Professional Documents
Culture Documents
{S>g|~a, 2010 V¥{V¶ df© H$cm- qhXr - àíZnÌ-4 qhXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg
1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ …
H$mc-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU
2. Am{XH$mb …
{gÕ gm{h˶, ZmW gm{h˶, O¡Z gm{h˶, bm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ Am¡a amgmo gm{h˶ H$s
gm‘mݶ {deofVmE±
3. ^p³VH$mb …
g§V H$mì¶, gy’$s H$mì¶, am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ Am¡a H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE±
4. ar{VH$mb …
ar{V ~Õ, ar{V {gÕ Am¡a ar{V ‘w³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m±
5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb …
(H$) AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H$[dVm H$m {dH$mg
(^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ, N>m¶mdmX, àJ{VdmX, à¶moJdmX, Z¶r H${dVm VWm ZdJrV H$s
à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m±)
(I) {hÝXr JÚ H$s {dYmE±
([hÝXr Cnݶmg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Am¡a {Z~ÝY gm{h˶ H$m H«${‘H$ {dH$mg)
({hÝXr JÚ {dYmAm| Ho$ I§S> go ¶wJ-{d^mOZ AWdm ¶wJ {deof gå~§Yr àíZ Ano{jV Zht
h¢&)
{deof gyMZm - Bg àíZnÌ ‘| Mma àíZ {dH$ën g{hV nyN>o OmE±& nm±Mdo§ àíZ ‘| "H$' Am¡a
"I' Xmo I§S> hm|& I§S> "H$' ‘| Xmo {Q>ßn{U¶m± nyN>r OmE± {OZ‘| go {H$gr EH$ H$m CÎma Ano{jV hmo
Am¡a I§S> "I' Ho$ AÝVJ©V Xg dñVw{Zð> àíZ {ZYm©[aV àíZ gyMr ‘| nyN>o OmE±& g^r àíZm| Ho$
{bE 20 A§H$ {ZYm©[aV h¢&
1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ ¶wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mc' Ho$ Zm‘ go {H$gZo A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡?
- hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr
2. {hÝXr H$m àW‘ H${d {H$go ‘mZm J¶m h¡? - gahnmX
3. "drgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - Zan{V Zmëh
4. "nS>‘ M[aC' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? - ñd¶§^y
5. Am{XH$mb ‘| I‹S>r ~mocr H$mo H$mì¶-^mfm ~ZmZodmbo àW‘ H${d H$m Zm‘ {b{IE&
- A‘ra Iwgamo
6. {H$g H${d H$mo "‘¡{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$hm J¶m h¡? - {dÚmn{V
7. gahnmX H$s gdm©{YH$ à{gÓ aMZm H$m¡Z-gr h¡? - XmohmH$mof
8. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {H$g H$mb H$mo "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m ñdU©-¶wJ' H$hm J¶m h¡?
- ^p³VH$mb
9. "M§Xm¶Z' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘w„m XmD$X
10. "XmXÿ' ^p³VH$mb H$s {H$g Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡? - {ZJw©U
11. "H${dVmdbr' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - VwbgrXmg
12. "^«‘aJrV' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - gyaXmg
13. VwbgrXmg Zo {H$g ‘hmH$mì¶ H$s aMZm H$s? - am‘M[aV ‘mZg
14. "ewÕmÛ¡VdmX' H$m gå~§Y {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$s {H$g Ymam go h¡? - H¥$îU ^p³V emIm
(d„^mMm¶©)
15. am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ na {H$g Xe©Z H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡?- {d{eð>m Û¡VdmX
(am‘mZwOmMm¶©)
16. nwéf àYmZ gm‘§Vr na§nam H$mo {H$g ‘ܶ¶wJrZ H$d{¶Ìr Zo MwZm¡Vr Xr Wr? - ‘ram
17. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo "CÎma ‘ܶ H$mb' H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Zm‘ {X¶m h¡? - ar{VH$mb
18. ar{VH$mb H$mo H$mì¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$VZo ^mJm| ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¢? - VrZ
19. ar{V {gÕ H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d H$m¡Z h¢? - {~hmar
20. ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag àYmZ aMZmE± H$s h¢? - ^yfU
21. KZmZ§X {H$g H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ H${d h¢? - ar{V‘w³V
22. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| {bIm J¶m I‹S>r ~mobr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$m¡Z-gm h¡?
- {චàdmg
23. "gmHo$V' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘¡{Wbr eaU Jwá
24. "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m H${d H$m¡Z h¡? - ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
25. N>m¶mdmX H$mo "ñWyb Ho$ à{V gyú‘ H$m [dÐmoh' {H$g AmbmoMH$ Zo H$hm h¡? - S>m°. ZJ«|Ð
26. H$m‘m¶Zr ‘| {H$g Xe©Z H$s A{^ì¶{º$ hþB© h¡? - e¡d Xe©Z
1.1. CÔoí¶
àñVwV I§S> H$s nhbr BH$mB© ‘| {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m OmEJm&
BgHo$ A{V[a³V {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m H$mb {d^mOZ Zm‘H$aU na {dñV¥V MMm© Bg Aܶm¶ ‘|
H$s J¶r h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Am¡a AmMm¶m] Ho$ ‘V ^r
Bg Aܶm¶ ‘| {X¶o J¶o h¢& Vm{H$ Bg BH$mB© H$m Aܶ¶Z H$a {dÚmWu ~moY àíZm| H$m CÎma
AmgmZr go àmá H$a gH|$Jo&
1.2 àñVmdZm
gm{h˶ ZXr Ho$ àdmh H$s Vah hmoVm h¡& Omo {Za§Va AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡& Cg‘| Z H$moB©
éH$mdQ> AmVr h¢& Am¡a Z hr H$moB© Cgo ^§J H$aVm h¡& hm± g‘¶ Ho$ gmW gmW Cg‘| n[adV©Z
AmVo ahVo h¡ Am¡a n[adV©Z Ho$ AZwê$n gm{h˶ H$mo Z¶r àd¥{Îm¶m±, Z¶r {XemE± {‘bVr h¡&
{H$gr ^r gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aZo H$s gdm©{YH$ Cn¶wº$ àUmcr
Cg gm{h˶ ‘| àdm{hV gm{h˶ YmamAmo§, {d{dY àd¥{Îm¶mo|Ho$ AmYma na Cgo {d^m{OV H$aZm
h¡& ¶wJ H$s n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ AZwHy$c gm{h˶ H$s {df¶ VWm e¡brJV àd¥{V¶m± n[ad{V©V hmoVr
ahVr h¡& {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {df¶ ‘| ^r ¶hr ~mV ¶wp³V¶w³V àVrV hmoVr h¡& EH$ {deof H$mc ‘|
g‘mO H$s {deof n{apñW{V¶m± Ed§ VËgå~ÝYr {dMmaYmamE± ahr h¡ Am¡a CÝht Ho$ AZwén
gm{hp˶H$ aMZmE± àñVwV hþB© h¡& AndmX aho Adí¶ naÝVw Jm¡U àd¥{Îm Ho$ én ‘|& H$mb-
{d^mOZ H$aVo g‘¶ ñd¶§ AmMm¶© ew³bOr Zo {d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| AnZm ‘V
ñnï> H$a {X¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡- ""O~{H$ à˶oH$ Xoe H$m gm{h˶ dhm± H$s OZVm H$s
{MÎmd¥{Îm H$m g§{MV à{V{~å~ hmoVm h¡ V~ ¶h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ OZVm H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm Ho$ n[adV©Z
Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{h˶ Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVm Mcm OmVm h¡& Am{X go AÝV VH$ BÝhr
{MÎmd¥{Îm¶m|H$s naånam H$mo naIVo hþE gm{h˶ naånam Ho$ gmW CZH$m gm‘§Oñ¶ {XImZm hr
gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg H$hcmVm h¡&''
{‘l ~ÝYwAmo Ho$ níMmV² AmMm¶© am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo gZ² 1929 ‘| "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m
B{Vhmg' àñVwV H$aVo hþE H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Z¶m à¶mg {H$¶m& BZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘|
A{YH$ gacVm, ñnï>Vm Ed§ gw~mooYVm h¡& AnZr Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU dh AmO VH$
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$mo coH$a {dÛmZmo ‘| A{YH$ ‘V^oX Zhr h¡, Ho$dc
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Amaå^ H$mo coH$a ‘V^oX h¡& Cg‘| ^r ‘w»¶V: Xm|o dJ© h¡ - EH$ dJ© {hÝXr
gm{h˶ H$m àmaå^ gmVdt eVmãXr go ‘mZVm h¡, Am¡a Xÿgam dJ© Xgdt eVmãXr go& dmñVd ‘|
gmVdr eVmãXr go Xgdr eVmãXr Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$mo {hÝXr gm[h˶ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ Ho$ én ‘|
ñdrH$ma H$a {c¶m Om¶ Vmo ¶h ‘V^oX ^r g‘má hmo OmVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s aMZmE±
An^«§e ‘| h¡ Am¡a An^«§e go hr {hÝXr ^mfm H$m OÝ‘ hþAm h¡& {hÝXr ^mfm Ed§ gm{h˶ H$s ‘yc
MoVZm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s ^mfm Ho$ ñdén Ed§ gm{h˶-Ymam H$mo g‘PZm
A{V Amdí¶H$ h¡&
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {d{^Þ H$mcIÊ‹S>mo§ Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡&
‘w»¶V: Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (Am{XH$mc) Am¡a
gÌhdr eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a hr
A{YH$ ‘V^oX h¡&
A) Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> H$m {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ûmam {H$¶m
J¶m Zm‘H$aU BgàH$ma h¡ -
MmaUH$mc - {J«¶g©Z
àmapå^H$ H$mc - {‘l~ÝYw
draJmWmH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c
{gÕgm‘§V H$mc - amhþc gm§H¥$˶m¶Z
~rOdnZ H$mc - ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr
draH$mc - {dídZmWàgmX {‘l
Am{XH$mc - hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
g§{YH$mc Ed§ MmaUH$mc - S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©
àmapå^H$ H$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo 643 B©gdr go 1387 B©gdr VH$ Ho$ H$mc H$mo
"àmapå^H$ H$mc' Zm‘ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Zm‘ {H$gr gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$m ÚmoVH$ Zhr
h¡& ¶h EH$ gm‘mݶ g§km h¡ Omo {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ àmaå^ H$mo ~VmVr h¡& AV: ¶h Zm‘ ^r
VH©$g§JV Zhr h¡&
draJmWmH$mc …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Zo AnZo {hÝXr gm[h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| g§dV²
1050 go coH$a 1375 B©gdr VH$ H$s H$mcmd{Y H$mo "draJmWm H$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& AnZo ‘V
Ho$ g‘W©Z ‘| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ - ""Am{XH$mc H$s XrK© naånam Ho$ ~rM àW‘ S>o‹T>-Xmo gm¡ dfm} Ho$
^rVa Vmo aMZm H$s {H$gr {deof àd¥{Îm H$m {ZíM¶ Zhr hmo nmVm h¡ - Y‘©, Zr{V, l¥ÝJma, dra
g~ àH$ma H$s aMZmE± Xmohmo§ ‘| {‘cVr h¡& Bg A{Z{X©ï> cmoH$-àd¥{Îm Ho$ CnamÝV O~ go
‘wgc‘mZm| H$s M‹T>mB¶m± Ama§^ hmoVr h¡ V~ go h‘ {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$r àd¥{Îm {deof ê$n ‘| ~±YVr
hþB© nmVo h¡& amOm{lV H${d Am¡a MmaU {Og àH$ma ar{V, l¥ÝJma Am{X Ho$ ’w$Q>H$c Xmoho
amOg^mAm| ‘| gwZm¶m H$aVo Wo, Cgr àH$ma AnZo Aml¶XmVm amOmAm| Ho$ namH«$‘ nyU© M[aVm|
¶m JmWmAm| H$m ^r dU©Z {H$¶m H$aVo Wo& ¶h à~ÝY naånam "amgmo' Ho$ Zm‘ go nmB© OmVr h¡,
{Ogo cú¶ H$aHo$ Bg H$mc H$mo h‘Zo "draJmWm H$mc' H$hm h¡& ew³cOr Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m
Zm‘H$aU H$aZo Ho$ {cE {OZ ~mah J«ÝWm| H$mo AmYma ~Zm¶m do J«ÝW h¢ -
1. {dO¶nmc amgmo 7. n¥ÏdramO amgmo
2. hå‘ra amgmo 8. O¶MÝX àH$me
3. H$s{V©cVm 9. O¶‘¶§H$ OgMpÝÐH$m
4. H$s{V©nVmH$m 10. na‘mc amgmo
5. Iw‘mZ amgmo 11. Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m±
6.~rgcXod amgmo 12. {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr
{OZ ~mah aMZmAmo§ H$moo ew³c Or Zo Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma ‘mZm. AmMm¶© hOmaràgmX
{ÛdoXr Or Zo CZ aMZmAm| H$mo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ H$aVo hþE "draJmWmH$mc' Zm‘H$aU H$mo
{ZaW©H$ {gÕ {H$¶m h¡& O¡go ~rgcXod amgmo Am¡a Iw‘mZ amgmo Z¶o emoY n[aUm‘m| Ho$ AmYma na
gmochdt eVmãXr ‘| a{MV ‘mZo JE h¢& hå‘ra amgmo, O¶MÝÐàH$me Am¡a O¶‘¶§H$
OgMpÝÐH$m Zmo{Q>g ‘mÌ h¡& BgràH$ma à{gÕ ‘hmH$mì¶ n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$moo ^r AY©
àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ {c¶m J¶m h¡& na‘mc amgmo ¶m AmëhmI§S> Ho$ ‘yc H$m AmO H$hr nVm Zhr
cJVm Am¡a Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m± VWm {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ^r draJmWmË‘H$ Zhr h¡& BgHo$
A{V[aº$ Bg H$mc ‘| Ho$dc draH$mì¶ hr Zhr {cIo J¶o A{nVw Ym{‘©H$, l¥ÝJm[aH$ Am¡a
cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ H$s ^r aMZmE± hþB© h¡&
{gÕgm‘§V H$mc …- amhþc gm§H¥$˶m¶Z Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "{gÕ gm‘ÝV
H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ ‘VmZwgma Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> Ho$ g‘mO OrdZ na {gÕm| H$m Am¡a amOZr{V
na gm‘ÝVm| H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| gm‘ÝVm§o H$m ¶emoJmZ
hr à‘wI ê$n go {H$¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ H$s AÝV~m©ø àd¥{Îm¶mo§ H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZo na nVm McVm h¡
{H$ dhm± {gÕm| Am¡a gm‘ÝVm| H$m hr dM©ñd Wm&
~rOdnZ H$mc …- Am. ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "~rOdnZ
H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw ¶h Zm‘ ^r Cn¶w³V Zht h¡& ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h H$mc ^co hr ~rOdnZ
H$m H$mc hmo, na§Vw gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$s Ñ{ï> go pñW{V Eogr Zhr Wr& Bg Zm‘ go ¶h A^mg
hmooVm h¡ {H$ Cg g‘¶ gm{hp˶H$ n«d¥{Îm¶m± e¡ed ‘| Wr, O~{H$ Eogm Zhr h¡& gm{h˶ Cg ¶wJ ‘o§
^r àm¡‹T>Vm H$mo àmá ¶m A§V: ¶h Zm‘ C{MV Zhr h¡&
draH$mc …- Am. {dídZmW àgmX {‘Ì Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘ "draH$mc' {H$¶m h¡&
¶h Zm‘ Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Ûmam {X¶o J¶o Zm‘ "dra JmWm H$mc' H$m énmÝVa ‘mÌ h¡, {H$gr
ZdrZ V϶ H$mo àñVwV H$aZo dmcm Zht h¡& A§V: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ^r g‘rMrZ Zhr h¡&
gpÝY Ed§ MmaUH$mc …- S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© Zo Am{XH$mc H$mo Xmo IÊS>m| ‘o {d^m{OV
H$a "gpÝYH$mc' Ed§ "MmaUH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& gpÝYH$mc ^mfm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a
MmaUH$mc go EH$ dJ© {deof H$m ~mooY hmooVm h¡& Bg Zm‘H$aU ‘| ^r ¶h Ìw{Q> h¡ {H$ Bg‘| {H$gr
gm{h{˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$mo AmYma Zht ~Zm¶m J¶m& {H$gr Om{V {deof Ho$ Zm‘ na gm{h˶ ‘| Cg
H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU C{MV Zht& AV: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ^r R>rH$ Zht h¡&
H$) gÌhdt eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$
Zm‘H$aU {df¶H$ ‘V^oX …-
Am. ew³cOr Zo gd§V² 1700 go coH$a 1900 B. VH$ Ho$ g‘¶ H$mo CÎma
‘ܶH$mc Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| ar{V (cjU) J«ÝWm| Ho$ coIZ H$s naånam H$mo
XoIVo hwE Bgo "ar{VH$mc' H$hZm VH©$g§JV ‘mZm h¡& Bg H$mc Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$moo coH$a ^r
{dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡-
Ac§H¥$VH$mc - {‘l~ÝYw
ar{VH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c
H$cmH$mc - a‘me§H$a ew³c "agmc'
l¥ÝJma H$mc - n§. {dídZmW àgmX {‘l
Ac§H¥$VH$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU "Ac§H¥$V H$mc' H$aVo hþE H$hm
h¡ {H$ - ""ar{VH$mcrZ H${d¶mo'' Zo {OVZo AmJ«h Ho$ gmW aMZm e¡cr H$mo Ac§H¥$V H$aZo H$m
à¶mg {H$¶m h¡. CVZm Aݶ {H$gr ^r H$mc Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo Zht& Bg àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU ¶h
Ac§H¥$VH$mc h¡& Bg H$mc H$mo Ac§H¥$VH$mc H$hZo H$m Xÿgam H$maU ¶h h¡ {H$ Bg H$mc Ho$
H${d¶m| Zo Ac§H$ma {Zê$nH$ J«ÝWm| Ho$ coIZ ‘| {deof ê${M àX{e©V H$s& ‘hmamOm Ogd§Vqgh
H$m "^mfm ^yfU', ‘{Vam‘ H$m "c{cV ccm‘', Ho$ed H$s "H${d{à¶m', "a{gH${à¶m' VWm
gya{V {‘l H$s "Ac§H$ma ‘mcm' Am{X J«ÝW ‘hËdnyU© h¡&
na§Vw Bg H$mc H$mo "Ac§H¥$VH$mc' Zm‘ XoZm C{MV Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Ac§H$aU H$s àd¥{Îm
Bg H$mc H$s {deof àd¥{Îm Zht h¡& ¶h àd¥{Îm Vmo {hÝXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc go coH$a AmO VH$ Mcr
Am ahr h¡& Xygao ¶h Zm‘H$aU H${dVm Ho$ Ho$dc ~{ha§J nj H$m gyMH$ h¡& Bggo H${dVm Ho$
A§Va§J nj ^md Ed§ ag H$s AdhocZm hmoVr h¡ VWm {~hmar Am¡a ‘{Vam‘ O¡go ag{gÕ H${d,
{OZH$s H${dVm ‘| ^md H$s àYmZVm h¡, CZH$s H${dVm Ho$ gmW ݶm¶ Zht hmo nmVm& BgHo$
A{V[aº$ Ac§H¥$VH$mc Zm‘ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a coZo go Bg H$mc H$s {deof àd¥{Îm l¥ÝJma Am¡a
emór¶Vm H$s nyU© Cnojm hmo OmVr h¡&
H$cmH$mc …-a‘me§H$a ew³c "agmc' Zo Bg H$mc H$mo "H$cmH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡&
CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ ""‘wJc g‘«mQ> emhOhm± H$m gånyU© emgZ H$mc H$cm do{ï>V Wm& Bg ¶wJ ‘|
EH$ Amoa ñWmn˶ H$cm H$m Ma‘ {~ÝXþ VmO‘hc Ho$ ê$n ‘| "H$mc Ho$ Jmc H$m Aly' ~ZH$a
àH$Q> hþAm Vmo Xÿgar Amoa {hÝXr H${dVm ^r H$cmË‘H$Vm go g§¶wº$ hþB©& Bg H$mc Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo
{df¶ H$s Anojm e¡cr H$s Amoa A[YH$ ܶmZ {X¶m& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| {MÌH$cm H$m ^r ¶moJ hþE
{~Zm Z ah gH$m& AV:Ed§ ¶h H$cmH$mc h¡&''
H$cmH$mc Zm‘ go ^r dñVwV: H${dVm Ho$ ~mø nj H$s {deofVm H$m hr ~moY hmoVm h¡&
H${dVm H$m Am§V[aH$ nj Cno{jV ah OmVm h¡& gmW hr Bg ¶wJ H$s ì¶mnH$ l¥§Jm[aH$ MoVZm H$s
Ad‘mZZm hmo OmVr h¡&
ar{VH$mc …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU "ar{VH$mc' {H$¶m h¡&
CZH$m ‘V h¡ {H$- ""BZ ar{VJ«ÝWmo'' Ho$ H$Vm© ^mdwH$, göX¶ Am¡a {ZnwU H${d Wo& CZH$m
CÔoí¶ H${dVm H$aZm Wm, Z {H$ H$mì¶m§Jmo H$m emór¶ nÕ{V na {ZénU H$aZm& AV: CZHo$
Ûmam ~‹S>m ^mar H$m¶© ¶h hþAm {H$ agm| ({deofV: l¥§Jma ag) Am¡a Ac§H$mam| Ho$ ~hþV hr gag
Am¡a öX¶J«mhr CXmhaU A˶ÝV àMwa n[aUm‘ ‘| àmá hþE&'' ew³cOr Ho$ Bg Zm‘H$aU H$m
AmYma Bg H$mc ‘| ar{VJ«ÝWm| Am¡a ar{VJ«ÝWH$mam| H$s gwXrK© naånam h¡& Bg Zm‘ H$moo g^r
{dÛmZm| Zo cJ^J EH$‘V go ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr, S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Am{X
{dÛmZm| Zo ^r ew³cOr Ûmam {X¶o J¶o Bg Zm‘ H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡& S>m°. ^JraW {‘l Or Zo Bg
¶wJ Ho$ "ar{VH$mc' Zm‘ H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ - ""H$cmH$mc H$hZo go
H${d¶m| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s Cnojm hmoVr h¡& l¥§Jma H$mc H$hZo go dra ag Am¡a amO àe§gm H$s,
qH$Vw ar{VH$mc H$aZo go àm¶: H$moB© ^r ‘hÎdnyU© dñVwJV {deofVm Cno{jV Zht hmoVr Am¡a
à‘wI àd¥{Îm gm‘Zo Am OmVr h¡& ¶h ¶wJ ar{V-nÕ{V H$m ¶wJ Wm, ¶h YmaUm dmñV{dH$ ê$n
go ghr h¡&'' BgàH$ma "ar{VH$mc' Zm‘H$aU A{YH$ VH©$g§JV Ed§‘² d¡km{ZH$ àVrV hmoVm h¡&
2.1 CÔoí¶
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V Am{XH$mcrZ {dÚmWu gm{h˶ H$m {dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z H$a gH|$Jo&
Am{XH$mcrZ H$mì¶ ‘| VrZ àH$ma H$s gm{h˶ aMZm à‘wI ê$n g| hþB© h¢- Ym{‘©H$ gm{h˶,
cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ Am¡a amgmo gm{h˶ Bg BH$mB© Ho$ Aܶ¶Z g| {dÚmWu¶m| H$mo {gÕ gm{h˶,
ZmW gm{h˶ Am¡a amgmo gm{h˶ H$s gånyU© OmZH$mar {‘c gHo$Jr Am¡a {deofVmAm| H$m ^r
{dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z {dÚmWu H$a gH|$Jo&
2.2 àñVmdZm
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ H$mc H$mo Am{XH$mc H$hm OmVm h¡& {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$
Ama§{^H$ g‘¶ H$s aMZmE± gm{h˶ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ Aܶ¶Z Ho$ {cE A˶§V Amdí¶H$ h¡& na§Vw
A{YH$m§e Am{XH$mcrZ J«§Wm| H$m CncãY Z hmoZm, à‘m{UH$Vm ‘| g§{X½YVm, H$mc{ZYm©aU ‘|
gm‘§Oñ¶ Z ~¡R>Zm Am{X H${R>ZmB©¶m| Ho$ gmW gm{h˶ Ho$ {dÛmZm|, AmMm¶m] Ûmam ì¶dpñWV
YmaUm ~Zm coZm ~hþV hr Hw$ecVm H$m H$m¶© h¡&
{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m Am{XH$mc {Ogo draJmWm H$mc, MmaUH$mc, {gÕ gm‘ÝV ¶wJ,
~rOdnZ H$mc, draH$mc Am{U AZoH$ g§kmAm| go {d^w{fV {H$¶m h¡, {hÝXr H$m g~go
{ddmXJ«ñV H$mc ahm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| EH$ Va’$ g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Eogo ~S>o-~S>o H${d CËnÞ hþE
