西南交通大学学报

第 55 卷 第 1 期 Vol. 55 No. 1
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY
2020 年 2 月 Feb. 2020

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.1.17

Research article

Computer and Information Science

IMAGE SEGMENTATION FOR SKIN DETECTION

图像分割，用于皮肤检测

Sajaa G. Mohammed a, Abdulrahman H. Majeed a, Ali Aldujaili b, Enas Kh. Hassan c, Safa S. Abdul-Jabbar d
a
Department of Mathematics, Colleges of Sciences, University of Baghdad
Al-Jadriya, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq, saj85_gh@yahoo.com, ahmajeed6@yahoo.com
b
Dormitory, University of Baghdad
Al-Jadriya, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq, ali@uobaghdad.edu.iq,
c
Department of Computer Science, Colleges of Sciences, University of Baghdad
Al-Jadriya, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq, enas.mkhazal@gmail.com
d
Department of Computer Science, Colleges of Sciences for Woman, University of Baghdad
Al-Jadriya, Karrada, Baghdad, Iraq, safa.s@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq

Abstract
Human skin detection, which usually performed before image processing, is the method of discovering
skin-colored pixels and regions that may be of human faces or limbs in videos or photos. Many computer
vision approaches have been developed for skin detection. A skin detector usually transforms a given
pixel into a suitable color space and then uses a skin classifier to mark the pixel as a skin or a non-skin
pixel. A skin classifier explains the decision boundary of the class of a skin color in the color space based
on skin-colored pixels. The purpose of this research is to build a skin detection system that will
distinguish between skin and non-skin pixels in colored still pictures. This performed by introducing a
metric that measures the distances of pixel colors to skin tones. Results showed that the YCbCr color
space performed better skin pixel detection than regular Red Green Blue images due to its isolation of the
overall energy of an image in the luminance band. The RGB color space poorly classified images with
wooden backgrounds or objects. Then, a histogram-based image segmentation scheme utilized to
distinguish between the skin and non-skin pixels. The need for a compact skin model representation
should stimulate the development of parametric models of skin detection, which is a future research
direction.

Keywords: Skin Detection, Image Segmentation, Skin-Colored Pixel, Color Space

摘要 通常在图像处理之前执行的人类皮肤检测是在视频或照片中发现可能是人脸或四肢皮肤颜色
的像素和区域的方法。已经开发出许多用于皮肤检测的计算机视觉方法。皮肤检测器通常将给定
像素转换为合适的颜色空间，然后使用皮肤分类器将像素标记为皮肤或非皮肤像素。肤色分类器
根据肤色像素解释颜色空间中肤色类别的决策边界。这项研究的目的是建立一种皮肤检测系统，
该系统可以区分彩色静态图片中的皮肤像素和非皮肤像素。通过引入一种度量标准来执行此操作
 2 Mohammed et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
，该度量标准可测量像素颜色与肤色的距离。结果表明，由于六价铬色彩空间隔离了亮度带中图
像的整体能量，因此它比常规的红绿蓝图像执行了更好的皮肤像素检测。RGB 颜色空间对具有木
制背景或对象的图像分类不佳。然后，基于直方图的图像分割方案可用来区分皮肤像素和非皮肤
像素。对紧凑型皮肤模型表示的需求将刺激皮肤检测参数模型的发展，这是未来的研究方向。
关键词: 皮肤检测，图像分割，肤色像素，色彩空间
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past decade, a large number of skin
discovery applications have been developed to
improve the human–computer interaction with
new, nontraditional interfaces. Different
techniques have been developed using various
features that represent the human face. In this
work, we focus on the color of the skin. Color is
the most important feature that we can use to
distinguish between the face and background
regions in an image of the head and shoulders of
a human. Other parts of the body than the face
can have the same skin tone when observed out
of their whole context. Nevertheless, the number
of false positives can be reduced by searching
only image regions that may have face pixels.
Skin color filtering is a significant procedure for
removing non-face pixels. Skin color filters can
swiftly remove non-skin-colored pixels, thereby
reducing the search region for the face skin
detection step. In skin detection, skin color
information is collected, and colors are
segmented through a preparation process to
obtain superior detection performance. After skin
color detection, the skin color of the detected
region is searched for a face candidate.
Morphological operations are used to remove
noise from images [1]. The skin plays an
important role in digital image processing, and
discovering the color of human skin is important
in many applications. Any image may have many
objects this whole research is based on detecting
the human objects with skin from non human
objects [2]. The first step in face feature
extraction and recognition is face detection. The
main purpose of face detection is to determine
whether a face is present in an image or not; if
one is present, the location of the face in the
image will be returned [3]. Many of the
techniques for this application assume that the
location of the face is defined and ready for the
following step. The first problem in face
detection is selecting a proper color model for
skin color segmentation [4]. Standard skin color
detection techniques are negatively affected by
changing lighting conditions, complex
backgrounds, and surfaces with skin-like colors
[5]. Most published research on skin discovery
reports a real discovery rate of about 95% and
false discoveries ranging between 15% and 30%,
irrespective of how the color space is selected
and categorized [6]. The discovery of skin
indicates the presence of a human skin in a digital
image by converting the original image to a dual
image in which “1” represents a skin pixel and
“0” represents a non-skin pixel. Development of
new techniques, such as for face discovery, hand
gesture detection, and semantic filtering of web
content, is an interesting problem and an
important pre-processing step [7].
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
There has been considerable work on skin
detection. The related studies below are
important reviews.
1. In 2018, Nguyen-Trang et al.
investigated and evaluated a new method for
detecting skin in colored images. The proposed
method is competitive in terms of detection rate
and outperformed others in terms of false positive
rate and accuracy [7].
2. In 2018, Li et al. proposed a method of
mitigating the erlier mentioned deficiencies; that
is, the parameters in the transformation matrix
from the RGB space to the YCbCr color space
were changed after the transition matrix was
modified. Consequently, the face detection
system can detect human faces quickly and
accurately, and the detection rate is improved [8].
3. In 2017, Yusuf et al. proposed a study
that is used in various fields of application in
daily life. Each color model contains a specific
representation space and components and can
convert from one color space to another using a
standard formula. They concluded that the
selection of a proper color model for a specific
application depends on the characteristics of the
model and the nature of the application. A
framework for efficient face detection using skin
color segmentation was suggested, and a
discovery rate of up to 97.22% was acquired by
using a standard database [3].

