. The model is
formulated primarily in terms of surface electronic
energy levels produced by oxygen and xanthate and
is further developed using existing experimental
evidence and its implications. Four major functions
of oxygen are elucidated, and the relationship of
these to the formation of lead xanthate, dixanthogen ,
and a surface compound is discussed. Though yet
incomplete, the model provides a useful framework
within which the results of diverse experiments can
be related to one another in their proper perspective,
as shown by a brief discussion and resolution of some
apparently discordant results reported in the litera
ture.
RI 8160. Development and Testing of Superior Sulfur Con
cretes, by T. A. Sullivan and W. C. McBee .
1976. 30 pp . 12 figs. The Bureau of Mines inves
tigated modified sulfur concretes as one part of a
program for utilizing sulfur in construction ma
terials. The use of modified sulfur was studied as a
means of preventing the stressing action in the con
cretes caused by the allotropic transformation of
sulfur on solidification . Unmodified sulfur concretes
have been prepared that have compression , flexural,
and tensile strength equivalent or better than port
land concretes. However , most of these concretes
have been vulnerable to deterioration by weathering,
temperature fluctuations, and freeze- thaw cycling.
The sulfur was modified by reaction with dicyclo
pentadiene or dipentene before use as an aggregate
binder. Sulfur concretes and modified sulfur concretes
were prepared from acidic and basic type aggregates.
Physical properties of the optimum mixtures were
determined and compared with each other and with
portland cement concretes. The best results were
obtained by reacting sulfur with 5 pct dicyclopenta
diene to prepare modified sulfur concretes. Field test
ing of the concrete is in progress. Present results
show that modified sulfur concretes are superior to
unmodified sulfur concretes and equal or better than
portland concretes is compressive, flexural, and
tensile strengths. Long -term aging characteristics
of both modified and unmodified sulfur concretes are
being determined .
RI 8161 . A Support-Performance Prediction Method for Hy
draulic Backall , by William G. Pariseau, John
R. M. Hill , Michael M. McDonald , and Lewis M.
McNay. 1976. 19 pp . 14 figs. Elastic-plastic
finite -element simulation of cut-and - fill stoping in
deep , narrow veins shows substantial quantitative
agreement with field measurements of stope closure
and fill pressure made at two mines in the Coeur
d'Alene mining district of northern Idaho. The simu
lation procedure, validated by field data, was used in
an analytical study of vein-wall closure and sill
pillar stress as influenced by full modulus, rock
modulus, and premining stress. Ratios of closure and
pillar stress in the filled stopes to closure and pillar
stress in the unfilled stopes are used as prediction
indices for fill performance. In general, the support
capability of fill increases dramatically as the ratio
of fill modulus to rock modulus approaches 1. A signifi
cant reduction in closure from the open stope — up to 75
percent - occurs with a relatively low - quality 10 -ksi
modulus fill ( rock modulus of 1,000 ksi ) . However, a
higher quality fill is needed to achieve a substantial
reduction in pillar stress from that of the open stope.
A 100 -ksi-modulus fill reduces pillar stress in both the
36 - foot and 16 - foot pillars ( vein width is 10 feet) by
about 50 percent relative to the open stope.
RI 8162. Emergency Inflatable Stoppings for Use in Metal
Mine Fire Rescue and Recovery Operations, by
Edward D. Thimons and Fred N. Kissell. 1976. 13
pp . 6 figs. Inflatable stoppings are currently mar
keted for production use, and numerous mining com
panies have become interested in using such stoppings
in rescue and recovery operations. The Bureau of
Mines therefore evaluated the concept of using in
flatable stoppings in emergency situations. The
stoppings tested by the Bureau were 12- foot-diameter
spheres inflated with a blower operated by a small
battery pack . Experiments were conducted with the
stoppings in a full- scale wooden mine model to evalu
ate their ability to withstand sliding or slipping at
various internal and differential pressures, puncture
resistance, various inflation techniques ; and internal
leakage from the stoppings. The stoppings were then
installed and tested in the Bureau's Safety Research
Coal Mine at Bruceton , Pa ., to determine their effec
tiveness as mine air barriers. Despite some encourag
ing results obtained with the model and in -mine
studies , the stoppings did not perform well in two
operating metal mines where they proved difficult
to erect and inadequate as air barriers .
RI 8164. Enthalpy of Formation and Low -Temperature Heat
Capacities of Basic Aluminum Sulfite (Al2O3 •
2.05O2 · 5.3H20 ), by H. C. Ko, J. M. Stuve, and R. R.
Brown. 1976. 13 pp . 1 fig . Calorimetric deter
minations of low -temperature heat capacities and
standard enthalpy of formation were made by the
Federal Bureau of Mines for basic aluminum sulfite ,
Al2O3.2.0SO2.5.3H20 . The standard values of
entropy (Sº) , enthalpy of formation (AHfº) , and
calculated Gibbs energy of formation ( AGéº) at
298.15 K are 85.2.0.1 cal/deg-mole, -931.1–1.2
kcal/mole , and -820.7 + 1.2 kcal/mole, respectively .
RI 8171. Multipoint Detection of Products of Combustion
With Tube Bundles, Transit Times, Transmissions
of Submicrometer Particulates, and General Applicability , by
Martin Hertzberg and Charles D .. Litton. 1976 .
40 pp. 17 figs. This Bureau of Mines study con
cerns the use of the tube bundle method as a sensitive
and reliable detector of mine fires. The method in
volves the pneumatic , sequential sampling of many
points in a system through branching tube bundles
that lead to a single analytic station of high sensi
tivity, good reliability , and convenient location . Two
serious limitations inhibit its use : the relatively slow
response times for long lengths of narrow sampling
tubes and the wall -diffusion losses for submicrometer
smoke particulates. These limitations were quantita
tively evaluated by measuring tube transit times and
smoke particulate transmissions as a function of tube
length, diameter, and pressure drop . The comparison
of the data with theory offered the challenge of ex
tending the classical, incompressible flow solutions to
the two compressible cases : isothermal and adiabatic.
New equations were derived for these cases , and the
measured transit time data gave reasonable agree
ment with calculated solutions in both the laminar
and turbulent regimes. The measured transmission
losses of smoke particulates from several combustion
sources compared favorably with those expected from
Brownian diffusion losses to the interior walls of the
sampling tubes. Traveltime and smoke transmission
graphs are provided and pump power requirements
are estimated .
Free Energies of Formation of Chromous, Chromic ,
RI 8172.
and Chromium (II, III) Fluorides by Electromotive
Force Measurements, by Seth C. Schaefer. 1976. 19 pp .
4 figs. The Federal Bureau of Mines studied the
Gibbs free energies of formation of chromous fluoride
(CrF2) , chromic fluoride (CrF3) , and chromium
( II, III) fuorides (CrF2.40 and CrF2.45 ) with high
temperature galvanic cells employing calcium fluoride
doped with 1 mole -pct yttrium fluoride as the electro
lyte.
RI 8174. Recovering Aluminum From a Copper Leach Liquor
by lon Exchange, An Exploratory Study, by Joan
T. May and Don C. Seidel. 1976. 22 pp . 8 figs.
The Federal Bureau of Mines investigated the poten
tial for recovering aluminum
from copper -dump
leach liquors by use of single- contact ion -exchange
technology. A strongly acidic ion- exchange resin was
used to extract aluminum from a typical dump leach
liquor and from synthetic leach liquors. Aluminum
was stripped from resin with a H2504 or NaCl solu
tion . Bench -scale experiments indicate that a single
contact ion exchange is technically feasible, but that
the process is limited by the relatively low loading
capacity of the resin and the excessive amount of
stripping agent required . A further limitation is
that significant amounts of magnesium and iron are
loaded and stripped along with the aluminum .
RI 8175. Sampling Capability of Vacutainers for Fixed Gases
and Low -Molecular-Weight Hydrocarbons, by
Robert W. Freedman and B. I. Ferber. 1976. 9 pp.
3 figs. Vacutainers are used by the Bureau of Mines
and the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administra
tion (MESA ) for sampling mine air and products
of combustion . Tests were conducted on both 10-ml
and 30 -ml sizes to study shelf life stability during
storage, pretreatment of stoppers, and handling of
a wider range of compounds. A chamber was con
structed to provide convenient, efficient evacuation
of the Vacutainers shortly prior to use. Fixed gases
and C1-Cs hydrocarbons could be stored for 1 week
or more after sampling . Where decreases occurred
(CO2 and C3-C5 hydrocarbons ) , they were predictable
as a function of storage time. An unexplained phe
nomenon , slow accumulation of CO in evacuated
Vacutainers, occurred after a few weeks of storage.
The levels were low and time dependent. Attempts
to eliminate this behavior by pretreating the stoppers
were unsuccessful.
RI 8177. Using Inflatable Stoppings During Production in
Noncoal Mines, by Edward D. Thimons and
Fred N. Kissell. 1976.13 pp. 5 figs. Several
types of inflatable stoppings, developed under Bureau
of Mines contract for use as mine air barriers during
underground production, have been tested by the
Bureau . All of the stoppings tested showed significant
internal leakage initially but, in all but one stopping,
the leaks were sealed with limited effort. The stop
pings were tested underground in two western non
coal mines under production conditions. The results
from the Colorado molybdenum mine showed the
stoppings to be generally unsatisfactory for daily
mine usage if they are deployed near blasting areas
or in locations where near-perfect air seals are re
quired . They were very susceptible to blast damage
and seldom were better than 90 percent efficient as
air barriers. However, stoppings tested in the New
Mexico uranium mine were located substantially
distant from any blasting . Because slight leakage
past the stoppings was acceptable, they proved very
satisfactory in that application .
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8718. Reclaiming Strip -Mined Land for Recreational Use in
Lackawanna County , Pa . A Demonstration Project,
by Frank C. Andreuzzi. 1976. 21 pp . 21 figs.
The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted a demon
stration project to reclaim 125 acres of abandoned
strip -mined land in Lackawanna County, Pa ., for
public recreational, historical, and educational use as
a park . The Bureau was involved in the development
of the general site plan , and engineered and super
vised the basic land rehabilitation . The park's facili
ties include outdoor recreational activities , picnic
grounds, children's play areas, primitive overnight
camping , and winter sports. A major attraction is
the Anthracite Museum constructed by the Pennsyl.
vania Historical and Museum Commission . The proj
ect may serve as a prototype for reclaiming existing
and future surface-mined lands.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
(These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook,
1974. The complete volumes , covering all mineral commod
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production , consumption , ex ports, and imports. ]
Feldspar, Nepheline Syenite, and Aplite, by J. Robert
Wells . 9 pp :
The Mineral Industry of Algeria , by John L. Al
bright. 9 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Ireland , by J. M. West.
6 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Italy , by Andrew Kuklis .
25 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Portugal, by Norman A.
Matthews. 13 pp .
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington , D.C. 20241
Some of these reports are issued weekly , monthly ,
quarterly , or annually . The following annual reports
were issued during September.
Bromine in 1957 (Annual Advance Summary) .
5 pp :
Cement in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 12
pp.
Froth Flotation in 1975 ( Annual Advance Sum
mary ) . 23 pp.
Gallium in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 2 pp .
Lithium in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 1 p .
Magnesium Compounds in 1975 (Annual Advance
Summary ) . 3 pp .
Perlite in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary) . 2 pp.
Potash in Crop Year 1976. 7 pp.
Quartz Crystal in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) .
2 pp .
Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1975. 19 pp .
III. Open File Reports -NTIS
An open Alle report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines report
that has been made available as reference material. Any
open Alle report may be inspected during working hours
at the locations indicated but may not be removed. If a
number prefixed with PB is given , the report is also avail
able from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield , Va. 22161
Microfiche copies are $ 3.00 (domestic order ) and
$ 4.50 ( foreign order ). Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $2.50 for a for
eign order. Please order by numbers given.
OFR 65–76 . Nickel Recovery From Western Sources- Task
Report - Technical and Economic Evaluation ,
by Singmaster & Breyer. December 1975. 123 pp .