{OZH$s aMZmE± g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶-naånam H$s Ma‘ gr‘m na nhþ±M J¶r Wr Vmo Xÿgar Amoa An^«§e
Ho$ H${d CËnÞ hþE Omo A˶ÝV gac Ed§ ghO ^mfm ‘| A˶ÝV g§{já eãXm| ‘| AnZo ‘m{‘©H$
^md àH$Q> H$a aho Wo& dñVwV: Bg H$mc ‘| Ohm± EH$ Amoa {gÕ, ZmW Am¡a O¡Z gm{h˶ H$m
{Z‘m©U hþAm {Ogo Y‘m©l¶ àmá hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh ’y$cVm-’$cVm ahm. dhm± Xÿgar Amoa
amOñWmZ Ho$ MmaU H${d¶m| Ûmam M[aV H$mì¶ ^r aMo J¶o, {OÝh| amOml¶ {‘cZo Ho$ H$maU dh
àe§gm H$m {df¶ ~Zm& naÝVw Bg H$mc ‘| BZ XmoZm| H$mì¶-YmamAm| go {^Þ cmoH$ gm{h˶ H$r
^r aMZm hþB©, dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go ¶h gm{h˶ cwá gm
hmo J¶m& Cggo BVZm Adí¶ kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mc ‘| cmoH$ gm{h˶ ^r cmoH$ àM{cV
ahm h¡& Cn¶w³V Am{XH$mcrZ g^r gm{h˶ H$mo àd¥{Îm¶mo| Ho$ AmYma na {ZåZ én ‘| dJuH¥$V
Am{XH$mcrZ gm{h˶
{gÕ gm{h˶ AnZr àd¥{Îm Am¡a à^md Ho$ H$maU {hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| {deof ‘hËd
aIVm h¡& BZ {gÕm|Zo AnZo gåàXm¶ Ho$ {gÕmÝVmo H$m {X½Xe©Z H$aZodmco gmYZmnaH$ gm{h˶
H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m& {gÕ-gm{h˶ H$s gm‘mݶ àd¥{Îm¶m° BgàH$ma h¡ …-
5) ahñ¶mË‘H$ AZw^y{V …-
{gÕm| Zoo àkm Am¡a Cnm¶ (H$ê$Um) Ho$ {‘cZmonamÝV àmá ‘hmgwI H$m dU©Z
Am¡a {ddoMZ AZoH$ énH$m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go {H$¶m h¡& Zm¡H$m, drUm, Myhm, [haU Am{X ê$nH$m| H$m
à¶moJ BÝhm|Zo ahñ¶mZw^y{V H$s ì¶m»¶m Ho$ [cE [H$¶m h¡& a{d, e{e, H$‘c, Hw${ce, àmU,
AdYyV Am{X Vm§{ÌH$ eãXm| H$m à¶mooJ ^r Bgr ì¶m»¶m Ho$ {cE hþAm h¡& S>m°. Y‘©dra ^maVr Zo
AnZo emoY J«ÝW "{gÕ gm{h˶' ‘| {gÕm| H$s eãXmdcr H$s Xme©{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m H$a CgHo$
AmܶmpË‘H$ nj H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡&
8) N>ÝX à¶moJ …-
{gÕm| H$s A{YH$m§e aMZm M¶m© JrVmo ‘| hþB© h¡, VWm{n Bg‘o§ Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© O¡go
cmoH${චN>ÝX ^r à¶w³V hþE h¡& {gÕm| Ho$ {cE Xmohm ~hþV hr {චN>ÝX ahm h¡& CZH$s aMZmAmo§
‘o§ H$ht H$ht gmoaR>m Am¡a N>ßn¶ H$m ^r à¶moJ nm¶m OmVm h¡&
{gÕ gm{h˶ ‘| Am JB© {dH¥${V¶m| Ho$ {damoY ‘| ZmW gm{h˶ H$m OÝ‘ hþAm&
¶Ú{n BZH$m ‘yc ^r ~m¡Õm| H$s dO«¶mZ emIm hr h¡& {gÕm| Zo "¶moJ-gmYZm' H$mo Zrao ‘¡WyZ H$m
ñdê$n XoH$a g‘mO ‘| AnZo ñd¡amMma H$mo "dm‘‘mJ©' H$s eaU Xr Wr& ZmW-gåàXm¶ Zo
¶moJ-gmYZm H$mo EH$ ñdñW gmYZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm¶m Am¡a Am{XH$mcrZ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$
OrdZ ‘| ì¶má AZmMma H$mo IË‘ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& ¶Ú{n ZmW cmoJ Bg ‘V Ho$ OZH$
"Am{XZmW {ed' H$mo ‘mZVo h¡, co{H$Z ghr AW© ‘| Bg ‘V H$mo EH$ gwì¶dpñWV én XoZo H$m
lo¶ JmoaIZmW H$mo {X¶m OmVm h¡& JmooaIZmW Zo AnZo Bg gåàXm¶ H$mo {gÕ gåàXm¶ go
AcJ H$a {X¶m Am¡a BgH$m Zm‘ "ZmW gåàXm¶' aIm&
"ZmW' eãX ‘| go "Zm' H$m AW© h¡ "AZm{X ê$n' Am¡a "W' H$m AW© h¡ "^ydZ̶
‘| ñWm{nV hmoZm& BgàH$ma "ZmW' eãX H$m AW© h¡- dh AZm{X Y‘©, Omo ^ydZ̶ H$s pñW{V
H$m H$maU h¡& Xÿgar ì¶m»¶m Ho$ AZwgma - "ZmW' dh VËd h¡, Omo ‘moj àXmZ H$aVm h¡& ZmW
~«÷ H$m CX²~moYZ H$aVm h¡, VWm AkmZ H$m Xé‘Z H$aVm h¡& ZmW gåàXm¶ CZ gmYH$m| H$m
gåàXm¶ h¡ Omoo "ZmW' H$moo na‘VËd ñdrH$ma H$a CgH$s àm[á Ho$ {cE ¶moJ gmYZm H$aVo Wo
VWm Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| Xr{jV hmoH$a AnZo Zm‘ Ho$ AÝV ‘| "ZmW' Cnm{Y Omo‹S>Vo Wo& ZmW eãX
H$m à¶mooJ ~«÷ Ho$ {cE ^r hþAm h¡ Am¡a gX²Jwê$ Ho$ {cE ^r& BZ ¶mo{J¶m| H$s EH$ {d{eð> doe^yfm
hmooVr h¡& à˶oH$ ¶moJr EH$ {ZpíMV {V{W H$mo H$mZ {MaIm H$a Hw§$‹S>c YmaU H$aVm h¡ {Ogo ‘wÐm
H$hVo h¡& BZHo$ hmW ‘| qH$H$ar {ga na OQ>m, eara na ^ñ‘, H§$R> ‘| ê$Ðmj H$s ‘mcm, hmW ‘|
H$‘Ê‹S>c, H$ÝYo na ì¶mK«M‘© Am¡a ~µJc ‘o Ißna ahVm h¡&
ZmW gåàXmg ‘| Zm¡ ZmW AmVo h¡, {OZHo$ Zm‘ h¡ - (1) Am{XZmW (ñd¶§
{ed), (2) ‘Ëñ¶ÝÐZmW, (3) JmoaIZmW, (4) J{hUrZmW, (5) Mn©Q>ZmW, (6)
Mm¡a§JrZmW, (7) Omc§YaZmW, (8) ^V¥©ZmW (^aWarZmW) Am¡a (9) JmonrMÝX ZmW& BZ
ZmWm|Zo AnZo gåàXm¶ ‘| ^moJ H$m {VañH$ma, BpÝж g§¶‘, ‘Z:gmYZm, àmUgmYZm,
Hw$ÊS>{cZr OmJaU, ¶moJ gmYZm H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡& BZH$r gmYZm H$m ‘yc ñda erc,
g§¶‘ Am¡a ewÕVmdmXr Wm& Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| BpÝж {ZJ«h na {deof ~c {X¶m J¶m h¡& BpÝжm|
Ho$ {cE g~go ~‹S>m AmH$f©U Zmar h¡, AV: Zmar go Xÿa ahZm H$s ^agH$ {ejm Xr JB© h¡& g§^d
h¡ {H$ JmoaIZmW Zo ~m¡Õ {dhmam| ‘| {^jw{Z¶m| Ho$ àdoe H$m n[aUm‘ Am¡a CZH$m M[a{ÌH$ nVZ
XoIm hmo& Bg gåàXm¶ ‘| {Zd¥{Îm Am¡a ‘wp³V Jwê$ Ho$ àgmX go hr g§^d ‘mZr JB© h¡& AV: Jwê$
H$m {deof ‘hËd h¡& ZmW n§{W¶m| Ho$ ‘w»¶ {gÕmÝV BpÝX«¶ -g§J‘, ‘Z:gmYZm, hR>¶moJ
gmYZm Am{X H$m à^md H$~ra Ed§ Aݶ gÝVm| H$s aMZmAm| ‘o XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& JmoaIZmW
Am{X Zo {OZ àVrH$m| H$mo nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$mo, IÊ‹S>Z - ‘Ê‹S>ZmË‘H$ e¡cr H$mo AnZm¶m
CgH$m {dH$mg g§V gm{h˶ ‘| {‘cVm h¡&
ZmWm| H$s gmYZm-àUmcr "hR>¶moJ' na AmYm[aV h¡& "h' H$m AW© gy¶© Am¡a
"R>' H$m AW© MÝÐ ~Vcm¶m J¶m h¡& gy¶© Am¡a MÝÐ Ho$ ¶moJm| H$mo hR>¶moJ H$hVo h¡& ¶hm± gy¶© B‹S>m
ZmS>r H$m Am¡a MÝÐ qnJcm ZmS>r H$m àVrH$ h¡& Bg gmYZm nÕ{V Ho$ AZwgma à˶oH$ ì¶{º$
Hw$Ê‹S>[cZr Am¡a àmUe{º$ coH$a n¡Xm hmoVm h¡& gm‘mݶ V¶m Hw$Ê‹S>{cZr e{º$ gwfwá ahVr h¡&
3) Jwê$ ‘{h‘m …-
ZmW gåàXm¶ ‘| Jwê$ H$m ñWmZ gdm}n[a ‘mZm h¡& Bg{cE Jwê$-{eî¶ naånam
H$mo ZmW gåàXm¶ ‘| A˶m{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m OmVm h¡& CZH$s ‘mݶVm h¡ {H$ d¡am½¶^md H$m
Ñ‹T>rH$aU Am¡a {Ì{dY gmYZm Jwê$ kmZ go hr g§^d hmo nmVr h¡& JmoaIZmW Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ Jwê$ hr
AmË‘m~«÷ go AdJV H$amVo h¡& Jwê$ go àmá kmZ Ho$ àH$me ‘| VrZm| cmoH$ H$m ahñ¶ àH$Q> hmo
gH$Vm h¡&
Am{XH$mc H$s CncãY gm‘J«r ‘| g~go A{YH$ J«§Wmo H$s g§»¶m O¡Z J«ÝWm| H$s h¡& O¡Z
Y‘© Ho$ àdV©H$ ‘hmdra ñdm‘r h¡& BZH$m g‘¶ N>R>r eVmãXr ‘mZm OmVm h¡& ~m¡Õm| H$s Vah
BÝhm|Zo ^r g§gma Ho$ Xþ:Imo§ H$s Amoa ~hþV ܶmZ {X¶m& gwI-Xþ:I Ho$ ~ÝYZm| na BÝhm|Zo OrV
nmB© {Oggo ¶o "{OÞ' H$hcm¶o& {OÞ eãX go hr O¡Z eãX H$s CËn{Îm hþB© h¡& BÝhm|Zo 30 df©
VH$ AnZo CnXoe {X¶o& ‘hmdra O¡Z Zo Aqhgm na A{YH$ ~c {X¶m Am¡a Xod nyOm H$m {damoY
{H$¶m& O¡Z Y‘© Ho$ ‘yc {gÕmÝV Mma ~mVm| na AmYm[aV h¢ - Aqhgm, g˶ ^mfU , AñVo¶
Am¡a AZmg{º$& ~mX ‘| ~«÷mM¶© ^r Bg‘| gm{‘c H$a {c¶m J¶m& Bg Y‘© ‘| ~hþV go AmMm¶©
Am¡a VrW©H$ma hþE. {OZH$s g§»¶m 24 ‘mZr OmVr h¡& BÝhm|Zo Bg Y‘© H$mo ’¡$cmZo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m& AmJo McH$a O¡Z Y‘© Xmo emImAm| {XJ§~a Am¡a ídoVm§~a ‘| ~±Q> J¶m& O¡Z Y‘© H$s BZ Xmo
emImAm| Zo Y‘© àgma Ho$ {cE Omo gm{h˶ {cIm dh O¡Z gm{h˶ Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡&
{XJå~a O¡Z gmYwAm| Am¡a H${d¶m| H$m joÌ X{jU ^maV Am¡a ‘ܶ Xoe ahm h¡ Am¡a ídoVmå~a
O¡Z gmYwAm| VWm H${d¶m| H$m joÌ A{YH$Va amOñWmZ Am¡a JwOamV ahm h¡&
BZ O¡Z ‘w{Z¶m| Ûmam An^«§e ‘| {c{IV O¡Z gm{h˶ Ym{‘©H$ X¥{ï> go hr Zhr gm{hp˶H$
Am¡a ^mfm d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï> go ^r ~‹S>m ‘hËd aIVm h¡& ‘hmdra ñdm‘r H$m O¡Z Y‘© {hÝXþ Y‘© Ho$
A{YH$ g‘rn h¡& O¡Zm| Ho$ ¶hm± ^r na‘mË‘m h¡ na§Vw dh g¥{ï> H$m {Z¶m‘H$ Z hmoH$a {MÎm Am¡a
AmZÝX H$m ómoV h¡& CgH$m g§gma go H$moB© gå~Y Zht& à˶oH$ ‘Zwî¶ AnZr gmYZm Am¡a
nm¡ê$f go na‘mË‘m ~Z gH$Vm h¡& Cgo na‘mË‘m go {‘cZo H$s H$moB© Amdí¶H$Vm Zht& BÝhm|Zo
OrdZ Ho$ à{V lÕm OJmB© Am¡a Cg‘| AmMma H$s gwX¥T> {^{V H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Aqhgm,
H$éUm, X¶m Am¡a ˶mJ H$m OrdZ ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ ~Vm¶m& ˶mJ BpÝжm| Ho$ AZwemgZ ‘|
Zhr H$ï> ghZo ‘| h¡& CÝhm|Zo Cndmg VWm d«Vm{X H$‘© na AmYm[aV gmYZm na A{YH$ ~c
{X¶m Am¡a H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> H$s O{Q>cVm H$mo hQ>mH$a ~«m÷U VWm eyÐ XmoZm| H$mo ‘w{º$ H$m g‘mZ ^mJr
R>ham¶m& O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo OZgm‘mݶ VH$ gXmMma Ho$ {gÕmÝVmo H$mo nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {cE M[aV
H$mì¶, H$WmË‘H$ H$mì¶, amg, J«ÝW, CnXoe àYmZ AmܶmpË‘H$ J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm H$s& H$WmAm|
Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ecmH$m nwê$fm| Ho$ AmXe© M[aÌ H$mo àñVwV H$aZm, OZgmYmaU H$m Ym{‘©H$ Ed§
Mm[a{ÌH$ {dH$mg H$aZm, gXmMma, Aqhgm, g§¶‘ Am{X JwUm| H$s ‘hÎmm ~VmZm Am¡a CÝh|
OrdZ ‘| YmaU H$aZo Ho$ {cE ào[aV H$aZm H${d¶mo| H$m ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ Wm&
O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo AmMma, amg, nme, M[aV Am{X {d{^Þ e¡{c¶m| ‘| gm{h˶ {cIm h¡,
co{H$Z O¡Z gm{h˶ H$m g~go A{YH$ cmooH${චén "amg' J«ÝW ‘mZo OmVo h¡& ¶h amg J«ÝW
draJmWm amgmo go AcJ h¡& amg EH$ Vah go Jo¶énH$ h¡& O¡Z ‘§{Xam| ‘| lmdH$ cmoJ amÌr Ho$
g‘¶ Vmc XoH$a amg H$m Jm¶Z H$aVo Wo& Bg amg ‘| O¡Z VrW©H$mam| Ho$ OrdZM[aV, d¡îUd
AdVmam| H$s H$WmE± VWm O¡Z AmXem] H$m à{VnmXZ hþAm H$aVm Wm& AmJo McH$a "amg H$mì¶'
EH$ Eogo H$mì¶ én Ho$ én ‘| {ZpíMV hmo J¶m Omo Jo¶ hmo& {hÝXr ‘| Bg naånam H$m àdV©Z O¡Z
gmYw em{c^Ð gy[a Ûmam {c{IV ""^aVoída ~mhþ~cr amg'' go ‘mZm OmVm h¡&
O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo am‘m¶U Am¡a ‘hm^maV Ho$ H$WmZH$m| Am¡a H$WmZm¶H$m| H$mo AnZo {dídmg
Am¡a ‘mݶVmAm| Ho$ gm±Mo ‘| T>mcH$a àñVwV [H$¶m h¡& BÝhmoo|Zo nm¡am{UH$ nwéfm| Ho$ A{V[aº$ AnZo
An^«§e gm{h˶ H$mo O¡Z gm{h˶ H$hm OmVm h¡, ³¶m|{H$ An^«§e gm{h˶ Ho$
aM{¶Vm O¡Z AmMm¶© Wo& O¡Z H${d¶mo| H$s aMZmAm| ‘| Y‘© Am¡a gm{h˶ H$m ‘{UH$m§MZ ¶moJ
{XImB© XoVm h¡& O¡Z H${d O~ gm{h˶ {Z‘m©U ‘| OwQ> OmVm h¡ Vmo Cg g‘¶ CgH$s aMZm gag
H$mì¶ H$m ê$n YmaU H$a coVr h¡ Am¡a O~ dh Y‘m}nXoe H$s Amoa PwH$ OmVm h¡ Vmo dh nÚ ~Õ
Y‘© CnXoemË‘H$ aMZm ~Z OmVr h¡& Bg CnXoe àYmZ gm{h˶ ‘| ^r ^maVr¶ OZOrdZ Ho$
gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj Ho$ Xe©Z hmooVo h¡& Bg gm{h˶ H$s gm‘mݶ {deofVmE± BgàH$ma
h¡ …-
1) CnXoe ‘ycH$Vm …- CnXoemË‘H$Vm O¡Z gm{h˶ H$s ‘w»¶ àd¥{Îm h¡, {OgHo$ ‘yc ‘|
O¡Z Y‘© Ho$ à{V Ñ‹T> AmñWm Am¡a CgH$m àMma h¡& BgHo$ {cE O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ H$s
à^mdmoËnmXH$ KQ>ZmE±, AmܶmË‘ Ho$ nmofH$ VËd, M[aV Zm¶H$m|, ecmH$m nwê$fm|, AmXe©
2) {df¶ H$s {d{dYVm …- O¡Z gm{h˶ Ym{‘©H$ gm{h˶ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gm‘m{OH$,
Ym{‘©H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {df¶m| Ho$ gmW hr cmoH$-Am»¶mZ H$s H$B© H$WmAm| H$mo AnZmVm h¡&
am‘m¶U, ‘hm^maV gå~ÝYr H$WmAm| H$moo ^r O¡Z H${d¶m| Zo A˶m{YH$ XjVm Ho$ gmW
AnZm¶m h¡& Ohm± VH$ gm‘m{OH$ {df¶m| H$m gå~ÝY h¡, O¡Z aMZmAm| ‘| cJ^J g^r àH$ma Ho$
{df¶mo§ H$m g‘mdoe hmo J¶m h¡&
3) VËH$mcrZ pñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU …- O¡Z H${d amOm{lV Zht Wo, AV:
amOml¶ H$m X~md Am¡a Xa~mar A{Va§OZm go BZH$s aMZmE± ‘wº$ h¡& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$s
aMZmAm| ‘| VËH$mcrZ pñW{V¶m| H$m ¶WmW© A§H$Z hþAm h¡& Am{XH$mcrZ AmMma-{dMma,
g‘mO, Y‘©, amOZr{V Am{X H$s ghr pñW{V¶m| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE ¶h aMZmE± n¶m©á ê$n ‘|
ghmæ¶H$ {gÕ hmoVr h¡&
4) H$‘©H$mÊ‹S> ê${‹T>¶m| VWm naånamAm| H$m {damoY …- O¡Z An^«§e H${d¶m| Zo ~mø
CnmgZm, nyOm-nmR>, emór¶ kmZ, ê${‹T>¶m| Am¡a naånamAm| H$m Kmoa {damoY {H$¶m h¡, {H$ÝVw
BZHo$ ñda ‘| H$Qw>Vm ¶m naI‹S>Vm Zhr {‘cVr& ‘§{Xa, VrW© emór¶ kmZ, ‘y{V©, dof, Om{V,
dU©, ‘§Ì, V§Ì, ¶moJ Am{X {H$gr ^r g§ñWm H$mo ¶h Zhr ‘mZVo& Mm[a{ÌH$ AWdm ‘Z H$s ewÕVm
H$mo ¶o ha ì¶p³V Ho$ {cE EH$ Amdí¶H$ dñVw ‘mZVo h¡& YZ-gån{Îm H$s j{UH$Vm, {df¶m| H$s
{ZÝXm, ‘mZd Xoh H$s ZídaVm, g§gma Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$m {‘϶mnZ Am{X H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE BZ
H${d¶m| Zo ewÕ AmË‘m na ~c {X¶m h¡&
6) ahñ¶dmXr {dMmaYmam H$m g‘mdoe …- O¡Z H${d¶m| H$s Hw$N> aMZmE± ahñ¶dmXr
{dMma ^mdZm go AmoV àmoV h¡& ¶mo{JÝÐ ‘w{Z am‘qgh, gwÌ^mMm¶©, ‘hmZpÝX ‘hM¶ Am{X Bg
H$mo{Q> Ho$ H${d h¡& BZH$mo ahñ¶dmXr aMZmAm| ‘| ~mø AmMma, H$‘©H$mÊ‹S>, VrW©d«V, ‘y{V© H$m
~{hîH$ma, Xohê$nr Xodmc¶ ‘| hr B©œa H$s pñW{V ~VmZm, VWm AnZo eara ‘| pñWV na‘mË‘m
H$s AZw^y{V nmH$a na‘ g‘m{Y énr AmZÝX àmá H$aZm Am{X BZH$s gmYZm H$m ‘w»¶ ñda h¡&
¶h AmZÝX eara ‘| pñWV na‘mË‘m Jwê$ ({OZ Jwê$) H$s H¥$nm go àmá hmooVm h¡, ¶h BZH$s
7) H$mì¶ ê$nm| ‘| {d{dYVm …- H$mì¶ ê$nm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| O¡Z gm{h˶ {d{dY ê$nm| go gånÞ
h¡& Bg‘| amg, ’$mJw, N>ßn¶, MVwîn{XH$m, à~ÝY, JmWm, OåZar, Jwdm©dcr, JrV, ñVw{V,
‘mhmËå¶, CËgmh Am{X àH$ma nm¶o OmVo h¡& An^«§e Ho$ H$B© H$mì¶-énm| H$m à¶moJ O¡Z H${d¶m|
Zo {H$¶m h¡ co{H$Z A{YH$m§e H$mì¶ én Eogo ^r h¡, {OZHo$ {Z‘m©U H$m lo¶ O¡Z gm{h˶ H$mo
OmVm h¡&
8) em§V ¶m {Zd}X ag H$m àmYmݶ …- O¡Z gm{h˶ ‘| H$éU, dra, l¥§Jma, emÝV Am{X
g^r agm| H$m g’$c {Zdm©h hþAm h¡& "Zo{‘MÝX MCnB©' ‘| H$éU, "^aVoída ~mhþ~cr amg' ‘|
dra VWm "lrñWy{c^Ð ’$mJw ‘| l¥ÝJma Bg H$s g’$c {Zîn{Îm nm¶r OmVr h¡, {H$ÝVw BZ g^r
H¥${V¶m| Ho$ AÝV ‘| emÝV ¶m {Zd}X g^r agmo§ na hmdr hmo OmVm h¡& Bgr{cE ¶h H$hZm Ag§JV
Zht hmoJm {H$ O¡Z gm{h˶ ‘| agamO emÝV ¶m {Zd}X h¡&
9) ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY énm| H$m {MÌU …- O¡Z An^«§e gm{h˶ ‘| ào‘ Ho$ nm±M ê$n {‘cVo
h¢- {ddmh Ho$ {cE ào‘, {ddmh Ho$ ~mX ào‘, Agm‘m{OH$ ào‘, amo‘mpÊQ>H$ ào‘ Am¡a {df‘ ào‘&
àW‘ àH$ma Ho$ ào‘ H$m {MÌU "H$aH§$Sw>M[aC' ‘| hþAm h¡& Xÿgao àH$ma Ho$ ào‘ H$m CXmhaU
"nC‘m{g[aM[aC>' ‘| g‘wÐ Am¡a nX²‘lr Ho$ ào‘nyd©H$ {ddmh ‘| {‘cVm h¡& "OhgaM[aC>' ‘|
amZr A‘¥V‘¶r H$m Hw$~‹S>o go Omo ào‘ Wm, dh Agm‘m{OH$ H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVm h¡& ào‘ H$s
{df‘Vm H$m ÁdcÝV CXmhaU "nC‘M[aC' ‘| amdU H$m ào‘ h¡, qH$Vw amo‘mpÊQ>H$ ào‘ H$m hr
Bg gm{h˶ ‘| A{YH$ àñ’w$Q>V hþAm h¡& BgHo$ Xmo H$maU h¢ - àW‘, gm‘§VdmXr Bg ¶wJ ‘|
~hþnËZr àWm Wr, Xÿgam, Y‘© H$s ‘{h‘m ~VmZo Ho$ {cE&
1 0) JrV VËd H$s àYmZVm …- O¡Z H$[d¶m| H$s aMZmE± e¡cr, ñdê$n Am¡a cú¶ H$s
Ñ{ï> go JrV H$mì¶ Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> h¡& ¶h ñdm^m{dH$ ^r h¡, ³¶mo|{H$ Jo¶Vm Bg ¶wJ H$s à‘wI
{deofVm Wr& O¡Z H${d¶m| Ûmam à¶w³V N>ÝXm| ‘| c¶ Am¡a Jo¶Vm H$m ܶmZ aIm J¶m h¡&
‘§JcmMaU Ho$ A{V[a³V ñVw{V Am¡a d§XZm Bg H$mì¶ H$m Amdí¶H$ A§J h¡& N>ÝXm| ‘| g§JrV H$m
nwQ> nwînXÝV Am¡a ñd¶§^y Zo {X¶m h¡& H$‹S>dH$ Ho$ N>ÝXmo H$s J{V H«$‘e: g§JrV Ho$ ñda Am¡a
dmÚmo| Ho$ c¶ na hr McVr h¡&
11) Ac§H$ma -¶moOZm …- O¡Z gm{h˶ ‘| AWm©cÝH$ma Am¡a eãXmcÝH$ma XmoZm| à¶wº$
hþE h¡, na§Vw à‘wIVm AWm©cÝH$mam| H$s hr h¡& AWm©cÝH$mam| ‘| Cn‘m, ê$nH$, CËàojm,
ì¶p³VaoH$, C„oI, AZÝd¶, {ZXe©Zm, {damoYm^mg, ñd^mdmop³V, ^«mpÝV, gÝXoh Am{X H$m
à¶moJ g’$cVmnyd©H$ hþAm h¡& A{YH$m§e O¡Z H${d Cn‘mZ Ho$ MwZmd ‘| {deof n[aM¶ XoVo h¡&
eãXmcÝH$mam| ‘| ícof, ¶‘H$, Am¡a AZwàmg H$s ~hþcVm h¡&
13) cmoH$^mfm H$s à{Vð>m …- O¡Z gmYw J«m‘, ZJa-ZJa Ky‘H$a Y‘©-àMma H$aVo Wo,
Bgr{cE CÝhm|Zo AnZr A{^ì¶p³V Ho$ {cE cmoH$^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m Am¡a Cgo à{Vð>m àXmZ
H$s&
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Am{XH$mc ‘o O¡Z Ed§ {gÕ gm{h˶ Y‘©{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
VWm amgmo gm{h˶ amO{lV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gwa{jV ah J¶m. na§Vw Bg H$mc ‘| BZ XmoZm| H$mì¶
YmamAm| go {^Þ cmoH$ gm{h˶ H$s ^r aMZm hþB© co[H$Z dh cmoH$m{lV hmoZo go gwa{jV Z ah
gH$m& AZoH$ H$maUm| go dh gm{h˶ cwá hmo J¶m& {d{^Þ cmoH$JrVmo§ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go cmoH$ ‘| Omo
Wmo‹S>m-~hþV eof ah J¶m Cgg| BVZm Adí¶ kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mc ‘| cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶
^r cmoH$ àM{cV ahm h¡& CncãY cmoH$ gm{h˶ ‘| ""T>mocm ‘mê$ am Xÿhm'', ""~rgcXod
amgmo'', ""~gÝV [dcmg'' ""amCcdoc'', ""Cp³V ì¶p³V àH$aU'', ""dU© aËZmH$a'',
""A‘ra Iwgamo H$s aMZmE±'' VWm ""{dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr'' H$mo XoIH$a VËH$mcrZ cmoH$
gm{h˶ Ho$ {df¶ ‘| AZw‘mZ cJm¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&
1) ~rgcXod amgmo …-
{hÝXr Ho$ Am{XH$mc H$s Bg loð> aMZm Ho$ aMZmH$ma Za n[V Zmëh h¡& ¶h EH$
ào‘ H$mì¶ h¡, {Og‘| g§¶moJ-{d¶moJ Ho$ JrV Jm¶o JE h¡& Bg H¥${V ‘| AO‘oa Ho$ Mm¡hmZ amOm
{dJ«hamO (~rgcXod) VWm ^moO na‘ma H$s nwÌr amO‘Vr Ho$ {ddmh, {d¶moJ Ed§ nwZ{‘©cZ H$s
H$Wm gac Ed§ gag e¡cr ‘| àñVwV H$s JB© h¡& amOm ~rgcXod AnZr Zd{ddm{hVm amZr
2) ~gÝV {dcmg …-
S>m°. ‘mVmàgmX Jwá Zo {d{^Þ à‘mU XoH$a ""~gÝV {dcmg'' H$m aMZm-H$mc
13 dr 14dr eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ H$m ‘mZm h¡& Bg H¥${V Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m nVm Zht Mc nm¶m h¡& ""¶h
EH$ A˶{YH$ gag gm{hp˶H$ H¥${V h¡ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ Am¶©-^mfm-gm{h˶ Ho$
Am{XH$mc Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| ~oOmo‹S> h¡&'' Bg aMZm ‘| Mm¡amgr Xmoohm| ‘| ~gÝV F$Vw Am¡a {ó¶m| na
CgHo$ {dcmgnyU© à^md H$m ‘Zmohmar dU©Z hþAm h¢& Bg H$mì¶ ‘| àH¥${V Am¡a Zmar XmoZm| H$m
‘XmoÝ‘Îm ê$n l¥§Jma ag H$s Vrd« Ymam àdm{hV H$aVm h¡& S>m°. am‘Jmonmc e‘m© "{XZoe' Ho$ eãXm|
‘|- "ór-nwê$f-àH¥${V-VrZm| ‘| AOó ~‹hVr ‘XmoÝ‘ÎmVm H$m Bg H$mì¶ ‘| O¡gm dU©Z
{‘cVm h¡, d¡gm ar{VH$mcrZ {hÝXr H${d ^r Zht H$a gHo$& BgH$s ^mfm gag ~«O^mfm h¡
{OgH$m {dH$mg nadVu ^{º$H$mcrZ H¥$îUH$mì¶ ‘| Am¡a ar{VH$mì¶ ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡&''
3) amS>cdoc …-
dh JÚ-nÚ {‘{lV Måny-H$mì¶ H$s àmMrZV‘ {hÝXr H¥${V h¡& BgH$m
aM{¶Vm amo‹T>m Zm‘H$ H${d ‘mZm OmVm h¡& {dÛmZm| Zo BgH$m aMZm-H$mc Xgdt eVmãXr ‘mZm
h¡& BgH$s aMZm ""amCc'' Zm{¶H$m Ho$ ZI{eI dU©Z Ho$ àg§J ‘| hþB© h¡& Amaå^ ‘| H${d Zo
amCc Ho$ gm¢X¶© H$m dU©Z nÚ ‘| {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a {’$a JÚ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H¥${V go hr
{hÝXr ‘| ZI{eI dU©Z naånam Amaå^ hmoVr h¡& BgH$s ^mfm ‘| {hÝXr H$s gmV ~mo{c¶m| Ho$
eãX {‘cVo h¡, {OZ‘| amOñWmZr àYmZ h¡& H${d Zo {df¶ dU©Z ~‹S>r VÝ‘¶Vm go {H$¶m h¡&
Zm{¶H$m amCc H$m l¥ÝJma AmH$f©U go ^am hþAm h¡& dh ghO ê$n ‘| {OVZr gwÝXa h¡ CVZr hr
ghO-gwÝXa CgH$s g‚mm ^r h¡& Bg gm¡ÝX¶© Ho$ AZwHy$c hr CgH$s ^md-Xem ^r h¡&
3) C{º$-ì¶{º$ àH$aU …-
Bg J«ÝW H$s aMZm Xm‘moXa e‘m© Zo H$s h¡& 12 dt eVmãXr H$m ¶h EH$
‘hËdnyU© ""ì¶mH$aU J«ÝW'' ‘mZm OmVm h¡, Bg‘| ~Zmag Am¡a Amgnmg Ho$ àXoem| H$r
VËH$mcrZ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a ^mfm Am{X na n¶m©á àH$me ‹S>mcm J¶m h¡& BgH$s ^mfm Ho$ Aܶ¶Z
4) dU©aËZmH$a …-
‘¡{Wcr {hÝXr ‘| a{MV JÚ H$m ¶h EH$ ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW h¡& BgH$m coIH$
Á¶mo{VeoIa R>mHw$a Zm‘H$ ‘¡{Wc H${d Wm& S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Ho$ ‘VmZwgma BgH$s aMZm
Mm¡Xhdr eVmãXr ‘| hþB© hmoJr& ¶h EH$ eãXH$moeZw‘m J«ÝW h¡, naÝVw gm¡ÝX¶© J«m{hUr à{V^m ^r
Cg‘| {Z{hV h¡& CgH$s ^mfm ‘| H${dËd, Ac§H$m[aH$Vm, VWm eãXm| H$s VËg‘Vm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m±
{‘cVr h¡& {hÝXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| "amS>cdoc' Ho$ níMmV ""dU©aËZmH$a'' H$m ¶moJXmZ ^r H$‘
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm&
1) ñdmÝV:gwIm¶ g¥OZ …-
Am{XH$mc H$m cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ Z Vmo amgmo gm{h˶ Ho$ g‘mZ amOmAm|,