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND
MOTIVATIONS
The main problems could be summarized in
the following points.
1. To what extent can skin color be
modeled with a physics-based approach for
several types of skin when viewed by a camera
under a range of single and mixed light sources?
How accurate is the required light source model?
2. According to the dependence of skins
appearances one they lightening' color, how' goods
and' under' what' conditions' may' they lightening'
colors bee estimated' from' skins given' ac camera'
inputs image.
3. How good a region of skin might bee
distinguished from other skin like objects under'"
varying lighting cases using a physics-based'
approach.
4. The reflection properties of the near
infrared spectrum can help distinguishes between'
skins and other skin like objects.
IV. IMAGE SEGMENTATIONS
The process by which an image is partitioned
into regions is called segmentation. Several
segmentation methods have been proposed, such
as color models and above-mentioned RGB and
YCbCr. Image segmentation based on histogram
is based on color and is considered suitable for
processing the input image in order to identify
and localize multiple faces in skin tone-color
images. Segmentation method proposed by [9] is
based on human skin chromaticity. The aim is to
partition an image based on immediate changes
in intensity, which tend to occur on the
Figure 1. The proposed system skin color
The layout of proposed skin color system
consists of two modules. Each module has its
own method. Figure 2 shows the system layout.
3
boundaries between different objects or areas.
Segmentation based on similarity, on the other
hand, relies on identifying regions in the input
image that are similar according to some
predetermined standards.
Although many image segmentation
approaches have been proposed, the most popular
ones rely on neural networks, while one-
dimensional signal segmentation, multi-scale
segmentation, model-based segmentation,
graphic partitioning, region growing and K-mean
clustering segmentation methods also yield very
good results [11].
V. PROPOSED IMAGE IN-PAINTING
SYSTEM (IIS)
The segmentation scheme adopted in this
work consists of several skin color models, the
first of which generates all possible images. The
second Choosing suitable color space method
step is the application of the images (checker),
this system performance have been tested. The
RGB (Red Green Blue) is Color space (RGB) for
detecting skin color pixels. There'd Convert the
color image from RGB to YCbCr. Fourth Skin
color detection and the output better skin
detection.
The full skin color system has been designed
and implemented and its results have been
analyzed. Standard color image data sets were
used as test materials to investigate the
performance of the suggested skin color system;
the results indicate that the efficiency of the
proposed scheme is encouraging compared to
other state-of-the-art skin detection schemes.
 4 Mohammed et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
Figure 2. The block diagram of proposed system layout
VI. SKIN COLOR MODELING AND
DETECTION
Many skin color models, discoveries, and
methods of segmentation have been proposed in
the literatures– more than 120 are cited in this
section. There' are' many possible strategies for'
categorizing these methods, statistical-based to
physics-based to the used color space to how they
are tested and rated. Given a skin color cue, i.e.,
using skin as a feature, we can divide the process
up into three problems:
 choosing a color space;
 modeling the skin color division; and
 making the actual division, e.g., pixel-
based or taking into account the locational
relationship.
Although the third problem is important for
skin color cues, this sections – due to the overall
emphasis off this dissertation – focuses on the
first two problems, which are prerequisites for
the third. A new pixel-based skin color
identification technique by Vezhnevets, Sazonov,
and' Andreeva defined the following categories
for' modeling skin color divisions: The skin
region is clearly defined according to three
models: nonparametric skin distribution,
borderline skin distribution, and dynamic skin
distribution [12]. Human skin color has a
restricted range of hues and is not deeply
saturated because the superficial color of skins is
formed by a combination of blood (red) and
melanin (brown or yellow). Therefore, the color
of human skin doesn’t fall arbitrarily in a given
color space but rather clusters in a small area
within that space. But this tendency does not
apply to all color spaces. There are plenty of
color spaces in image processing and varity of
these have been used to figure out what is the
most suited [13].
Skin color is useful for the detecting a skin of
any color, recognition, and tracking. It has been
proven that using skin color information before
tested photograph images processing can reduce
difficulties and problems. But because of the
effects of race, environmental lighting, and
background interference, it is difficult to
determine human skin color accurately [14].
A. Color Spaces, Skin Modeling, and
Detection
Skin color is an important feature of human
faces and is a useful property in tracking a face,
as color processes much faster than any other
feature for facial identification purposes.
Although a human observer can easily identify
skin color, the task is more difficult for a
machine. In computer vision, it is important to
choose the right color space, as this can refine the
distribution of skin color in an image. Much of
the research in skin color and facial localization
and detection is based on RGB, YCbCr, and hue
intensity saturation (HIS) color spaces [1], [18].
In this project, a pixel-based skin discovery
strategy was adopted. This process classifies each
individual pixel as skin or non-skin, according to
color value and independent of' its neighbors. The
core of this strategy is the selection of color space
and skin tone modeling. In this dissertation, we
select YCbCr to represent each pixel because the
color transformation from RGB to YCbCr is
simple. More importantly, YCbCr can separate
luminance and chrominance components
explicitly. The effect of color transformation on
skin detection performance must be measured
with two color space transformations: RGB and
YCbCr. These color models are used in color
image processing and contain both variant and
invariant properties with reference to imaging
conditions. With the color space transformation,
the objective is to decrease the overlap between