8 figs. This report describes a conceptual plant
design and cost analysis for winning nickel and asso
ciated values from Pacific Northwest laterite de
posits. In the process, selected ore undergoes a
controlled reduction with carbon monoxide, a selec
tive oxidation and leaching in ammoniacal ammonium
sulfate solution , followed by solvent extraction . The
metal values are selectively stripped from the sol
vents and the metal products electrowon. According
to the report, a 5,000 -ton -per-day commercial plant
based on the process could provide a modest return
on equity . Research done under Contract No.
J0255007. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Tuscaloosa, Ala., College Park, Md., Twin Cities,
Minn ., Rolla , Mo., Boulder City , Nev ., Reno, Nev.,
Albany, Oreg ., Salt Lake City, Utah, and at the
Central Library , U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 256 574 / AS. Paper
copy, $5.50.
OFR 88–76 . Impact of Rising Energy Costs on the Domestic
Production of Selected Commodities, by Chris
topher Haycocks. May 1976. 124 pp. 26 figs.
The analysis showed that of the five commodities
studied, the copper industry would appear to be most
sensitive to a dramatic rise in energy costs. Phos
phates also would appear to be very cost sensitive
to a rise in energy prices. It is believed that at least
in the next decade these higher energy costs can be
absorbed , particularly in view of the necessity of
food and the results of inadequate world fertilizer
supplies. Coal and the iron and steel industries would
appear to be least affected by rising energy costs,
provided such rises do not cause recessions or depres
sions with a decrease in demand , Oil shale , provided
gases are recycled , would appear to be little affected
costwise by a rise in energy price. Research done
under Grant No. G0133086 by Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University. Available for refer
ence during working hours only at the Bureau of
Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa , Ala ., Denver, Colo .,
Twin Cities , Minn ., Pittsburgh , Pa ., Salt Lake City,
Utah , and at the Central Library, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS " PB 256
650 /AS. Paper copy, $ 5.50.
OFR 89–76 . Benefit Cost Analysis of the Coal Extraction
R & D Program , by J. Antizzo , A. Cohen , and
J. Heizer . May 1976. 300 pp. 37 figs. The pur
pose of this report is to determine the benefits and
costs associated with the Coal Extraction R & D Pro
gram of the Bureau of Mines. These benefits and
costs are dependent on the specific technological and
management projects of the R & D program , the
measures of effectiveness used , and the anticipated
scenario of coal mine development and utilization .
Research done under Contract No. J0155005 by the
Mitre Corp. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Central Library , U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
OFR 90–76 . Alternate Methods of Handling the Parting Be
tween Two Coal Seams, by Thomas E.
Finch and Richard T. Dale . Aug. 31, 1975. 110 pp .
16 figs. This report documents the results of a tech
nical/economic feasibility analysis of alternate part
ing stowing techniques applicable to a representative,
thick, multiseam surface mine in the Fort Union
Coal Area . Methods are examined for their potential
 -
implementation , and an estimated operating cost per
yard of material moved is developed . The methods
are of two categories, castback or haulback . Haul
back methods use truck haulage except with scrapers ,
and castback methods use direct stowage with no
intermediate haulage equipment. Possible combina
tions include draglines, shovels, hydraulic backhoes,
bucket wheel excavators, scrapers, and front end
loaders. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the
effective competitiveness of the various alternatives .
Research done under Grant No. G0254004 by Mon
tana College of Mineral Science and Technology
Foundation . Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Den
yer, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa., Pitts
burgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research
and Development Administration library in Morgan
town W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 256 767 / AS. Paper copy , $5.50 .
OFR 91–76 . Design , Fabrication , and Testing of a System
To Demonstrate the Effectiveness of Respirable
Dust Control on Longwall Shearers by the Use of Water Piped
Through the Shearer Drum , by Kenneth L , Whitehead ,
Lee A. Erchard, and Robert D. Saltsman . January
1976. 219 pp . 74 figs. Control of dust produced
by a longwall mining machine is generally accom
plished by use of fixed sprays mounted on the
machine housing and by sprays mounted on the drum
but not directed at the cutting bits. Mounting nozzles
on the drum so that each bit is flushed by a jet of
water may improve the efficiency of dust suppression .
To test this concept, respirable dust measurements
were made during 94 regular production shifts on a
longwall section, using an Eickhoff model EW -170- L
ranging drum shearer. The equipment used , difficul
ties encountered, and measurements obtained are
described . Research done under Contract No.
H0230031 by Bituminous Coal Research , Inc. Avail
able for reference during, working hours only at
the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin
Cities , Minn., Bruceton, Pa., Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spo
kane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.;
and at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington , D.C." NTIS. PB 256 507/AS.
Paper copy, $ 7.75.
OFR 92-76 . The Production of Oil From Intermountain West
Tar Sands Deposits, by Joseph M.Glassett
and Joel A. Glassett. March 1976. 96 pp . 12 figs.
Six tar sand deposits in the Intermountain West ,
each containing more than 1 billion barrels of oil in
place, are identified. All of these deposits are in
eastern Utah and contain a total of 28 billion barrels
of oil. The six deposits, arranged in descending order
of desirability for large-scale surface mining oil
recovery operations, are as follows : Sunnyside. Tar
Sand Triangle, Asphalt Ridge, P.R. Spring, Circle
Cliffs, and Hill Creek. An overview of each deposit
is presented including geology, surface mining vari
ables, chemical processing variables , environmental
aspects, and economics. A comparison of Utah tar
sands and Athabasca , Alberta, Canada, tar sands is
also presented . The report contains an extensive
bibliography of publications on tar sand deposits ,
mining , and processing methods. Research done under
Contract No. S0241129 by Eyring Research Institute.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo .,
Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa ., Pittsburgh , Pa.,
Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and De
velopment Administration library , in Morgantown,
W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Depart
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. NTIS .
PB 256 516 /AS. Paper copy, $ 5 .
5
OFR 93–76. Retreat Surface Area Mining Systems, by PD
NCB Consultants Ltd. March 1976 .
214 pp . 56 figs. Results of a technical/ economic
feasibility analysis of conceptual “ retreat” surface
area mining systems are presented . The study deter
mined the engineering feasibility, probable costs , and
practicality of conceptual “ retreat ” area mining
systems and compared the conceptual systems with
commonly practiced area surface mining techniques.
Designs for two retreat mining systems were de
veloped which utilize haulage schemes laid out so far
as to reduce or eliminate the number and mainte
nance of haul ramps through spoil areas. The study
determined that, in simple models , the economics of
retreat mining are fundamentally unfavorable. How
ever, there are some mining or environmental cir
cumstances under which full retreat or semiretreat
mining systems become advantageous. Research done
under Contract No. J0255003 . Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruce
ton , Pa ., Pittsburgh , Pa ., Spokane, Wash. , at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown , W. Va .; and at the Central
Library , U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS. PB 256 515 / AS . Paper copy ,
$ 7.75 .
OFR94–76 . Feasibility Study of the Use of Current Limiting
Devices in Interruption and Sectionalizing of
DC Circuits in Mines, by Howard B. Hamilton and Teofilo
J. Ramos. Feb. 15 , 1976. 150 pp. 63 figs. The
objective of this study was to determine the feasibil
ity of using current limiting devices (CLD ) in
switching heavy DC currents ( 1,200 and 600 am
peres ) at utilization voltages used in the mining
industry (300 and 600 volts, nominal) . Use of a
CLD in this application is based on its orders of
magnitude change in resistance when it changes
state (from liquid mercury to vapor ) after being
subjected to short-time, high -density current. Switch
ing times on the order of 3 to 4 milliseconds have
been obtained . Research done under Contract No.
H0357079 by the University of Pittsburgh . Available
for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin
Cities, Minn ., Bruceton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Spo
kane, Wash .; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W. Va.;
and at the Central Library, U.S. Department of the
Interior , Washington , D.C." NTIS. PB 256 541/AS.
Paper copy, $ 6 .
OFR 95-76 . Characterization Study of Domestic Nickeliferous
Laterites by Electron Optical and X -Ray Tech
niques, by Dhanesh Chandra and Clayton O. Ruud.
April 1976. 64 pp. 14 figs. This report describes
X - ray diffraction , scanning electron microscope, and
conventional mineralogical investigations to deter
mine elemental distribution, particle shape and size,
and mineral identity of the Eight Dollar Mountain
(Oreg .) and Pine Flats (Calif.) ores. The nickel
was found to be mainly associated with a crypto
crystalline geothite , while the cobalt and minor
amounts of nickel are distributed in the manganese
minerals. Low concentrates of hematite and trace
amounts of magnetite and chromite are present in
the ores. Major silicate minerals present are anti
gonite serpentine , chlorite , talc, and quartz . Nickel,
aluminum , and chromium are incorporated in the
geothite lattice. The report also includes characteriza
tion of these ores after reduction and leaching to
provide information on the progress of the extraction
treatments. Research done under Grant No. G0254028
by Denver Research Institute, University of Denver.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Tuscaloosa , Ala .,
College Park, Md., Twin Cities, Minn ., Rolla , Mo.,
Boulder City, Nev., Reno ., Nev ., Albany, Oreg ., Salt
Lake City, Utah, and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington , D.C.
NTIS. PB 256 699/AS. Paper copy, $4.50.
OFR 96-76 . Evaluation of Speech Processing Systems. Evalu
ation of Electronic / Active Hearing Protectors for
Use in Coal Mines, by Paul L. Michael, James H. Prout,
Gordon R. Bienvenue, Roger L. Kerlin, Sara Singer,
George Kreick , and Anne Kohut. May 1976. 151
pp. 102 figs. This report presents a discussion of
performance parameters for electronic or active hear
ing protectors that will meet the needs of under
ground coal miners. This information is incorporated
into a proposed set of specifications that can be used
to judge the suitability of a particular electronic
hearing protector for the coal mine application.
Acoustic and electrical tests were performed on a
developmental model of an electronic hearing pro
tector built by the Federal Bureau of Mines. A com
mercially active hearing protector, the British - built
ACOS X -9000 / 2 , was also examined. The recom
mended test of intelligibility for electronic hearing
protectors and other communication systems as used
in a coal mine setting is the Modified Rhyme Test
( MRT) developed in 1965. The suitability and
method of administering this test are discussed .
Research done under Grant No. G0155032 by Penn
sylvania State University. Available for reference
during working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn., Bruce
ton , Pa., Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash .; at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown, W. Va.; and at the Central
Library , U.S. Department of the Interior, Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS . PB 256 786/AS. Paper copy,
$6.75.
OFR 97-76. Ferrous Scrap Geographical Distributions De
mand Vs. Newly Available Supply, 1975-1985 ,
by A. T. Kearney , Inc. July 1976. 162 pp. 3 figs.
The results of this study indicated that by 1975 :
domestic steelmaking capacity will increase 25.6
million raw steel tons relative to the 1974 capacity ;
strand casting capacity will increase 14 million net
tons ; total domestic consumption demand for ferrous
scrap will increase from 85.7 million net tons in
1975 to 133.4 million net tons in 1985 ; and the total
supply of a newly available ferrous scrap will in
crease from 94.2 million net tons in 1975 to 133.4
million net tons in 1985. The net balance between the
total supply of newly available ferrous scrap and
the total domestic consumptive demand in all but 2
years is positive albeit small. The net balance for
the 2 years when the total demand exceeds the new
supply is also small . Research done under Contract
No. J0155146. Available for reference during work
ing hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in
Tuscaloosa, Ala ., Denver , Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn. ,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Salt Lake City, Utah, and at the
Central Library, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. NTIS. " PB 257 481 /AS. Paper
copy, $ 6.75 .
OFR 98–76 . Active Alaskan Placer Operations, 1975, by
David R. Carnes. 1976. 86 pp. 40
figs. This Bureau of Mines report lists Alaskan
placer mines that operated during the 1975 mining
season. Entries listed in this report were compiled
by a review of Federal and State of Alaska files
plus on -site observations. The survey reveals 196
placer operations were active in 1975 in 34 Alaskan
quadrangles. Results of the survey are listed with
map locations and owner / operator directory. Re
search done by Alaska Field Operation Center.
Available for reference during working hours only
at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Anchorage, Fair
banks, and Juneau, Alaska , and at the Central
Library , U.S. Department of the Interior, Wash
ington , D.C.