gm‘ÝVm| H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ {cE {cIm J¶m h¡, Z Ym{‘©H$ gm{h˶ Ho$ g‘mZ {H$gr
{d{eï> Y‘©-‘V Ho$ àMma Ho$ {cE {cIm J¶m h¡& ¶h H${d Ho$ ^mdm| H$m ghO A{dîH$ma h¡& Mmho
dh amo‹S>m H${d H$m "amCcdoc' hmo ¶m {dÚmn{V O¡go amO{lV H${d H$m nXmdcr gm{h˶ hmo ¶m
"‹T>mocm ‘mam am Xÿhm', "~gÝV [dcmg' O¡go Jw‘Zm‘ H$[d¶m| H$m gm{h˶ hmo BgH$s A{^ì¶p³V
na H$moB© ~mø-à¶moOZ H$m ~mooP Zhr h¡& ¶h gm{h˶ BZ H${d¶m| H$m ImÝV:gwIm¶ g¥OZ h¡&
5) àH¥${V {MÌU …-
Am{XH$mcrZ cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ ‘| àH¥${V H$m {MÌU Amcå~Z Am¡a CÔrnZ
XmoZm| ê$nm| ‘| n¶m©á ‘mÌm ‘| nm¶m OmVm h¡& l¥§Jma Am¡a àH¥${V H$m [aíVm AQy>Q> h¡& "~rgcXod
amgmo' ‘| ~mah ‘mgm| VWm F$VwAm| Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ {MÌ g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ ‘| CÔrnZ H$m H$m¶©
H$aVo h¡& {dah H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| Ho$ dU©Z ‘| {~O{c¶m±, ~mXc {à¶{d{hV Zm{¶H$m H$s {d¶moJ
Xem Ho$ dU©Z ‘| Mma Mm±X cJm XoVo h¡& "~gÝV {dcmg' ‘| àH¥${V Am¡a Zmar XmoZm| H$m ‘XmoÝ‘Îm
amgmo H$mì`
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mb _| àmßV J«ÝWm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go `h ~mV
ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ A{YH$m§e J«ÝWm| _| 'amgmo' eãX Zm_ Ho$ AÝV _| OwS>m hþAm h¡,
Omo 'H$mì`' eãX H$m n`m©`dmMr h¡& 'amgmo' eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {dÛmZm| _| _V^oX
h¡& àW_ \«|$M B{VhmgH$ma Jmgm© X Vmgr Zo Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'amOgy`' `k go _mZr h¡&
Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'agm`U' go _mZVo h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$- ''Hw$N>
bmoJ Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'ahñ`' go OmoS>Vo h¡& na '~rgbXod amgmo' _| H$mì` Ho$ AW© _|
'agm`U' eãX ~ma-~ma Am`m h¡& AV: h_mar g_P _| Bgr 'agm`U' eãX go hmoVo hmoVo
'amgmo' hmo J`m h¡& S>m°. _moVrbmb _oZ[a`m Zo Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'ahñ`' go _mZm h¡& lr
ZamoÎm_ ñdm_r Bg eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm 'a{gH$' go _mZVo h¡& àmMrZ amOñWmZr _| 'a{gH$' H$m
AW©-H$Wm-H$mì` _mZm OmVm Wm& `hr eãX H«$_e: 'amgC', Am¡a 'amgmo' hmo J`m& `h _V
h_| gË` Ho$ H$m\$s ZOXrH$ nhþ±Mm XoVm h¡& àYmZ én go H$Wm-J«ÝWm| Ho$ {bE hr 'amgm',
'amgH$', 'amgmo' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm Am`m h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bg eãX H$m gå~ÝY 'amg' `m
'amgH$' go OmoS>Vo hþE BgH$m AW©-Üd{Z, H«$sS>m, {dbmg, Z¥Ë`, JO©Z Am¡a l¥ÝIbm Am{X
XoVo h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr amgH$ H$mo EH$ eãX ^r _mZVo h¢ Am¡a H$mì`-^oX ^r& CZHo$
AZwgma Omo H$mì` amgH$ N>ÝX _| {bIo OmVo Wo, do hr {hÝXr _| 'amgmo' H$hbmZo bJo&
Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg H$mb H$s H${dVm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$
N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ hþAm H$aVm Wm& `o H$mì` M[aÌàYmZ h¡& BZ M[aÌm| H$mo H$mì` _| ~m±YZo Ho$ {bE
hr Bg N>ÝX H$m à`moJ hmoVm ahm h¡& dñVwV: amgmo H$mì` _ybV: amgH$ N>ÝX H$m g_wÀM` h¡&
An^«§e _| CZVrg _mÌm H$m EH$ amgm `m amg N>ÝX àMm{bV Wm& Eogo AZoH$ N>ÝXm| Ho$ JmZ H$s
naånam H$Xm{MV bmoH$JrVm| _| ahr hmoJr& EH$agVm Z aho, Bg{bE ~rM ~rM _| Xygao N>ÝX
OmoS>Zo Am¡a JmZo H$s àWm ^r Cg g_` go Mbr hmoJr& 'gÝXoeamgH$' BgH$m gwÝXa Z_yZm h¡&
nhbo amgmo H$mì` N>ÝX _| {bIo J`o& H$mbmÝVa _| BZ_| ~Xbmd Am`m hmoJm {OZHo$ \$bñdén
Jo` _wŠVH$ N>ÝXm| H$m Cn^moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& '~rgbXod amgmo' EH$ Eogm hr ào_ àYmZ H$mì`
h¡ {Og_| amgHo$Va N>ÝX H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& AmJo MbH$a H$mì` H$m `h én H$mo_b ^mdZmAm|
Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` ^mdm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$m dmhH$ ~Zm& ào_ ^md Ho$ gmW BZ_| dram| H$s
JmWmË_H$ MoVZmAm| H$mo ñWmZ {_bm& Bg Vah Bg H$mb Ho$ amgmo H$mì` _| EH$ gmW {damo{MV
Am¡a l¥§Jmamo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z gwb^Vmnyd©H$ {_b OmVo h¡&
amgmo gm{hË` _ybV: gm_§Vr-ì`dñWm, àH¥${V Am¡a g§ñH$ma go CnOm hþAm
gm{hË` h¡, {Ogo 'Xoer^mfm H$mì`' Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg gm{hË` Ho$ aMZmH$ma
{hÝXy amOnyV amOml` _| ahZodmbo MmaU `m ^mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m ñWmZ Am¡a gå_mZ Wm,
Š`m|{H$ CZH$m OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& `o MmaU `m ^mQ> H$bmnmaIr Am¡a H$bmaMZm _|
{ZnwU hmoVo Wo& `o Hw$ebVm go `wÜX H$aZm ^r OmZVo Wo Am¡a `wÜX ewé hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s
AJwdmB© {déXmdbr Jm- JmH$a {H$`m H$aVo Wo& `o amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwéfm| VWm
g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wÜX KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~‹T>m> MT>mH$a hr Zht, CgH$s `WmW©naH$
pñW{V`m| Ed§ gÝX^m] H$mo ^r ~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$
1. Iw_mU amgmo :-
amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s àmapå^H$ aMZmAmo§ _| 'Iw_mUamgmo' H$m ñWmZ
gdm}n[a h¡& BgH$m gd©àW_ CëboI {edqgh g|Ja H$s H¥${V '{edqgh gamoO' _| {_bVm h¡&
BgHo$ aM{`Vm Xbn{V {dO` h¢& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb BgH$mo Zdt eVmãXr (gZ² 812 B©.) H$s
aMZm _mZVo h¢& Bg_| amOñWmZ Ho$ {MVm¡S>-Zaoe Iw_U (Iwå_mU) {ÛVr` Ho$ `wÜXm| H$m
gOrd dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg J«ÝW ^r àm_m{UH$ hñV{b{IV à{V nyZm-g§J«hmb` _|
gya{jV h¡& Iw_mU amgmo 'nm±M hOma N>ÝXmo§ H$m EH$ {demb J«ÝW h¢& Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOmAmo§
Ho$ Amngr {ddmXm| Ho$ ~mX hþE EH$Vm Ho$ gmW Aã~m{g`m d§e Amb_m_y§ Ibr\$m Am¡a Iw_mU Ho$
gmW hþE `wÜX H$m {MÌU {_bVm h¡& Bg H¥${V H$m à_wI à{VnmÚ amOm Iw_mU H$m M[aÌmÝH$Z
H$aZm h¡ CZHo$ M[aÌ Ho$ Xmo àñWmZ {~ÝXw h¢-EH$ `wÜX Am¡a Xygam ào_& Iw_mU Ho$ ào_ H$mo
Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE hr H¥${VH$ma Zo {ddmh, Zm{`H$m ^oX, fQ²>F$VwdU©Z H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Omo
a_Ur` h¡& AÝ` amgmo J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ Bg_| ^r l¥ÝJma Am¡a dra -XmoZm| ag àYmZ aho h¢& Bg_|
Xmohm, gd¡`m, H${dÎm Am{X {d{dY N>ÝXm| H$m gwMmI à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$s ^mfm amOñWmZr
{hÝXr ahr h¡ H$mì` gm¡ÝX¶© ^mfme¡br H$s Ñ{ï>g| ¶h EH$ gab Am¡a g’$b H$mì¶ _mZm OmVm
h¡& BgH$s gag,gab ^mfm e¡br H$m CXmhaU Ñï>ì` h¡ -
'' {nC {MVm¡S> Z Am{dD$, gmdU nhbr VrO&
Omod¡ dmQ> {dahrUr, {IU {IU AUd¡ IrO&&
gÝXogmo {nC gm{h~m, nmN>mo {\$[a` Z Xoh&
n§N>r Kmë`m qnOa|, Ny>Q>U amo gÝXoh&&''
2. na_mb amgmo :-
amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s à_wI H¥${V Ho$ én _| 'na_mb amgmo' H$m Zm_ ^r
{b`m OmVm h¡& Bgo 'AmëhmIÊS>' ^r H$hVo h¡& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Bgo '~¡boS>' VWm S>m°.
am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Bgo 'draJmWm' H$mì` H$hm h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bgo '{dH$gZerb bmoH$
_hmH$mì`' _mZVo h¡& BgH$s OZVm _| AË`{YH$ bmoH${à`Vm H$mo XoI S>m°. {J«`g©Z Zo Bgo
dV©_mZ `wJ H$m gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` _hmH$mì` _mZm Wm& A^r VH$ BgH$s àm_m{UH$ à{V
CnbãY Zht hþB© h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm OJ{ZH$ h¡, Omo _hmo~m Ho$ Zaoe na_{X© Xod do Am{lV Wo&
aMZmH$ma Zo Bg H$mì` _| _hmo~m Xoe Ho$ Xmo bmoH$-à{gÜX dram|- Amëhm Am¡a D$Xb Ho$ dra
M[aÌ H$mo `WmW© T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam {H$`o J`o {d{^ÝZ `wÜXm| H$m ~S>r CÎmoOH$
^mfm _| dU©Z Bg J«ÝW H$s {deofVm h¡& Bg _| Amëhm N>ÝX (dra N>ÝX) H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡&
BgH$s ^mfm ~¡gdmS>r h¡& `h H$mì` {e{jV g_mO H$s Anojm A{e{jV `m AÜX©-{e{jV
g_mO _| hr A{YH$ bmoH${à` ahm h¡& `h gX¡d Jm`H$m| H$s naånam Ûmam hr {dH${gV hmoVm ahm
h¡& `h EH$ Jo`-H$mì` h¡& BgH$s _yb àoaUm d¡`{ŠVH$ dra ^mdZm, ñdm{^_mZ, XX© Am¡a
3. hå_ra amgmo :-
'hå_ra amgmo' A^r VH$ EH$ ñdV§Ì H¥${V Ho$ én _| CnbãY Zht hmo gH$m
h¡& An^«§e Ho$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' Zm_H$ EH$ g§J«h-J«ÝW _| g§J«hrV hå_ra {df`H$ 8 N>ÝXm| H$mo
XoI Am. ewŠbOr Zo Bgo EH$ ñdV§Ì J«ÝW _mZ {b`m Wm& àM{bV YmaUm Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V
Ho$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya _mZo OmVo h¡& naÝVw Hw$N> nXm| _| 'OÁOb ^Uh' dmŠ`m§e XoI n§. amhþb
ñmm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Zo Bg_| OÁOb Zm_H$ {H$gr H${d H$s aMZm _mZm h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' H$s Q>rH$m _| ^r BÝh| OÁOb H$s hr C{ŠV _mZm J`m h¡; AV:
BgHo$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya Z hmoH$a OÁOb h¡& Bg H${d _| hå_ra Xod Am¡a AëbmCÔrZ Ho$
`wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb 13 dt eVr _mZm OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ hå_ra Xod
gZ² 1300 B©. _o§ AëbmCÔrZ H$s MT>mB© _| _mao J`o Wo& Bg H¥${V H$m CÔoí` hå_ra Xod H$s
draVm H$m dU©Z H$aZm h¡&
4. {dO`nmb amgmo :-
{_l~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo J«ÝW '{_l~ÝYw {dZmoX' _| Bg naånam H$s EH$ aMZm
'{dO`nmb amgmo' H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zëhqgh ^mQ> _mZo OmVo h¡& BgH$m
aMZmH$mb gZ² 1298 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡& S>m°. amOZmW e_m© Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V _| {dO`nmb
qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ `wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. amO~br nmÊS>o` Ho$ AZwgma Bg aMZm
_| aMZmH$ma Zo amOm {dO`nmb qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ ~rM hþE `wÜXm| H$mo gOrd én _| {M{ÌV
{H$`m h¡& Bg H¥${V _| Ho$db 42 N>ÝX hr CnbãY h¡&
5. ~rgbXod amgmo :-
'~rgbXod amgmo' Bg H$mì`-naånam H$s nm±Mdr H¥${V h¡& BgH$s aMZm-
''~mah go ~amoÎmam _§Pm[a& OoR> ~Xr Zd_r ~w{Ydmar'' Ho$ AZwgma Ooð> dXr Zd_r, {XZ ~wYdma
gZ² 1155 B©. (g§db 1212) _| hþB© Wr& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmëh _mZo OmVo h¢, Omo
AO_oa Ho$ Mm¡hmU amOm ~rgbXod ({dJ«hamO MVwW©) Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo& Bg_| AO_oa Zaoe
{dJ«hamO, CnZm_ ~rgbXod Am¡a CZH$s nËZr, amOm ^moO H$s nwÌr amO_Vr Ho$ {ddmh,
H$bh, {dah Am¡a {_bZ Ho$ _m{_©H$ {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`o J`o h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go {Zambr
{deofVm `h h¡ {H$ `h {hÝXr Ho$ AÝ` amgm| J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ draVm H$m àepñVJm`Z Z hmoH$a
H$mo_b ào_ Ho$ _Ywa, _m{_©H$ Am¡a g§doXZerb én H$m A_a {MÌ h¡& {dàbå^-l¥ÝJma BgH$m
àYmZ dÊ`© {df` h¡& Mma IÊS>m| _| {d^m{OV gdm gm¡ N>ÝXm| H$m `h N>moQ>m gm H$mì` àU`
gådoXZm H$m ÐdUerb, öX`J«mhr én àñVwV H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ àW_ IÊS> _| ~rgbXod Am¡a
6. n¥ÏdramO amgmo :-
amgmo H$mì` naånam H$m gd©loð> Ed§ à{V{Z{Y J«ÝW n¥ÏdramO amgmo h¡& Am.
ewŠbOr Zo Bgo {hÝXr H$m àW_ _hmH$mì` Am¡a BgHo$ aM{`Vm M§XdaXmB© H$mo {hÝXr H$m àW_
amgmo gm{hË` _ybV: gm_ÝVr ì`dñWm, àH¥${V Am¡a g§ñH$ma go CnOm hþAm
gm{hË` h¡ {OgH$m _w»` ñda draËd H$m ahm h¡& Bg gm{hË` Ho$ aMZmH$ma {hÝXy amOnyV
amOml` _| ahZo dmbo MmaU `m ^mQ> Wo& g_mO _| CZH$m ñWmZ gå_mZ H$m Wm, Š`m|{H$ CZH$m
OwS>md grYo amOm go hmoVm Wm& `o MmaU `m ^mQ> H$bmnmaIr Am¡a H$bm- aMZm _| {ZnwU hmoVo
Wo& `o `wÜX H$bm ^r OmZVo Wo, Omo `wÜX hmoZo na AnZr goZm H$s AJwdmB© {déXmdbr Jm-JmH$a
{H$`m H$aVo Wo& `o amOmAm|, Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwéfm| VWm g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wÜX
KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~T>m-MT>mH$a hr Zhr§, CgH$s `WmW©naH$ pñW{VAm| Ed§ gÝX^m] H$mo ^r
~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo ''amgH$ `m
amgmo'' N>ÝX H$m à`moJ {H$`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ `h N>ÝX Bg ^mdZm H$mo gåào{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AZwHy$b Wm& Bgr{bE BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV gm{hË` H$mo 'amgmo gm{hË`' H$hm J`m& Bg H$mì` H$s
gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma h¡:-
1. g§{X½Y aMZmE° :-
Bg H$mb _| CnbãY hmoZodmbr àm`… g^r amgmo aMZmE± Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$s
Ñ{ï> go g§{X½Y _mZr OmVr h¡& Bg H$mb _| a{MV Mma H$mì` J«ÝW àmßV hþE h¢ - 'Iw_mZ amgmo',
'{~gbXod amgmo' 'n¥ÏdramO amgmo' VWm 'na_mb amgmo'& ^mfm e¡br Am¡a {df` gm_J«r H$s
Ñ{ï> go BZ J«ÝWm| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZ_| {ZaÝVa H$B© eVmpãX`m| VH$
n[adV©Z Am¡a n[adY©Z hmoVo aho h¢& `h n[adV©Z Am¡a n[adY©Z BVZo àMwa _mÌm _| hþE h¢ {H$
BZH$m _yë` én hr X~ J`m h¡& `h ^r {ZpíMV Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ `o J«ÝW Aml`XmVmAm|
Ho$ g_` _| hr {bIo J`o hmo&
5. g§Hw${MV amï´>r`Vm :-
Am{XH$mbrZ amOm ñd`_² ewadra nm¡éf go n[anyU© Wo bo{H$Z CZ_| g§Hw${MV
amï´>r`Vm Wr& Cg g_` Ho$ amOmAm| Zo AnZo nMmg gm¡ Jm±dm| H$mo hr amï´> g_P aI Wm, CZ_|§
ì`mnH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m A^md Wm& AO_oa Am¡a {Xëbr Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo H$ÝZmoO Am¡a
H$qbJ Ho$ g_¥ÜX hmoZo AWdm COmS> OmZo na H$moB© hf© `m {dfmX (Xw…I) Zht hmoVm Wm& BgH$m
à^md BZ MmaU H${d`m| na ^r nS>m Wm& BZ H${d`m| Zo Or{dH$m àm{ßV Ho$ {bE AnZo
Aml`XmVmAm| H$s ñVw{V _wŠV H§$R> go H$s h¡& XoeÐmohr O`M§X H$mo ^r Xoeào_r H$hbmZo dmbo
10 àH¥${V-{MÌU :-
Bg gm{hË` _| àH¥${V H$m Ambå~Z Am¡a CÔrnZ XmoZm| énm| _| {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& ZJa, ZXr,nd©V Am{X H$m dñVwdU©Z ^r gwÝXa ~Z nS>m h¡& A{YH$Va BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V
H$m {MÌU CÔrnZ én _| hr {H$`m h¢& àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì én _| {MÌU {H$`o hþE ñWmZ BZ
H$mì`m| _| WmoS>o hmo {_bVo h¡& àH¥${V {MÌU H$s Omo CXmÎm e¡br N>m`mdmXr H$mì` _| {_bVr h¡,
dh Bg H$mb Ho$ H$mì` _| Zht& H$ht H$ht Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V {MÌU _| Zm_ n[aJV e¡br
H$mo AnZm`m h¡, Ohm± agmoÝÐoH$ Ho$ ñWmZ na {ZagVm Am JB© h¡&
12 amgmo J«ÝW :-
Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hpË`H$ J«ÝWm| Ho$ gmW 'amgmo' eãX OwS>m hþAm h¡& Omo {H$
H$mì` eãX H$m n`m©`dmMr h¡& 'amgmo' eãX H$s ìæmwËn{Îm {d{^ÝZ {dÛmZ AnZo-AnZo T>§J go
AbJ AbJ _mZVo h¢& Am. ewŠbOr 'amgmo' eãX H$m gå~ÝY ahñ` go _mZVo h¢, bo{H$Z
'drgbXod amgmo' ‘| BgH$m AW© agm`Z H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡ {OgH$m gå~ÝY _yb H$WmZH$ go h¡&
_yb én _| amgmo eãX EH$ N>ÝX Ho$ {b`o à`wŠV hþAm h¡, {OgH$m Cn`moJ An^«§e gm{hË` _|
hþAm h¡&
14 AbÝH$ma :-
draJmWmH$mbrZ MmaU H${d`m| Zo AbÝH$mam| na {deof Ü`mZ Zht {X`m,
{\$a ^r Cn_m, énH$, CËàojm Am{X AbÝH$mam| H$m ñWmZ-ñWmZ na gwÝXa à`moJ XoIm Om
gH$Vm h¡& n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| ~hþV gmao AbÝH$mam| H$m {MÌU Z hmoVo hþE ^r Hw$N> AbÝH$mam| H$m
à`moJ gwÝXa én _| hþAm h¡, Omo gOrd Ed§ gwÝXa h¢& CËàojm VWm A{Ve`mo{ŠV AbÝH$mam| H$m
gwÝXa dU©Z Xo{I`o -
'' _Zhþ H$ÝV g{g_mZ H$bm gmobh gmo ~pÝh_m&
~m¡h d¡g g{OVm g{_n A_¥V ag {nÝZrnm&&''
Bg Vah Bg gm{hË` _| AbÝH$mam| H$m à`moJ Mmho H$_ g§»`m _| hþAm h¡, bo{H$Z {OVZo ^r
AbÝH$mam| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡, dh gOrd Ed§ gwÝXa h¢&
^p³VH$mc
(g§.1375-1700)
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ nyd© ‘ܶH$mc H$mo ^{º$ H$mc H$hm± OmVm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| ^p³V
H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ gmW H$mì¶ H$s Aݶ naånamE± ^r ahr h¢& ^maV ‘| ‘ܶ H$mc ‘| ^mJdV nwamU
^p³V à‘wIVm go ahr ? ^mJdV ^p³V X{jU go hmoH$a CÎmar ^maV ^p³V naånam go
EH$ê$n hmoH$a nyao ^maV df© ‘| ì¶má hmo JB©& ‘ܶH$mcrZ ^maVr¶ gm{h˶ H$m ‘yc ñda ^p³V
ahr h¢& ^JdmZ H$s {ZJw©U Ed§ gJwU ^p³V na ~c {X¶m J¶m Wm& VËH$mcrZ ^maV H$s g^r
à‘wI ‘amR>r, JwOamVr, n§Om~r, ~§Jcm, V{‘c, ‘ë¶mc‘ Am¡a H$ÞS> Am{X ^mfmAm| ‘| ^{º$
H$m gm{h˶ {cIm J¶m& ew³cOr Zo kmZml¶r, ào‘ml¶r, am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶, H¥$îU ^p³V
H$mì¶ Am{X ^p³V H$s YmamAm| H$m CëboI {H$¶m h¢& ^p³VH$mcrZ gm{h˶ Ho$ CX²^d Am¡a
{dH$mg H$mo g‘w{MV én ‘| AdJV H$aZo Ho$ {cE VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr¶m± OmZZm A{Zdm¶© h¡§&
AV… VËH$mcrZ {d{^Þ n[apñWVr¶m| H$m {ddoMZ {H$¶m Om ahm h¢&
1) amOZ¡{VH$ n[apñW{V¶m± …
{hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| ^p³VH$mc VH$ CÎmar ^maV ‘| ‘w{ñc‘ gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hmo
MwH$s Wr& {H$ÝVw BZ {XZm| ‘wJcm| Am¡a A’$JmZm| ‘| nañna g§Kf© Omar hþAm& Bg g‘¶ ‘wpñc‘m|
Z| {hÝXþAm| go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a AnZm emgZ ÑT> H$aZm ewé {H$¶m&
^p³VH$mc H$m g‘¶ g§. 1375 go 1700 VH$ Ho$ H$mbIÊS> ‘| ‘mZm OmVm h¢& Bg
H$mbIÊS> H$mo Xmo ^mJm| ‘o§ {d^m{OV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¢& àW‘ ^mJ g§ 1375 go 1583 VH$
Am¡a Xþgam g§. 1583 go 1700 VH$& àW‘ ^mJ ‘| {X„r na VwJbH$ Am¡a bmoYr d§e H$m
emgZ Wm& Xþgao ^mJ ‘| ‘wJbd§e Ho$ ~m~a, hþ‘m¶w±, AH$~a, Ohm±Jra Am¡a emhOhm± H$m emgZ
ahm h¢& ‘wJbd§e H$mc amOZr{VH$ Ñï>r go àm¶… ¶h H$mb AemÝV Am¡a g§Kf©‘¶ ahm Wm&
1295 ‘| A„mCÔrZ {IcOr {X„r H$s JÔr na ~¡R>m& CgZo ‘mbdm à§mV Am¡a
‘hmamï´> H$mo OrV {c¶m& JwOamV OrVH$a amOnwVmZo KamZo H$m| Koa {c¶m Am¡a X{jU ^maV ‘|
‘w[ñc‘ emgZ nhþ±Mm& A„mCÔrZ {IcOr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ níMmV {X„r H$m emgZ ~chrZ hþAm&
gZ 1320 ‘| J¶mgwÔrZ VwJbH$ Zo Cg ‘| e{º$ àXmZ H$s& Hw$N> H$mc Ho$ CnamÝV àmpÝVH$
emgH$m| ‘| ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ~ZmZo ‘| cJ| ah|& ‘odmS> ‘| hå‘ra {ggmo{X¶m 1326 ‘| ñdV§Ì hmo
J¶m& BÝht {XZm| {dO¶ZJa ‘| {hÝXÿ amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& ‘Xþam Am¡a ~§Jmc ‘| {X„r gëVZV
Ho$ gw~oXma ñdV§Ì gwëVmZ ~Z JE& X{jU ‘| ~hm‘Zr amÁ¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& H$í‘ra ‘|
emh‘ra Zo AnZm ñdV§Ì amÁ¶ ñWm{nV {H$¶m&
15 dr eVmãXr àmÝVr¶ emgH$m| H$m ¶wJ ahm h¡& Bg H$mc ‘| amOñWmZ Am¡a ‘odmS>
H$s CÞ{V hþB©& ‘hmamUm cmIm, MyS>m Am¡a Hw§$^m Ho$ emgZ H$mc ‘| dh EH$ à‘wI e{º$ ~Zm&
‘mcdm, JwOamV,~§Jmc Am¡a H$í‘ra Ho$ emgH$ ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ~ZmE hþE Wo& ~w§Xoc IÊS> ‘|
2) d¡îUd Y‘© …- e§H$amMm¶© Ho$ nyd© X{jU go AmE Abdma g§Vm| Zo ^p³V H$m àMma Ed§
àgma {H$¶m& Bg g‘¶ AZoH$ Ym{‘©H$ gåàXm¶ {Z‘m©U hþE& {OZ ‘| {dîUy ^p³V H$mo A{YH$
‘hËd {X¶m J¶m& {dîUy Ho$ AdVmam| ‘| am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& am‘mÝmÝX Zo ^p³V Ho$
Ûma g~ Ho$ {bE Imobo Am¡a OZ^mfm ‘| AnZo {gÜXm§Vm| H$m àMma {H$¶m& BZHo$ nyd© am‘mZwO,
‘ÜdmMm¶©, {Zå~mH©$ Am{X Zo g§ñH¥$V ‘| AnZo {gÜXm§Vmo H$m àMma {H$¶m& {dîUw Ho$ AdVma
^JdmZ lr H¥$îU H$s CnmgZm Ho$ {d{dY ^oX {Z‘m©U hþE& ^JdmZ H¥$îU H$mo ^mJdV nwamU Ho$
Xe‘ ñH§$Y ‘| d{U©V H¥$îU Ho$ én ‘| AnZm Amamܶ ‘mZm J¶m& H$mbmÝVa ‘| ^{º$ nÜXVr ‘|