skin and non skin pixels thereby maximizing
classification performance. The equations for
color space conversion don't produce values in
the rate 0–255 always. In our framework the
values are not adjusted We provide a
comprehensive evaluation of color based skin
discovery in six color spaces (RGB, YCbCr) with
nine skin color modeling approaches [13].
B. RGB Color Space for Skin Detection
RGB model simplifies computer graphic
system designs but it's not suitable for all
applications. The components of red, green and
blue color are closely related. RGB color space is
the most used color space for digital images. It
encodes colors as an additional mix of three
primary colors: green (G), blue (B) and reds (R1).
RGB color space is often visualized as a 3D cube
where R, G and B are the three vertical axes with
red, green, and blue at the corners on each axis.
Black is its original place. And white at the other
end of the cube. The gray scale follows the line
from black to white. e.g. in a 24-bit color
graphics system with 8-bits per color channel, red
is (255, 0, 0) and on the color cube, it is (1, 0, 0)
[1].
RGB color space is the most used color space
for digital image. It encodes colors as an
additional mix of three primary colors: red (R),
green (G) and blue (B). One advantage of RGB
space is it's simplicity. However, they are not
uniform, which means that the distances in RGB
space are not linearly compatible with human
perception. Moreover, RGB color space doesn't
separate the lighting and chrome, and the
component R, G and B are closely related. RGB
pixel brightness is a linear combination of the
values of R, G, and B. So, changing the skin
correction brightness affects all component of R,
G, and B [13].
C. YCbCr Color Space for Skin Detection
In the YCbCr color model as well, the
distribution of skin areas is consistently across
different races in the areas of' Cb and Cr colors,
and the RGB color models issue lighting
sensitives, thus, when we use differently color
models in uncontrolled conditions, and we reach
a result for skin color discovery [4].
The YCbCr color area has been defined in
response to the increasing demands of digital
algorithms in handling video information and has
become a widely used model for digital video
[17]. It belongs to the family of colors TV
broadcast spaces. The family includes others like
YUV and YIQ. YCbCr issue an digital color
scheme, while YIQ and YUV are representative
5
of the respective NTSC and PAL systems. These
RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color spaces separate the
luminance and coloring information and are
useful for compression applications, however
color specifications are somewhat easy. The
YCbCr color space is commonly used in image
processing as the luminance in component Y is
separated from the morphology described by the
Cr and Cb components. There are several
definitions of this transformation. Luminance Y
is created as a weighted sum of RGB elements
and Cb and Cr elements acquired by deducting Y
from blue and red RGB elements respectively
[1].
1. Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.11 B;
2. Cb = B – Y;
3. Cr = R – Y.
Cb and Cr materials are used to distinguish
skin color information. Below the conversion
formats from RGB to YCbCr are shown:
1. Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B;
2. Cb = - 0.168 R – 0.332 G + 0.500 B;
3. Cr = 0.500 R – 0.419 G – 0.081 B.
VII. SKIN COLOR SEGMENTATION
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
In this project, two color models were used for
the segmentation of skin color or discovery of
skin pixels. These are the RGB and YCbCr color
models.
A. RGB Skin Detection Implementation
RGB color area is used with a wide range and
the default color space for storing and
representing digital images is normal. We can
obtain any color space from non-linear or linear
or reformation of RGB. The RGB color space is
used by graphics cards, monitors or LCDs and
computers [14]. The color space (RGB) for the
discovered skin color pixels is determined
whether a specific pixel of the input image
corresponds to the skin color or not with the help
of guidelines. It was noted that the original face
discovering algorithm was developed to work
better under standard daylight illumination (CIE
illuminant D65). After the skin color
categorization is done for every pixel of the
picture, the skin region segmentation takes place.
Unsuitable regions are then eliminated on the
basis of the geometric properties of the face. The
remaining areas represent faces and exemplify
the described process. Skin color, for example,
fair skin is defined as the computer screen that
looks like a valuable palette. Above the picture
the round opening is used for the digital camera
lens.
 6 Mohammed et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020
With the following rules which describe the
skin group in the RGB color space [15]:
The color of the skin at unified daylight
illumination ⇒
 R > 95 AND G > 40 AND B > 20 AND
max {R, G, B} − min{R, G, B} > 15 AND RGB
components must not be close together grayness
eliminate
|R – G| > 15 AND R and G components must
not be close together, otherwise we area not
dealing within the fair complexion
R > G AND R > B (i.e., R component must be
the greatest component)
OR
The skin color under flashlight or (light)
daylight lateral illumination ⇒
 R > 220 AND G > 210 AND B > 170
AND
|R – G| ≤ 15 AND (i.e., R and G components
must be close together)
R > B AND G > B (i.e., B component must be
the smallest component).
This is how we get the basic information
about the candidates' faces. So describe the skin
color and describe the step [15].
B. YCbCr Skin Detection Implementation
YCbCr is an encoded non-linear RGB signal,
used in European TV studios and also used for
the compression of images. YcbCr is a colorful
space commonly used in digital video. The
representation makes it easy to get rid of
redundant color information [14]. Here, to
segment the skin color, we choose the YCbCr
color space, which is similar to human visual
perception in principle. These components of Y,
Cr and Cb can be acquired by linear
transformation of RGB color space [16]. The
traditional YCbCr color space is optimized for
face detection, and the enhanced color space can
reflect the entire face color, so the system can
detect the face more precisely [8].
In our work, we build a skin tone model based
on clearly defined skin areas in the Cb Cr color
space. The Cb Cr color space has been chosen in
our work for several reasons: It does not contain
information about the luminance that gives a
general pattern of skin tones; it contains only two
components which help to speed up the
calculations; and the transformations from RGB
color space into Cb Cr Proceedings of the
Geometric Modeling and picturing color space is
done by using simple and fast transformations.
The major reason for using clearly defined skin
areas in building a skin detector is its speed in
detecting skin areas. We have collected human
skin samples from several races to build the
model. For each pixel in samples of skin, the
values of Cb and Cr are calculated. After the Cb
Cr skin color model is built, it can be used for the
discovery of skin. The first step in skin detection
is pixel-based skin discovery, where the skin
discoverer start to test each pixels of the input
picture and computes its Cb and Cr. If Cb and Cr
values of the pixels satisfy the inequalities, then
this pixel is considered skin. The range of values
for skin color were according to experimental
results [13].
1. 137 < Cr < 177;
2. 77 < Cb < 127;
3. 190 < Cb + 0.6 Cr < 215.
The YCbCr space was chosen for following
reasons [1]:
1. Bitmaps use RGB planes straight to
represent color images. But after conducting some
medical research, it proved that the human eye has
a different sensitivity to color and brightness.
Then they suggested converting RGB to YCbCr.
2. The luminance component (Y) of YCbCr
is independent of the color, so it can be adopted
to solve the illumination variation problem, and it
is easy to program.
3. The bunch of skin color is more compact
in YCbCr than in the space of other colors.
4. YCbCr has the smallest interference
between skin and non-skin data under different
lighting conditions. YCbCr is used in video
compression standards (such as MPEG and
JPEG).
5. YCbCr1c is' ac family's off colors spaces
used' in systems of video. YCbCr was defined for
standard-definitions TV used ink they ITU-R
BT.601 standards ford used within digitals
components video.
6. YcbCr is one of two main spaces of colors
used to characterize digital constituent video (the
other is RGB).
7. The difference between YcbCr and RGBs
is that YcbCr represents color ask brightness and
two color differences signals, and RGB represents
colors as red, green and blue.
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
We implemented the considered skin
segmentation algorithm with Visual Basic 6. For'
evaluating the performance of the discovery, we
conducted many tests on different images,
including 6 pictures under different' illumination
conditions. Image 1 represents the normal
lighting, Image 2 denotes lighting under sidelight,
and Image 3 comprises images in a gloomy scene,
see Figure 3. Despite the selection of the
categorization method and the color space,
published research on skin discovery indicates a