OFR 99–76 . Open - Pit Mine Demonstration of Ream , by
Robert G. Lindquist. April 1976. 48
pp. 15 figs. This report summarizes all relevant
findings and conclusions regarding capability of high
energy projectile impact to operate effectively in an
open pit environment and to successfully handle
secondary breakage and bench scale problems. A
silenced, aimable, mobile projectile launcher was de
signed and fabricated , utilizing a Government
furnished smooth - bore, 90 mm cannon . The silenced
launcher was tested at the contractor's test site prior
to shipment to ANAMAX Mining Co.'s Twin Buttes
mine near Tucson, Ariz. Demonstration tests were
conducted at an inactive waste dump in the mine on
39 oversize boulders to determine the relationship
between boulder size and projectile energy required
for secondary breakage. The high energy projectile
impact method was tested on an additional 23
boulders in the working mine and on 31 areas of
potentially loose rock high on the pit walls. Most of
the secondary breakage tests were successful and
acceptable for open - pitmining purposes without pro
ducing large amounts of fly rock. Research done
under Contract No. H0252011 by Physics Inter
national Co. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Den
ver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn ., Bruceton, Pa ., Pitts
burgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy Research
and Development Administration library in Morgan
town W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. De
partment of the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS.
PB 257 475/AS. Paper copy, $ 4.
SPECIAL ITEM
Data deck and program printout
may be ordered ONLY from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield , Va . 22161
Checks or money orders should be made payable to
the U.S. Department of Commerce. Please do not
send cash or postage stamps. Please include your
ZIP code.
A Fortran Routine Reorganizer. Data deck and program
printout from IC 8696 , by Martin S. Seppanen .
1975. This special document comprises 2,000 cards
containing the information published in Bureau of
Mines IC 8696. The data deck and program printout
were designed to make the information readily acces
sible to programers who are required to make
modifications to unfamiliar Fortran routines. The
report describes a computer program designed to
aid the programer in reorganizing the routines. The
reorganization includes a sequential renumbering of
the routine's statement numbers, a sequential re
numbering and relocation of format statements, an
alphanumeric reordering of dimensioned and typed
variables, a uniform pattern of text spacing, and a
sequential numbering of the records in the final
Fortran routine. The computer program has been
extensively tested by the author and has proved to
be a valuable tool for reorganizing Fortran routines
developed under contract and later utilized by the
Bureau, and for preparing routines for publication.
NTIS. PB 256 465/AS. Data deck and program
printout $ 200.00 ( domestic ) ; $ 250.00 ( foreign ) .

IV . Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press .
Copies of these articles are NOT available unless listed among
articles that ARE available on page 8 .
OP 57–76. Flame Spread in a Duct Fire, by John C. Ed
wards, Henry E. Perlee, and Robert F.
Chaiken . Am . Soc. Mech . Eng ., No. 76 -HT -56 , June
25 , 1976 , 7 pp. A theoretical model was developed
that describes fire spread in the axial direction along
the surface of a cylindrical coal- lined duct. The model
includes the thermal transport mechanisms of radia
tion , forced convection , and radial conduction into the
solid surface. Flame spread along the solid surface
is defined as the rate of the propagation of a
specified ignition temperature along the solid sur
face. It is determined that for the system parameters
considered radiation is the primary mechanism re
sponsible for establishing the terminal rate of flame
spread although convective transport enhances the
process . The calculated flame spread rates are sup
ported by experimental observations in duct fires.
OP 74–76 . Pressure Overloads With a Subducting Plate and
the Density Contrast Between the Plate and
Mantle : Some Geophysical Implications, by B. T. Brady.
Pageoph . Birkhäuser Verlag , Basel, Switzerland ,
v . 114, 1976, pp. 469-477. Two plate motion models
are examined concerning the inclusion collapse
theory of deep earthquakes. The first is the steady
state subduction model in which the entire length
of the subducted portion of the plate is considered
to be in uniform motion within the mantle . The
second is the variable motion subduction model in
which the plate is assumed to be “ hung up " with the
continental lithosphere at lock zones that must be
broken before motion of the plate into the mantle can
occur. The effect of pressure on plate density , the
effect of plate density on down-dip stress distribu
tion, the seismicity gaps within a subducted plate ,
and the plate motion and petrogenesis are also
considered .
OP 75-76 . Those Waste Banks Could be Sources for Fuel,
Alumina, by R. A. Busch , R. A. Backer,
L. A. Atkins, and D. C. Kealy. Coal Min . & Process.,
v . 13, No. 8 , August 1976, pp. 46–49. This is a
Bureau of Mines report on the subsurface physical
property data developed on the fine coal waste
materials that make up the core areas of two typical
coal waste impoundments . These data will help define
more completely the engineering properties of this
problem area of the structures.
OP 76–76. Analysis of Backpacked Liners, by S. M. Dar
and R. C. Bates . J. Geothech . Eng. Div .,
ASCE , v. 102, No. GT7, July 1976 , pp. 739–759.
This Bureau of Mines report gives theoretical equa
tions that have been developed to predict the stresses
and displacement in an elastic multilayered liner
backpacking support system . Graphs, data compari
son , and design uses are given .
OP 77-76 . Chromium and Nickel Wastes - A Survey and
Appraisal of Recycling Technology, by W. M.
Dressel, L. C. George, and M. M. Fine. Proc. 5th
Miner . Waste Utilization Symp., jointly sponsored
by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and IIT Research
Institute, Chicago, Ill., Apr. 13-14, 1976, pp . 262-270.
There is a great variety of manufacturing and in
dustrial wastes with significant contents of chromium
and nickel. Among them are stainless steel and
ferroalloy flue dusts, electrochemical and electrical
discharge machining sludges, spent electroplating
solutions, and sludges. Although chromium and nickel
are both scarce and costly , neither metal is re
7
claimed from these nuisance wastes . The present
report views the technology presently available for
recovering Cr and Ni from metalliferous wastes ,
much of it developed in Federal Bureau of Mines
laboratories. The status of the most promising re
covery schemes is described with recommendations
as to which would benefit from pilot plant or indus
trial trials.
OP 78–76 . Lightweight Structural Concrete Aggregate -From
Municipal Waste Glass , by K. J. Liles. Proc.
5th Miner. Waste Utilization Symp., jointly spon
sored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and IIT Research
Institute, Chicago, Ill., Apr. 13–14, 1976 , pp . 219–222 .
The Bureau of Mines Tuscaloosa (Ala .) Metallurgy
Research Center produced a good -quality lightweight
aggregate from waste glass that can be used in
structural concrete. A pelletized mixture of 78 pct
ground waste glass, 20 pct clay, and 2 pct sodium
silicate was expanded at 1,550 ° F to a product with
a loose pour weight of 75 lb / cu ft. Concrete test
cylinders made from the lightweight aggregate had
a unit weight of 104 lb / cu ft and a compressive
strength of 2,550 psi after a 28 -day steam cure.
The compressive strength increased to 3,050 psi
after 1 year of exposure to weather. Data with re
spect to the potential alkali reactivity of the aggre
gate and cement-aggregate combinations are also
presented.
OP 79–76. Electric Furnace Melting of By-Product Metallurgi
cal Slags, by R. H. Nafziger and J. E.
Tress. Can . Min . and Met . Bull ., v. 69, No. 772,
August 1976 , pp . 73–78. A series of eight tests
utilizing byproduct slags from blast furnaces, copper
and lead smelting operations, and phosphate opera
tions has shown that satisfactory material for sub
sequent spinning operations to produce mineral wool
can be prepared in an electric arc furnace. No sig
nificant differences in furnace operation , energy con
sumption , or product weights were noted as a func
tion of charge particle size. Unlike standard cupola
furnace operations, coke is not required. The product
slags were suitable for mineral wool production with
respect to liquidus temperature, acid / base ratio , and
viscosity . The small amount of coproduct metal is not
suitable for use in the ferrousmetal industry because
of high phosphorus, sulfur, and copper contents.
However , this metal might find application as a
source of metallic iron for cement copper production
with proper preparation .
OP 80–76. Lead Smelter Flue Gas Desulfurization by the
Citrate Process, by W. I. Nissen , Laird
Crocker, and D. A. Martin . Ch . 52 in World Mining
and Metals Technology, ed . by Alfred Weiss . Port
City Press, Baltimore, Md., v . 2, 1976 , pp. 825–854 .
The Federal Bureau of Mines developed a process for
removing SO2 from stack gases. The process com
prises absorption of SO2 in an aqueous solution of
sodium citrate, citric acid , and sodium thiosulfate,
followed by reaction of the absorbed SO2 with H2S
to precipitate sulfur and regenerate the citrate
solution for recycle. A pilot plant was operated at
the Bunker Hill Co. lead smelter in Kellogg, Idaho,
to assess the feasibility of using the process for fiue
gas desulfurization. The operation demonstrated that
( 1 ) more than 95 pct of the SO2 could be removed
from the lead smelter sintering furnace tail gases,
( 2 ) regeneration of the citrate solution with H2S
and precipitation of sulfur in conventional stirred
vessels was readily controlled and highly efficient,
( 3 ) the precipitated sulfur could be continuously
recovered as a 99.5 -pct -pure product by kerosine
Allotation and melting , and (4 ) the 77- to 79-pct
H2S gas used for sulfur precipitation could be readily
produced from pilot plant product sulfur, natural
gas, and steam .
OP 81-76. Using Slimes for Backfill in Deep Mines, by
R. H. Sprute and D. J. Kelsh . Min .
Cong . J., v. 62, No. 3 , April 1976 , pp . 22–26 . The
ability of electrokinetics to solve a particular solid /
liquid separation problem requires experimental veri
fication . Laboratory tests on mill tailings from the
Coeur d'Alene mining district in Idaho were con
ducted by Bureau of Mines personnel at the Spokane
(Wash. ) Mining Research Center. Results indicated
that this very simple process could be effective,
economical, and easily expanded to treat large
quantities of sandfill.
OP 82-76 . Detection of Mine Hazards With Infrared Imagers,
by Raymond M. Stateham . Proc. Conf.
on Low Light Level Devices for Sci. and Technol.,
Soc. Photo-Optical Instrumentation Eng., Reston ,
Va., v . 78, Mar. 22–23, 1976, pp. 34–40. Infrared
imagers have been used to remotely sense several
potentially hazardous conditions in mining opera
tions ; among these are loose rock , misfires, shorted
power cables, overhead bearings, and combustion
(both existing and incipient) . In addition , the poten
tial use of infrared imagers as mine rescue tools has
been evaluated .
OP 83–76 . Physical Beneficiation of Mining and Industrial
Wastes, by G. V. Sullivan and M. H.
Stanczyk. Proc. 5th Miner . Waste Utilization Symp.,
jointly sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and
IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill., Apr. 13–14 ,
1976 , pp . 68–74 . This Bureau of Mines paper pre
sents the results of research on a number of diverse
waste products that were treated to recover valuable
and recyclable products . The work includes process
ing such materials as tailings from sulfide milling
operations and waste granite fines to cover specifica
tion -grade feldspar products; foundry sands to re
claim brass and sand ; secondary copper blast furnace
slag to recover copper ; granite dimension stone
sawing sludge to reclaim recyclable silicon carbide
cutting media ; and waste phospho-gypsum to recover
a potentially usable gypsum product for wallboard
manufacture.
OP 84–76 . Cryogenic Scrap Reclamation , by E. G. Valdez,
K. Č . Dean , and W. J. Wilson . Cryog .
and Ind . Gases, v . 10 , No. 1 , February 1975, p . 29 ;
No. 2, April 1975 , pp . 24 , 28-30. The research in
this report was designed to extend the cryogenic
embrittling technique to materials to improve the
economics of conventional processing. Embrittling
temperatures for various materials were determined ,
and a system was developed for chilling materials by
indirect cooling rather than by dipping the materials
directly into a refrigerant. A comparison of resi
dence times for direct versus indirect chilling is
presented .
ARTICLE AVAILABLE
The following article that has appeared in the outside
press now available for distribution . Copies may be
obtained by writing to the Branch of Publications Distribution ,
Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh , Pa. 15213 .