{dbm{gVm d ^moJ H$s àYmZVm ~Zr aht&
3) gy’$s Y‘© …- ^maV na ‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ AmH«$‘U nyd© hr gy’$s g§V H${d¶m| Zo Bñbm‘r
dmVmdaU V¡¶ma {H$¶m Wm& Hw$N> gåàXm¶ àM{bV aho& gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ^maVr¶ Aܶm[Ë‘H$
Am¡a AÛ¡V H$mo AnZo T>§J go ñdrH$ma {H$¶m Am¡a ào‘ñdén {ZamH$ma, {ZJw©U B©ída H$m àMma
àgma {H$¶m& gy’$s g§V H${d gƒ[aV, {dÛmZ Am¡a ghZerb Wo& {hÝXÿ Y‘© Ho$ à{V CZH$s
AmñWm Ed§ {dídmg Wm& BgHo$ ’$bñdê$n gy{’$¶m| Zo ^maVr¶ OZVm Ho$ ‘Z H$mo OrVm h¡& ZmW
gåàXm¶ Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU gy{’$¶m| Zo CZHo$ {dMma d EHo$ídadmXr {dMmam| H$mo AnZmVo hþE
Bñbm‘ Ho$ gmW g‘Ýd¶ H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& AV… BÝhm|Z| {hÝXÿ-‘wpñb‘ Ho$ AOZ~rnZ
H$mo {‘Q>m¶m&
gm[hp˶H$ n[apñWVr¶m± … -
^{º$H$mb Ho$ {dMmaH$m| Zo JÚ ‘| AnZo {dMma 춳V Z H$aHo CÝh| N>§X-~ÜXén
‘| 춳V {H$¶m& g§ñH¥$V ‘| Bg g§~§Y ‘| {Q>H$mAm|, ì¶m»¶mAm| H$s g¥ï>r hmoVr ahr& {H$gr ZdrZ
‘m¡{bH$ CX²^mdZmAm| go H$m‘ Zht {b¶m J¶m& {gÜXm§V à{VnmXZ VWm ^p³V àMma H$s ^mdZm
Cg g‘¶ Ho$ g‘ñV gm{h˶ ‘| H$m‘ H$a ahr h¢& H$~ra, Om¶gr, gya, Vwbgr O¡go ^mdwH$
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V¶m± …
g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V H$s ‘yb^yV {deofVm h¡& gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$s
gd©loð> A{^ì¶{º$ gmd©^m¡‘ g˶ Ho$ AmYma na à{V{ð>V Ym{‘©H$ ^mdZm Am¡a Xme©{ZH$
{MÝVmYma Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go hþB© h¢& H$bm, {eën, gm{h˶ Am¡a g§JrV BÝhr H$s XoZ h¡& e¡d, emº$,
^mJdV Am¡a JmUn˶ O¡go à‘wI Y‘m} ‘| kmZ ¶moJV§Ì Am¡a ^{º$ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m g‘Ýd¶ hmoZo
bJm& ¶moJ H$m à^md Cg g‘¶ BVZm ~T>m {H$ ^{º$ kmZ Am¡a H$‘© Ho$ gmW ^r ¶moJ eãX H$mo
OmoS>m OmZm Amdí¶H$ g‘Pm OmZo bJm& g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm Y‘© Ho$ g‘mZ ‘w{V© Ed§
dmñVwH$bmAm| ‘| ^r XoIr Om gH$Vr h¢& IOwamhm| Ho$ d¡ÚZmW ‘pÝXa Ho$ {ebmboI ‘| ~«åh,
{OZ, ~wÜX VWm dm‘Z H$mo {ed H$m én H$hm J¶m h¡& ^{º$ Am§XmobZ Bgr g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$ àd¥{Îm
H$m n[aUm‘ h¡&
Bgr H$mb ‘| {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wpñb‘ g§ñH¥${V¶m± EH$ Xþgao Ho$ {ZH$Q> Am¶r& g§JrV, {MÌ
VWm ^dZ {Z‘m©U ‘| g‘Ýd¶ Ama§^ hþAm& gm{h˶ ^r EH$ Xþgao go à^m{dV ahm& Zm¶H$
Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho Z¶Zm{^am‘ {MÌm| VWm {d{dY H$bmAm| Ho$ ê$n ‘| XmoZm| H$s {MÌH$bmAm| H$m
g‘mJ‘ Xe©Zr¶ h¡& H$mì¶m| ‘| ^r amJ-am{J{Z¶m| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m OmZo bJm&
^p³VH$mb H$mo gm{h˶ H$s Ñï>r go gwdU© ¶wJ H$hm± J¶m h¡& Bg H$mb ‘| ^maV H$s
bJ^J g^r ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h˶ g¥OZ hþAm h¡& ^p³VH$mb Z| {hÝXr H$mo gwa, Vwbgr, H$~ra,
Om¶gr, ‘ram, ahr‘, agImZ O¡go à{V^m gånÞ gm{h˶H$ma {XE h¢& ^p³V gm{h˶ EH$
gmW •X¶, ‘Z Am¡a AmË‘m H$s ^yI H$mo j‘Vm h¡&
3A.1 àñVmdZm
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ ^p³VH$mb ‘| ^p³V H$s gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U ¶h Xmo YmamE±
{dH${gV hþB©& gJwU ^p³VYmam Ho$ A§VJ©V am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU H$m ^p³V H$mì¶ AmVm h¡, {ZJ©wU Ho$
A§VJ©V g§V H$mì¶ VWm gy’$s H$mì¶ AmVm h¡& g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ g§V H$~ra h¡& g§V H$mì¶
H$mo {dÛmZm|Zo H$B© Zm‘m| go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m h¡& AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b g§V H$mì¶ H$mo "{ZJw©U
kmZml¶r emIm', S>m°. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo Bgo {ZJw©U ^p³VH$mì¶' VWm am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© Zo
Bgo "g§V H$mì¶ naånam' Zm‘ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡&
lr nrVmå~a XÎm ~S>Ïdmb Zo g§V eãX H$s CËn{Îm em§V eãX go ‘mZr h¡ Am¡a
BgH$m AW© {Zd¥{V ‘mJ© ¶m d¡amJr ‘mZm h¡& Bg g§~§Y ‘| naewam‘ MVwd}Xr Zo {bIm h¡ - ""g§V
eãX Cg ì¶{º$ H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ {OgZo "gV' ê$nr na‘ VÎd H$m AZw^d H$a {b¶m hmo
Am¡a Omo Bg àH$ma AnZo ì¶p³VËd go D$na CR>H$a CgHo$ gmW VX²ê$n hmo J¶m hmo, Omo g§V
ñdén {Z˶ {gÕ dñVw H$m gmjmËH$ma H$a MwH$m hmo AWdm Anamoj H$s CnbpãY Ho$ ’$b
ñdén AIÊS> g˶ ‘| à{V{ð>V hmo J¶m hmo dhr g§V h¡&'' AV: {ZJw©UmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "g§V'
VWm gJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ {bE "^³V' eãX à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
S>m°. {ÌbmoH$sZmW Xr{jV Zo g§VH$mì¶ Ymam H$m Xme©{ZH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYma
Cn{ZfX² e§H$amMm¶© H$m AÛ¡V Xe©Z ZmW-n§W, Bñbm‘Y‘© VWm gy’$s Xe©Z Am{X H$mo ‘mZm
h¡& S>m°. Xr{jV Zo {ZJw©U ^p³V {dH$mg Ho$ n§MVËd H$mo C„o{IV {H$¶m h¡ - ""{ZJw©U ^p³V H$m
‘yb VËd h¡ - {ZJw©U gJwU go nao AZm{X, AZÝV, AZm‘, AOmV ~«÷ H$m Zm‘ On& g§Vm| Zo
Zm‘ On H$mo gmYZm H$m AmYma ‘mZm h¡& "Zm‘' g‘ñV g§e¶m| Am¡a ~ÝYZmo§ H$mo {d{N>Þ H$a
XoVm h¡& "Zm‘' hr ^p³V Am¡a ‘wp³V H$m XmVm h¡& {ÛVr¶ ‘ybVÎd ‘mZ{gH$ ^p³V& V¥Vr¶ ‘yb
VËd h¡ - ào‘ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$‘©H$mÊS> H$s AZno{jV XéhVmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& MVwW© VÎd h¡-
‘mZd H$s Eogo {dídì¶mnr Y‘© Ho$ gyÌm| ‘| {Z~Õ H$aZm Ohm± Om{V, dJ© Am¡a dU© g§~§Yr ^oX Z
hmo& n§M‘ VËd h¡ - ghO gmYZm& BZ VÎdm| go {ZJw©U ^p³V H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡&
g§V H$~raXmg Ho$ OÝ_ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ àdmX h¡Ÿ& A§Vagmú` Am¡a H$~ra M[aV
~moY Ho$ AmYma na BZH$m OÝ_ gZ² 1398 _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& bha Vmbm~ Ho$ Vmb Ho$ nmg {_bo
~mbH$ H$mo Zré Zm_ Ho$ OwbmhmZo AnZo Ka bo OmH$a CgH$m nmbZ {H$`m Zré H$s nËZr Zr_m
Zo _mVm H$m ñZoh {X`mŸ& n[aUm_ ñdén H$~ra Xmg H$s Om{V Owbmhm WrŸ& H$~ra Zo AnZo
OrdZ _| Xmo {ddmh {H$E WoŸ& CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ 'bmoB©' Wm, {Oggo CÝh| H$_mb Am¡a H$_mbr
Zm_H$ g§ÝVmZ àmßV hþB© WrŸ& BZ H$m XohmdgmZ H$mb gZ² 1518 B©. _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ&
H$~raXmgOr Ho$ Jwé Ho$ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo "am_mZÝX' H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡Ÿ&
VËH$mbrZ {hÝXr ^{ŠV gm{hË` Am§XmobZ _| am_mZ§XOr H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡Ÿ& am_mZ§XOr
Zo XeXm^{ŠV Ho$ gmW hr kmZ _mJ© H$m CnXoe XoH$a gm_m{OH$ hrZVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo g_yb
Zð> H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m Am¡a gmYZm Ed§ ^{ŠV H$mo g^r dJm] VH$ VWm g^r dUm] Ho$ {bE
Iwbm H$a {X`mŸ& `hr Jwé _§Ì boH$a H$~ra Zo VËH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ é{T>, naånam Hw$ar{V`m±,
Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| na H$amam AmKmV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ''_{gH$mJX YwAm| Zht, H$bm_
Jh`m| Zht hmWŸ&'' Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$maZo dmbo H$~ra Zo AnZr dmUr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO OZ
OmJaU H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~ÜX Zht {H$`mŸ& CZHo$
nadVu {eî`m¡ Zo OZ _mZg _| àMm{bV aMZmAm| H$mo {b{n~ÜX {H$`mŸ& H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| _|
"~rOH$' H$mo àm_m{UH$ _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_| H$~ra Ho$ CnXoem| H$mo {eî`m| Zo g§H${bV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
gmIr, g~X, a_¡Zr ~r `h ~rOH$ Ho$ VrZ ^mJ h¡Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m bJ-^J gmR>
_mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` H$s {dahmZw^y{V CÀM H$moQ>r H$s WrŸ& dh AnZo am_ Ho$ AZÝ`
{dahr WoŸ& CÝh| {dah H$s {d{^Þ XemAm| H$s doXZm ghZr nS>r WrŸ& {dahmZw^y{V Ho$ {~Zm
gmYH$ _| {à`-{_bZ H$s CËH$ÊR>m OmJ¥V hr Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& H$~ra H$hVo h¡-
"{dahm H$h¡ H$~ra gy±, Vy {OZ N>m±S>o _mo{hŸ&
nmn ~«åh Ho$ VoO _| Vhm± b¡ amImo Vmo{hŸ&&'
H$~ra H$mì` _| ZmaXr ^{ŠV H$mo _mZm h¡Ÿ& H$~ra H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, {Z_©b _Z go ^{ŠV na hr
'am_' {_b gH$Vo h¡-
H$_© H$aV ~ÜXo Ah_odŸ& nmWa H$mo H$aqh godŸ&&
H$hþ H$~ra ^J{V H$a nm`mŸ& ^mobo ^m` {_bo aKwam`mŸ&&
H$~ra gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo {d{^Þ Y_© Am¡a
gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V A§Y{dídmg na H$amam AKmV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {H$gr ^r Y_© H$mo ~Šem
Zht h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {hÝXwAm| H$s _w{V©nyOm, VrW© `mÌm, d«V d¡’$ë`, AdVmadmX, nmoWr nwamZ, nR>Z
Am{X na AmKmV {H$`m h¡ Am¡a _wpñb_ Y_© _| ì`mßV nmIÊS>m| amoOm, Z_mO, hO`mÌm Am{X
a¡Xmg am_mZÝX H$s {eî` naånam Am¡a H$~ra Ho$ g_H$mbrZ H${d WoŸ& a¡Xmg H$m
OÝ_ gZ² 1299 B©. _| H$mer _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& a¡Xmg {ddm{hV Wo CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ bmoZm WmŸ&
BÝhm|Zo ñd§` AnZr Om{V H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡- ''H$h a¡Xmg Ibmg M_mam'' g§V a¡Xmg nT>o
{bIo Zht WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo à`mJ, _Wwam, d¥§XmdZ, ^aVnwa, {MVm¡S> Am{X ñWmZm| H$m ^«_U H$a
{ZJw©U ~«åh H$m OZgmYmaU H$s ^mfm_| àMma-àgma {H$`mŸ& {MÎmm¡S> H$s amZr Am¡a _ram±~mB©
BZH$s {eî`m WrŸ&
a¡Xmg _| g§Vm| H$s ghOVm, {Zñn¥hVm, CXmaVm, {dídào_, ÑT> {dídmg Am¡a
gmpËdH$ OrdZ Ho$ ^md BZH$s aMZmAm| _| {_bVo h¡Ÿ& BZH$s aMZmE± g§V_Z H$s, {d{^Þ g§J«hm|
_| g§H${bV {_bVr h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ \w$Q>H$a nX '~mZr' Ho$ Zm_ go 'g§V~mZr grarO' _| g§J«{hV
{_bVo h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ '' Am{X Jwé J«§W gm{h~'' _| bJ^J Mmbrg nX {_bVo h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo g§V H$~ra
Ho$ g_mZ _y{V©nyOm, VrW©`mÌm Am{X ~møAmS>§~amo H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> nX ZrMo CÕ¥V h¡-
{hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ ^p³VH$mb H$mo {ZJw©U Am¡a gJwU ^p³V H$mì¶Ymam BZ Xmo ^mJm|‘|
{d^m{OV {H$¶m OmVm h¡ & Bg H$mb ‘| {ZJw©U ^p³V nÕ{V A˶m{YH$ à^mdr ahr h¢& {ZJw©U
^p³VYmam ‘| Xmo emImE± {dH${gV hþB© EH$ kmZml¶r emIm Am¡a Xþgar ào‘‘mJu emIm&
kmZml¶r emIm H$mo g§V H$mì¶ Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$¶m OmVm h¢& AV… {ZJw©U ^p³V, kmZml¶r
emIm VWm g§V H$mì¶ Am{X Zm‘ g§~moYZ ^p³VH$mb Ho$ EH$ {d{ímï> H$mì¶ Ymam H$mo hr {XE JE
h¢& BgHo$ àdV©H$ g§V H$~ra ‘mZo OmVo h¢& Bg H$mì¶ H$s ¶h {deofVm ‘mZr OmVr h¢ {H$ Bg‘|
H$ht na ^r H¥${Ì‘Vm Zht {XImB© XoVr h¢& Bg‘| ghO àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X¶© h¡ Omo ‘Z ‘pñVîH$ H$mo
EH$ gmW ha boVm h¢& g§V gm{h˶ ‘| A{YH$ Va AmܶmpË‘H$ {df¶m| H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡&
{ZJw©U g§V H$mì¶ Zo AZoH$ Ym{‘©H$ gåàXm¶m| Ho$ à^mdm| H$mo J«hU {H$¶m h¡& ¶h gmYZm VWm
H$mì¶d¡^d XmoZmo Ñ{ï> go ~hþV hr gånÞ h¢& g§V H${d¶m| H$s {dMmaYmam ZrOr kmZ Am¡a
AZw^y{V¶m± na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg H$mì¶ Ymam H$s gm‘mݶ àd¥{Îm¶m± Ed§ gm‘mݶ {deofVmAm| H$mo
{ddoMZ {ZåZ àH$ma {X¶m Om ahm h¢ &
g^r g§V H${d¶m| Zo B©ída Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘o AnZo {dMma 춳V {H$E h¢ & g^r dUm}
Am¡a g‘wMr Om{V¶m| Ho$ {bE dh {ZJw©U EH$ ‘mÌ kmZJå¶ h¢ & dh A{dJV h¢ & doX nwamU VWm
ñ‘¥{V¶m± Ohm± VH$ Zhr nhþ±M gH$Vr -
"‘{ZJw©U am‘ Onhþao ^mB©, A{dJV H$s J{V bIr Z OmB© &'
¶o gÝV H${d gya Am¡a Vwbgr Ho$ g‘mZ gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U Ho$ g‘Ýd¶dmXr Zhr h¡ &
^p³VH$mbrZ {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m|Zo ~hþXoddmX VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡&
CÝhm|Zo Bg ^mdZm H$m {Z{^©H$Vm nwd©H$ IÝS>Z {H$¶m h¡& BgH$m H$maU amOZr{VH$Vm H$m
n[aUm‘ VWm e§H$amMm¶© Ho$ AX²d¡V H$m à^md Wm& emgH$ dJ© ‘wgb‘mZ EHo$ída dmXr Wm&
{hÝXþ-‘wpñb‘ Y‘m} ‘| {dÛofm{¾H$mo em§V H$a EH$Vm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE BZ H${d¶m| Zo EHo$ída
dmX H$m g§Xoe XoH$a ~hþXoddmX VWm AdVma H$m {damoY H$a ~«åhm, {dîUy, ‘hoe H$mo ‘m¶mJ«ñV
H$hm Am¡a CZH$s qZXm H$s h¡& CZH$m {dídmg Wm {H$ g¥[ï> H$m H$Vm© {ZamH$ma ~«åh h¡& MaUXmg
Z| ~«åh Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| {bIm h¡ -
"¶h {ga Zdo Z am‘ Xÿ§, Zmhr {Jar¶mo Qy>Q> &
AmZ Xod Zhr na{g¶o, ¶h VZ Om¶o Ny>Q> &&'
g§V H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| Jwê$ H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & CZHo$ AZwgma
Jwê$ hr gd©loð> h¡ & CÝhm|Zo Jwé H$mo kmZr ~VmVo hþE B©ída go ^r A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & Jwé H$m
‘hËd H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$~raXmg Or Zo {bIm h¡ -
"Jwê$ Jmo{dÝX XmoD$ IS>o H$mHo$ bmJw± nmB &
~{bhmar Jwé AmnZo {OZ Jmo{dÝX {X¶mo ~VmB© &&'
BZ H${d¶m| H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ am‘ H$s H¥$nm ^r V^r hmoVr h¡ O~ Jwé H$s H¥$nm hmoVr
h¡ & {~Zm Jwé H$s H¥$nm na‘mË‘m H$s H¥$nm gå^d Zhr h¡ & B{g{bE g§V H${d¶m| Zo Jwé H$mo
gmjmV na‘mË‘m ‘mZm h¡ & AV… {ZJw©U ^³V H${d gJwU ^³V H${d¶m| H$s Anojm Jwé H$mo
A{YH$ ‘ôËd XoVo h¢&
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo Om{V-nm{V H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡ & ‘ܶ ¶wJ H$mbrZ g‘mO ‘|
dU© ^oX Am¡a dJ© ^oX VWm Om{V ^oX H$m A{YH$ àm~ë¶ Wm, {’$a g§V H$~ra Zo BZH$m H$gH$a
{damoY {H$¶m & g§V H$~ra ~wÜX H$s g‘VmdmXr Ñï>r Ho$ nwañH$Vm© Wo & CZHo$ AZwgma Z H$moB©
N>moQ>m h¡ Z H$moB© ~S>m h¡, B©ída H$s nyOm VWm AmamYZm H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma à˶oH$ ‘ZwmÌ
H$mo h¡ & Bg Ñï>r‘| ^JdV ^p³V ‘| g~H$mo g‘mZ A{YH$ma h¡ & H$~ra Ho$ AZwgma -
"Om{V-nm{V nwN>o Zht H$moB© ,
h[a H$mo ^Oo gmo h[a H$m hmoB© &'
BZ gÝVm| H$mo {hÝXÿ-‘wgb‘mZm| ‘o EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm‘mݶ ^p³V
‘mJ© H$s à{VîR>m ^r H$aZr Wr & Bg ^oX Ho$ {ZdmaUmW© BZHo$ ñda ‘| àIaVm Am¡a H$Qw>Vm AmB©
-
Aao BZ XmCZ amhZ nmB© &
{hÝXþAZ H$s {hÝXþAmB© XoIr, VwaH$Z H$s VwaH$mB© &&
H$~ra XmgOr Bgr àH$ma H$hVo h¡ -
""Vy ~«måhU ‘¢ H$mer H$m Owbmhm MrÝh Z ‘moa {J¶mZm &
Vy Omo ~m‘U ~m‘Ur Om¶m Am¡a amh h¡ ³¶m| Zhr Am¶m &&''
g^r {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo é{T>¶m|, {‘϶m AmS>å~am| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$s H$Qy>
AmbmoMZm H$s h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| nmB© OmZodmbr BZ Hw$àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m S>Q>H$a
{damoY {H$¶m h¡ & BÝhm|Zo ‘y{V©nyOm, Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na H$s OmZodmbr qhgm, VrW©, d«V, amoOm,
Z‘mO, hO¶mÌm Am{X ~møS>å~am| H$m S>§Ho$ H$s MmoQ> na {damoY {H$¶m & BÝhm|Zo {Z^©¶Vm go
VËH$mbrZ g‘mO H$mo ghr amñVm {XImZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m VWm VËH$mbrZ Y‘© Am¡a gåàXm¶m|
‘| Zr{hV PyR>r ‘mݶVmAm| H$m {damoY {H$¶m & n[aUm‘V… g§V H${d¶m| H$mo {hÝXÿ VWm ‘wgb‘mZ
XmoZm| H$s Amoa go àVmS>Zm ghZr nS>r & àm¶… BÝhm| Zo AnZo ¶wJ Ho$ d¡îUd gåàXm¶ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
eof g^r Y‘© gåàXm¶ H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$s h¡ -
"~H$ar nmVr ImV h¡, VmH$s H$mT>r Imb &
Oo OZ ~H$ar ImV h¡, {VZ H$mo H$m¡Z hdmb &&'
H$~ra ‘wpñb‘ Y‘© gåàXm¶ H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE± H$hVo h¡ -
"H$m§H$a nmWa Omo[aHo$, ‘pñOX bB© ~Zm¶ &
Vm M{T> ‘w„m ~m§J Xo, ~{ham hþAm IwXm¶ &&'
{hÝXÿ Y‘© H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE° H$hVo h¡ -
"nËWa nwO¡ h[a {‘b|, Vmo ‘¢ nwOw± nhma &
VmVo dh M¸$s ^br nrg Im¶ g§gma &&'
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| ‘o| ahñ¶dmX H$s ^mdZm ‘w»¶ én ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡ & ahñ¶ H$s
Ñï>r go BZH$m gm{h˶ AZwn‘ h¡ & g§V gåàXm¶ ‘| ào‘mgp³V Am¡a ahñ¶‘¶Vm H$s àd¥{Îm¶m±§
{dÇ>b gåàXm¶ go Am¶r h¡ & àU¶m^y{V Ho$ joÌ ‘| nhþ±MH$a ¶o IÊS>Z-‘ÊS>Z H$s àH¥${V H$mo
^yb OmVo h¡ Am¡a BZH$m ‘¥Xþb-•X¶ Vab hmo OmVm h¡ & {dahmZw^y{V H$s A{^ì¶p³V ‘| BÝh|
n¶m©á g’$bVm {‘br h¡ & gÝV H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^춧OZm hþB© {Ogo
ahñ¶dmX H$s ^r g§km Xr JB© h¡ & gmYZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| Omo ~«åh h¡, gm{h˶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| dhr
ahñ¶dmX h¡ & gÝVm| H$m ahñ¶dmX e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX go à^m{dV h¡ -
"Ob ‘| Hw$å^ Hw$å^ ‘| Ob h¡ ^rVa ~mha nmZr &
’y$Q>m Hw$å^ Ob Obqh g‘mZm, ¶h VV H$Wm¡ J¶mZr &&'
g§V H${d¶m| Ho$ ahñ¶dmX na ¶moJ H$m ñnï> à^md h¡ Ohm± H$s B§Jbm,qnJbm Am¡a
ghóXb H$‘b Am{X àVrH$m| H$m à¶moJ h¡ & AV… XmoZm| àH$ma H$s ~«åhmZw^y{V ¶moJmË‘H$
ahñ¶dmX Ho$ AÝVJ©V Am¶oJr & BZ‘| {dewÜX ^mdmË‘H$ ahñ¶dmX ^r {‘bVm h¡, Ohm±
àU¶mZw^y{V H$s {ZíMb A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡ -
"Am¶r Z gH$m¡ VwÁP n¡, gHw§$ Z VwÁP ~wbmB© &
{O¶am ¶m| hr boh|Jo {dah VnmB© VnmB© &&'
g§V H${d¶m| H$m ahñ¶dmX ^maVr¶ naånam Ho$ AZwHw$b h¡ Am¡a Cg na doXm| H$m
à^md h¡ &
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo ^OZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ & ^OZ VWm
Zm‘ñ‘aU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| CZH$s ¶h YmaUm h¡ {H$ ^OZ, {H$V©Z ¶m Zm‘ñ‘aU ‘Z hr ‘Z ‘| hmoZm
Mm{hE & Cg‘| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m {XImdm ¶m T>m|J Z hmo & ^OZ VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU go na‘oída
H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡ & ha ì¶{º$ H$mo ^OZ, {H$V©Z VWm Zm‘ñ‘aU H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡ dh AJa
gƒo ‘Z go B©ída H$m ñ‘aU H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo CgH$s àm{á g§^d h¡ & Bg g§~§Y ‘| H$~ra H$m
H$hZm h¡ -
""ghOmo gw{‘aZ H$s{O¶o {haX¡ ‘mhr {N>nmB© &
hmoR> hmoR> gy§Zm {hb¡, gH¡$ Zhr H$moB© nmB© &''
ào‘ H$s Amdí¶H$Vm H$mo ‘hËd XoVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¡ -
""nmoWr n{‹T> n{‹T> OJ‘wAm, n§{S>V ^¶m Z H$moB©,
T>mB© AmIa ào‘ Ho$, nT>¡ gmo n§{S>V hmoB© &&''
{ZJw©U g§V H${d nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ OrZodmbo ì¶p³V aho h¢ & do ZmW n§{W¶m| Ho$
g‘mZ Ho$db ¶moJr Zhr Wo & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$s dmUr ‘| OrdZJV AZw^d H$s gdmªJrUVm
h¡, gÝVm| H$s gmYZm ‘| d¡¶p³VH$Vm H$r Anojm gm‘m{OH$ A{YH$ h¡ & gÝVm| Zo AmË‘ewpÜX na
gånyU© g§V gm{h˶ ‘| l¥§Jma Ed§ emÝV ag H$m {MÌU A{YH$ én ‘| hþAm h¡ & BZ
H${d¶m| Zo g§¶moJ Am¡a {d¶moJ Bg àU¶ H$s XmoZm| AdñWmAm| H$m A˶§V H$bmË‘H$ Ed§ ‘Zmohmar
{MÌU {H$¶m h¡ & CnXoe naH$ gyp³V¶m| ‘| emÝV ag H$s 춧OZm hþB© h¡ & H$ht-H$ht BZH$m ñda
H$H©$e hþAm h¡ {H$ÝVw dhm± bmoH$ H$ë¶mU H$s ^mdZm ahr h¡ & g§V dm{U¶m| H$m H$mì¶ nj CZH$s
àU¶mop³V¶m| ‘| hr ¶WmW© éngo {ZIa nm¶m h¡ & ZrMo Hw$N> n§{º$¶m± Ñï>ì¶ h¡ -
"{da{hZ C^r n§W {ga n§Wr ~wP¡ YmB &
EH$ ewÜX H${h nrd H$m H$~ao {‘b|Jo AmB &&'
g§V gm{h˶ ‘| g§¶moJ nj Ho$ A§VJ©V énmH$f©Z, {à¶m{‘bZ, àW‘ g‘mJ‘,
hfm}„mg, {‘bZmoËH$ÊR>m, Pwbm-PwbZm Am{X H$m dU©Z {‘bVm h¡ & Bg H$mì¶ ‘| {d¶moJ nj ‘|