real discovery of 95% while false detection rates
range from 15% to 30% [6]. The database
contains information on many eyes with partial
closure and round face in each group. The
experiment is a results of different lights and the
test results in the partial rotation of the face;
moreover, some skin images are revealed.
However, it is not possible to pass the matching
of the eye template or the examination of pre-
rules. Human face discovery is the first step in
Figure 3. Original tested images
A. Results of Skin Color Based Discovery in
RGB Color Space
The results from this' experiment reveal that
RGB color space is not compatible with skin
discovery, based on skin color categorization. Its
Table 1.
Results of RGB elapsed processing time for both slower and faster image programming techniques
Image name Elapsed time faster
1/1000 sec.
Child 1 190
Picture 2 150
Hand 1 190
Picture 5 230
Pepol 360
Child 2 400
B. Results of Skin Color-Based Discovery in
YCbCr Color Spaces
Other experiments have been performed on
the RGB color space, which' provided faster and
better' than the results from the YCbCr color
space. The following listed results show that the
7
finding biometrics for facial skin. And skin color
is a distinctive feature of human faces. In a
controlled environment, skin discovery can be
sufficient to identify faces in images. Because
color processing is much faster than other facial
features, it can be used as the primary process for
other face detection techniques. Skin detection
has also been used to locate the ends of the body,
such as hands.
results also confirm that the false detection rate is
very high, thus causing very low accuracy in
detecting skin over all the body. See Figure 4a
and Table 1.
Elapsed time slow
1/1000 sec.
2880
2140
2920
3340
5460
5600
false discovery rate is high in RGB, thus causing
low accuracy in detecting the skin region. The
quality of input image is not very good, but the
skin model has detected all skin regions with
little deviation with respect to the expected result
(Figure 4b and Table 2).
 8 Mohammed et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol. 55 No. 1 Feb. 2020