OP 82–76 . Detection of Mine Hazards With Infrared
Imagers, by Raymond M. Stateham . Proc.
Conf. on Low Light Level Devices for Sci. and
Technol., Soc. Photo-Optical Instrumentation Eng.,
Reston , Va ., v . 78 , Mar. 22-23, 1976 , pp. 3440.
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SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 8–76. List of Bureau of Mines Publications and Articles,
January 1 to December 31 , 1975. With Subject
and Author Index, compiled by Rita D. Sylvester.
1976. 138 pp. This compilation lists and sum
marizes publications by Bureau authors published
in the regular Bureau of Mines series, in scientific,
technical , or trade journals, or in other media ; those
available from the Bureau of Mines are indicated .
Patents issued to Bureau personnel are also listed,
and instructions are given on how to apply for per
mission to use them. One of the outstanding features
of this Special Publication is an exhaustive subject
and author index. GPO Catalog No. 128.5 : 975. Stock
No. 024-004-01888-7. $2.50.
II . Free Publications
Application for free publications should be made to
Publications Distribution Branch
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U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
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Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those publications
actually needed. Please enclose a self -addressed label.
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8141r. Size Distribution and Mass Output of Particulates
From Diesel Engine Exhausts, by John A. Bres
lin , Anthony J. Strazisar, and Richard L. Stein .
1976. 10 pp . Size distributions and concentrations
of particulates emitted from diesel engine exhausts
1
i
i ichigan wat sci
Natural Science
BUREAU OF MINES
CU . 1976
OCTOBER 1976 MONTHLY LIST 738
were measured with cascade impactors. Samples
were taken from the exhaust of two types of engines
using three types of fuel and operating under five
different engine speed and load conditions. The
measured mass median diameters of the diesel par
ticulates were typically about 0.3 um . There was no
significant difference in mass median diameter be
tween engines or fuels and only a slight dependence
on operating mode. Concentration measurements
ranged from 14.2 to 250.9 mg / cu m, and calculated
mass outputs, from 52 to 3,443 mg/min . Significant
differences in mass output were found between en
gines, fuels, and especially between different oper
ating modes. The quantity of clean dilution air that
would be required to reduce the particulate mass
concentration below the 2.0 mg / cu m respirable dust
standard for coal mines was greater than the dilu
tion air required to meet the standards for noxious
gases for both engines tested .
RI 8162. An Evaluation of Emergency Inflatable Stoppings
for Use in Metal Mine Fire Rescue and Recovery
Operations, by Edward D. Thimons and Fred N.
Kissell. 1976. 13 pp. 6 figs. Inflatable stoppings
are currently marketed for production use, and
numerous mining companies have become interested
in using such stoppings in rescue and recovery
operations. The Bureau of Mines therefore evalu
ated the concept of using inflatable stoppings in
emergency situations. The stoppings tested by the
Bureau were 12- foot- diameter spheres inflated with
a blower operated by a small battery pack. Experi
ments were conducted with the stoppings in a full
scale wooden mine model to evaluate their ability to
withstand sliding or slipping at various internal
and differential pressures, puncture resistance, vari.
ous inflation techniques, and internal leakage from
the stoppings. The stoppings were then installed
and tested in the Bureau's Safety Research Coal
Mine at Bruceton , Pa. , to determine their effective
ness as mine air barriers. Despite some encouraging
results obtained with the model and in-mine studies,
the stoppings did not perform well in two operating
metal mines where they proved difficult to erect and
inadequate as air barriers.
RI 8163. Constant- Volume Flame Propogation: Finite
Sound -Speed Theory, by Edward J. Kansa
and Henry E. Perlee. 1976. 26 pp. 15 figs. In a
Bureau of Mines study , unsteady, spherically sym
metric , one-dimensional, compressible- flow ( finite
sound speed ) equations were solved numerically
for a spherical deflagration propagating concentri
cally in a spherical vessel with Mach numbers rang
ing from 0.2 to 0.7 ; trajectory histories agree with
the infinite- sound -speed theory developed by Perlee,
Fuller, and Saul ( PFS ). A preliminary result of
this study shows that flames propagating with
speeds greater than 20 pct the speed of sound in
the unburned gas mixture generate a complex his
tory of aerodynamic waves distributed throughout

the spherical vessel. Although the average pressure
and Aame radius agree with those predicted by the
PFS models, the aerodynamic waves have a pro
nounced effect on the flame velocity , differing ap
preciably from that predicted by the PFS model.
RI 8176 . Flame and Pressure Development of Large-Scale
CH ,-Air-N , Explosions. Buoyancy Effects and Vent.
ing Requirements, by M. J. Sapko, A. L. Furno, and J.
M. Kuchta . 1976. 32 pp. 15 figs. The pressure
and flame development of the methane-air-nitrogen
system was investigated in the Bureau's 127 - foot
diameter sphere to define buoyancy effects and to
develop relationships for predicting venting re
quirements . Pressure rise (AP ) is defined as a
function of time (t ) and nitrogen dilution and is
shown to deviate noticeably from the cubic law
(AP = kt ) , depending upon the period of combustion
and the mixture composition . Corresponding flame
speed (Sc) and burning velocity (Su) data are given
which show that Se is time dependent and that N.
dilution has a greater effect than air dilution in
inhibiting the flame propagation . The Su data agree
with “ accepted " values and are unique in that they
are based on much larger flames than those used in
other investigations. Downward propagation limits
are shown to depend mainly upon buoyant forces ,
which can affect the burning of even stoichiometric
CH ,-air systems. Theoretical expressions, based on
the mixture burning velocity and expansion ratio ,
are given for predicting the venting requirements
for ignitions of hydrocarbon -air -nitrogen mixtures
in spherical or cubical enclosures .
RI 8178. Tomperature Investigations on Resin -Anchored
Bolts, by Raymond M. Stateham and Meng
Cherng Sun. 1976. 29 pp. 13 figs. The Bureau
of Mines evaluated temperature increases on the
heads of resin -grouted bolts as indicators of the
integrity of the anchoring of the bolt. Expected in
creases were calculated by the finite difference meth
od ; the calculations were checked by bolthead
temperature measurements , both in the laboratory
and in the field . The accuracy of the calculations
varies with the validity of assumptions necessary
to the process. Measurements in the laboratory pro
duced a temperature rise of about 4.0 ° F on the
head of a 4 - foot bolt when installed with a full
column of resin . This increase remained for about
30 minutes. Similar increases were noted on bolts
installed at the White Pine mine, White Pine, Mich .,
but bolthead temperature increases in the mine
lasted only about 10 to 15 minutes. When partial
columns (reduced amounts ) were used , the tem
perature increases were smaller.
RI 8179. Metallization of Pelletized , Domestic Iron Oxide
Superconcentrates With Lignite and Coal in a Rotary
Kiln , by Roy E. Peterson and Charles Prasky. 1976 .
18 pp. 5 figs. The Bureau of Mines conducted an
investigation to produce metallized pellets from
domestic iron ore superconcentrates_using lignite
and subbituminous coal as reductants. Feed materials
for themetallizing process consisted of commercially
indurated iron oxide pellets and green pellets pre
pared from upgraded domestic concentrates with
graphite or limestone as internal additives. Dura
bility of the green pellets during metallization was
investigated in tests conducted in a 7 - inch - ID rotat
ing drum furnace. Test results indicated that the
major cause of pellet disintegration with the concen
trates used was the tumbling action during reduc
tion rather than forces generated within the pellets .
In larger scale tests made in a 34 -inch -ID by 35
foot-long kiln , the previously indurated pellets were
metallized with lignite at 1,030 ° C with little dis
2
integration . A 96 -percent level of metallization was
obtained in pellets having an average compressive
strength of 420 lb. In subsequent, similar tests using
green pellets containing graphite or limestone, pellet
disintegration was more severe, with 10 to 40
percent of the feed being lost as dust. The surviving
pellets had metallizations ranging from 88.3 to 94.4
percent and compressive strengths ranging from 60
to 68 lb.
RI 8180 . Beneficiation of Nonmagnetic Taconites by Selec
tive Flocculation -Cationic Flotation , by A. F.
Colombo and H. D. Jacobs. 1976. 17 pp. 4 figs.
The western Mesabi Range nonmagnetic taconites
containing about 34 percent Fe were evaluated by
the Bureau of Mines in a 900- pound -per -hour pilot
plant employing a selective flocculation -desliming
cationic flotation technique. The flotation step was a
reverse flotation process and involved the flotation
of the gangue minerals . The objective of the re
search was to increase the availability of domestic
raw materials for the iron and steel industry. The
beneficiated ores yielded concentrates containing 62
to 64 percent Fe and less than 5.5 percent SiO2
with accompanying iron recoveries that averaged
about 75 percent. Comparable flotation results were
obtained with either fresh or 80 to 90 percent re
claimed water. Recycled waters having turbidities
as high as 5,000 ppm Sio , did not affect the flotation
process. Reclaimed waters containing residual cal
cium contents of less than 10 ppm gave better flota
tion concentrates than those containing 15 ppm .
RI 8181. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data for a Helium
Nitrogen -Methane Mixture From 80 to 144 K and
Pressures to 1,200 Psi, by Philip C. Tully and Lowell
Stroud. 1976. 14 pp. 8 figs. This Bureau of
Mines report contains experimentally determined
vapor-liquid equilibria data for a helium -nitrogen
methane mixture with a nominal composition of 15 ,
60 , and 25 mole -percent, respectively . Measurements
of the equilibrium phase compositions were obtained
by means of a windowed cell, in conjunction with an
automated chromatograph and a special analyzer
for low helium concentrations. The data presented
include a comprehensive table and eight graphs de
picting phase compositions, vaporization ratios, and
correlations with a previous study of two helium
nitrogen -methane mixtures of different compositions.
RI 8182. Powder Metallurgy of Raney Nickel, by Stephen
A. O'Hare, William L. O'Brien , Robert B.
Worthington , and James E. Mauser. 1976. 12 pp .
13 figs. Powder metallurgy processing of commer
cial Raney nickel powders was examined . The typi.
cal angular particle shape, in conjunction with
aluminum present in a eutectic phase, facilitated
interlocking leading to excellent green strength
after compaction . Density and porosity as influenced
by the compacting pressure were studied over the
range of 37.5 to 207 meganewton per square meter
(MN / m ”). Sintering in an inert atmosphere from
575 ° to 850° C caused a volume increase which is
attributed to a solid -state reaction between Al and
Ni,Alg phases. The reaction is 3A1 + Ni,Als →
2NiAlz. A thermal pretreatment of 70 hours at 700 °
C was required to prevent this reaction from occur
ring during sintering. Density and porosity as a
function of compacting pressure and sintering tem
perature were determined after a thermal pretreat
ment of the powder.
RI 8183. Effect of Copper and Tin on Mechanical Properties
of Hot-Rolled 0.2 Wi-Pct Carbon Steels, by Mark
I. Copeland, John S. Howe, and James C. Sarvis .
1976. 24 pp . 8 figs. Bureau of Mines researchers
investigated the combined effect of copper and tin
additions on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled
steels. Wrought steels containing 0.2 wt-pet C and
up to 0.1 and 1.0 wt-pet Sn and Cu, respectively ,
were made and evaluated by conducting tensile and
impact tests and electron -beam_microprobe and elec
tron microscopy examination . Tin additions did not
significantly affect the tensile properties of steel at
different copper contents in the hot- rolled condition .
Tin lowered the copper content at which strengthen
ing by copper precipitation normally starts, 0.8 wt
pct, and decreased the strength of steel aged at
1,022 ° F ( 550 ° C ) . The most adverse effect of tin
was lowering the notch toughness of steels at most
copper contents.
RI 8184. Preparing Supported Raney Nickel Catalysts by Dip
Coating, by L. L. Oden , P. E. Sanker, and
J. H. Russell. 1976. 13 pp . 9 figs. The Bureau
of Mines is conducting research to develop methana
tion catalysts for converting synthesis gas derived
from coal to synthetic natural gas. This report de
scribes a method to prepare supported Raney nickel
coatings by dipping screen -covered nickel sheet in
molten aluminum -nickel alloy. Coatings were formed
at 1,050 ° C that were comparable in thickness, com
position, microstructure, and catalytic properties to
flame-sprayed commercially prepared Raney nickel.