{චH$mo {dXoe OmZo go amoH$Zm, {dah-O{ZV H$m‘-XemAm| H$m dU©Z, H$m‘ Am{X Ho$ Ûmam
{à¶V‘ H$m g§Xoe àofU Am{X dU©Z {H$¶m h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| H$m l¥§Jma ag Mmho bm¡{H$H$ hmo ¶m
Abm¡{H$H$, Cg‘| EH$ AZwn‘ ‘mYw¶© ag h¡ & dh bm¡{H$H$ én‘| {OVZm AmëhmXXm¶H$ h¡,
Abm¡{H$H$ én ‘| CVZm hr AmZ§XXm¶H$ h¡ & g§V H${d¶m| H$m l¥§Jma dU©Z ^r BZHo$ ì¶p³VËd
Y‘© Am¡a Xe©Z Ho$ g‘mZ Hw$N> {dbjU VWm {Zambm h¡ & BZHo$ l¥§Jma ‘| {Xì¶ ag H$s AmЩVm h¡
- dmgZm H$s A{dbVm Zht &
{ZJw©U gÝV H${d¶m| Zo Zmar g§~§Yr AnZo {dMmam| H$mo IwbH$a 춳V {H$¶m h¡ & BZ
H${d¶m| Zo EH$ Amoa Zmar H$s qZXm-ZmbñVr H$s h¡, Vmo Xþgar Amoa n{Vd«Vm Zmar H$s ‘w³V H$ÊR>
go àe§gm ^r H$s h¡ & gÝV H${d¶m| Zo Zmar H$mo ‘m¶m H$m àVrH$ ‘mZm h¡ & BÝhm|Zo H$ZH$ Am¡a
H$m{‘Zr H$mo XþJ©‘ Km{Q>¶±m ‘mZm h¡ & H$~ra H$m H$hZm h¡ -
"Zmar H$s PmB© naV AÝYm hmoV ^wO§J &
H${~am {VZH$s H$hm J{V {ZV Zmar Ho$ g§J &&'
n[Vd«Vm Zmar H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¡ -
"n{Vd«Vm ‘¡br ^br, H$mZr Hw${MV Hw$én &
n{Vd«Vm Ho$ én na dmam| H$moQ>r gén &&'
H$~ra H$m ¶h Ñï>rH$moU CXmaVm H$m n[aMm¶H$ h¡ & CZH$s Ñï>r ‘| n{Vd«Vm H$m
AmXe© CZHo$ gmYZm Ho$ {ZH$Q> nS>Vm h¡ & g{V Am¡a n{Vd«Vm Zmar ‘§o EH$ Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ,
‘m¶m go gmdYmZVm …
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo ‘m¶mgo gmdYmZ ahZo H$m CnXoe {X¶m h¡ & ³¶m| {H$ a‘¡¶m H$s
XþëhZ Zo g~H$mo ~mOma ‘| bwQ> {b¶m h¡ Am¡a ~«åh, {dîUw Am¡a ‘hoe ^r Cgr Ho$ der^yV h¡ & ¶h
^JdmZ go {‘bZo H$m ‘mJ© ‘| ~hþV ~S>r ~mYm h¡ & ¶h ‘m¶m ‘hm R>{JZr h¡ & BgZo ‘Ywa dmUr
~mobH$a AnZr {VaJwU ’$m§g ‘| g~H$mo ’± gm {b¶m h¡ &
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m|H$s ^mfm OZ gm‘mݶ H$s ^mfm h¡ & BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V…
Jo¶‘w³VH$ e¡brH$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ & g^r H${d A{e{jV Wo & BÝhm|Zo ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm H$mo hr
AnZo A{^ì¶p³V H$m gmYZ ‘mZm & g§V H${d AnZo ‘V H$m àMma H$aZo hoVw ^«‘U H$aVo Wo,
AV… BZH$s ^mfm {IMS>r ¶m gmYw¸$S>r Wr & Bg‘| AdYr, ~«O IS>r ~mobr, nydu {hÝXr,
’$magr, Aa~r, amOñWmZr, n§Om~r ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãXm| H$m gpå‘lU hmo J¶m h¡ &
g§V H${d¶m| H$s ^mfm ‘| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m à¶moJ ^r {‘bVm h¡ Omo {H$ BÝhm|Zo
AnZo nwd©dVr gåàXm¶ go {bE hþE h¡& O¡go-ewݶ, AZhX, {ZJw©U, gJwU Am¡a AdYwV Am{X&
ZmW n§{W¶mo Ûmam à¶w³V B§Jbm,qnJbm, Am{X eãXm| H$m ^r BÝhm|Zo ¶WmdV à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
S>m°. {edHw$‘ma e‘m© BZH$s ^mfm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {bIVo h¢ - ""BZH$s ^mfm AmS>å~a {dhrZ gab
h¡& BÝhm| Zo Cgo H$ht ^r Amb§H$m[aVm go bmXZo H$m à¶ËZ Zhr {H$¶m h¡ {H$ÝVw AZw^y{V H$s
Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU Cg‘| H$mì¶mo{MV g^r JwU Am J¶o h¡&''
e¡br …
g§V H$mì¶ ‘| Jo¶ ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ & ar{V H$mì¶ Ho$ g^r VËd,
^mdmË‘H$Vm, gyú‘Vm, g§JrVmË‘H$Vm, d¡¶p³VH$Vm Am¡a H$mo‘bVm Am{X BZH$s dmUr ‘|
{‘bVo h¡ &
Ab§H$ma …
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| H$s H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| énH$, Cn‘m, Ñï>m§V, g‘mgmop³V,
Aݶmop³V, dH«$mop³V, CËàojm ì¶{VaoH$, {damoYm^mg Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ &
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo AnZo {dMmam| H$s A{^ì¶p³V "gmIr Am¡a g~X' Ho$ ‘mܶ‘
go H$s h¡ & gm{I¶m|H$s aMZm Xmohm, N>§X ‘| hþB© h¡ & gmW hr Mm¡nmB©, H${dVm, h§g nX Am{X N>§Xmo
H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡ &
3A. 4 Aä¶mg
3Am. 1 àñVmdZm
3Am. 2 à‘wI gy’$s H${d
3Am. 3 gy’$s H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±
3Am. 4 Aä¶mg
3Am. 1 àñVmdZm
^p³VH$mb Ho$ {ZJw©U g§V H$mì¶ Ho$ A§VJ©V gy’$s H$mì¶ H$mo {dÛmZm| Zo H$B© Zm‘m| go
g§~moo{YV {H$¶m h¡& AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo Bgo "ào‘‘mJu gy’$s emIm' Bg Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV
{H$¶m h¡& Aݶ Zm‘m| ‘| ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶, ào‘ H$mì¶, Am{X à‘wI h¡& Bg H$mì¶ naånam H$mo
gy’$s g§Vmo H$s XoZ ‘mZm OmVm h¡&
gy’$s eãX H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZmo§ ‘| {d{^Þ ‘V h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ "gy’$' H$mo
g’$ eãX go {ZH$bm hþAm ‘mZVo h¢ {OgH$m AW© h¡, Omo A{J«‘ n§{º$ ‘| I‹S>o hm|Jo, do gy’$s hm|Jo&
Hw$N> EH$ {dÛmZ ‘XrZm H$s ‘pñOX Ho$ g‘j gwâ’$m-M~wVao na ~¡R>Zo dmbo ’$H$sam| H$mo gy’$s
H$hVo h¡& gy’$s eãXm| H$mo gmo{’$¶m H$m énmÝVa ‘mZm J¶m h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZm| Zo gy’$s eãX H$m
g§~§Y g’$m go Omo‹S>m h¡ {OgH$m AW© n{dÌ Am¡a eÕVm h¡& Hw$N> Zo VH©$ g§J{V Ho$ AmYma na
gy’$s eãX H$m g§~§Y gy’$ AWm©V "CZ' H$n‹S>o go ‘mZm J¶m h¡&
AmMm¶© ew³b Zo ^p³VH$mbrZ {hÝXr H$s Bg ào‘m»¶mZ naånam H$mo ’$magr-
‘gZ{d¶m| go ào[aV ‘mZm h¡& Bg H$mì¶ Ymam Ho$ à‘wI àdV©H$ ‘{bH$ ‘whå‘X Om¶gr h¡&
^p³VH$mbrZ ào‘m»¶mZ H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d Om¶gr h¡& CZHo$ OÝ‘ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘|
{dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡& A§V:gmú¶ Ho$ AmYmana Om¶gr H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1495 ‘mZm J¶m h¡,
am¶~aobr ‘| Om¶g ZJa ‘| BZH$m OÝ‘ hþAm Wm& Om¶g ZJa ‘| OÝ‘ boZo Ho$ H$maU hr ¶o
Hw$Vw~Z H$m A{d^m©d g‘¶ gZ² 1493 B©. Wm& do eoI ~wahmZ Ho$ {eî¶ Wo& CÝhm|Zo
"‘¥JmdVr' ào‘m»¶mZ H$s aMZm H$s& Bg‘| M§ÐZJa H$m amOHw$‘ma Am¡a H§$MZ nwa H$s "‘¥JmdVr'
H$s ào‘ H$Wm d{U©V h¡& H${d "‘§PZ' Zo gZ² 1545 B©. ‘| "‘Yw‘mbVr' {bIm h¡& Bg‘| H$Zoga
^p³VH$mbrZ {ZJw©U Ymam H$s ¶h ào‘‘mJu emIm H$hbm¶r OmVr h¡ & Bg H$mì¶
Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d "Om¶gr' h¡ & ào‘‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo H$pënV H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go
ào‘‘mJ© H$m ‘hËd à{VnmXZ {H$¶m h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ Ho$ ~hmZo Cg ào‘ VËd H$m
A^mg {X¶m h¡ & BZ H$mì¶ ‘| a{MV ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| H$m {df¶ Vmo gmYmaU hmoVm h¡ & {H$gr
amOHw$‘ma H$m {H$gr amOHw$‘mar Ho$ ào‘ ‘| nmJb hmoZm Am¡a Ka ~ma N>moS>H$a {ZH$b nS>Zm&
AnZr ào{‘H$m H$mo nmZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$ï> Am¡a Amn{Îm¶m± PobH$a A§V ‘| Cg ào{‘H$m
amOHw$‘mar H$mo àmá H$aZm & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Omo ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± br h¡ do g~ {hÝXÿ n[admapñWV
H$B© {XZm| go MbVr Am¶r ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± h¡ & AV… H$hm{Z¶m| H$m AmYma {hÝXÿ h¡ & gy’$s ào‘
H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m± Ed§ {deofVmE± {ZåZ àH$ma h¡ &
ào‘‘mJu emIm Ho$ gy’$s H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo gy’$s ‘V H$m àMma àgma AnZr
H$mì¶ H$s aMZm Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ & Bg naånam‘| {hÝXÿ H${d ^r Wo CÝhmoZo
H$mì¶ma§^ ‘| {hÝXÿ Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s d§XZm ^r H$s h¡ & {H$ÝVw ‘wpñb‘ H${d¶m| Zo gy’$s ‘V H$m
àMma H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m Wm & gmW hr BZH$m H$mì¶-à¶moOZ ¶e àm{á, H$mì¶ H$bm H$m
àXe©Z Am¡a ¶wdmAm| H$m ‘Zmoa§OZ ahm h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo ^maVr¶ emóm| H$m AmYma boH$a
aMZmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m h¡ &
ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| Mma ómoVm|go àmá gm‘J«r H$m H$WmdñVw Ho$ én ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ &
1) ‘hm^maV, h[ad§enwamU, {dîUwnwamU Am{X & 2) àmH¥$V - g§ñH¥$V Ho$ naånamJV H$WmZH$
3) CX¶Z, {dH«$‘, aËZgoZ Am{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmÌm| H$s JmWmE± & 4) bmoH$ àM{bV ào‘H$WmE±
BZ ‘| H$ënZm e{º$ H$m à¶moJ ^r {H$¶m h¡ & AV… BZH$m AmYma ^maVr¶ gm{h˶ H$mo ‘mZZm
Mm{hE &
à~ÝY H$ënZm
gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s
A{^춧OZm H$s h¡& BZ H$s ¶h ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m± à~ÝY H$mì¶ H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVr h¡& BZ H${d¶m|
H$m CÔoe H$moar ào‘ H$hmZr Z hmoH$a ào‘VËd H$m [ZénU H$aZm VWm CgH$m ‘hËd {ZYm©[aV
H$aZm h¡& gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo AnZo ào‘ nmÌ Ho$ gm¢X¶© H$mo Á¶mo{V‘¶ nw§O Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m
h¡, {H$ à˶oH$ Ord CgH$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoH$a AnZm gd©ñd Cg na ݶmoN>mda H$aZo Ho$ {bE
V¡¶ma hmo OmVm h¡& Bg H$mì¶ H$s ào{‘H$mE± Am¡a ào‘r nW na AmZodmbr ~mYmAm|H$mo nmaH$a
{gpÜXnW na MT>Vo OmVo h¢& BZ H$WmAm| ‘| n{j¶m|, Xodm|, Am¡a AßgamAm| H$m C„oI {H$¶m
J¶m h¢&
à~ÝY H$mì¶mo{MV dñVw Ed§ KQ>Zm dU©Z ‘| Omo àdmh J{V Ano{jV h¡, àm¶… BZ
H$mì¶m| ‘| CgH$m A^md h¡ & H$WmdñVw Ho$ dñVw dU©Z ‘| g~ Zo à~ÝY é{T>¶m| H$s eaU br h¡ &
ào‘m»¶mZm| àm¶… gd©Ì g‘wÐ, Vy’$mZ, ’w$bdm[a¶m±, dZ Am¡a ‘H$mZ O¡go h¡ & BZ H$mì¶m| H$s
H«$‘ ¶moOZm àm¶… EH$ O¡gr h¡ & gd©àW‘ ‘§JbmMaU ‘| B©ída H$s gd©ep³V‘Îmm H$m dU©Z,
VËníMmV hOaV ‘whå‘X Am¡a CZHo$ gh¶mo{J¶m| H$s àe§gm H$s OmVr h¡ & g§àXm¶ Ho$ C„oI Ho$
~mX H$Wma§^ amJmg{º$ Am¡a Zm¶H$-Zm{¶H$m H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE gd©ñd ˶mJH$a Am±Yr Vw’$mZ
H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo {ZH$bVm h¡& ào‘r ào{‘H$m Ho$ {‘bZ Ho$ níMmV A{YH$Va ào‘m»¶mZm| H$m
AÝV XþImÝV hmoVm h¡§&
^md nj
ào‘ ‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| H$m ‘w»¶ {df¶ ào‘ h¡ & ào‘ Ho$ {d¶moJ nj H$mo A{YH$ ‘hËd
BZ H${d¶m| Zo {X¶m h¡ & {OVZm ܶmZ ào‘r Am¡a ào{‘H$mAm| Ho$ {d¶moJ, CgH$s Ad{Y ‘| Pobo
OmZodmbo H$ï>m| VWm CZH$m AÝV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$E J¶o {d{dY à¶ËZm| H$mo dU©Z H$aZo ‘| {X¶m
h¡ CVZm CZHo$ ApÝV‘ {‘bZ na Zhr§ {X¶m J¶m & BÝhm|Zo ~mah-‘mg H$mo ‘hËd {X¶m h¡ Am¡a
^maVr¶ nÕ{V H$m ì¶dhma {H$¶m h¡ & H$ht-H$ht ^maVr¶ à^md ñnï> én go {XImB© XoVm h¡ &
gy{’$¶m| Zo d¡îUdm| H$s Aqhgm H$mo {H«$¶mË‘H$ én go AnZm¶m h¡ & Cn{ZfXm| Ho$ à{V[~§~ dmX Ho$
AZwgma ZmZm énmË‘H$ OJV ~«åh H$m à{V{~å~ h¡ & Om¶gr Zo AZoH$ ñWbm|na O¡go ""Z¶Z
Omo XoIm H$‘b ^m ......'' ‘| à{V {~å~dmX Ho$ gmW hr {dMma gmå¶ {XIm¶m h¡ & g¥{ï> H$s
CËn{Îm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| n§M‘hm^yVm| ‘| go AmH$me N>moS>H$a Aݶ H$mo ñdrH$mam h¡ & hR>¶moJ H$m
H$mì¶ én
H$mì¶ àH$ma H$s Ñï>r go gy’$s H$mì¶ ^maVr¶ H$Wm H$mì¶ naånam ‘| AmVo h¡ &
BgH$s nwï>r AZoH$ bjUm| go hmo OmVr h¡ & AZoH$ H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| H$mo H$Wm H$s g§km
Xr h¡ & O¡go Xm‘moXa a{MV bIZgoZ nÙmdVr H$Wm, B©ídaXmg-g˶dVr H$Wm, OmZH${d-
H$Wm aËZmdVr, H$Wm H$m‘bVm, H$WmH$ZH$mdVr, ì¶mg-Zb X‘¶§Vr H$Wm Am{X & Hw$N>
H${d¶m| Zo H$Wm eãX à¶moJ {ef©H$ ‘| ZmH$a H$mì¶ Ho$ AÝVJ©V {H$¶m h¡ - Om¶gr - ào‘ H$Wm
Eht ^m±{V {~Mma hþ±, ‘§PZ- H$Wm OJV Oo Vr H${d AmB©, Cg‘mZ - OmH$s ~wpÜX hmoB©
A{YH$mB©, Amb‘ - H$hm¢ ~mV gwZm| g~ bmoJ& H$Wm-H$Wm qgJma {d¶moJ & naewam‘ MVwd}Xr
Zo gy{’$¶m| Ho$ H$mì¶ àH$mam| H$mo A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVo hþE± {bIm h¡ - ""gy’$s ào‘m»¶mZ VH$ E¡gr
aMZm h¡, {Og‘| {H$gr à~ÝY H$mì¶ Ho$ àm¶… g^r VËd dV©‘mZ h¡, {H$ÝVw {Og‘| BgHo$ gmW
hr H$Wm Am»¶m{¶H$m, O¡Z M[aV H$mì¶, Ed§ ‘gZdr H$s ^r {deofVmAm| H$m ^r g‘Ýd¶ hmo
J¶m h¡, Am¡a ¶hr BgH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm h¡&''
’$magr é{‹T>¶m| H$m à^md {‘bVm h¡ & H$B© àg§Jmo ‘| a³V H$s A{Va§{OVVm {~^Ëg
bJZo bJVr h¡ & H$B© ñWbm| na g§¶moJ AdñWm H$m dU©Z Aíbrb bJZo bJVm h¡ & BZ H${d¶m|
Zo g§¶moJ AdñWmAm| H$mo ^moJ {dbmg Ho$ {bE Cn¶w³V dmVmdaU ‘mZ {b¶m Vmo H$^r CgH$m
ahñ¶mË‘H$ AW© ^r H$a S>mbm & àm¶… gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ào‘ VËd H$s ì¶m»¶m H$aVo hþE gm¢X¶© Ho$
ñdén Ed§ à^md na ~hþV Hw$N> H$h S>mbm h¡ &
M[aÌ-{MÌU
gy’$s H$mì¶ Ho$ M[aÌ-{MÌU ‘| H$moB© d¡{dܶ Zht h¡ & BZHo$ Zm¶H$ àm¶… gm‘ÝV
¶m amOHw$‘ma aho h¡, Am¡a Zm{¶H$mE± amOHw$‘mar Ho$ én‘| Xem©¶r J¶r h¡ Omo{H$ g§ñH¥$V gm{h˶
H$s Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho$ g‘mZ EH$ hr T>±mMo ‘| T>br hþB© h¡ & Zm¶H$ H$m ñdê$n àm¶… nhbo go hr
{ZpíMV gm Ñï>r JmoMa hmoVm h¡& amOHw$‘mar A˶ÝV gw§Xar, énJ{d©Vm {XImB© JB© h¡ & Zm{¶H$mE±
^maVr¶ naånam Ho$ AZwgma n{Vd«V Y‘© H$m nmbZ H$aVr hþB© AÝV ‘| gVr hmo OmVr h¡& Zm¶H$
H$m {damoY Zm{¶H$m Ho$ {nVm ¶m g§ajH$ Ûmam hr hmoVm h¡& Aݶ H$mën{ZH$ nmÌ h¡, CZH$m ñWmZ
Jm¡U h¡& H$B© ñWbm| na Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[aÌm| H$m {MÌU à^mdr hþAm h¡& BZ g^r M[aÌm| na
^maVr¶Vm H$m Jham à^md h¡ &
ào‘‘mJu gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo bmoH$ OrdZ H$m ghO {MÌU {H$¶m h¡ & O¡go - AÝY
{dídmg, ‘Zm¡{V¶m±, ¶§Ì-V§Ì à¶moJ, OmXÿ Q>moZm, S>m¶Zm| H$s H$aVyVo, {d{^Þ bmoH$moËgd, bmoH$
ì¶dhma, VrW©, d«V gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaU ~S>r g’$bVm go A§{H$V {H$¶m J¶m h¡ &
e¡VmZ
{ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Zo {Ogo ‘m¶m ñdén ‘mZm h¡, Cgo hr gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo e¡VmZ
H$hm h¡& ‘m¶m Ho$ g‘mZ e¡VmZ H$mo gmYZm ‘mJ© go ^«ï> H$aZodmbm ‘mZVo h§¡ & e¡VmZ Ûmam {Z‘m©U
g§H$Q>m| go ‘wp³V - EH$ gmYH$ H$mo Jwé Ho$ Amerdm©X go {‘bVr h¡§ & H${d H$s Ñï>r ‘| e¡VmZ H$m
AgmYmaU ‘hËd h¢ & nÙmdV H$mì¶ ‘| amKd MoVZ e¡VmZ Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV h¢ & gy’$s¶m| Z|
e¡VmZ H$mo ˶mJZo ¶mo½¶ Zhr§ ‘mZm h¢, ³¶m| {H$ e¡VmZ Ho$ Ûmam CnpñWV ì¶dYmZm| go gmYH$ H$s
A{¾narjm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ào‘ ‘| ÑT>Vm Am¡a C‚dbVm AmVr h¢&
‘ÊS>ZmË‘H$Vm
g§V H${d¶m| Z| {hÝXÿ-‘wpñb‘m| Ho$ ~rM Ym{‘©H$ EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m Wm {H$ÝVw CÝh| CVZr g’$bVm Zht {‘br {OVZr gy’$s H$mì¶m| H$mo {‘br h¡ & g§V H${d¶m|
‘| IÊS>ZmË‘H$Vm Wr {Oggo {hÝXÿ Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ XmoZm| H«$mo{YV hmoVo Wo & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ‘mÌ
Hw$ebVm go H$m‘ {b¶m & CÝhm| Zo XmoZm| H$m {damoY VWm {deof IÊS>Z Zht {H$¶m & BZ H${d¶m|
Zo XmoZm| H$mo B©ída H$m g‘mZ én ‘| Xe©Z H$am H$a XmoZm| gåàXm¶ Ho$ ^oX^md {‘Q>mZo H$m à¶mg
{H$¶m & XmoZm| H$mo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ gm‘mݶ én ‘| {XIm¶m & gy’$s¶m| Zo XyaX{e©Vm go H$m‘ {b¶m h¡ &
{Oggo CÝh| XmoZmo Y‘m} H$s Amoa go C{MV à{VgmX {‘bm h¡ & ^maV ‘| ‘wgb‘mZ Y‘© Ho$ àMma
Am¡a àgma ‘| Bgr ‘ÊS>ZmË‘H$ e¡br Ho$ H$maU CÝh| A^yVnyd© g’$bVm àmá hþB© h¡ &
Zmar-{MÌU
gy’$s H$mì¶m| H$s ¶h ~S>r {deofVm h¢ {H$, CZ‘| ào‘ H$m à‘wI ñWmZ Zmar nmÌ H$mo
R>ham¶m h¡ & Zmar H$mo na‘mË‘m H$m àVrH$ ‘mZm h¢ & dñVwV… gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo ào‘ gmYZm ‘| Zmar
H$mo ghm¶H$ ê$n ‘o§ ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¢ & ’$bñdén ¶hm± na Zmar gmYH$m| H$s Ñï>r ‘| ñd¶§ EH$
{gÜXr ~ZH$a AmVr h¢ & Bgr H$maU gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Zmar gmYH$m| H$mo AZoH$ Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm| go
¶w³V ~Zm¶m h¡ & gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo Zmar H$mo H$hr ñd{H$¶m Vmo H$^r na{H$¶m Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV
{H$¶m h¢ & na§Vw XmoZm| énm| ‘| dh nyÁ¶ d gm{YH$m h¡ &
gy’$s H${d¶m| H$mo bm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$hm{Z¶m| Ûmam Abm¡{H$H$ ào‘ H$s A{^춧OZm H$aVo
hþE A춳V gÎmm H$m Am^mg XoZm ¶hr CÔoe Wm & Bg agñ¶mË‘H$Vm H$s A{^ì¶p³V Ho$ {bE
gm§Ho${VH$ {dYmZ ¶m àVrH$m| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aZm A{Zdm¶© hmo OmVm h¢ & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$, BÝhm|Zo
AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| à¶w³V H$m{ZnV eãXm|H$mo gm§Ho${VH$ én Xo {X¶m h¢ & Ohm± Eogm Zht {H$¶m
J¶m dhm± Cg aMZm Ho$ AÝV ‘| H$Wm Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ahñ¶ H$mo g‘Pm {X¶m J¶m h¡ & Bgr CÔoe
H$s ny{V© H$aVr hþB© Om¶gr H$s n§{º$ ""VZ {MVCa ‘Z amCZ H$sÝhm'' {XImB© XoVr h¡ & H$ht-
H$ht na BÝhm|Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ^r A춺$ gÎmm H$s gd© ì¶mnH$Vm H$m g§Ho$V {H$¶m h¡ &
O¡go nÙmdV ‘| ""a{d g{g ZIÌ {XnV Amo{h OmoVr &'' dñVwV… gy’$s H${d¶m| ‘| ^mdmË‘H$
ahñ¶dmX H$s ‘Zmohmar g¥{ï> hþB© h¢ &
{d{dY à^md
gy’$s ‘V na Mma à^ma {d{eï> én go nS>o h¢ - Am¶m] H$m AÛ¡VdmX VWm {d{eîR>m
Û¡VdmX, Bñbm‘ H$s Jwø {dÚm, ZdA’$bmVyZr ‘V VWm {dMma ñdmV§Í¶ & BZ na
e¡br
gy’$s H$mì¶ ‘| H${d¶m| ‘| e¡br H$s Ñ[îQ> go A§Va h¡& Om¶gr H$s e¡br ‘| àm¡‹T>Vm Ed§
J§^raVm h¡ {H$ÝVw Hw$N> H${d¶m| ‘| An[an¹$Vm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& BZH$s aMZmAm| Z| H$Wm VËd
H$s àYmZVm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝhm| Zo B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo
Aݶmop³V, g‘mgmop³V, énH$ àVrH$ Am{XHo$ Am¶moOZ Ûmam AnZr e¡br ‘| 춧OZm H$m d¡^d
g§Mm[aV H$a {X¶m h¡& BZ H${d¶m| Z| à~§Y e¡br Ho$ A{V[aº$ ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$m ^r à¶moJ {H$¶m
h¡&
^mfm
gy’$s ào‘m»¶mZm| H$s ^mfm àm¶… gd©Ì AdYr h¢ & Cg‘mZ Am¡a Zgra na ^moOnwar
H$m à^md h¡ & Zya ‘whå‘X Zo H$ht-H$ht ~«O^mfm H$m ^r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo Ad{Y
^mfm ‘| VX²^d eãXm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Ad{Y H$s bmoH$mop³V¶m± Am¡a ‘whmdam| H$m ^r AÀN>m
à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ &
ag
BZ ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| àYmZV… l¥§Jmaag H$s 춧OZm hþB© h¡ & gd©àW‘ Zm¶H$ Zm{¶H$m
H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {dah doXZm Am¡a H$B© g§H$Q>m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ &
CÔrnZ {d^md Ho$ A§VJ©V gy’$s¶m| Zo gIm-gIr, dZ, CndZ, F$Vw n[adV©Z VWm ^maVr¶
gm{h˶ ‘| d{U©V Aݶ CnH$aUm| H$m C„oI {H$¶m h¡ & Zm¶H$ Ho$ gmh{gH$ H$m¶© Ho$ g‘¶ dra
N>§X
gy’$s¶m| Zo AnZo ào‘m»¶mZm| ‘| An^«§e Ho$ M[aV H$mì¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ Xmohm-Mm¡nmB©
e¡br H$mo AnZm¶m h¡ & Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©¶m± Ho$ A{V[a³V gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo gmoaR>o, gd¡¶o,
ßbd§J‘,~ad¡, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m± Am¡a H${dVm Am{X H$m ^r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¢ & H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N>oH$
H${d Zo ’$magr ^mfm Ho$ ~ha N>§X H$s ^r à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡ &
Ab§H$ma
gy’$s H${d¶m| Zo àM{bV naånam Ho$ AZwgma Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¢& ’$magr
gm{h˶ go à^m{dV ahZo na ^r ^maVr¶ joÌ go Cn‘mZm{X H$m J«hU {H$¶m h¡& BÝhm|Zo
g‘mgm|p³V H$m à¶moJ ~hþV gw§Xa VarHo$ go {H$¶m h¢& gy’$s H${d¶m| ‘| g‘mgmop³V Ho$ g~go
A{YH$ g’$b à¶mo³Vm Om¶gr h¢& Cn‘m, CËàojm, énH$ Am¡a A{Ve¶mop³V Am{X Ab§H$mam|
H$m à¶moJ BZ H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡&
gy’$s ào‘ H$mì¶ Ymam ‘ܶH$mbrZ {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$s ì¶mnH$ naånam ‘mZr Om
gH$Vr h¢& ‘ܶH$mbrZ g§ñH¥${V Ed§ bmoH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$m ghO {MÌU Bg‘| hþAm