b
Figure 4. a - Results of RGB skin detection, b - Results of YCbCr skin detection

Table 2.
Results of YCbCr elapsed processing time for both slower and faster image programming techniques
Image name Time elapsed faster Time elapsed slow
1/1000 sec. 1/1000 sec.
Child 1 470 2190
Picture 2 630 2410
Hand 1 730 2970
Picture 5 800 3370
Pepol 1170 5540
Child 2 1190 5590
According to that we assume that the skin
color is determined by its Cr and Cb color IX. CONCLUSIONS
components, so the luminance component Digital detection of skin in videos and
depends on the light conditions. There is also a pictures is a good way to identify skin color
hypothesis that says the skin color of many pixels, which indicate the presence of faces and
people as well as the types of human skin color hands. All beings in the world have color in their
are the same in the components of the dye. The skin that can look like some types of leather,
difference is according to the luminance wood, fur, etc., which can be mistakenly detected
parameter change, and this indicates that there is by the skin detector. The digital identification of
no need to track the function of the luminance skin is very important and useful in finding
component in detecting skin tone in the YCbCr human hands and faces in controlled
color space. The advantage of this method is environments where it is ensured that the
simplicity and low computational costs. In this background does not contain skin color. Because
project, it is difficult to distinguish between the skin detection depends on locating pixels that
background color of the image if it is similar to contain skin tone, its use is limited to color
the skin color (red). images, that is, it's not useful in gray scales,
 9

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