A molten salt comprising cryolite- 8 wt-pct LiF was
employed over the molten metal bath to clean and
preheat the substrates, to protect the metal bath
from oxidation, and to heattreat the coated speci
mens. Immediately following heat treatment, speci
mens were quenched to 700 ° C in a molten salt bath
containing CaCl,-34.5 wt-pet NaCl, which also func
tioned to remove the insoluble occluded fuoride salt .
RI 8185 . Reduction of Dust and Energy During Coal Cutting
Using Point-Attack Bits. With an Analysis of Rotary
Cutting and Development of a New . Cutting Concept, by
Wallace W. Roepke, David P. Lindroth , and Theo
dore A. A. Myren . 1976. 53 pp . 23 figs. The Bu
reau of Mines studied the cutting characteristics
of point-attack bits to reduce airborne respirable
dust and energy during cutting. Linear cutting of
two coal types using four bit types at three depths
of cut with three space-depth ratios was performed
with a modified horizontal milling machine using an
optical particle-size monitor for respirable dust
sampling. The cutting action of one bit on a rotary
hardhead mining machine was mathematically ana
lyzed and compared with the results of the linear
cutting test. Airborne respirable dust per unit mass
cut (specific dust ) was found to be a monotonically
increasing function of specific energy. Specific dust
and energy decrease with increasing depth of cut.
The amount of nonairborne respirable dust was 100
to 1,000 times greater than the airborne dust. The
plumb-bob bit produced the most airborne respi
rable dust and the highest specific energy of the four
bits tested. Rotary cutting was a greater dust pro
ducer and energy consumer than linear cutting be
cause of the constantly changing depth of cut,
space-depth ratio , and attack angle of the bit relative
to the horizontal bedding planes. A new cutting tech
nique is proposed to minimize the existing problems
of the rotary cutting machines by providing greater
production , reduced dust, and minimized methane
ignition potential at the face.
Influence of Surface-Active Chemicals on Drilling
RI 8186 .
and Fracturing Rock, by Daryl R. Tweeton ,
William H. Engelmann, George A. Savanick , and
Donald I. Johnson . 1976. 20 pp. 5 figs. The
Bureau of Mines compared the effects of surface
active chemicals with those of pure water on core
drilling rock and quartz and on fracturing quartz.
The objectives were to determine if these chemicals
assist drilling and fracturing rock and if zeta
potential control was worth pursuing as an aid to
full- scale drilling. All tests were performed in the
laboratory. No significant increases in drilling rates
were observed for 1 to 10,000 ppm Al (as (AICI:)
in flushing water when drilling microline or serpen
tine, nor for 1 to 10,000 ppm Mg (as MgCl2) when
drilling microline or marble . Concentrations near
those giving a zero zeta potential were used with
microline and marble . A 50-pct rate increase was
observed for drilling quartz in 0.7 ppm oleylam
monium acetate, which gave a zero zeta potential.
No other concentrations were used . No effect on
the tensile strength of quartz thread in the 0.05
ppm Al (as AICI ) , which gave a zero zeta potential,
was observed. Heptanol, reported to give a zero
zeta potential on quartz , did not reduce the bending
strength of small quartz bars below that in water.
These generally negative findings raise doubt about
the usefulness of zeta potential control in full-scale
drilling. The results, combined with previous studies,
suggest that controlling physical properties of drill
ing fluids, such as viscosity , is more useful than
altering chemical properties .
RI 8188 . Amine Extraction of Iron From Aluminum Chloride
Leach Liquors, by J. A. Eisele , L. E. Schultze,
D. J. Berinati, and D. J. Bauer. 1976. 10 pp. 2
figs. The Federal Bureau of Mines is engaged in a
continuous program on the recovery of alumina
from domestic source materials . Of the six processes
being studied , current efforts focus on HCI leach of
clays. A key step in the HCl process is the removal
of iron from the aluminum chloride leach liquor .
This was accomplished by solvent extracting the iron
with a tertiary amine in kerosine to which decanol
was added as a phase modifier . In a mixer-settler
operation , iron in the raffinate was reduced to < 10
ppm in two extraction stages from a feed contain
ing 1.4 g /l Fe. Iron was stripped from the organic
phase in three stages with dilute HCI.
INFORMATION CIRCULARS
IC 8721. Refractory Lining Materials for Coal Gasifiers, A
Literature Review of Reactions Involving High
Temperature Gas and Alkali Metal Vapors, by N. S. Ray
mon and L. Y. Sadler III. 1976. 22 pp . As part
of an interagency agreement with the Energy Re
search and Development Administration to develop
improved refractory materials for use in coal gasi
fication processes, the Bureau of Mines reviewed
the literature to determine the effect of steam ,
H , CO , and CH4, as well as the alkali metal oxides
K0 and Na: 0 on refractory materials . Emphasis
was given to the performance of high- alumina cast
able and fired refractories to conditions expected in
coal gasification processes. Approximately 85 ref
erences were reviewed with 40 cited in the text. The
literature was found to contain little data directly
applicable to the selection of refractory lining mate
rials suitable for use under the conditions of tem
perature, pressure, and gas compositions expected
in second generation coal gasification reactors.
IC 8724 .Geothermal Well Drilling Fluid Technology . A
Literature Survey, by K. J. Liles, Leon Y.
Sadler III, and Alan H. Goode. 1976. 24 pp. This
Bureau of Mines paper describes the composition
and properties of drilling fluids for use in high
temperature geothermal wells, and summarizes the
problems encountered with fluid use at the known
major geothermal sites throughout the world . These
include the western continental United States,
Hawaii, Italy, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and
Turkey. Water - base drilling fluids of 9- to 10-1b/gal
weights are relied on primarily for geothermal well
use, although air drilling is sometimes used. Ben
tonite-lignite -water systems have been used most
often , and additives such as polyacrylates, lignosul
fonates, and chromates are employed to improve the
properties of the basic system .
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORTS
Technical Progress Reports make known new or improved
systoms and techniques in mining and metallurgy developed
by the Bureau of Mines.
TPR 99. Borehole Instrumentation for Emergency Mine Rescue
Operations, by Roger L. King and Merle L.
Bowser. September 1976. 12 pp . 10 figs. The
Bureau of Mines has developed probes to be used in
emergency mine rescue operations by being lowered
through a borehole drilled into an underground mine.
Various probes can provide two-way voice com
munication with trapped miners, continuous mine
atmosphere monitoring, temperature indication ,
and television searching capabiltiy. At present, an
infrared imaging probeis being developed for “ see
ing " through coal smoke.
TPR 100 . Quick -Fix Blowout Stoppings for Hardrock Mines,
by Edward D. Thimons and Fred N. Kis
sell. October 1976. 8 pp. 6 figs. The Bureau of
Mines developed a stopping design that allows the
stopping to be blown down by strong blast forces
without incurring any permanent damage. Trials
with the new stopping, dubbed the quick -fix blowout
stopping, have been conducted in the Bureau's Safe
ty Research Coal Mine at Bruceton, Pa. , and in two
New Mexico uranium mines. Results have been fav.
orable in all cases. Compared with conventional
brattice stoppings or wood bulkheads, the quick - fix
blowout stopping is easier and less time consuming
to install, is easier to maintain, and in most cases
is just as efficient an air barrier. There is some
indication that the shape of the stoppings makes it
more resistant to blast forces than the fabric stop
pings now in use.
TPR 101. High -Resolution Seismic Reflection Techniques for
Mapping Coal Seams from the Surface, by C. Mel
vin Lepper and Frank Ruskey. October 1976. 17
pp. 14 figs. High -resolution shallow seismic re
fection methods are being used by the Bureau of
Mines to map underground geologic features in coal
mines. These features include faults, channel sands,
washouts , rolls, and steep dips. The seismic method
is proving useful for locating all of these at reason
able cost and with better definition than available
with drill programs alone. This report provides a
capsule description of the techniques and their ap
plication to mine planning.
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20241
Some of these reports are issued weekly , monthly,
quarterly, or annually . The following annual reports
were issued during October.
Boron in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 2 pp .
Natural Gas Production and Consumption : 1975. 13
pp .
Peat in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 5 pp.
Production and Value of Phosphate Rock , Crop
Year 1976. 6 pp.
Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in
1975. 12 pp.
Sodium Compounds in 1975 ( Annual Advance Sum
mary ) . 4 pp.
Stone in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary Supple
mental ). 14 pp.
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite in 1975 ( Annual
Advance Summary ). 9 pp.
III. Open File Reports — NTIS
An open file report is an unpublished Bureau of Mines
report that has been made available as reference material.
Any open file report may be inspected during working hours
at the locations indicated but may not be removed. If a
number prefixed with PB is given, the report is also avail
able from
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, Va . 22161
Microfiche copies are $3.00 (domestic order ) and
$4.50 ( foreign order) . Paper copies are available at
the prices indicated ; add an extra $2.50 for a for
eign order. Please order by numbers given.
A Mastor Environmental Control and Mino
OFR 84 ( 1 )-76 .
System Design Simulator for Underground
Coal Mining. Volume I. Executive Summary, by R. V. Ra
mani and C. B. Manula. Dec. 18, 1975. 31 pp.
2 figs. This report is volume 1 of an 11 -volume re
port on a dynamic general purpose computer simu
lation model for underground coal mining. The
master design simulator (MDS ) has a wide range of
possible applications in the design and evaluation of
underground coal mining systems from the stand
points of health and safety , productivity , and mine
environment. The MDS consists of nine free-stand
ing, function-oriented subsystem models linked to
gether into an integrated , comprehensive model of
an entire mining system . The subsystems compris
ing the MDS include geology and reserves, methane
generation, roof support, subsidence, production,
rail haulage, cost, water generation, and ventilation .
This volume of the report contains a statement of
the purpose and scope of work, and provides an
overview of the MDS with a brief description of
each subsystem . Also included is a discussion of
several areas of application for the MDS . Research
done under Grant No. G0111808 by the Pennsyl.
vania State University. Available for reference dur
ing working hours only at the Bureau of Mines
libraries in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn. , Bruce
ton , Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spokane, Wash .; at the
Energy Research and Development Administration
library in Morgantown, W. Va .; and at the Central
Library, U.S. Department of the Interior, Wash
ington , D.C. NTIS. PB 255 421/AS. Paper copy,
$4.
OFR 100 ( 14-76. Development of Pre -Mining and Reclamation
Plan Rationale for Surface Coal Mines . Vol
ume I of III. The Rationale for Data Acquisitions, by Dames &
Moore. June 1976. 163 pp. 11 figs. Volume I of
this three-volume report is the result of development
of a comprehensive, coordinated approach to site
data -acquisition activities to produce key plans and
reports during the evaluation and development of
a surface coal mine. A logic diagram illustrates
activities in the planning and decisionmaking proc
ess from exploration through post-mining monitor
ing. The report briefly discusses major elements,
other than the site environment, which influence
development of mining and reclamation plans and
refers to other readily available literature for de
tails outside the scope of this study. The essence of
the rationale is shown to be the employment of
necessary skills at the proper time to evaluate spe
cific data requirements and to integrate them into
a cost- effective program to produce initial and
major feasibility reports, mining and reclamation
plans, and the environmental impact assessment.
Research done under Contract No. J0255002. Avail.
able for reference during working hours only at the
Bureau of Mines libraries in Denver, Colo ., Twin
Cities, Minn., Bruceton , Pa. , Pittsburgh, Pa ., Spo
kane, Wash.; at the Energy Research and Develop
ment Administration library in Morgantown, W.
Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Washington , D.C. NTIS. PB 258
042/AS . Paper copy, $6.75 .
OFR 100 ( 2 )–76. Development of Pre-Mining and Reclamation
Plan Rationale for Surface Coal Mines.
Volume II of III . Methods of Data Acquisition , by Dames &
Moore. June 1976. 175 pp. 7'figs. Volume II, in
conjunction with volume 1, is a general guide to the
selection of cost - effective methods of site data ac
quisition in all geologic, environmental , and socio
political circumstances. The judgment of a general
ist or trained specialist must be relied upon in the
final analysis to design the optimum program for a
specific site. Research done under Contract No.