h¡& CÝhm|Zo ào‘ H$s nrS>m Ho$ gw‘Ywa JrV JmE± h¡& BZ ào‘ H$WmAm| ‘| {dñ‘¶, X¡dr Ed§ Abm¡{H$H$
VËd g‘mZ én go {‘bVo h¢& BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| gmhg Am¡a em¡¶© H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& BZ‘| ^maVr¶
dmVmdaU H$m à^md h¢& ^maVr¶ l¥§Jma naånamAm| H$m g^r Zo nmbZ {H$¶m h¢& g~‘| g‘mZ
éngo H$WmZH$ é{T>¶m| H$m àMbZ ahm h¢& Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ ào‘ H$WmAm| H$s Anojm
bmoH$JmWmAm| na AmYm[aV ào‘H$WmAm| ‘| bmoH$ VËd H$s ‘mÌm A{YH$ h¡&
3Am. 4 Aä¶mg
3B. 1 àñVmdZm
3B. 2 am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d
3B. 3 am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±
3B. 4 Aä¶mg
3B. 1 àñVmdZm
^p³VH$mb H$s gJwU ^p³V Ymam‘| am‘^p³V H$mì¶ H$s b§~r naånam ahr h¡& doXm|
‘| Hw$N> ñWbm| na "am‘' eãX H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& "am‘'Ho$ OrdZ go g§~§{YV nhbm ‘hmH$mì¶
"dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U' H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$¶m OmVm h¡& Bg àoaUm go hr am‘ H$mì¶ H$s naånam ewê$
hþB© dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U Zo Ho$db Xoe ‘| hr Zhr ~pëH$ {dXoe H$m| ^r à^m{dV {H$¶m, Am¡a am‘
gm{h˶ aMm OmZo bJm& dmë‘rH$s H$s Ho$ am‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ Wo& Cg‘| AdVmadmX Zht Wm&
Cn{ZfX² ‘| am‘ H$mo AdVma ñdrH$ma H$a {b¶m J¶m Wm& nwamUm| ‘| ^r am‘ H$mì¶ Ñí¶ Ho$ àg§J
{XImB© XoVo h¡& S>m°. gmoZQ>¸o$OrHo$ AZwgma ""AJñV-gwVrjU-gådmX g§{hVm ‘| am‘ Ho$ AZoH$
Abm¡{H$H$ JwUm| H$m g‘mdoe H$a CÝh| {deof ‘hËd {X¶m J¶m& AܶmË‘ am‘m¶U, AmZÝX
am‘m¶U, AX²^yV am‘m¶U, ¶wewpÊS> am‘m¶U, hUw‘§ g§{hVm, amKdmo„mg Am{X J«§Wm| ‘| am‘
H$Wm H$s Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ Xme©{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m àñVwV H$s JB©& damh, A{¾, qbJ, dm‘Z, ~«åh, JéS>,
ñH$ÝX, nX²‘d¡dV© Am{X nwamUm| ‘| am‘ H$Wm Ho$ AZoH$ àg§J Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¢& ""~m¡Õ, O¡Z
J«§Wm| ‘| ^r am‘ H$Wm H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm| Ho$ A{V[a³V Aݶ g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V,
An^«§e gm{h˶ ‘| ^r am‘ H$mì¶ H$s gwXrK© naånam ahr h¡&
am‘ H$mì¶ H$m CX²^d dmë‘rH$s am‘m¶U go ewê$ hþAm h¡& níMmV am‘^p³V
am‘mZÝX Ûmam {dH${gV hmoH$a Vwbgr Ho$ "am‘M[aV ‘mZg' Ho$ Ûmam {hÝXr ^p³V gm{h˶ ‘|
àdm{hV hþB©& Vwbgr nyd© {dîUwXmg, AJ«Xmg, B©ídaXmg Am{X Zo am‘H$Wm {bIr h¡ {H$ÝVw am‘
H$mì¶ Ho$ ‘w»¶ àdV©H$ Vwbgr hr aho h¢&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ OÝ_ g§~§Y _| A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZmo§ _| _V^oX h¡& AÝV: gmú¶ Ho$
AmYma na BZH$s OÝ_{V{W g§. 1589 (gZ² 1532) A{YH$ `w{ŠVg§JV àVrV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
BZH$m OÝ_ñWmZ amOmnwa ~Vm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& OZlw{V Ho$ AmYmana VwbgrXmgOr Ho$ {nVm H$m
Zm_ AmË_mam_ Xw~o Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ hþbgr WmŸ& BZH$m {ddmh XrZ~ÝYw nmR>H$ H$s H$Ý`m
aËZmdbr go hþAm WmŸ& BZH$m ~MnZ {dnÞmdñWm _| JwOa MyH$m WmŸ& _mVm-{nVm Ho$ Ûmam N>moS>
{X`o OmZo na ~m~m Zah[aXmg Zo BZH$m nmbZ-nmofU {H$`m Am¡a kmZ-^{ŠV H$s {ejm ^r
XrŸ& {ddmh níMmV CÝh| gÝVmZ àm{ßV hþB© Wr {H$ÝVw Aënm`w _| hr CgH$s _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ& nËZr Ho$
à{V AË`m{YH$ Amg{ŠV WrŸ& EH$ ~ma nËZr Ûmam ^Ëg©Zm- ""bmO Z AmB© AmnH$mo Xm¡ao AmEhþ
gmW'' {_br V~ do XmånË` OrdZ go {d_wI hmoH$a à^wào_ H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþEŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$B©
OJh H$s VrW©`mÌm H$sŸ& A§VV: H$mer _| hr AnZm ñWm`r {Zdmg ~Zm`mŸ& Bgr AdñWm _|
gm{hË` gO©Zm Ama§^ hþB©Ÿ& BZHo$ Jwé Zah[a _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ Jwé Zo hr am_-H$Wm gwZmH$a
am_-^{ŠV H$s Amoa àd¥V {H$`m WmŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë`w AË`§V nrS>mXm`r AdñWm _| hþB©Ÿ&
VwbgrXmg Ûmam a{MV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m ~mah h¡ Omo àm_m{UH$ _mZr OmVr h¡, dh
H«$_mZwgma Bg àH$ma h¡- d¡am½` g§XrnZr, am_mkm àíZ, am_bbm ZhNy>, OmZH$s _§Jb,
am_M[aV_mZg, nmd©Vr _§Jb, H¥$îU JrVmdbr, JrVmdbr, {dZ`n{ÌH$m, Xmohmdbr,
dad¡am_m`U Am¡a H${dVmdbr Am{XŸ&
"d¡am½` g§XrnZr _| g§V _{h_m H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& "OmZH$s _§Jb' _| am_-OmZH$s {ddmh
dU©Z h¡Ÿ& "nmd©Vr _§Jb' _| nmd©Vr Ho$ OÝ_ Am¡a {ddmhmoËgd H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& 'H¥$îUJrVmdbr' _|
H¥$îU H$s ~mb brbm Ed§ Jmo{n`m| H$m {dah dU©Z h¡Ÿ& "{dZ`nm{ÌH$m' _| am_ Ho$ à{V H${d H$m
{dZ`^md A{^ì`ŠV h¡Ÿ& "H${dVmdbr' _| H${dÎm e¡br _| {bIm J`m g§J«h h¡Ÿ& "am_M[aV
_mZg' _| _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ am_ Ho$ M[aÌmZwHy$b àg§Jm| H$mo {ddo{MV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ boIZ na VËH$m{bZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ&
VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ g_` H$m g_mO Z¡{VH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go
èhmgmoÝ‘wI WmŸ& AnZo`w{JZ amOZr{VH$ pñW{V H$s AmbmoMZm Bg àH$ma H$s h¡-
'Jm|S> J±dma Z¥nmb _{h, `dZ _hm _{hnmbŸ&
gm_ Z Xm_ Z ^oX H${b Ho$db XÊS> H$ambŸ&&'
emgH$ A{YH$mar Ho$ {bE {bIm h¡-
"OmgwamO {à` àOm XwImarŸ& gmo Z¥n Ad{g ZaH$ A{YH$mar'
Vwbgr g_H$mbrZ g_mO _| CÀM dJ© _| {dbm{gVm, Om{V-nm°{V H$s àWm A{YH$
H$R>moa hmo ahr WrŸ& _wpñb_ emgH$m| Ho$ AË`mMma ~‹T> aho WoŸ& Ym{_©H$ èhmg hmo ahm WmŸ& Am{W©H$
{dnÝZVm WrŸ& VwbgrXmgZo ñd§` H$hm h¡-
"IoVr Z {H$gmZ H$mo, {^Imar H$mo Z ^rI ~{b,
~{ZH$ H$mo Z ~{ZO Z MmH$a H$mo MmH$ar'
Vwbgr H$s _mÝ`Vm `h h¡ {H$ EH$ AÀN>o g_mO Ed§ amï´> {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE dU©
ì`dñWm H$m hmoZm Oéar h¡-
ñdm_r am_mZÝX
ñdm_r am_mZÝXOr H$m OÝ_ 1400 go 1470 B©. _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ H$mer
_| hþAm Wm Am¡a BÝhm|Zo d¡îUd gåàXm` Ho$ AmMm`© amKdmZÝX go Xrjm J«hU H$s WrŸ& dUm©l_
_| AmñWm aIZo dmbo am_mZÝXOr ^{ŠV _mJ© _| CÝhm|Zo g^r H$mo g_mZ _mZVo hþE {ZåZ dJ© Ho$
^ŠVm| H$mo AnZm {eî`Ëd àXmZ {H$`mŸ& BZHo$ {eî`m| _| H$~ra, a¡Xmg, YÝZm, nrnm Am{X WoŸ&
ñdm_r am_mZÝXOr g§ñH¥$V Ho$ n§{S>V WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo "d¡îUd _VmãX ^mñH$a' Am¡a
'lram_mOw©Z-nÜX{V' `h à_wI J«§W {bIo h¢Ÿ& am_mZÝXOr H$s ^{ŠV-nÜX{V H$m à^md
am_-^{ŠV naånam na b{jV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg ^r BZH$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV
WoŸ&
am_mZÝX Or H$m {hÝXr _| hZw_mZ H$s ñVw{V H$m nX Bg àH$ma h¡ -
"AmaVr H$sO¡ hZw_mZ bbm H$sŸ& Xwï>XbZ aKwZmW H$bm H$sŸ&
OmHo$ ~b ^aVo _{h H$m±n¡Ÿ& amoJ gmoJ OmH$s {g`mZ Á`m§n¡Ÿ&
A§OZrgwV _hm~bXm`H$Ÿ& gmYw g§V na gXmghm`H$ Ÿ&&
JmT> na¡ H${d gw{_am| VmohrŸ& hmohþ> X`mb Xohþ Og _m|{hŸ&&'
ñdm_r AJ«Xmg
ñdm_r am_mZ§X H$s {eî` naånam Ho$ am_-^ŠV H${d ñdm_r AJ«Xmg WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo
H¥$îUXmg n`har go Xrjm boH$a {eî`Ëd àmßV {H$`m WmŸ& BÝht AJ«Xmg Ho$ {eî` ^ŠV _mb
Ho$ aM{`Vm Zm^mXmgOr WoŸ& H¥$îUXmg n`hmar Zo O`nwa Ho$ g_rn JbVm Zm_H$ ñWmZ _|
Zm^mXmg
`h VwbgrXmg H$mbrZ am_^ŠV H${d WoŸ& g§dV 1657 Ho$ bJ^J dV©_mZ WoŸ&
Zm^mXmg AJ«Xmg Ho$ {eî` WoŸ& BZH$m à{gÜX J«§W '^ŠV _mb' g§dV 1642 Ho$ nrN>o ~Zm
Am¡a {à`XmgOr Zo CgH$s Q>rH$m {bIrŸ& BZH$s 'Aï>`m_' H$s aMZm a{gH$-^mdZm H$mo boH$a
hþB© h¡ {Og_| am_ H$s brbmAm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
B©ídaXmg
B©ídaXmgOr H$m OÝ_ 1480 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s gwà{gÜX H¥${V 'gË`dVr
H$Wm' h¡ BgH$m aMZm H$mb 1501 B©. h¡Ÿ& am_H$Wm go g§~§{YV BZH$s '^aV {_bmn' Am¡a
'A§JX n¡O' `h Xmo aMZmE± àM{bV h¡Ÿ& '^aV {_bmn' _| am_ Ho$ dZJ_Z Ho$ CnamÝV '^aV-
am_' ^oQ> Ho$ H$éU-H$mo_b àg§J H$mo Bg H$mì`-H¥${V _| nÚ~ÜX {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& B©ídaXmg H$s
Xygar aMZm 'A§JX n¡O' _| amdU H$s g^m _| A§JX Ho$ n¡a O_mH$a S>Q> OmZo H$m draagnyU©
dU©Z {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
Ho$edXmg
Ho$edXmg H$m OÝ_ 1555 B© _| Am¡a _¥Ë`y 1617 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ Ûmam
{bIo JE à_wI J«§W H${d{à`m, a{gH${à`m, am_M§{ÐH$m, draqghM[aV, {dkmZJrVm,
aVZ~mdZr, Am¡a Ohm§Jra OgM§{ÐH$m Am{X h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go am_MpÝÐH$m 1601 B©. am_H$mì`
naånam A§VJ©V à_wI H¥${V h¡Ÿ&
^p³VH$mb ‘| ^p³V H$s AZoH$ YmamE± àM{bV Wr & H$~ra H$s {ZJw©U kmZ‘mJu
emIm Am¡a gy{’$¶m| H$s ào‘nyU© ^p³V Bgr H$mb ‘| àdm{hV ahr & ¶o XmoZm| emImE± {ZamH$ma
{ZJw©U ~«åh H$m àMma-àgma H$aVr h¢ & BZHo$ A{V[a³V gJwU ^p³VYmam ^r àdm{hV ahr&
gJwU ^p³VYmam ‘| B©ída Ho$ én ‘| am‘ Am¡a H¥$îU ‘mZo J¶o & am‘^p³V Ho$ ‘w»¶ àdV©H$
am‘mZwOmMm¶© Am¡a ~mX ‘| am‘mÝmÝX ‘mZo OmVo h¢ & BÝhm| Zo am‘ Ho$ gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U XmoZm| énm|
H$s CnmgZm H$m {dYmZ {H$¶m & Vwbgr Zo Xmñ¶^md H$s ^p³V H$s à{V‘m H$a am‘^p³V H$mo
EH$ {Z[üV {Xem H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI H$a {X¶m Wm & am‘^p³V$ emIm Ho$ AZoH$ H${d hþE, {H$ÝVw
am‘^p³V H$mì¶ Ymam H$m gm{hp˶H$ ‘hËd ‘hmH$mì¶ VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$maU h¡ & CZHo$ hr
H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± am‘ H$mì¶ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m± h¡ & CZH$m {ddoMZ {ZåZ àH$ma h¡§ &
am‘^³V H${d¶m| Ho$ Cnmñ¶Xod ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ AdVma lram‘ h¡& do na~«åh
ñdén h¡& am‘ nmn H$m Zme H$aZo hoVw Am¡a Y‘m}ÜXma Ho$ {bE ¶wJ ‘| AdVrU© hmoVo h¡& am‘ {dîUw
H$m AdVma h¡ Am¡a ^³V H${d ‘mZd én ‘| CZH$m gmYH$ h¡§&
am‘^p³V Ho$ AZwén lram‘ ‘| erb, ep³V Am¡a gm¡ÝX¶© H$m g‘Ýd¶ h¡& AnZr
ep³V$go do Xþï>m|H$m ImË‘m H$aVo h¢ Am¡a ^³Vm| H$mo g§H$Q>m| go ‘w³V H$aVo h¡& do AnZr
H$éUm‘¶Vm go n{VVm| Am¡a AY‘m} H$m CÜXma H$aVo h¢& Bg àH$ma ^JdmZ lr am‘ H$m
bmoH$ajH$ én àYmZ h¡& do AmXe© Ho$ à{Vð>mnH$ h¡, ¶hr H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡, ^JdmZ am‘-
grVm Ho$ Zm‘ na ào‘ H$m {MÌU Zht hþAm h¡& H$mc§mVa ‘| am‘ ^p³V naånam ‘| a{gH$Vm H$m
CX¶ hþAm Am¡a Cg ‘| gIr gåàXm¶ H$s ñWmnZm hþB© naÝVw ¶h g~ H¥$îU ^p³V gm{h˶ Ho$
AZwH$aU na hr hþAm&
g‘Ýd¶mË‘H$Vm
gJwU ^p³VYmam Ho$ am‘ H$mì¶ H$m ñdén A{YH$ ì¶mnH$ h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| EH$
{damQ> g‘Ýd¶ H$s ^mdZm h¡& Bg ‘| Z Ho$db am‘ H$s CnmgZm h¡ ~pëH$ H¥$îU, {ed, JUoe
Am{X XodVmAm| H$s ñVw{V H$s JB© h¢& ¶h H$mì¶ {hÝXþ Y‘© Ho$ {d{^Þ gåàXm¶m| H$m g‘Ýd¶
H$aZo H$m g’$b à¶mg H$aVm h¡& ‘hm H${d VwbgrXmg Zo goVw~ÝY Ho$ Adga na lram‘ Ûma
{edOr H$s nyOm H$admB© h¡ -
"{ed Ðmohr ‘‘ Xmg H$hmdm&
gmoa Za ‘mo{h gnZohw Zht ^mdm&&'
am‘ H$mì¶ bmoH$ H$ë¶mU H$s ^mdZm H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r ¶h gm{h˶ A˶§V ‘hËdnyU©
h¡& OZ gmYmaU Ho$ {cE ¶h A˶§V {ZH$Q> H$m ‘hgyg hmoVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo J¥hñW OrdZ H$s Cnojm
Zht H$s h¢& am‘ Am¡a grVm Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go OrdZ ñVa H$mo C±Mm CR>mZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& am‘
H$mì¶ H$m AmXe© nj A˶§V Cƒ h¡& ^JdmZ lram‘ AmXe© nwÌ h¡& AmXe© amOm ^r h¡& grVm
AmXe© nËZr h¡,H$m¡eë¶m AmXe© ‘mVm h¡, bú‘U Am¡a ^aV AmXe© ^mB© h¢, hZw‘mZ AmXe©
godH$ h¡ Am¡a gwJ«rd AmXe© gIm h¢& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| OrdZ H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z AmMma ì¶dhma H$s
H$gm¡Q>r na {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ñd§¶ ^JdmZ lram‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ h¡& AmXe© H$s à{Vð>m CZH$s
AW Am¡a B{V h¡&
am‘ ^³V H${d¶m| Zo ^p³V Ho$ ñdén na {dñVma go àH$me S>mbm h¡& BZHo$ AZwgma
^JdmZ am‘ H$m M[aÌ {ÌbmoH$m{Vem¶r h¡& am‘ ^³V H${d am‘ Ho$ erb, ep³V Am¡a gm¡ÝX¶© na
‘w½Y h¡& ¶ht H$maU h¡ {H$ am‘ ^³V H${d¶m| Z| AnZo Am¡a am‘ Ho$ ~rM godH$-goì¶ ^md H$mo
ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡ & Vwbgr Ho$ AZwgma -
"godH$ goì¶ ^md {~Zw, ^d Zo V[aM CaJm[a&'
am‘ ^³V H${d¶m| H$m ^p³V g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moU AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ CXma h¡& BZ
H${d¶m| Zo am‘ ^p³V Ho$ gmW-gmW Aݶ Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s ^r ñVw{V H$s JB© h¡& am‘^³V
H${d kmZ Am¡a H$‘© H$s AbJ-AbJ ‘hËd ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& am‘^³V H${d¶m| H$s ^p³V ‘|
ZdYm ^p³V Ho$ g^r A§Jmo H$m {dYmZ h¡& ¶o ^³V H${d {d{eï> Û¡VdmX go à^m{dV h¡& Bg
^p³V -àUmbr ‘| Ord ^r g˶ h¡ - ³¶m| {H$ dh ~«åhm H$m A§e h¡&
am‘ H$mì¶ Ho$ nmÌ AmMma Am¡a bmoH$ ‘¶m©Xm H$m AmXe© àñVwV H$aVo h¢& BZH$m
M[aÌ ‘hmZ Ed§ AZwH$aUr¶ h¡& BZ‘| OrdZ H$s g^r H¥${V¶m| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡ AV…
BZ‘| gdmª{JUVm h¡& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| aO, V‘ Am¡a gV VrZm| JwUm| H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& am‘ H$s
amdU na {dO¶ AWm©V gV² H$s V‘ na {dO¶ h¡& Vwbgr Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| am‘ ZmZm én ‘| brbm
H$aVo hþE nyU© ~«åh h¡& ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| am‘ ZmZm én ‘| brbm H$a ah| h¡& {ZJw©U
g§Vmo ‘| am‘ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Z hmoH$a ~«åh h¡,{H$ÝVw gJwU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ hmoVo hþE ^r
H$mbmVrV h¡ &
gJwU am‘^p³V naånam Ho$ H${d ¶m Vmo ñd¶§ {dÛmZ Wo AWdm {dÛmZm| H$s g§J{V go
gm{h˶ Ho$ Y‘m} Ho$ g§~§Ym| ‘| n¶m©á kmZ àmá H$a MwHo$ Wo& BZHo$ Ûmam Ab§H$ma emó H$s
AdhobZm hþB© h¡& BZH$m AZoH$ H$mì¶ e¡{b¶m| na A{YH$ma Wm& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ am‘ H$mì¶ ‘|
g^r e¡{b¶m| H$s aMZmE± {‘bVr h¢& Bg ‘| à~ÝY Am¡a ‘wº$H$, XmoZm| H$s H$mì¶énm|H$m à¶moJ
{H$¶m J¶m h¡& am‘M[aV ‘mZg ‘| ‘hmH$mì¶, nmd©Vr‘§Jb d OmZH$s ‘§Jb ‘| IÝS>H$mì¶,
H${dVmdbr d Xmohmdbr ‘| ‘w³VH$, [dZ¶ n{ÌH$m ‘| à~ÝY ‘w³V H$m {‘lU, am‘bbmZhNw> ‘|
Jr{V H$mì¶ Ho$ àm¶… g^r VËd {dÚ‘mZ h¡ &
énmonmgZm
gJwU ^p³V nÜX{V ‘| énmonmgZm H$m {d{eð> ñWmZ h¡& Am{X e§H$amMm¶© Zo Zm‘
Am¡a én H$mo ‘m¶m OÝ‘ ‘mZm h¡& eVnW ~«måhU ‘| ~«åh H$mo Aén Am¡a AZm‘ H$hm J¶m h¡,
na§Vw gJwU gmYZm ‘| ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm‘ Am¡a én AmZ§X H$s Aj¶ {Z{Y h¡& Zm‘ Am¡a én hr
^p³V H$m Amaå^ ‘mZm J¶m h¡& am‘^³V H$mo ^JdmZ H$m Zm‘ Am¡a én BVZm {d‘w½Y H$a boVm
h¡, {H$ bm¡{H$H$ N>{d Cg‘| ~mYH$ Zhr§ ~Z gH$Vr& Ama§^ ‘| gJwU CnmgH$ Zm‘én ¶w³V ‘y{V©
g‘j AmH$a CnmgZm H$aVm h¡, naÝVw {Za§Va ^mdZm, qMVZ Ed§ JwU {H$V©Zgo dh AnZo
Amamܶ ‘| Eogm g{Z{dï> hmo OmVm h¡, {H$ Cgo {H$gr ^m¡{VH$ CnH$aU H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hr Zhr
ahVr&
am‘^p³V emIm‘| {ZJw©U g§V H${d¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ gJwU H${d¶m| Zo ^r Jwé H$s ‘{h‘m
JmB© h¡ & am‘ ^p³V Ho$ AZwén Jwé ~«åh H$m à{V{ZYr h¡ & ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg Ho$ ‘VmZwgma
Jwé Ho$ {~Zm kmZ H$s àm{á Ag§^d h¡ Am¡a kmZ Ho$ A^md ‘| ‘moj H$s àm{á Zht hmoVr &
ag
am‘ ^{º$ gm{h˶ ‘| am‘H$Wm A˶§V ì¶mnH$ h¡ & Cg‘| OrdZ H$s {d{dYVmAm| H$m
ghO g{Þdoe h¡ & Cg‘| g^r agm| H$m g‘mdoe h¡ {H$ÝVw godH$-goì¶^md H$s ^p³V hmoZo Ho$
H$maU {Zd}XOݶ emÝV ag H$s àYmZVm h¡ & am‘ ‘¶m©Xm nwéfmoÎm‘ h¡ Am¡a ^³V H${d ^r
‘¶m©XmdmXr h¡ & hmoZo Ho$ H$maU l¥§Jma ag H$m {MÌU {g{‘V hþAm h¡ & ‘hmH${d VwbgrXmg ‘|
g^r agm| H$m gw§Xa n[anmH$ hþAm h¡ & CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| l¥§Jma Am¡a em§{V ag Ho$ gmW gmW dra
ag H$m ^r à^mdr {ZénU hþAm h¡ & {d{^Þ ¶wÜX Ñí¶ {MÌU ‘| dra agHo$ gmW hr am¡Ð,
H$éU, ^¶mZH$ Am¡a H$ht H$ht ~r^Ëg ag H$s {Zîn{Îm hþB© h¡ & ZmaX ‘mohHo$ àg§J ‘| hmñ¶ ag
H$m àg§J {M{ÌV hþAm h¡ & AZoH$ ñWbm| na AX²^yV ag H$m {ZénU hþAm h¡ &
am‘H$mì¶ ‘| aMZm ^oX, ^mfm ^oX, {dMma ^oX, Ab§H$ma ^oX Ho$ gmW-gmW N>ÝX
^oX ^r nm¶m OmVm h¡& dra JmWmAm| Ho$ N>ßn¶, gÝV H$mì¶ Ho$ Xmoho, ào‘ H$mì¶ Ho$ Xmoho, Mm¡nmB©
Am¡a BZHo$ A{V[a³V Hw$ÝS>{b¶m, gmoaR>m, gd¡¶m, KZmjar, Vmo‘a, {Ì^§Jr Am{X N>§X à¶w³V
hþE h¢& am‘ H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶V… Xmohm,Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& VwbgrXmgOr Zo BZH$m à¶moJ
A{YH$manyd©H$ {H$¶m h¡&
Ab§H$ma
am‘^³V H${d n§{S>V hmoZo hoVw CÝhm|Z| Ab§H$ma emó H$s AdhobZm Zht H$s h¢&
Ohm± BZ H${d¶m| Z| {d{dY N>§Xmo H$m à¶moJ ~S>r Hw$ebVm go {H$¶m h¢ dhm± Ab§H$ma Ho$ à¶moJ ‘|
A˶§V {dX²½YVm àX{e©V H$s h¡& H${d Ho$ed Z| ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| eãXmb§H$mamo§ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
Vwbgr H$mì¶ ‘§o g^r Ab§H$ma {‘bVo h¢ {H$ÝVw d| Cn‘m Am¡a énH$ Ho {bE {deof à{gÜX h¢&
^mfm
am‘H$mì¶ H$s ^mfm AdYr h¡§& H${d Ho$ed Zo AnZr aMZm am‘-MpÝÐH$m ‘| ~«O
^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ~mX Ho$ a{gH$ gåàXm¶ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo ~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
VwbgrXmg ‘o AnZr aMZmAm| ‘o§ AdYr VWm ~«O XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$m g’$b à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& am‘
H$mì¶ ‘| ^moOnwar, ~wÝXobIÝS>r, amOñWmZr, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a ’$magr ^mfmAm| Ho$ eãX ^r à¶w³V
hþE h¢& Vwbgr Zo ^mfm H$m n[añH¥$V én àñVwV {H$¶m h¢&
g§jon ‘| Cnamo³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na ¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¢¡, {H$ am‘^p³V
emIm Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo g‘¶, n[apñWVr Am¡a H$mb Ho$ AZwén AnZm H$mì¶ g¥OZ {H$¶m h¢& BZ
H${d¶m| Zo CËH¥$ï> H$mì¶ g¥OZ H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¢& H${dVm BZH$s gmܶ Zht gmYZ h¢& BZH$m
gmܶ am‘^º$ h¢& AnZo gmܶ VH$ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE BZ H${d¶m| Zo {Og gmYZ H$mo ñdrH$ma
{H$¶m h¢ Cgo BVZm g‘W© Am¡a nyU© ~Zm {X¶m h¢, CgH$m ‘mZg OZ‘mZg hmo J¶m& Bg H$mì¶ ‘|
‘mZd OrdZ H$s {d{dY XemAm| H$m ghO, gab, ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a à^mdr {MÌU hþAm h¢& BZ
H${d¶m| Zo EH$ Amoa Y‘©ajm, bmoH$ {hV Ed§ g‘mO Ho$ CËWmZ ‘| ¶moJ {X¶m h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa
H$mì¶ H$mo CXmÎm, CËH¥$ð> Ed§ bmoH$ ‘§JbH$mar én àXmZ H$aZo H$m ñVw˶ H$m¶© {H$¶m h¢&
3B. 4 Aä¶mg
3B©. 1 àñVmdZm
3B©. 2 H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d
3B©. 3 H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±
3B©. 4 Aä¶mg
3B©. 1 àñVmdZm
^p³VH$mbrZ gJwU ^p³VYmam ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mo A{YH$
‘hËd {X¶m J¶m h¡& F$½doX ‘| H$m C„oI EH$ lmoVm F${f Ho$ én ‘| hþAm h¡& N>ÝXmoo½¶mon{ZfX ‘|
H¥$îU H$m C„oI XodH$s nwÌ Ho$ ê$n ‘| hþAm h¡& ‘hm^maV ‘| H¥$îU H$m M[aÌ {dñV¥V ê$n ‘|
{M{ÌV hþAm h¡& S>m°. ^mÊS>maH$a Zo ¶h {gÕ {H$¶m h¡ {H$ d¡{XH$ F${f H¥$îU H$m ‘hm^maV Ho$
H¥$îU go H$moB© g§~§Y Zht h¢&
‘hm^maV ‘| H¥$îU H$m Omo dU©Z {H$¶m J¶m h¡ dh H¥$îU gm‘mݶ ‘mZd H$m én h¡&
níMmV H¥$îU H$mo Zmam¶U, {dîUw, na~«÷ Ho$ én ‘| à{V{ð>V hþE& H¥$îU M[aÌ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| S>m°.
{dO¶oÝÐ ñdmVH$ {bIVo h¢ - ""dñVwV: Y‘© ñWmnZ CZHo$ AdVma H$m à‘wI Am¡a EH$‘mÌ
CÔoe h¡& ¶{X "JrVm' Ho$ AmYma na H¥$îU-M[aÌ H$m AmH$bZ {H$¶m Om¶o, Vmo CZHo$ Xme©{ZH$
ì¶p³VËd H$m nyar Vah CX²KmQ>Z hmoVm h¡& doX-doXm§JkmVm H¥$îU Zo ì¶mdhm[aH$ ñVa na Xe©Z
H$mo "JrVm' ‘| nhbr ~ma à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡, {OgHo$ AZw{ebZ go ¶h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {Og
én ‘| H¥$îU ¶hm± d{U©V h¡ dh CZHo$ na‘XodËd H$m n[aMm¶H$ én h¡&''
nwamUm| ‘o§ H¥$îU H$m Omo én {dH${gV hþAm h¡ CgHo$ g§X^© ‘| nmíMm˶ {dÛmZm| Zo
H¥$îU H$s ~mb-brbmAm| H$mo H«$mBñQ> Ho$ ~mbM[aÌ H$m AZwH$aU H$hm h¡& lrH¥$îU Ho$ nyUm©dVma
Ho$ g§X^© ‘| nhbr ~ma nwamUm| ‘| hr H$hm J¶m h¡& "^mJdV nwamU' ‘| H¥$îU H$s ‘{h‘m Jm¶r JB©
h¡& nwamUm| ‘| H¥$îU H$mo ¶moJoída, g{MXmZÝX, AÀ¶wV, A{dZmer, Am{X H$hm J¶m h¡& h[ad§e
nwamU, {dîUw nwamU, nX²‘nwamU, Am{X ‘| H¥$îU ‘{h‘m JmZ {dñVma go hþAm h¡& g§ñH¥$V H$mì¶ ‘|
H¥$îU-brbmAm| H$m g~go nhbo C„oI AídKmof Ho$ "~«÷M[aV' H$mì¶ ‘| {‘bVm h¡& "hmb'
a{MV "JmXm-gVgB©' ‘| H¥$îU, amYm, Jmonr, ¶emoXm Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡& ZmQ>çXn©Z, Ab§H$ma-
H$m¡ñVw^, H$ÝXd© ‘§Oar, lrH¥$îUbrbm‘¥V Am{X g§ñH¥$V J«§Wm| ‘| H¥$îU Ho$ {d{dY àg§Jm| H$m
{MÌU hþAm h¡& "JrV JmoqdX' ‘| H¥$îU l¥§Jma ag H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡& H¥$îU H$mì¶ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘|
{d{^Þ gåàXm¶m| H$m ¶moJXmZ ahm h¡& CZ‘| à‘wI h¡ - {Zå~mH©$, M¡Vݶ, amYmd„^ Am{X -
d„^ gåàXm¶m| Ho$ gyaXmg Zo gd©àW‘ à{V‘m àXmZ H$s h¡& CÝh| hr {hÝXr ^³V gm{h˶ H$m
àUoVm ‘mZm J¶m h¡& AV: H¥$îU ^p³V {dH$mg ‘| g§ñH¥$V-nwamU ‘hm^maV, gåàXm¶ Am{X
H$m ‘hËdnyU© ¶mooJXmZ ahm h¡&
"gyaXmg' H¥$îU ^p³V emIm Ho$ à‘wI H${d h¡& gyaXmgOrHo$ OrdZ d¥V H$mo boH$a
{dXÿdmZm| ‘| H$m’$s ‘V^oX h¡& gyaXmg H$m OÝ‘ gZ² 1478 B©. ‘mZm OmVm h¡& {d{^Þ aMZm Ho$
AmYma na OÝ‘ "grhr' Zm‘H$ Jm±d Am¡a ‘| gmañdV ~«m÷U Am¡a OmQ> Om{V ‘| CËnÞ H$hm
J¶m h¡& CZHo$ {nVm Ho$ én ‘| AH$~a Xa~mar Jm¶H$ "am‘Xmg' H$m C„oI {H$¶m OmVm h¡&
"Mm¡amgr d¡îUd H$s dmVm©' ‘| gya Ho$ OrdZ d¥Îm na àH$me S>mbm J¶m h¡& dh Bg àH$ma h¡-
"gyaXmg ~‹S>o Jm¶H$ Wo& do JD$KmQ> na {Zdmg H$aVo Wo Am¡a {dZ¶nX JmVo Wo&
‘hmà^w d„^mMm¶© Zo CÝh| nw{ï>‘mJ© ‘| Xr{jV {H$¶m Am¡a H¥$îU brbm JmZo H$s àoaUm Xr&
CÝhm|Zo H¥$îU brbm Ho$ "ghómd{Y' nX {bIo, {OZH$s à{g{Õ gwZH$a Xoem{Yn{V (AH$~a)
CZgo {‘bo& gyaXmg A§Yo Wo& do B©ída Am¡a Jwê$ ‘| H$moB© AÝVa Zht ‘mZVo Wo& CÝhmo|Zo namgmobr
‘| àmU-˶mJ {X¶o& gya Ho$ ‘¥Ë¶w H$mb Ho$ g§X^© ‘| ^r {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡& bo{H$Z A{YH$m§e
gya {dÛmZ gya H$m ‘¥Ë¶w gZ² 1583 ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢& CZHo$ XohmdgZ g‘¶ na {dÇ>bZmW Zo
emoH$mV© hmoH$a H$hm Wm-
""nw{ï>‘maJ H$moo OhmO OmV h¡ gmo OmH$mo H$Nw> boZm hmo¶ gmo boS>&''
gyaXmg H$s {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘o§ H$moB© C„oI Zht {‘bVm; do Jm±d go Mma H$mog Xÿa ah
H$a nX aMZm ‘| brZ ahVo Wo Am¡a JmZ-[dÚm ‘| àdrU Wo& gyaXmg d„^mMm¶© Ho$ gånH©$ ‘|
AmZo na g»¶, dmËgë¶ Am¡a ‘mYw¶© ^md H$s nX-aMZm H$aZo bJo& gyaXmg Zo lr‘X² ^mJdV
Ho$ AmYma na H¥$îU g§~§Yr a{MV nXm| H$s g§»¶m gdmbmI ~VmB© OmVr h¡&
"S>m°. XrZX¶mbw Jwá Zo CZHo$ Ûmam a{MV nƒrg nwñVH$m| H$s gyMZm Xr h¡& {OZ‘|
gyagmJa, gyagmamdbr, gm{h˶ bhar, gyanMrgr, gyaam‘m¶U, gyagmR>r Am¡a amYmagHo${b
àH$m{eV hmo MwH$s h¡& "gyagmJa' Am¡a "gm{h˶ bhar' CZH$s à‘wI H¥${V¶m± h¡& "gyagmJa'
H$m AmYma lr‘X² ^mJdV h¡& ^mJdV Ho$ g‘mZ BZ‘| ^r ~mah ñH§$X h¡& àW‘ ñH$ÝX ‘|
{dZ¶nX, ^m¶m, A{dYm, V¥îUm ^p³V-‘{h‘m go ^am hþAm h¡& gya gmJa Ho$ Xe‘ ñH§$X Ho$
nydm©Y© ‘| H¥$îUOÝ‘, ~mbbrbm, Am¡a ^«‘a JrV H$s aMZm 4160 nXm| ‘| H$s h¡& Xe‘ ñH§$X Ho$
CVamY© ‘| Oamg§Y ¶wÕ, ÛmaH$m {Z‘m©U, ép³‘Ur haU, {eewnmb dY, gw^Ðm-AOw©Z {ddmh
Am{X H$m A§H$Z 149 nXm| ‘| {H$¶m J¶m h¡& gyaXmg H$m J«§W "gya gmamdbr' ‘| ~«OdU©Z,
H¥$îU-OÝ‘, nyVZm-dY, g§H$Q>-^§OZ, ^«‘aJrV Am{X àg§J h¡&
‘m± N>moQ>o H¥$îU H$mo PyR>-‘wR> Ho$ àbmoo^Z {XImH$a XÿY {nbmVr h¡, V~ H¥$îU ‘m± H$mo
nyN>Vo h¢ -
""‘¡¶m, H$~{h ~‹T>¡Jr MmoQ>r&
{H$Vr ~ma ‘mo{h XÿY {n¶V ^B©, ¶h AO hÿ± h¡ N>moQ>r&''
~bXod Ûmam N>oS>-N>mS> hmoZo na ‘m± H$mo {eH$m¶V H$aVo hþE ~mbH¥$îU-
""‘¡¶m ‘mo{h XmD$ ~hþV {IPm¶m¡&
‘m|gm| H$hV ‘mob H$s brhZm| Vy O gw‘{V H$~ Om¶m¡&''
AV: gyaXmg dmËgë¶ dU©Z ‘| ‘hmZm¶H$ h¡& AmMm¶© {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢ - "g§gma
Ho$ gm{h˶ H$s ~mV H$hZm Vmo H${R>Z h¡ ³¶m|{H$ dh ~hþV ~‹S>m h¡ Am¡a CgH$m EH$ A§e ‘mÌ
h‘mam OmZm h¡& naÝVw h‘mao OmZo hþE gm{h˶ ‘| BVZr VËnaVm, ‘Zmohm[aVm Am¡a gagVm Ho$
gmW {b{I hþB© ~mbbrbm Abä¶ h¡&'
gya Ho$ l¥§Jma ag ‘| a{V ñWm¶r ^md H$m nyU© Am¡a Abm¡{H$H$ n[anmH$ hþAm h¡& gya
H$s Jmo{n¶m| ‘| ào‘ Ho$ g§ñH$ma n¸o$ h¢& "do ^mdZm àYmZ h¡, Z§XXmg H$s Jmo{n¶m| Ho$ g‘mZ dH$sb
Zht& dmñVd ‘| gyaXmg H$s am{YH$m ewê$ go Am{Ia VH$ gab ~m{bH$m h¡& CZHo$ ào‘ ‘|
MmES>rXmg H$s am{YH$m H$s Vah gmg ZZX H$m S>a ht h¡& Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$s {H$emoar am{YH$m Ho$
g‘mZ éXZ ‘| hmg Am¡a hmg ‘| éXZ H$s MmVwar ^r Zht h¡& gya Zo ~S>r gƒmB© Ho$ gmW ào‘r
öX¶ ‘| a{V H$s CËn{Îm, {ච{‘bZ H$s bmbgm, [ච{‘bZ H$m hf© Am¡a Mmnë¶, gmhg Am¡a
CÝ‘mX H$m Eogm à^mdmoËnmXH$ {MÌU {H$¶m h¡ {H$, EH$m§JrnZ IQ>H$Vm Zht& amYm Am¡a H¥$îU
H$s ¶wJb brbmAm| Ho$ dU©Z ‘| gya Zo AnZr g‘ñV à{V^m Am¡a gH$b H$mì¶ H$m¡eb H$m
Cn¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ¶h gmar ào‘ H$hmZr AܶmpË‘H$ ^y{‘ na à{V{ð>V h¡& Cg‘| AmË‘m H$m
CÁdb àH$me h¡ Am¡a gd©Ì ^p³V ag h¡&'
amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ Aà{V‘ gm¢X¶© na g^r Jmo{n¶m± ‘w½Y h¡& ào‘ H$s CËn{Îm Am±Im|
‘| hmoVr h¡ -
gyaXmg Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE ~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡, Omo bmoH$-
àM{bV Wr& H¥$îU gm{h˶ Ho$ H$maU ~«O^mfm A˶m{YH$ {dH${gV hþB©& Cg‘| gya Am¡a
Z§XXmg H$m ¶moJXmZ ‘hËdnyU© h¡ - S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð H$hVo h¡ - ""gyaXmg Am¡a Z§XXmg O¡go
à{V^membr H${d¶m| Ho$ hmW ‘| nS> H$a ~«O^mfm M‘H$ CR>r, CgH$m eãX ^ÊS>ma VËg‘ Ed§
VX²^d eãXm|go n[anyU© hmo J¶m VWm Cg‘| 춧OH$Vm Am¡a àdmh{ebVm Ho$ JwU Am J¶o& CZHo$
èöX¶ H$s ^mdYmam§ go Amßbm{dV hmoH$a Cg‘| Eogr ‘YwaVm, H$mo‘bVm Ed§ pñZ½YVm Am J¶r
{H$ dh nadVu H${d¶m| Ho$ {bE AZwH$aUr¶ hmo JB©&'' N>§Xm| ‘| gyaXmg H$s aMZm "gyagmJa' ‘|
Hw$N> ñWmZm| na amobm Ed§ Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡& Ab§H$mam| H$m g~go Á¶mXm à¶moJ gya H$s
aMZmAm| ‘| hþAm h¡& "gyagmJa' ‘| énH$, Cn‘m, CËàojm, A{Ve¶mop³V Am{X VWm
"gm{h˶bhar' ‘| ^r Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
ZÝXXmg
Aï>N>mn H${d¶m| ‘| gya Ho$ ~mX H$m ñWmZ ZÝXXmg H$m Wm& do ~hþ‘wIr à{V^m
gånÞ H${d Wo& "ZÝXXmg H$m OÝ‘ 1533 B©. ‘| hþAm Wm& Am¡a MmMm AmË‘mam‘& BÝhr
AmË‘mam‘ Ho$ nwÌ VwbgrXmg Wo& VwbgrXmg Am¡a ZÝXXmg Zo e¡ed ‘| gmoam| ‘| ah H$a hr
Z¥qgh n§{S>V go g§ñH¥$V ^mfm H$m kmZ A{O©V {H$¶m Wm&' ZÝXXmg ^r Vwbgr Ho$ gmW H$mer
Mbo J¶o Am¡a dhm± emóm| H$m Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m& JmoHw$b ‘| {dÇ>bZmW g| Xrjm br "Am¡a BÝhr {XZm|
gya Ho$ gånH©$ ‘| AmZo na gƒo H¥$îU ^³V ~Z J¶o& OrdZ Ho$ A§{V‘ {XZm| ‘| do AnZo Jm±d
JmodY©Z Am J¶o Wo& BÝht g‘¶ CZH$m 1583 B©. ‘| XohmdgZ hþAm&
BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV J«ÝWm| H$s g§»¶m n§Ðh ~VmB© OmVr h¡& BZ J«ÝWmo§ Ho$ Zm‘ Bg
àH$ma h¡ - AZoH$mW© ‘§Oar, ‘mZ‘§Oar, ag‘§Oar, én‘§Oar, {dah‘§Oar, ào‘ ~mahIS>r,
í¶m‘ gJmB©, gwXm‘m M[aÌ, ép³‘Ur ‘§Jb, ^§daJrV, amg n§Mmܶm¶r, {gÕm§V n§Mmܶm¶r,
Xe‘ñH§$X^mfm, JmodY©ZXmgbrbm, ZÝXXmg-nXmdbr Am{X& BZ‘| go amg n§Mmܶm¶r,
^§daJrV Am¡a {gÕm§V n§Mmܶm¶r BZHo$ ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW h¡& ZÝXXmg Ho$ g^r J«ÝW ~«O ^mfm ‘|
{bIo J¶o h¡&
Jmoñdm‘r {hV h[ad§e H$m OÝ‘ 1559 B©. ‘o§ ‘Wwam g‘rn X{jU~mX Jm±d ‘| hþAm& do
amYm d„^ gåàXm¶ Ho$ àdV©H$ Wo& {nVm H$m Zm‘ Ho$edXod {‘l Am¡a ‘mVm H$m Zm‘ VmamdVr
Wm& ¶o Om{V Ho$ Jm¡S> ~«m÷U Wo&
{hV h[ad§e Zo Ho$db Mm¡amgr nXm| H$s aMZm ~«O^mfm ‘| A˶§V gag én ‘| H$s h¡&
‘ram~mB© Ho$ OrdZd¥Îm, VWm Jwê$ Ho$ gå~Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡& AZwg§YmZ Ho$
AmYma na ¶h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ CZH$m OÝ‘ 1504 B©. ‘| Am¡a ‘oS>Vm Ho$ g‘rndVu Jm±d "Hw$S>H$s'
‘| hþAm& amR>m¡a d§e H$s ‘oS>{V¶m emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ amd XÿXm Wo& CÝht Ho$ MVwW© nwÌ aËZ qgh H$s
nwÌr Wr& amd XÿXm ^r H¥$îU ^³V Wo, ‘ram H$mo ^r ^p³V Ho$ g§ñH$ma CÝht go àmá hþE Wo&
"nm[adm[aH$ dmVmdaU, g‘mO ‘| àM{bV bmooH$JrV Ed§ ¶Xm-H$Xm amO‘hbm| ‘| AmZodmbo
{gÕ gݶm{g¶m| ¶m a‘Vo Omo{J¶m| Ho$ ^p³V‘¶ CnXoe hr ‘ram§ H$s nmR>embm ~Zo& bmoJ JrVm|
H$s ‘YwaVm Ed§ amOgr H$bm{à¶Vm Zo CÝh| AZm¶mg g§JrV-ào{‘H$m ~Zm {X¶m, Vmo gmYwg§J{V
Ho$ à^md de CZH$m èöX¶ ^p³V Ed§ d¡am½¶ H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþAm, {OgH$s AZwJy§O CZH$s
aMZmAm| ‘| gd©Ì {dÚ‘mZ h¡&' ‘ram H$m {ddmh {MVm¡S> Ho$ amUmgm§Jm Ho$ Á¶oð> nwÌ ^moOamO go
hþAm& ‘ram Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ gmV df© níMmV n{V ^moOamO H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J¶m& {dYdm hmo OmZo
na dh AnZo Aamܶ H¥$îU H$s ^p³V ‘| brZ hmo J¶r& Hw$b H$s ‘¶m©Xm H$moo bm§KH$a gËg§J ‘|
OmZm Xoda {dH«$‘qgh H$mo ‘ram H$m ¶h ~Vm©d n§gX Zht Wm& ‘ram H$mo H$ï> {X¶m OmZo bJm&
‘ram Zo ggwamb H$mo ˶mJ {X¶m Am¡a VrW©ñWmZmo| H$s ¶mÌm H$aVo hþE dh d¥§XmdZ nhþ±Mr& Hw$N>
{XZ R>haH$a ÛmaH$m Mbr OmVr h¡ dhm± H$sV©Z H$aVo hþE ‘ram Zo eof OrdZ ì¶VrV {H$¶m&
‘ram H$s nyU©-AnyU© J«ÝW g§»¶m ~mah h¡& dh BgàH$ma h¡ - JrVJmoqdX, Zagr Or
H$m ‘m¶am, amJ gmooaR> H$m nX, amJ JmoqdX, g˶^m‘mUw§ égU§, ‘ram H$s Jar~r, ép³‘Ur
‘§Jb, Zagr ‘ohVm H$s hþÊS>r, M[aV, ñ’y$Q>nX Am{X&
H¥$îU^³V gm{h˶ H$s ‘ram Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| AZw^y{V H$s Vrd«Vm A{YH$ [XImB© XoVr
h¡& H¥$îU ^³Vm| Zo amYm-Jmo{n¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AnZo ^p³V^md H$mo A{^춳V {H$¶m h¡& {H$ÝVw
‘ram H¥$îU H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVr h¡ dh Cgo n{V Ho$ én ‘| XoIVr h¡& H¥$îU Ho$ Abmdm CgHo$
OrdZ ‘| Aݶ {H$gr H$mo ñWmZ Zht h¡& dh H¥$îU Ho$ {d¶moJ H$m XaX PobVr ahVr h¡ -
‘ram H$s aMZmAm| ‘| {dah ag Ho$ gmW-gmW em§V ag H$m ^r à¶moJ {‘bVm h¡&
‘ram Ho$ H$mì¶ H$s ^mfm amOñWmZr ~«O h¡& CZHo$ nXm| ‘| JwOamVr H$m nwQ> VWm I‹S>r ~moobr Am¡a
n§Om~r H$m ^r à^md {XIm¶r XoVm h¡& N>§Xmo H$m ^r à¶moJ VWm Ab§H$mam| ‘| Cn‘m, énH$,
CËàojm Am{X H$m à¶moJ CZH$s H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| {‘bVm h¡&
agImZ Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡ {H$ÝVw {dÛmZm| Ho$ AÝdofU Ho$
AmYmana CZH$m OÝ‘ 1533 B©. ‘mZm OmVm h¡& agImZ Zo Jmoñdm‘r {dÇ>bZmW go Xrjm br
Wr& CZH$m gZ² 1614 B©. ‘| {bIm J¶m H$mì¶ "ào‘dm{Q>H$m' ¶h A§{V‘ H¥${V h¡& BgH$s aMZm
Ho$ Hw$N> hr df© ~mX 1618 B©. Ho$ Amg-nmg CZH$m XohmdgZ hmo J¶m&
agImZ H$s à‘wI Mma aMZmE± àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZr OmVr h¡- gwOmZ agImZ,
ào‘dm{Q>H$m, XmZbrbm, Aï>¶m‘ Am{X& CZH$m "gwOmZ agImZ' ‘| 272 H${dV gd¡¶m Xmoho h¡
{Og‘| ^{º$, ào‘, amYm H¥$îU H$s én ‘mYwar, d§er-‘mo{hZr, Ed§ H¥$îU-brbm g§~§Yr Aݶ
gag àg§J h¡& "ào‘dm{Q>H$m' Ho$ 53 Xmohm| ‘| CÝhm|Zo amYm-H¥$îU H$mo ào‘moÚmZ Ho$ ‘m{bZ-‘mbr
‘mZH$a ào‘ Ho$ Jy‹T> VËd H$m gyú‘ {ZénU {H$¶m h¡& "XmZbrbm' ‘| Jmonr-H¥$îU g§dmX h¡&
"Aï>¶m‘' Ho$ 26 Xmohm| ‘| lrH¥$îU Ho$ àmV:OmJaU go am{Ì-e¶Z n¶ªV CZH$s {XZM¶m© Ed§
{d{^Þ {H«$S>mAm| H$m dU©Z h¡&
agImZ H$s JUZm ^³V H${d¶mo| ‘| H$s OmVr h¡& CÝhmo|Zo lrH¥$îU Ho$ én na ‘w½Y
Jmo{nH$m, amYm H$s ‘Z:pñW{V Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go agImZ Zo l¥§Jma H$s ‘Ywa A{^춧OZm H$s h¡&
CÝhm|Zo lrH¥$îU Ho$ ~mb-én H$s ‘mYwar H$m dU©Z BgàH$ma {H$¶m h¡-
agImZ H$s ^mfm gm{hp˶H$ ~«O h¡& ‘mYw¶© Am¡a àgmX JwUm| Ho$ H$maU H$mì¶-
^mfm H$mo gag Ed§ gOrd ~Zm {X¶m J¶m h¡& CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| H${dV, gd¡¶m N>§Xm| H$m g’$b
à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
H¥$îU ^p³V gå~ÝYr AZoH$ gåàXm¶m| H$m {Z‘m©U Bg H$mb ‘o§ hþAm O¡go ‘ÜdmMm¶©
H$m Û¡VdmX, {dîUwñdm‘r H$m ewÜXmÛ¡V, {Zå~mH©$ H$m {Zå~mH©$ gåàXm¶, nw{ï> gåàXm¶, M¡Vݶ
Jm¡{S>¶ gåàXm¶, Jmoñdm‘r {hV h[ad§e H$m amYm d„^r gåàXm¶, ñdm‘r h[aXmg H$m gIr
gåàXm¶ Am{X H¥$îU ^p³V gå~ÝYr gåàXm¶ àM{bV h¡& BZ ‘| lrH¥$îU H$mo ‘mZdr¶H$aU
{H$¶m J¶m h¡&
{hÝXr ‘| H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ H$m Ama§^ gm‘mݶV¶m {dÚmn{V go ‘mZm J¶m h¢&
{dÚmn{V Ho$ {MÌU ‘| ‘mXH$ l¥§Jmar {MÌ A{YH$ h¢& {Og‘| ^p³V H$m A^md h¡& H¥$îU H$mì¶ ‘|
àmU H$m g§Mma ^aZo H$m lo¶ ‘hmH${d gyaXmgOr H$mo OmVm h¢& gyaXmg Ho$ Ûmam hr H¥$îU H$mì¶
H$mo A˶m{YH$ bmoH${à¶Vm àmá hþB©& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[a³V Aï>N>mn Ho$ Aݶ H${d¶m| Zo ^r
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo AnZr H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| H¥$îU H$s brbmAm| H$m JmZ {H$¶m
h¢& ^JdmZ lrH¥$îU Ho$ VrZ én àM{bV h¡ - Y‘m}nXoï>m F${f, Zr{V{demaX j{̶ Zaoe VWm
JmonmbH¥$îU Ed§ Jmonrd„^ én hr àYmZ hmo J¶m& H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo bmoH$a§OZH$mar H¥$îU
H$s brbmAm| H$m CÝ‘w³V JmZ brbmZÝX Ho$ {bE {H$¶m h¢& brbm H$m ‘yb CÔoe AIÊS> AmZÝX
‘| OrdZ H$s AmܶmpË‘H$ n[anyU©Vm H$s A{^춧OZm H$aZm h¢& CÝhm| Zo ~mbJmonmb H$s
dmËgë¶nyU© brbm¶|, g»¶én ‘| brbm¶o§ VWm ‘mYw¶©^md nyU© brbr¶o§ hr g‘ñV ‘ܶH$mbrZ
{hÝXr-H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| ì¶má h¢& H${d¶m| Zo Cg AIÊS> AmZÝX H$m Ma‘ én ór-nwê$f
Ho$ a{V^md ‘| H$pënV {H$¶m& {Zå~mH©$, M¡Vݶ, h[ad§e Am¡a h[aXmg BZ g^r H¥$îU ^p³V
gåàXm¶m| ‘| ‘mYw¶©^md H$m gdm©{YH$ ‘hËd h¢& Jmonr-H¥$îU H$s ào‘brbmAm| H$m Jm¶Z, ldU,
ñ‘aU, Ed§ {MÝVZ hr H${dH$‘© H$s B{Vlr ~Z J¶m& gyaXmg Zo lrH¥$îU brbmAm| H$m dU©Z
A˶§V gyú‘ AܶmË‘ ^mdZm, ‘mZ{gH$ {damJËd Ed§ A˶§V g§¶‘ go {H$¶m h¡& Am.h.à.
{ÛdoXr {bIVo h¢ - ""brbmJmZ ‘| ^r gyaXmg H$m {ච{df¶ Wm ào‘& ‘mVm H$m ào‘, nwÌ H$m
ào‘, Jmon-Jmo{n¶m|H$m ào‘, {චAm¡a {à¶m H$m ào‘, n{V Am¡a nËZr H$m ào‘, BZ ~mVm|go hr
gyagmJa ^am h¢&'' AV… H¥$îU^³V H${d gJwU brbm ^p³V ‘| {dídmg H$aV| h¢ &
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ H$s ‘yb àoaUm ^mJdV nwamU ‘mZm OmVm h¡ & H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m|
Zo ^mJdV Ho$ Xe‘ ñH§$Y H$m AmYma boH$a hr H¥$îU H$s brbmAm| H$m JmZ {H$¶m h¡ & ‘ܶH$mb
‘| ^mJdV nwamU ~hþV bmoH${චWm & H¥$îU^³V H${d¶m| Zo Ho$db AZwdmX Z H$a ‘m¡{bH$
CX²^mdZm go H$m‘ {b¶m h¡ & ^mJdVr H¥$îU {Z{b©á h¡ O~ {H$ {hÝXr H${d¶m| Ho$ H¥$îU Jmo{n¶m|
H$s Amoa ñd¶§ CÝ‘wI hmoVo h¢ Am¡a AnZm ôX¶H$mar brbmAm| go CZHo$ ôX¶ H$mo OrVVo h¡ &
^mJdV ‘| lrH¥$îU ~«åhËd h¡ & {hÝXr H${d¶m| Ho$ H¥$îU H$‘ Abm¡{H$H$ h¡ & do ~mbê$n ‘| ~mb
brbmE± Am¡a ¶wdmén ‘| àU¶ brbmE± H$aVo h¡§ & ^mJdV ‘| amYm H$m H$moB© C„oI Zht {H$ÝVw
{hÝXr H${d¶m| Zo amYm H$s H$ënZm Ûmam àU¶ {MÌU ‘| EH$ Abm¡{H$H$ ^ì¶Vm bm¶r h¢ Am¡a
Jmo{n¶m± ^r EH${Zð>Vm H$m ^md aIZodmbr h¢ & BZ H${d¶m| Zo O¶Xod Am¡a {dÚmn{V H$m AmYma
boH$a ¶Woï> H$ënZm ep³V go H$m‘ {b¶m h¢ & {dÚmn{V ‘| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ ào‘ dU©Z ‘| Ohm±
ñWybVm Am¡a CÔm‘Vm h¢ dhm± BZgo ZdrZ én-a§J ^aH$a Cgo {ZIma {X¶m h¡ & BÝhm|Zo
bmoH$àM{bV H¥$îU brbmAm| H$m gXþn¶moJ H$aHo$ H¥$îU ^p³V H$s A{^d¥ÜXr ‘| EH$ ZdrZ
¶moJXmZ {X¶m & BZ H${d¶m| Zo AnZo ¶wJ VWm g‘mO Ho$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma AZoH$ ZdrZ
àg§Jmo H$s CX²^mdZm H$s h¢ &
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ brbm hmoVo hþE ^r VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ Ed§
gm§ñH¥${VH$ Xem H$m ¶WmW© dU©Z H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| {‘bVm h¢& gya Zo ^mJdV Ho$ Hw$N> Aݶ
àg§Jm| H$mo MwZH$a VËH$mbrZ OrdZ H$s CÔoí¶ hrZVm Ed§ BpÝж nam¶UVm H$s AmbmoMZm H$s
h¢& H${b¶wJ Ho$ à^md H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE BZ H${d¶m| Zo dUm©l‘ Y‘©-nVZ, gm‘m{OH$
Hw$ar{V¶m± Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ {dS>å~ZmAm| H$m {MÌ àñVwV {H$¶m h¢ & H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| H$s gmYZm
d¡¶p³VH$ hmoVo hþE ^r bmoH$‘§Jb H$s ^mdZm h¢ &
Eo{Vhm{gH$ nj
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ H${d ‘Wwam d¥§XmdZ ‘| Wo {’$a ^r {X„r H$s amOZr{V H$m CZ
na H$moB© Aga Zht nS>m {H$ÝVw BZHo$ gm{h˶ BZ Ho$ AnZo Xoe H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Adí¶
{XImB© XoVr h¢& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[a³V Aï> N>mn Ho$ Aݶ H${d¶m| Zo d„^ Hw$b H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m
h¡& amYmd„^r ^³Vm| Zo {hV h[ad§e H$mo AdVma ‘mZVo hþE CZ H$mo ¶emoJmZ {H$¶m h¢& H$B©
^³V H${d¶m| Zo CZHo$ ^³Vm| Ho$ M[aÌm| H$mo A§{H$V {H$¶m h¢& BZ g~H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘hËd h¢& Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d¶m| ‘| VËH$mbrZ gwÝXa gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm±H$s {‘bVr h¢&
dmËgë¶ Am¡a l¥§Jma Ho$ {MÌU ‘| H¥$îU ^³V H${d A{ÛVr¶ h¡& gydmËgë¶ Am¡a
dmËgë¶ gya h¡& CÝhm|Zo H¥$îU Ho$ én ‘| ~mbH$ H$s {d{^Þ Moï>mAm| d {H«$¶mAm| H$m {MÌU ghO
ñdm^m{dH$ T>§J go {H$¶m h¡& dmËgë¶ ag Ho$ A§VJ©V {OVZr ‘ZmoXem¶|, H«$sS>m VH$ Ho$ {dYmZ h¡
CZ g~H$m ôX¶H$mar dU©Z H¥$îU ^p³V H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡& gyaXmgOr Ho$ Hw$N> CXmhaU Ñï>ì¶
h¡-
""‘¡¶m ‘mo{h XmD$ ~hþV {IOm¶mo''
""‘¡¶m H$~{h ~T>¡Jr MmoQ>r !