J0255002. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Den
ver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn. , Bruceton , Pa., Pitts
burgh, Pa., Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research
and Development Administration library in Morgan
town, W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS. PB 258 043/AS . Paper copy, $ 6.75.
OFR 100 ( 3 )–76. Development of Pre-Mining and Reclama.
tion Plan Rationale for Surface Coal Mines .
Volume III of III . Legal Control for Surface Mining,by Dames
& Moore, June 1976. 252 pp. 11 figs. The objec
tive of volume III of this report is to provide a con
cise review of six major types of legal constraints,
controls, and regulationson surface coal mining in
the United States, as of January 1976. At the same
time, an attempt is made to format the details of
Federal and State exploration , mining, and recla
mation regulations such that point-by -point com
parisons can be made and updated as revisions oc
cur. Thus, volume III should provide both an execu
tive overview and a user's manual of legal controls
of surface coal mining. Research done under Con.
tract No. J0255002. Available for reference during
working hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries
in Denver, Colo., Twin Cities, Minn. , Bruceton , Pa .,
Pittsburgh , Pa., Spokane, Wash .; at the Energy
Research and Development Administration library
in Morgantown, W. Va .; and at the Central Library,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
NTIS . PB 259 044/AS. Paper copy , $9.
OFR 100 (1 ) (3 )-76 (set). Development of Pre-Mining and
Reclamation Plan Rationalo for Sur.
face Coal Mines.Volumes 1-1|| (set), by Dames & Moore.
June 1976. 590 pp . 29 figs. This report develops
a comprehensive, logical rationale, and guidelines
for preparation of premining and reclamation plans
as required by State and Federal mining permit
programs. Research done under Contract No.
5
J0255002. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Den
ver, Colo ., Twin Cities, Minn. , Bruceton , Pa., Pitts
burgh, Pa. , Spokane, Wash.; at the Energy Research
and Development Administration library in organ
town, W. Va.; and at the Central Library, U.S. De
partment of the Interior , Washington , D.C. NTIS .
PB 258 041 /AS ( set ) . Paper copy, $ 20.50. Micro
fiche, $7.
OFR 101-76. Field Evaluation of Zinc-Based Solders for
Copper and Copper Alloys, by R. E. Beal
and R. C. Hill. Mar. 25 , 1976. 50 pp. 37 figs.
This report describes a field evaluation of the Bu
reau of Mines zinc-based soldering system for cop
per and copper alloys. The soldering system utilizes
a sacrificial nickel plating to promote spontaneous
wetting of copper and copper alloys. Radiator cap .
sules soldered with zinc-based solder and exposed
to a simulated radiator life cycle functioned to
1,000 hours without failure while those employing
the 70PB - 30Sn solder alloy normally used by radi
ator manufacturers failed after 250 hours. Research
done under Contract No. H0252054 by IIT Research
Institute. Available for reference during working
hours only at the Bureau of Mines libraries in Tus
caloosa, Ala ., College Park, Md., Twin Cities, Minn. ,
Rolla, Mo., Boulder City, Nev. , Reno , Nev ., Albany,
Oreg ., Salt Lake City, Utah , and at the Central
Library , U.S.Department of the Interior , Washing
ton , D.C. NTIS PB 258 111/AS . Paper copy,
$ 4.50.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
FCCSET 1--76 . Inventory and Analysis of Materials Life
Cycle Research and Development in the Fed
eral Government - Fiscal Year 1976, by FCST Committee
on Materials. April 1976. 72 pp. This report de
scribes and analyzes the life cycle materials R & D
funded by the Federal Government in FY 76. A com
puterized inventory was produced by the 18 agencies
involved in materials R & D . The inventory identified
approximately one billion dollars of funding in this
area, and permitted analysis by funding agencies,
R&D performers, broad national goals, specific ob
jectives, stages in the materials life cycle, and ma
terials or materials categories. The COMAT def
inition of materials includes everything except food
and drugs, from exploration through mining, proc.
essing, manufacturing, application, recycling , and
disposal. The inventory was developed to meet the
need for better coordination between the various
Government agencies to assist in program planning
and budgeting. Research done by COMAT Task
Force 1 for the Committee on Materials ( COMAT )
of the Federal Council for Science , Engineering,
and Technology. NTIS. PB 258 535/AS . Paper
copy, $ 4.50.
IV. Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press .
Copies of these articles are NOT available.
OP 85–76 . Asbestos Minerals and Their Nonasbestos Ana .
logs, by Sarkis G. Ampian. Pres. at Rev.
of Miner. Fibers Session of Electron Micros
copy of Microfibers Symp. , Pennsylvania State
University , University Park, Pa., Aug. 23–25, 1976,
11 pp. This paper presents observations on the
common asbestos minerals and their nonfibrous coun
terparts or analogs. The report provides an accu
rate base on which technically environmental regu .
lations can be developed for asbestos and its non
asbestos counterparts. The procedures used in
gathering the data were carried out with accepted
techniques used to characterize minerals .
OP 86–76. The Shell Dredging Industry of the Gulf Coast
Region , by R. H. Arndt. Ch . 2 in Shell
Dredging and Its Influence on Gulf Coast Environ
ment, ed . by A. H. Bouma. Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston , Tex., 1976 , pp . 13-47. This report describes
the shell dredging industry in Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Total annual
output of oystershell and clamshell from 1912 to
1969 and production and value by State from 1960
to 1969, cost of production and transportation , and
industry structure including number of companies,
estimated employment, physical equipment, and
capital investment are presented. Controls for the
industry imposed by States and the Federal Gov
ernment through taxation and leasing systems are
summarized. The nature of shell deposits and ex
ploration , dredging, and processing equipment and
methods are described . The report considers the en
vironmental impact of shell dredging, especially
that of disturbance and redeposition of bottom sedi.
ments.
OP 87–76 . Forritic Iron-Based Alloys Strengthened by Laves
Phase , by John S. Dunning . Proc. 2d In
ternat. Conf. on Mechanical Behavior of Materials ,
American Soc. Metals, Boston , Mass., Aug. 16-20 ,
1976 , pp. 1832–1836. Bureau of Mines researchers
conducted this study to determine if favorable char
acteristics of binary systems could be combined in a
ternary system in which both secondary components
form Laves phases with iron . The Fe-Mo- Ta sys
tem was selected to determine if the inherent sta
bility of the Fe-Mo system could be combined with
the magnitude of hardening at low alloy contents of
the Fe- Ta system . Low alloy contents are desirable
to allow subsequent additions such as chromium
and /or aluminum for oxidation resistance.
OP 89–76 . Resin -Loaded Papers - Sampling and Trace
Analysis Using Neutron Activation and X -Ray
Spectrography, by Stephen L. Law and William J.
Campbell. Proc . 7th Mater. Res . Symp. on Ac
curacy in Trace Analysis: Sampling , Sample
Handling, Analysis, Oct. 7-11, 1974, Gaithersburg,
Md., NBS STP 422 , v. 1, August 1976, pp. 649–658.
Resin -loaded papers, composed of approximately 50
wt-pct cellulose and 50 wt-pct resin , are used to
sample large volumes of solution , then to determine
the concentrated elements by either fluorescent X -ray
spectrography or neutron activation . Examples of
published applications to a wide range of industrial,
environmental, and health problems are summarized
together with applications by the Bureau of Mines
to metallurgical and mining problems. Potential
applications of new ion -exchange resins and
reagent-loaded papers are also considered .
OP 90–76. Coal Mine Bounce and Roof Fall Research ,
by Fred Leighton and Bernard J. Steb
lay. Pres. before 1st Symp. on Underground Mining,
NCA / BCR Coal Conf. and Expo . II , 1975 , V., II ,
1975, pp. 104-119. Rock noises were monitored in a
deep western Colorado coal mine to study the phe
nomena of coal mine bounces. Data preceding sev .
eral bounces of varying magnitude were recorded
and analyzed . Techniques were developed to locate
and delineate bounce areas within the mine struc
ture and to estimate the stability of individual sus
pect areas. Analysis of these data indicate that
microseismic techniques may be used to establish
where coal mine bounces will occur and to antici.
pate failure.
OP 91–76 . Development of ZrO , N , Films for Solar Absorbers,
by R. L. Lincoln , D. K. Deardorff , and R.
Blickensderfer. Proc . Soc. Photo -Optical Instrum .
Eng ., v . 68, 1975 , pp. 161–168. For maximum effec
tiveness of solar-thermal conversion , a solar ab
sorber must be a low emitter of thermal radiation .
Thin film absorber stacks which possessed such spec
trally selective characteristics were developed by
the Bureau of Mines. The stacks consisted of zir
conium suboxide or subnitride absorber films on a
reflective film of silver or copper. The absorber
films were prepared by reactively sputtering zir
conium in argon with small amounts of oxygen ,
nitrogen , or both , or by oxidation of zirconium Alms
in air . The solar absorptance and the thermal emit
tance were calculated from reflectance data . The
solar absorptance, a (8 ), ranged from 0.60 to 0.93
and the emittance, e ( T ) , at 600 K , ranged from
0.024 to 0.28. Ratios of a ( s ) / e ( T ) extended from
about 2 to 28. The stacks appear relatively stable
under vacuum at temperatures up to about 600 K.
OP 92–76. Influence of Rock Fractures and Block Boundary
Weakening on Cavability, by M. A. Mahtab
and J. D. Dixon . Trans. Soc. Min . Eng ., AIME, V.
260, No. 1 , March 1976, pp . 6–12 . The results of a
parametric study of the influence of natural features
(stress field , rock strength , and strength and orien
tation of fractures ) as well as the influence of in
duced features ( undercut span , boundary slot, and
other boundary -weakening measures ) on the cava
bility of an undercut block of ore in mining by the
block -caving method are presented. The two -dimen
sional finite- element analysis technique was used for
this study. A coarse “mesh," along with linear homo
geneous assumptions for rock properties, was used to
model the problem of initiation of caving in a block
of ore. Interpretation of the test results suggests
that weakening the “ abutments ” of the block as
well as certain orientations of natural fractures
exercise significant influences on cavability . These
findings hold promise for immediate application to
known situations in block-caving mines.
OP 93–76 . How Computerized Instrumentation Monitors
Coal Mine Roofs, by James R. McVey and
Maynard O. Serbousek . Min. Eng., v . 28, No. 9 ,
September 1976 , pp . 40–43. A computerized instru
mentation system has been developed by the Federal
Bureau of Mines, Spokane (Wash .) Mining Re
search Center, for measuring critical parameters
needed to examine the structural behavior of a coal
mine roof support system . This system provides
instantaneous computation and plotting of load ,
load rates , deformation, stress, opening closure, etc.,
in an actual production situation , using conven
tional mining techniques, such as room -and -pillar.
The measurement system provides total or random
access of up to 400 underground instruments or
measurement points, and consists of a minicomputer
acquisition system that can be located up to 2 miles
underground . All instrumentation is advanced with
the mining cycle and is installed within a foot of
the face.
OP 94–76. Roasting Nonmagnetic Taconites in a Fluid Bed
Using Low -Rank Fuels as Reductants, by
J. E. Pahlman , P. L. Ruzzi, and R. B. Schluter .
Skillings' Min . Rev., v. 65, No. 42, Oct. 16 , 1976 ,
pp. 16–20. Magnetic roasting of hematitic taconites
was performed in a fluidized bed reactor using low
rank coals and lignites as reductants. The reduc
tants were partially combusted to furnish heat and
reducing gases , while fluidization was maintained
with recycled reactor top gases .
OP 95–76 . A Leach - Electrolysis Method for Producing Lead,
by M. M. Wong and F. P. Haver. Proc.
Joint MMIJ-AIME Meeting, Denver, Colo ., v. 2,
October 1976 , pp . 603-621 . The Federal Bureau of
Mines has developed a leach -electrolysis method for
recovering lead from galena (PbS ) . Flotation con
centrate is leached with ferric chloride ( FeCl3 )
solution to obtain lead chloride ( PbCl2 ) and elemen
tal sulfur ,
PbS + 2FeCl, → PbCl2 + 2FeCl + Sº.
Over 99 pct of the Pbs in the concentrate is con
verted to PbCl.. The leach solution , composed of
brine (NaCl) and FeCls, dissolve the PbCl, as it is
7
formed , leaving a residue of elemental sulfur plus
gangue. Very pure PbCl. ( >99.9 pct) is crystallized
from the leach filtrate on cooling and is subsequently
electrolyzed in a fused-salt bath to obtain molten
lead metal ( > 99.9 pct Pb ). Spent leach solution
( FeCl ) is regenerated for further use by reaction
with the chlorine obtained in the electrolysis of lead
chloride, and other values, such as Ag, Cu, Zn , and
Sº , are recovered by additional treatments of the
leach solution and leach residue. This paper dis
cusses results and conditions of the leaching and
electrolysis operations.
 ORDER SALES PUBLICATIONS ON THE FOLLOWING FORM
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( The Secretary of the Interior has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public
business required by law of this Department. Use of fundsfor printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the
Office ofManagementand Budget, October 21 , 1974.)
INT. -BU . OF MINES , PGH . , PA .
jenga
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179
0.739 NEW PUBLICATIONS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
1. Sales Publications
Sales publications may be ordered ONLY from
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
Remittances, which should be included with the
order, may be in the form of coupons sold by the
Superintendent of Documents or checks or money
orders payable to the Superintendent. Postage
stamps and foreign money are not acceptable. To
order publications, please be sure to include your
ZIP code. Please use the form on the last page.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
SP 9-76. List Bureau of Mines Publications and Articles,
January 1 to December 31, 1975, With Subject and
Author Index , compiled by Rita D. Sylvester. 1976.
138 pp . This compilation . supplements the 5 -year
list of Bureau publications issued from January 1 ,
1970 to December 31 , 1974. The list summarizes
publications by Bureau authors published in the
regular Bureau of Mines series ; in scientific, tech
nical , or trade journals ; or in other media . Those
available from the Bureau of Mines are indicated.
Patents issued to Bureau personnel are also listed,
and instructions are given on how to apply for per
mission to use them . An outstanding feature of this
Special Publication is an exhaustive subject and
author index. GPO Catalog No. 128.5 : 975. Stock
No. 024-004–01888–7. Paper copy, $2.50.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS,
BULLETIN 667
( These preprints are chapters from Mineral Facts and Prob
lems, Bulletin 667. The complete volume, covering all
mineral commodities, will be available later. The preprints
present data on industry structure, reserves -resources,
technology, supply-demand relationships, byproducts and
coproducts, economic factors and problems, operating fac.
tors and problems, and outlook . )
Fluorine, by Hiram B. Wood . 21 pp. 2 figs. GPO
Stock No. 024-004-01885-2 . 35 cents.
Introduction , by Staff, Bureau of Mines. 34 pp .
28 figs. GPO Stock No. 024-004-01894-1. 85
cents.
1
! 977 Nat.sa
BUREAU OF MINES
NOVEMBER 1976 MONTHLY LIST 739
vi fichi
Natural Science
II. Free Publications Library
Application for free publications should be made tom
Publications Distribution Branch
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh , Pa . 15213
Because of the limited editions, only one copy of
any publication can be sent to the person applying
and only a few publications to any one applicant.
Applicants should request only those, publications
actually needed . Please enclose a self -addressed label.
REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
RI 8187, Thermodynamic Properties of Two Lithium Silicatos
( LizSiO, and LizSi:05) , by K. O. Bennington ,
M. J. Ferrante, and J. M. Stuve. 1976. 19 pp. 2
figs. Thermodynamic properties were determined
by the Federal Bureau of Mines for lithium meta
silicate (Li.SiOs) and lithium disilicate ( LizSi.Os ).
Their enthalpies of formation were investigated by
hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetry . The standard
values are
Hf ° 298 = - 393.8 0.8 kcal/mole for LiSiO3,
and
AHfºgs = - 611.8 +1.0 kcal/mole for Li2Si, O ..
Enthalpy increments above 298 K were measured
by copper - block drop calorimetry from 298 to 1,404
K for Li.SiOs, and from 298 to 1,281 K for Li.Si,Os.
Low-temperature heat capacities were determined
adiabatically from 6 to 305 K for Li.Si,Os only. The
derived standard entropy is Sºma = 29.20 + 0.10
cal/deg -mole. The various experimental data were
combined with other data from the literature, and
resulting properties of AHf', AGfº, and log Kf
were tabulated as a function of temperature.
RI 8189. Geology of the Mary Lee Group of Coalbeds,
Black Warrior Coal Basin , Alabama, by G. W.
Murrie, W. P. Diamond, and S. W. Lambert. 1976.
49 pp. 28 figs. A geologic study of the Mary Lee
Group of coalbeds in the Black Warrior coal basin
was undertaken to examine coal stratigraphy and
determine regional trends and extent of the coal.
beds. The area investigated encompasses 835 square
miles in Jefferson, Walker, and Tuscaloosa Coun
ties, Ala. More than 700 core logs were used to con
struct a structure map, coal, interval, and over
burden isopachs, and cross sections. There is evi
dence that structure affected sedimentation . Coal
bed isopachs indicate the Mary Lee Group was
deposited in fluvial-deltaic and low-lying coastal
plain environments. The Mary Lee coalbed is the
only coalbed which is continuous throughout the
area, commonly with two benches which have a
combined thickness of 2 to 12 feet. The Mary Lee
coalbed changes rank in the basin from high
through medium- to low-volatile coal. The methane
gas potential of the Mary Lee Group coals is esti
mated to be greater than 1 trillion cubic feet. There
is an excellent correlation between the orientation
of surface cleats with those measured underground
in the Mary Lee coalbed . The face cleats roughly
parallel the axes of the area's folds and trend
northeast- southwest .
RI 8195. Longwall Gob Degasification With Surface Ven
tilation Boreholes Above the Lower_Kittanning
Coalbed , by T. D. Moore, Jr., Maurice Deul, and
Fred N. Kissell. 1976. 13 pp . 10 figs. Methane
emission from two surface gob -degasification bore
holes was measured by the Bureau of Mines . The
investigation took place during mining of a 3,200
foot longwall panel in the Lower Kittanning coal
bed in central Pennsylvania . The first hole was 500
feet from the start of mining , and the second hole
was 2,200 feet. The first hole went on natural draft
as soon as the longwall face passed it. This caused
the methane flow in the return entries to drop 75
pct. In the 6 months required to complete the panel,
the two holes emitted 69 MMcf of methane in vary
ing percentages of concentration in air . In 3 years,
the holes emitted a total of 150 MMcf of methane.
INFORMATION CIRCULAR
IC 8718 . Reclaiming Strip-Mined Land for Recreational Use
in Lackawanna County, Pa . A Demonstration
Project, by Frank C. Andreuzzi. 1976. 21 pp . 21
figs. The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted a
demonstration project to reclaim 125 acres of
abandoned strip-mined land in Lackawanna County
Pa., for public recreational, historical, and educa
tional use as a park . The Bureau was involved in
the development of the general site plan , and engi
neered and supervised the basic land rehabilitation .
The park's facilities include outdoor recreational
activities, picnic grounds , children's play areas ,
primitive overnight camping , and winter sports. A
major attraction is the Anthracite Museum con
structed by the Pennsylvania Historical and
Museum Commission . The project may serve as a
prototype for reclaiming existing and and future
surface-mined lands. Work done in cooperation with
Lackawanna County, Pa.
IC 8723. Roof-Fall Resupport Accidents, A Study._by Juel
H. Stears, John P. Conway, and Robert C.
Bates. 1976. 94 pp. 46 figs . The Bureau of
Mines analyzed data from 47 coal mine roof-fall
resupport accidents that occurred from 1966
through 1974 to identify critical hazards and prob
lems. These accidents resulted in 62 injuries or
fatalities. It was concluded that the majority of the
accidents might have been prevented by observance
of recommended practices and use of available
technology such as setting temporary, supports,
adequate roof testing , etc. Additional work is
needed in the following problem areas where pres
ent technology is inadequate : ( 1 ) warning of im .
pending roof falls shortly before they occur, ( 2 )
better methods of detecting unsafe roof and ribs ,
( 3 ) providing access to and temporary support of
high roofs for testing and bolting , (4 ) reducing
the noise level of stopers, (5 ) developing temporary
roof supports that have greater stability and can
be remotely installed , and (6 ) reducing the number
of roof falls through better permanent support.
PREPRINTS FROM MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1974
( These preprints are chapters from the Minerals Yearbook,
1974. The complete volumes , covering all mineral commod
2
ities, will be available later. The preprints present data on
production , consumption , exports, and imports. )
Lead , by J. Patrick Ryan and John M. Hague. 26
pp . 1 fig .
Minor Nonmetals, by Staff , Division of Nonmetallic
Minerals. 17 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Iran , by Bernadette
Michalski. 9 pp.
The Mineral Industry of Nigeria , by Keith L.
Harris . 7 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Pakistan , by Frank B.
Fulkerson . 6 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Rhode Island, by Richard
H. Singleton . 3 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Turkey , by E. Shekarchi.
14 pp :
The Mineral Industry of Venezuela , by Ronald F.
Balazik . 14 pp .
The Mineral Industry of Zaire , by George J. Coak
ley . 6 pp.
PERIODIC REPORTS
Periodic reports dealing with various mineral commodities
will be forwarded regularly if application stating in detail the
need for certain reports is made to
Division of Technical Reports
Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington , D.C. 20241
Some of these reports are issued weekly , monthly ,
quarterly , or annually. The following annual reports
were issued during November.
Block and Film Mica in 1975 ( Annual Advance
Summary ) : 8 pp .
Clays in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 30 pp .
Coke Producers in the United States in 1975. 6
pp .
Distribution of Pennsylvania Anthracite for the
Calendar Year 1975. 8 pp .
Ferroalloys in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) .
8 pp.
Fluorspar in 1975 (Annual Advance Summary ) . 8
pp.
Mica in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 2 pp .
Salt in 1975 ( Annual Advance Summary ) . 11 pp .
Sand and Gravel in 1975 (Annual Advance Sum
mary ) . 17 pp .
Slag - Iron and Steel in 1975 ( Annual Advance Sum
mary ) . 3 pp .
III. Journal Articles by Bureau Authors
The following articles have appeared in the outside press.
Copies of these articles are NOT available .
OP 92–76 . Some Observations on the Chlorination of Nickel
200, Hastelloy N , and Inconel 600 in the Pres
ence of Sulfur,by Arnold Adams and Laurance L.
Oden. Mater. Perform ., v . 15 , No. 5 , April 1976 , pp .
25-27. Influence of sulfur additions to chlorine
environments on the corrosion rate and persistence
of rate changes from 433 ° to 727 ° C on Ni 200 ,
Hastelloy N , and Inconel 600 are reported. Per
sistence of the accelerated attack is attributed to
increased permeability of the nickel chloride scale
caused by sulfur which was retained in the scale
as a nonvolatile species. Normal chlorination attack
rates were resumed only after sulfur contaminated
scale had been volatilized in an inert atmosphere .
Chlorination rates of Hastelloy N and Inconel 600
exceeded that of Ni 200, but were not changed by
sulfur.
OP 96-76 . The Effect of Normal Stiffness on the Shear
Resistance of Rock , by Leonard Obert, B. T.
Brady, and Frank W. Schmechel. Rock . Mech .
Springer -Verlag ( Austria ) , v. 8/2, 1976 , pp . 57–72.
This paper presents the theory and design of a
shear machine whose normal stiffness could be
varied by four orders of magnitude. Experimental
techniques, testing procedures, and special equip
ment designed by the Bureau of Mines for deter
mining the effect of normal stiffness on the shear
stress -normal displacement behavior of intact and
prepared joint surfaces of both hard ( granite) and
soft ( sandstone) rock under constant shear dis
placement rate are described . Experimental results
are presented which show that the effect of in
creasing the normal stiffness on either intact rock
or fracture surfaces is to provide increased normal
confinement. Increased normal confinement results
in an increased shear strength rock. Engineering
significance of this result is discussed.
OP 97-76 . Detonation and Critical Diameter of Heterogene
ous Explosives, by Robert F. Chaiken and
John C. Edwards. Acta Astron ., v. 3 , 1976, pp 795–
810. A kinetic lattice model of heterogeneous
detonation reaction is developed which treats
localized ignition and grain burning as an integral
part of the detonation reaction, and which allows
the reaction time to be defined in terms of a large
set of competing reaction rates, defined for all the
components of an explosive mixture. Examples are
shown that predict the explosive group behavior
described by Price and the critical diameters for
several types of explosive materials.
OP 98–76. Recovery of Metals From a variety of Industrial
Wastes, by Andrew A. Cochran and
Lawrence C. George. Resource Recovery and Con
servation. ( The Netherlands) , v. 2, No. 1 , August
1976 , pp. 57–65 . Bureau of Mines research on the
development of practical processes for recovering
metals and other materials from various industrial
wastes is described. The work had a dual purpose :
pollution abatement and conservation of scarce,
costly materials. Electrochemical machining sludges
were filtered to recover the electrolyte and smelter
to produce valuable nickel-base alloys. Salable
alloys were also produced by smelting stainless
steel mill wastes. Shredded paper was used to
reduce the hexavalent chromium in chromium etch
ing wastes, after which copper , zinc, and chromium
oxide were recovered as separate products. Electric
furnace steelmaking dusts were pelletized with a
reducing agent andheated to reduce zinc oxide and
volatilize 98 percent or more of the zinc as metal.
OP 99-76. Utilization of Refuse Scrap in Cupola Gray Iron
Production, by C. B. Daellenbach , R. R.
Lindeke, and W. M. Mahan. Proc. 5th Miner.
Waste Utilization Symp. , jointly sponsored by the
U.S. Bureau of Mines and IIT Research Institute,
Chicago , Ill., Apr. 13-14 1976 , pp. 234-240.
13-14,, 1976,
Cupola (basic ) ironmaking research was conducted
to determine the feasibility of utilizing the ferrous
fraction from unburned urban refuse in gray iron
production . Metallic charges consisting of up to 90
percent refuse scrap were evaluated.
OP 100–76 . Elimination of Reflection Errors in Emissometers
by Using Alternate Aperatures, by D. K.
Deardorff. Rev. Sci. Instr. , v . 47, No. 10, October
1976, pp. 1279–1282. Modifications to an existing
vacuum emissometer are described that allow mathe
matical elimination of reflection errors of the speci.
men -window - specimen -detector type. Normal total
emittance in the range 20 ° to 600 ° C can be deter
mined. Successive radiance readings Ls and Ls are
obtained using alternate full- and reduced -size aper
tures. A separate run on a blackbody curcible allows
determination of the corresponding LBB and LBB
values at the same temperature. The equation for
true emittance is shown to be e= Ls - L8 ' / LBB
- LBB'
OP 101-76 . Geologic Studies as a basis for Methane Drain
age From Coalbeds, by Maurice Deul.
Pres. at 1976 Ann . Meeting , Geol. Soc. of America,
Denver, Colo., Nov. 8-11, 1976, Abs. With Pro
grams, p . 836. This Bureau of Mines paper pre
dicts the constraints a high gas content could place
on mining deep coalbeds and determines how a
mining operation can be planned to minimize or
completely eliminate these constraints.
OP 102-76. Process for Chlorination of Titanium Bearing
Materials and for Dechlorination of Tron
Chloride, by H. M. Harris, A. W. Anderson , J. I.
Paige, and T. T. Campbell. Proc. 3d Joint MMIJ
AIME Meeting , Denver, Colo ., Sept. 1-3 , 1976. Ch.
44 in World Mining and Metals Technology, ed . by
A. Weiss, v. 2, September 1976, pp. 693-712. The
chlorination of ilmenite concentrates and slags to
produce Tici , suitable for pigment or metal pro
duction was investigated by the Bureau of Mines
along with the dechlorination of byproduct iron
chloride to produce chlorine for recycle and iron
oxide. Ilmenite concentrates or slag powders were
fed into the bottom of a fluidized coke bed at
1,050 ° C using chlorine flow rates up to 20 1 /min in
a 10.2-cm-diam reactor. Tests showed that > 95
pet of the various ilmenite concentrates reacted at
optimum conditions, and recovery of Ticl, ranged
from 95 to 100 pct of stoichiometric. Impurity dusts
were removed from the vapors by cyclones and a
fiberglass cloth filter. Iron chloride was condensed
as a powder with less than 0.4 pct insoluble ma
terial. The TiCl, was collected in refrigerated con
densers.
OP 103-76. Research Activities in the Bureau of Mines,
Including the Analysis of Pt-Group Metals,
by H. H. Heady, K. G. Broadhead, and B. C.
Piper. Proc . Internat. Symp on Anal. Chem . in
the Exploration , Min ., and Processing of Mater.,
Johannesburg, South Africa , Aug. 23-27, 1976,
pp. 482-487 . This paper highlights some of
the most current projects being undertaken at the
Bureau of Mines metallurgy research centers and
laboratories. Some of the projects are as follows:
a ) recovery of minerals , metals, and energy values
from urban refuse ; b ) dewatering phosphate ore
wastes ; c ) fotation of nonmagnetic taconites; d )
extraction of alumina from clays; e ) improved
leaching processes for gold and silver ores; and f )
analysis of ores and concentrates.
OP 104-76 . Heap Leach Processing of Gold Ores, by H.
J. Heinen, D. G. Peterson , and R. E.
Lindstrom . Proc. Joint Internat. Petroleum Mech .
Eng. and Pressure Vessels and Piping Conf., Mexico
City , Mexico, Sept. 19–24, 1976, pp . 1–36. This
Bureau of Mines paper reviews recent developments
in the heap leaching of gold ores with dilute cyan
ide solution and the recovery of the gold and asso
ciated silver from the pregnant effluents by a carbon
adsorption -desorption process. It describes mineral
ogical considerations, experimental work, field
studies, and commercial operations. New process
developments include the application of ( 1 ) alcohol
additives to the conventional hot alkaline cyanide
strip solution to enhance gold desorption from
precious metal-laden activated carbon and ( 2 )
Na2S precipitation of the associated silver from
cyanide mill solutions as a means of reducing the
inventory of carbon required for precious metal
adsorption from heap leach effluents . Application of
this procedure to carbon stripping effluents results
in the production of low - silver bullion by subsequent
electrowinning.
OP 105-76 . Gold Desorption From Activated Carbon With
Alkaline Alcohol Solutions, by H. J. Heinen ,
D. G. Peterson , and R. E. Lindstrom . Proc. 3d Joint
MMIJ -AIME Meeting, Denver, Colo ., Sept. 1-3,
1976. Ch . 33 in World Mining and Metals Tech
nology, ed. by A. Weiss, v. 1, September 1976 , pp .
551-564. Alkaline alcohol solutions were investi
gated by the Federal Bureau of Mines for improving
the desorption rate of gold and silver from metal
laden activated carbon generated in gold processing
circuits. Factors affecting the desorption , such as
temperature, alcohol content, type of alcohol, and
alkalinity , were studied. Nearly complete metal
desorption was obtained in 5 to 6 hr at 80º C using
a solution containing about 20 vol- pet alcohol and
1 pct sodium hydroxide. Sodium sulfide was shown
to be effective for selectively precipitating silver
from the carbon strip solutions, thereby providing
a means for producing high -purity gold by subse
quent electrolysis .
OP 106-76 . Thermal Expansion Match Between Molybdenum
(TZM Alloy ) and Oxides of the Perovskite and
Spinel Types, by Jack L. Henry and Gerald G. Thomp
son . Ceram . Bull., v . 55 , No. 3 , March 1976 , pp .
281–284 . The Bureau of Mines made thermal ex
pansion measurements to 1,200 ° C on a wide selec
tion of complex oxides of both the perovskite and
spinel structures. These are compared to the ther
mal expansion of molybdenum and the molybdenum
alloy TZM to find suitable expansion matches for
oxide coating development. A dilatometric technique
was employed which makes use of a measuring
microscope accurate to 5 X 10-5 . In general, the
spinels display a closer expansion match with the
metal than the perovskites. Magnesium orthochro
mite showed the closest match between 25 ° and
1,000 ° C. Its expansion in this range is 13 pct
greater than that of molybdenum and TZM . Of the
50 oxide compositions examined , only 12 had ex
pansion coefficients within 20 pct of that of molyb
denum . All of these were orthochromites except the
perovskite , 3BaHFO ::BaZr03.
OP 107-76 . Powder Metallurgy Consolidation of Man
ganese- Copper Damping Alloys, by J. L. Hol
man and L. A. Neumeier. Proc. 5th Internat.
Powder Met. Conf., Chicago, Ill., June 27-July
3 , 1976 , pp. 1-25 . The Bureau of Mines ex
tended its research on development of cast Mn-Cu
damping alloys to P / M consolidation of binary
alloys having enhanced damping capacity. Powder
techniques also offer potential savings in material
and labor. Blends of minus 100 -mesh elemental
powders were sintered after compacting cold in
directional and isostatic presses at pressures up to
50 tsi. Data were obtained for green strengths and
densities, and for sintered and densities, and tensile
properties as a function of composition , compaction ,
and sintering temperature and time for alloys con
taining 55 to 75 wt-pet Mn. With 1 pct binder,
typical green density of the blends ranged between
76 and 80 pct of theoretical when pressing at 30
or 48 tsi. Green strength increased with compacting
pressure and copper content; typical values for
the 65 Mn-35 Cu alloy were between 800 and 1,200
psi. As-sintered tensile strengths ranged to a
maximum of 60,000 psi, along with approximately
5 pct elongation , for a 60 Mn-40 Cu alloy hydrogen
sintered at 925 ° C for 6 hr. Sintered densities of the
alloys ranged between 90 and 96 pct of theoretical.
Sintering was successful when holding for only 1
hr at maximum temperatures of 900 ° to 1,025 ° C ,
dependent on composition ; densities and strengths
were somewhat lower than for longer sintering
times. Characteristic of P / M alloys, the strength
and ductility were considerably lower than for
equivalent cast alloys. Specific damping capacity
was measured for as-sintered , solution -treated , and
aged alloys. When aged to the damping condition ,
alloys containing 65 and 70 pct Mn exhibited 46
pct specific damping capacity at 5,000- psi stress ,
some 50 pct higher than reported values for
equivalent cast and aged material.
OP 108-76 . Mining Problems Related to Geology in the
Beckley Coalbed , Raleigh County , West Vir
ginia , by J. T. Popp and W. W. Carman . Pres. at
1976 Ann. Meeting , Geol. Soc. of America, Denver,
Colo ., Nov. 8-11, 1976 , Abs. With Programs, v . 8 ,
No. 6 , September 1976 , p . 1052. This paper dis
cusses the problems affecting the removal of meth
ane from coalbeds in the Beckley coalbed, Raleigh
County, W. Va .
OP 109–76 . Separation of Plastics From Automobile Scrap,
by E. G. Valdez . Proc. 5th Miner.
Waste Utilization Symp., jointly sponsored by the
U.S. Bureau of Mines and IIT Research Institute,
Chicago , Ill ., Apr. 13-14 , 1976 , pp. 386–392. The
trend of the automobile industry to replace heavier
metals as construction material with plastics will
have an adverse effect on the economics of the
scrap. industry. Therefore, the present recovery
techniques must be reevaluated and new and im
proved plastic recovery methods developed . The
Bureau of Mines , in cooperation with Ford Motor
Co. and General Motors Corp., conducted research
on reclaiming plastics from shredded modern auto
mobile nonmagnetic rejects. A flowsheet was devel
oped which incorporates screening, air classification ,
water elutriation , and gravity separation to recover
a product containing up to 80 pct polyurethane foam
and amenable to hydrolysis , and crude plastics
concentrates containing varying amounts of poly
propylene, acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene, plated
ABS, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon , and
other plastics. Research to separate the plastics in
these crude concentrates into individual components
by various methods, particularly flotation , is being
continued.
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