{H${VH$ ~ma ‘mo{h XÿY {n¶§V ^B,¶h AOhÿ± h¡ N>moQ>r &''
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo H¥$îU OrdZ Ho$ H$mo‘bV‘ A§emo§ H$mo AnZo H$mì¶
H$m {df¶ ~Zm¶m& H¥$îU H$Wm Ho$ Zm¶H$ lrH¥$îU ‘| ‘mZd Am¡a A{V‘mZd Ho$ {damoYr VËdm| H$m
gpå‘lU h¡& BZ ^³Vm| Ho$ H¥$îU ‘hm^maV Ho$ Zr{V Hw$eb, ì¶dhmadmXr ¶moÜXm H¥$îU Z hmoH$a
do h¡ ~mb Jmonmb VWm gm±dbo-gbmoZo N>{b¶m H¥$îU Ho$ gmW gå~ÜX nmÌ ZÝX-¶emoXm, Jmon-
Jmonr, Am¡a gIm CÜXd h¡& H¥$îUmdVma H$m CÔoe brbm h¡ Am¡a BZ nmÌm| H$m CÔoe h¡ brbm ‘|
em{‘b hmoZm& amYm ag é{nUr h¡, {OgH$s M[aÌ Ho$ Xmo nj h¢ - dmñVd ‘| dh H¥$îU go A{^Þ
h¡, {H$ÝVw ì¶dhma ‘| Cgo H¥$îU ào‘ H$mo CÎmamoÎma {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& ^³V
àH¥${V {MÌU
H¥$îU ^p³V gm{h˶ ^mdmË‘H$ H$mì¶ h¡& Bg H$mì¶ ‘| àH¥${V Ho$ ‘Zmoa‘ Am¡a
AZwHw$b ^¶mZH$ Am¡a à{VHw$b énm| Ho$ {MÌU ‘| H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo AnZo AX²^yV H$m¡eb
H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& àH¥${V H$m H$moB© ^r gm¢X¶© CZH$s Am±Imoogo Zhr Ny>Q>m& n¥Ïdr, A§V[aj,
AmH$me, dZ, Obme¶, ¶‘wZm, Hw§$O-^dZ Am{X H$m gm¢X¶© {MÌU H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo
{H$¶m h¡& gyaXmg H$m à^mVH$mbrZ {MÌU Bg àH$ma h¡ -
""Om{J¶o ~«OamO Hw±$da H$‘b Hw$gw‘ ’y$bo&
Hw$‘wX d¥ÝX g§Hw${MV ^§¥JbVm ^ybo&&''
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| l¥§Jm[aH$ {MÌUm| Ho$ gmW ar{V-VËd H$m ^r C„oI {‘bVm h¡&
gyaXmg Am¡a ZÝXXmg H$s H¥${V¶m± BgH$m à‘mU ‘mZr Om gH$Vr h¡& gyaXmg H$s gm{h˶ bhar
Am¡a ZÝXXmg H$s "ag‘§Oar' VWm "{dah‘§Oar' ‘§o Zm{¶H$m ^oX VWm Ab§H$mam| H$m {ddoMZ
{‘bVm h¡& gyaXmg Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| hr {dÇ>bOr Zo l¥§Jma ag ‘| CÝht Ho$ O¡gm ar{V naI J«§W
{bIm& Cg g‘¶ M¡Vݶ-gåàXm¶ ‘| ^p³V H$mo H$mì¶ emó H$m gm§Jmonm§J én XoZo Ho$ {bE
^p³V agm‘¥V {gÝYw Am¡a C‚db Zrb‘{U H$s aMZm hmo MyH$s Wr& ZÝX Xmg H$s ag‘§Oar ‘|
Zm{¶H$m ^oX, hmd-^md, hobm, a{V Am{XH$m {dñV¥V {ddoMZ h¡& én‘§Oar ‘| d¶… g§{Y VWm
àW‘ g‘mJ‘ Am{X XemAm|H$m dU©Z h¡& Aï>N>mn Ho$ Aݶ H${d¶m| ‘| ^r Zm{¶H$m ^oX Ho$
CXmhaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& AV… ¶h ñnï> h¡ {H$ BZ H${d¶m| Zo AnZo H$mì¶m|‘| ar{V VËd H$m
g‘mdoe Amdí¶H$ én ‘| {H$¶m h¡&
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘o§ ào‘ H$s Abm¡{H$H$Vm na ~b {X¶m h¡&
BZH$m l¥§Jma ag {MÌU ‘Ywa ag H$s H$mo{Q> ‘| AmVm h¡& ‘Ywa ag H$s ñWmnZm H¥$îU Am¡a amYm
Ho$ ào‘ H$m CÝ‘wº$ {MÌU H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr H$s JB© h¢& H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m|Zo a{V O¡go àg§Jmo H$m
^r dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ àg§Jmo ‘| AܶmpË‘H$Vm Ty>±T>Zm ì¶W© h¡& Bg ^p³V naånam ‘|
l¥§Jma dU©Z Ho$ H$B© H$maU ‘m¡OyX Wo - EH$ Vmo ‘pÝXam| H$m dmVmdaU {dbmgàYmZ hmoVm J¶m&
Xÿgam A{YH$mar dJ© H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU ^r {dbmgmoÝ‘wI hmo J¶m Wm& Bg àH$ma H¥$îU ^p³V
gm{h˶na M¡Vݶ, {hVh[ad§e, h[aXmg VWm amYmñdm‘r gåàXm¶m| H$m Jham à^md ahm h¡&
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| ‘| g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& gm‘doX go boH$a
AmO VH$ g§JrV H$m Amamoh-Adamoh, gá gwam| H$m g§J‘, VWm b¶-Jr{V VmZ d Ambmn
Am{X emór¶ dñVw hmoH$a ^r bmoH$mZwén ~XbVr hþB©, ‘ܶ H$mbrZ ^p³V gm{h˶ ‘| gdoJ
àdm{hV hmoVr ahr& H$~ra-ZmZH$ go boH$a gya-Vwbgr g^r ‘ܶ H$mbrZ ^³V H${d¶m| ‘|
C³V g§JrVmË‘H$Vm gm{h˶ Ho$ A{Zdm¶© VËd amJmË‘H$Vm Ho$ gmW ZmZm énm| ‘| ñnpÝXV hmoVr
ahr& H${dVm H$s ¶h g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H¥$îU H$mì¶ Ho$ nw{ï>‘mJu H${d¶m| ‘| ñnï> XoIr
OmVr h¡& AH$~a Ho$ ‘hmZ g§JrV g‘«mQ> VmZgoZ nw{ï>‘mJu ñdm‘r h[aXmg Ho$ {eî¶ Wo& JwOamV
àmÝV ‘| ¶h g§JrVmË‘H$ àd¥{Îm-hdobr g§JrV Ho$ én ‘| Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& AV… BZ H${d¶m|na
g§JrVmË‘H$Vm H$m à^md ahm h¡&
H$mì¶én
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘| ‘w»¶ én go Jo¶‘wº$H$ H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H${d¶m| Zo
H¥$îU Ho$ {Og A§e H$mo AnZo H$mì¶ Ho$ {bE MwZm dh gd©Wm ‘w³VH$ Ho$ Cn¶w³V Wm& gånyU©
H¥$îU H$mì¶ ‘| à~ÝY aMZm ~hþV H$‘ nmB© JB© h¡& {’$a ^r H¥$îU Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {H$gr A§e H$s
H«$‘~ÜX H$ënZm Adí¶ {‘bVr h¡& gyaXmg Ho$ H$mì¶ ‘| ~«O^mfr H¥$îU H$s gånyU© H$Wm XoZo
H$m à¶ËZ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& H¥$îU H$s gånyU© H$Wm XoZo H$m à¶mg ~«O {dbmg ‘| ~«OaËZXmg
Zo {H$¶m h¡& H${d Z§XXmg Ho$ ^±da JrV, ép³‘Ur ‘§Jb Am¡a amg n§Mmܶm¶r Am{X ‘|
H$WmË‘H$Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡& Bg Ñ[ï> go {hV d¥§XmdZ H$m gm{h˶ C„oIZr¶ h¡& Bg H$mì¶ na
JÚ H$m ^r à^md ahm h¡& d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©, Xmo gm¡ ~mdÞ H$s dmVm© BgHo$ à‘mU h¡&
e¡br
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo JrV e¡br H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| JrVr VËd Ho$
g^r VËd CnbãY h¡& O¡go ^mdmË‘H$Vm, g§JrVmË‘H$Vm, d¡¶p³VH$Vm, g§{jáVm VWm ^mî¶
H$s H$mo‘bVm Am{X nyU© én ‘| {‘bVo h¡& BZ H${d¶m| H$mo d¡¶p³VH$Vm Ho$ {bE H$moB© {deof joÌ
Zht Wm {’$a ^r BÝhm|Zo Jmo{n¶m| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go d¡¶p³VH$Vm H$m H$bmË‘H$ én ‘o§ g‘mdoe H$a
{b¶m h¡& BZ H${d¶m| ‘| AZoH$ A{^춧OZm e¡br H$o à¶moJ hmoVo h¡& gya-gmJa ‘| AZoH$
A{^춧OZm e¡{b¶m± h¡& BZH$m gm{h˶ eãXep³V, Ab§H$ma, H$mì¶ JwU Am{X g^r H$mì¶
JwUm|go gånÞ h¡&
ag
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m| Zo {^Þ-{^Þ agm| H$m {OVZm gwÝXa g‘Ýd¶ AnZr aMZmAm|
‘| {H$¶m h¡& CVZm AÝ¶Ì Xþb©^ h¡& ag H$s Ñï>r go H¥$îUH$mì¶ A˶§V ^ì¶ ~Z nS>m h¡& BZ
H${d¶m| Zo H$éUm, dmËgë¶, ^¶mZH$, am¡Ð Am{X agm| H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& dmËgë¶
ag ‘| gyaXmg ~oOmoS> h¡ &
H¥$îU ^p³V gm{h˶ H$s aMZmE± à‘wIV… nXm| ‘| H$s JB© h¡& {d{^Þ N>§Xmo H$m CËH¥$ï>
{MÌU BZ H${d¶m| Zo {H$¶m h¡& BZ ‘| Xmohm, amobm, Mm¡nmB© Am{X N>§Xm| H$m à¶moJ ~hþV hr
H$bmË‘H$ h¡& gyaXmg Zo H${dVm, N>ßn¶, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m±, h[aJr{VH$m AmXr N>§Xm| H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m
h¡& ZÝXamO Zo "én‘§Oar' VWm "amg‘§Oar' ‘| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡&
Ab§H$ma
H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ ‘§o Ab§H$mam| H$m AZwR>m n[aM¶ {X¶m J¶m h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$
H${d¶m| Zo {d{^Þ Ab§H$mam| H$m à¶moJ AnZr H$mì¶ aMZmAm| ‘| {H$¶m h¡& énH$, Cn‘m,
CËàojm, ¶‘H$, íbof Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m {d{dY Am¶m‘r à¶moJ BZ H${d¶m| Z| {H$¶m h¡&
Ab§H$ma H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h gm{h˶ gånÞ ahm h¡&
^mfm
H¥$îU ^³V H${d¶m|§ Zo AnZr H$mì¶ aMZm Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ d¥§XmdZ ‘| àM{bV
~«O ^mfm H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m h¡& ~«O ^mfm g‘ñV CÎmar ^maV ‘| gm{h˶ H$s ^mfm Ho$ én ‘|
ñdrH¥$V hþB©& ~«O ^mfm Zo ~§Jmb H$s ^mfm H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$¶m& ¶h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb VH$
gm{h˶ H$s ^mfm ~Zr ahr& gya VWm ar{VH$mbrZ Xod, {~hmar AmXr H${d¶m| Zo Bg ^mfm H$mo Omo
gm¢X¶© {X¶m h¡ dh g‘ñV {hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| AmO ^r A{ÛVr¶ h¡ &
g§jon ‘§o, H¥$îU ^p³V gm{h˶ AmZ§X Am¡a C„mg H$s gm{h˶ h¡& Bg ‘| gd©Ì
~«Oag H$s àYmZVm h¡& Omo AX²^yV Am¡a {dbjU h¢& ewÜX H$bmË‘H$ Ñï>r go ¶h gm{h˶
AZwn‘ h¡ &
3B©. 4 Aä¶mg
ar{VH$mb
4.1 CÔoí¶ …-
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V nmR²>çH«$‘ ‘| {ZYm©[aV ar{V-H$mb H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m J¶m
h¡& Bggo ar{VH$mb Ho$ {dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z ‘| {dÚmWu¶m| H$mo AmgmZr hmoJr& Bg BH$mB© Ho$
Aܶ¶Z go {dÚmWu ar{VH$mbrZ H$mì¶ H$m Aܶ¶Z H$a gH|$Jo& ar{V~Õ H$mì¶, ar{V{gÕ
H$mì¶ Am¡a ar{V‘wº$ H$mì¶ Ho$ n{aM¶ Ho$ gmW {deofVmAm| H$m ^r {dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z H$a gH|$Jo&
4.2 àñVmdZm
ar{VH$mb Omo g‘¶ gmaUr Ho$ AZwgma ‘ܶH$mb Ho$ Zm‘ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡&
ar{VH$mb ‘| l¥§Jma naH$ aMZmE± A{YH$ hþB© h¡ BgH$m H$maU VËH$mbrZ g‘¶ H$m n[adoe,
amOm, Zdm~ Am¡a gm‘ÝV bmoJm| H$m dM©ñd Wm dht H${d AnZr Or{dH$m H$m gmYZ H$mì¶
aMZmAm| H$mo ‘mZVo Wo Am¡a Aml¶XmVm H$s ê${M Ho$ AZwgma CZHo$ ‘Zmoa§OZ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n
‘| H$mì¶ aMZm H$s OmVr Wr&
AmMm`© am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo g§dV² 1700 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo (1643 B©.
go 1843 B©.) 'ar{VH$mb' AWdm 'CÎma_Ü`H$mb' Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& ar{VH$mb _|
'ar{V' eãX H$m à`moJ 'H$mì`m§J {ZénU' Ho$ AW© _| hþAm h¡& Eogo J«ÝW {OZ_| 'H$mì`m§Jmo Ho$
bjU' Ed§ CXmhaU {X`oo OmVo h¡, 'ar{VJ«ÝW' H$hbmVo h¡§& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A{YH$m§e H${d`m| Zo
ar{V {ZénU H$aVo hþE bjU J«ÝW {bIo, AV: Bg H$mb H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm 'ar{V {ZénU' H$mo
_mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Am. ewŠb Zo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ H$mbm| Ho$ Zm_H$aU àYmZ àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma
na {H$E h¢, AV: ar{V H$s àYmZVm Ho$ H$maU Bg H$mb H$m Zm_H$aU CÝhm|Zo ar{VH$mb {H$`m
h¡& ar{V go CZH$m VmËn`© nÜX{V, e¡br Am¡a H$mì`m§J {ZénU go h¡&
ar{VH$mb H$m g_` _wJbm| Ho$ d¡^d, nam^d `m nVZ Ed§ A§J«oOm| Ho$ CX` H$m
H$mb h¡& gm_ÝVdmXr àd¥{Îm H$m ~mob~mbm Bg H$mb _| Wm Am¡a gm_ÝVdmX H$o Xmof gd©Ì
ì`mßV Wo& EH$ Amoa {dbmgr emgH$m|, gm_ÝVm|, A{YH$m[a`m| Ed§ _Zg~Xmam| H$m ~mob~mbm Wm
Vmo Xygao Amoa Jar~ OZVm {ng ahr Wr& {dbm{gVm H$s ~T>Vr àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$mo gån{Îm
ar{V~ÜX H$mì` dh H$mì` h¡ Omo ar{V-{ZénU Ho$ én _| {bIm J`m hmo& Bg_|
Bg H$mb _| {bIo J`o do g^r ar{V-J«ÝW Am OmVo h¢, {Og_o§ H$mì`m§Jm| H$m nÚ_` bjU
àñVwV H$a CgHo$ CXmhaU Ho$ én _| ñda{MV H$mì` àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo Bgo
''AmMm`©-H${d`m| H$m H$mì` H$hm h¡& Am. {dídZmW àgmX {_l Bgo 'ar{V~ÜX `m bjÊ~ÜX
2) l¥§Jm[aH$Vm :-
l¥§Jm[aH$Vm Bg H$mì`Ymam H$s hr Zht, Bg H$mb Ho$ g{hË` H$s ^r gdm©{YH$
_wIa àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| _| _m¡{bH$Vm H$m A^md ^bo hr ahm hmo na l¥§Jma ag
Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Ad`dm|- {d^md, AZw^md, g§Mmar, BË`m{X Ho$ dU©Z, Zm{`H$m{X ^oXmon^oXm|,
CZH$s gyú_ l¥§Jm[aH$ _Z…pñW{V`m| Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z F$Vw Am{X Ho$ dU©Zm| _| H${d`m| Zo {OVZr
gag Am¡a _m{_©H$ D${ŠV`m± àñVwV H$s h¢ g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V Am¡a An^«§e Ho$ hOmam| dfm] Ho$
gm{hË` go EH$Ì H$s Om`o Vmo ^r BZH$s VwbZm _o§ H$_ n‹S>oJr& Ho$db _mÌm _| hr Zht gagVm _|
^r `h gm{hË` AX²>^yV h¡&
3) gm¡ÝX`© {MÌU :-
ar{V~ÜX l¥§Jm[aH$ H$mì` Ho$ _w»` Ambå~Z Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m aho h¢& BZ XmoZm|
_| Zm{`H$m H$s A§J-Á`mo{V H$s Amoa H${d`m| H$s Ñ{ï> A{YH$ ahr h¡& ZI-{eI dU©Z Ho$ gmao
àg§J BgHo$ à_mU h¡ bo{H$Z hmd AZw^mdm{X Ho$ {MÌUmo§ _| `h én-gm¡ÝX`© A{YH$ _m{_©H$
hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`m h¡& {^ImarXmg H$m EH$ gm¡ÝX`© {MÌ Ðï>ì` h¡-
n§H$O go nm`Z _| JyOar Oam`Z H$s
KmKao H$mo Koa Xr{R> Ko[a Ko[a a{I`m±&
'Xmg' _Z_mo{hZ _{V Ho$ ~Zm`
~{Z H§$R>_mb, H§$MwH$s hdob hma n[ad`m±&&
^mJ ^ar ^m{JZr gmohmJ ^ar gmar gyhr
_m±J ^ar _moVr AZwamJ ^ar A{I`m±&&
Eogm hr gå_mohH$ én Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| H$s Ñ{ï> _| Wm& Bg_| b{bV
hmd,{d^«d hmd Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ bo{H$Z hmd Ho$ ñdê$n {ZénU H$s d¥{Îm Bg_| X~ J`r h¡ Am¡a
én H$s _mXH$Vm hr à_wI hmoH$a gm_Zo Am`r h¡&
4) Ab§H$m[aH$Vm :-
M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm ar{VH$mb H$s gm_mÝ` àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& M_ËH$ma H$m
AW© h¡- Ab§H$ma àYmZ hmoZm& VËH$mbrZ ar{V~ÜX H${d Ab§H$mam| na A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoVm Wm&
Ab§H$mam| _| ^r `o H${d AZwàmg, `_H$ na {deof ~c XoVo Wo, Š`m|{H$ AZwàmg Ho$ à`moJ go
_wŠVH$ H$s ^mfm ZmX CËnÝZ H$aZo _| g_W© hmoVr Wr Am¡a H$mì` Z| ^r EH$ _YwaVm Am OmVr
Wr& Aml`XmVm ^r H${dVm H$m __©k Zht hmoVm Wm& Cgo eãXm| Ho$ M_ËH$ma Am¡a CgH$s Jo`Vm
go hr A{YH$ _Vb~ hmoVm Wm& H$^r-H$^r BZ _wŠVH$m| H$mo A{Ve`mo{ŠV Am¡a Cn_m
Ab§H$mam| go ^r gOm`m OmVm Wm& {H$ÝVw `h A{Ve`mo{ŠV H$^r-H$^r {Ibdm‹S> H$s gr_m
VH$ nhþ±M OmVr Wr&
ar{V~ÜX H${d g§ñH¥$V Ho$ Ab§H$ma emñÌ Ho$ éT>rJV Cn_mZm| H$mo boH$a
CZH$m hr {nîQ>nofU H$aVm ahm& Bg gÝX^© _| CgZo {H$gr ZdrZ _m¡{bH$ CX²>^mdZm go H$m_
Zhr {b`m, n[aUm_V… CZHo$ ZI{eI dU©Z é{T>~ÜX Am¡a Ad¡`{ŠVH$ hr ~Zo aho& én
gmÑí` _ybH$ AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s Anojm Y_©-gmÑí` {dYmZ gwÝXaV_ hmoVm h¡& ar{V~ÜX
H${d`m| _| BgàH$ma Ho$ AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s H$_r h¡&
5) H$mì` én :-
ar{VH$mbrZ H${d H$m CÔoí` Cg `wJ Ho$ amOmAm| Am¡a aB©gm| H$s a{gH$Vm H$s
d¥{Îm H$mo gÝVwï> H$aZm Wm& dh nyU© én go amOXa~mar dmVmdaU go {Kam hþAm Wm& Eogr pñW{V
6) Zmar {MÌU;-
Zmar Ho$ à{V ar{VH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ ^moJdmXr ahm h¡& Mmho ar{V~ÜX
H${d Xod, _{Vam_, Ho$ed hmo Mmh ar{V{gÜX H${d {~hmar hmo AWdm ar{V_wŠV H${d KZmZÝX,
~moYm `m Amb_ hmo, g^r H$s Ñ{ï> Zmar Ho$ à{V ^moJdmXr ahr h¡& l¥§Jma ^md H$s BVZr ~oH$Xar
Am¡a Zmar Ho$ à{V BVZr {Jar hþ`r Ñ{ï> {hÝXr gm{hË` _| H$^r Zht àH$Q> hþ`r& BgH$m _w»`
H$maU `h h¡ {H$ _wJb emgZ H$s {Za§Hw$e gÎmm Ho$ gÝ_wI Xoer amOdmS>m| Ho$ Zaoem| H$m VoO
AmhV hmo MwH$m Wm& _wJb Xa~ma Ho$ àMwa {dbmg H$m AZwH$aU H$aZm hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m
CÔoí` ~Z J`m Wm, _mZmo `h EH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ én go j{Vny{V© Wr& amOm{lV H${d Zmar Ho
Hy$M-H$Q>mj H$ _hrZ ~ _hrZ {dbmgmË_H$ a§Jrbo Am¡a ^S>H$sbo {MÌ CVmaH$a AnZo ñdm_r
Ho$ Jhao _mZ{gH$ {dfmX H$mo Xya H$aZo _| à`ËZerb Wo& CZHo$ gm_Zo Zmar H$m EH$ hr én Wm
Am¡a dh Wm {dbm{gZr ào{_H$m H$m& AnZo Xw…Im| Am¡a nam^dm| H$mo ^ybZo Ho$ {bE BZ bmoJm|Zo
Zmar H$s _Ywa M§Mb N>m`m _o ~¡R>Zm hr C{MV g_Pm&
ar{V~ÜX H${d Xa~mar ~ZH$a OZ g_mO go H$Q> J`o Wo& ar{VH$mbrZ H${dVm
Bgr{bE g_mO Ho$ à{V Cnojm nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moZ aIVr h¡& CgHo$ Aml`XVmAm| Ho$ {bE Zmar H$m
gå~b EH$ {dbmg ñWb ~Z J`m Wm& AnZo EH$m§Jr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ho$ H$maU Zmar OrdZ Ho$
gm_m{OH$ nj, CgHo$ lÜXml` én Am¡a _mV¥ e{ŠV H$mo ar{V H${d XoI Z gH$m& `hm± VH$ {H$
AmamÜ` Xodr Ho$ ^r emar[aH$ bmdÊ` na [aPVm ahm& BZHo$ Zmar {MÌU _| dmËgë` ^mdZm
H$ht na ^r Zht {XIVr& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ _mZmo dmgZm hr Cg Zmar Ho$ OrdZ H$m ImZm-
nrZm, AmoT>Zm-{~N>m¡Zm g~ Hw$N> hmo& Zmar ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Ho$ {bE {dbmg H$m EH$ CnH$aU
_mÌ h¡& Xod Zo H$hm h¡-
'' H$m¡Z JU¡ nwa dZ ZJa H$m{_Zr EH¡$ ar{V&
XoIV ha¡ {ddoH$ H$mo {MÎm ha¡ H$[a àr{V&&
13) N>ÝX :-
ar{V~ÜX H${dVm Xa~mar dmVmdaU _| gm±g boVr Wr& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| Zo
Xmohm, H${dËV Am¡a gd¡`m N>ÝXm| H$mo AnZm`m& gd¡`m Am¡a H${dËV _| ZmX VËd H$m {dYmZ
{H$`m OmVm Wm Am¡a Xmohm| _| AW©VËd H$m& Bgr{bE ar{V~ÜX H${d BÝht N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo
{XImB© XoVo h¢& Xmohm Jo` Z hmoVo hþE ^r AW© H$m {dñVma Bg_| Amdí`H$ Wm& gd¡`m, H${dËV
Am¡a Xmohm| _| ar{V~ÜX H${d {MÌmË_H$ dU©Z H$aVm Wm& Jo`Vm Am¡a {MÌmË_H$Vm Bg `wJ H$s
H${dVm Ho$ Xmo àYmZ JwU Wo&
ar{V{gÜX H$mì`
ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| H$s aMZmE± ar{V go JwWr hþ`r h¡& bjU J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm go
{daV ahH$a ^r ar{V H$s nyar-nyar N>mn aadZo Ho$ H$maU `o H${d ar{V {gÜX H${d `m H$mì`-
H${d H$hbm`o Am¡a BZH$m H$mì` ar{V{gÜX H$mì` A{^{hV hþAm& Bg H$mì` H$s {deofVmE±
{ZåZ{b{IV h¡-
7. l¥§Jm[aH$Vm :-
ar{V{gÜX H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ XmoZm| njm|-g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡
qH$Vw l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ nj _| do {OVZo a_o h¡, CVZo {d`moJ nj _| Zht& {~hmar BgH$m gd©loð>
CXmhaU h¡& ^bo hr Zm{`H$mAm| H$s AXmAm| H$mo BÝhm|Zo {M{ÌV {H$`m hmo, bo{H$Z AZw^md Ho$
{dYmZ _| BZH$s ag ì`§OZm AË`ÝV ^ì` ~Z n‹S>r h¡& hmdm| Am¡a ^mdm| H$s Eogr gwÝXa `moOZm
BZH$m H$moB© ^r g_H$mbrZ H${d Zht H$a gH$m& _mZm| EH$ àH$ma go CÝhm|Zo hmd-^md ^ar
_y{V©`m± V¡`ma H$a Xr h¡-
8. Amb§H$m[aVm :-
ar{VH$mbrZ M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU Ab§H$ma gmYZ Z ahH$a
gmÜ` ~Z J`o& g§^mdZm_ybH$ CËàojm Ab§H$ma H$m à`moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d Zo Iy~ {H$`m&
BgH$m H$maU `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| H$ënZm H$s C‹S>mZ Am¡a M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s H$m\$s Ny>Q> ahVr h¡&
Bg g_` M_ËH$ma_ybH$ Ab§H$mam| _o§ go íbof, `_H$ Am¡a AZwàmg H$m A{YH$ à`moJ hþAm&
{~hmar Zo Eogo M_ËH$ma_ybH$ Ab§H$mam| H$m A{YH$ à`moJ {H$`m h¡, bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^r Eogo
à`moJm| Ho$ H$maU H$mì` _o§ hmñ`mñnXVm Am OmVr h¡& {~hmar Am¡a Ho$ed Zo M_ËH$ma H$s
A{Vñn¥hm go Eogo hmñ`mñnX à`moJ {H$`o h¢ {H$ emo^mg¥{ï> Ho$ ñWmZ na Aemo^{Z¶Vm n¡Xm hþ`r
h¡& H$ht-H$ht Ab§H$mam| go ~mo{Pb n§{ŠV`m± ^r {_bVr h¡, na§Vw H$ht H$ht Ab§H$mam| Ho$ én _|
gwÝXa AàñVwV {dYmZ H$s `moOZm ^r H$s J`r h¡& Ohm± H${d EH$ _mÌ Ab§H$ma Ho$ M_ËH$ma Ho$
nrN>o Xm¡‹S>m h¡, dhm± Vmo H$mì` én H$s {dH¥${V hmo J`r h¡& '{~hmar gVgB©' H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof H$mì`
_| M_ËH$ma àXe©Z H$s àd¥{Îm H$_ hr {_bVr h¡&
ar{V_wŠV H$mì` H$s {deofVmE±- `Ú{n 17 dr eVmãXr Ho$ gm{hË` _| ar{V ~ÜX H$mì`
àU`Z H$s àd¥{Îm CÎmamoÎma ~bdVr hmoVr JB©, {H$ÝVw BgHo$ g_mZmÝVa H$mb _| ar{V_wŠV
H$mì`m| H$s ^r aMZm hþB©& Bg H$mb _| Hw$N> Eogo ^r H${d hþE, {OÝhmoZo ar{V Ho$ ~ÝYZ go _wŠV
hmoH$a gm{hË`-g¥{ï> H$s& BÝhm|Zo Ho$ed, _{Vam_ Am¡a {MÝVm_{U Ho$ g_mZ Z Vmo H$moB© bjU
J«§W {bIm Am¡a Z hr {~hmar H$s ^m±{V H$moB© ar{V~ÜX aMZm {bIr& BZ ar{V-_wŠV H${d`m| H$s
g§»`m nMmg go ^r A{YH$ h¡& BZ_| go Hw$N> H${d Eogo h¡, {OÝhm|Zo bjU~ÜX aMZm Zht H$s
Am¡a do AnZo ñdÀN>ÝX ào_ H$s nra OZVm H$mo gwZmVo aho& Bg dJ© _| KZmZÝX, Amb_, ~moYm
Am¡a R>mHy$a Am{X AmVo h¢& Xygam dJ© CZ H${d`m| H$m h¡, {OÝhm|Zo à~ÝY H$mì` {bIo, O¡go bmb
Am¡a gyXZ Am{X& Vrgao dJ© _| XmZbrbm Am¡a _mZ brbm Am{X na dU©ZmË_H$ à~ÝY-H$mì`
{bIZo dmbo AmVo h¢& O¡go-d¥ÝX, XrZX`mb {J[a Am¡a {JaYa Xmg Am{X& nm±Mdo dJ© _|
~«÷kmZ, d¡am½` Am¡a ^{ŠV na {bIZo dmbo H${d AmVo h¡& N>R>o dJ© _| drag Ho$ \w$bH$a nÚ
{bIZodmbo AmVo h¡&
BZ CnamoŠV H${d`m| Ho$ H$mì` _|- (1) ^md-nj H$s àYmZVm h¡& (2) BZH$s e¡br
Ab§H$mam| Ho$ AZmdí`H$ ~moP go ^r AmH«$mÝV Zht hþB© h¡& (3) ^mfm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r `o bmoJ
A{YH$ g’$mB© go CVao h¡§& (4) BZHo$ H$mì`m| _| gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Kmoa AdhobZm ^r Zht h¡,
Am¡a Z hr é½U l¥§Jm[aH$Vm h¡& BZH$m l¥§Jma {MÌU AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ ñdñW, g§`V Am¡a
ñdÀN> h¡& (5) BZHo$ H$mì` Ho$ _yb _| ñdmÝV: gwIm` H$s àoaUm H$m_ H$a ahr h¡, AV: Cg_|
bmoH$-g§J«h H$s n[anwï> ^mdZmE± h¡& (6) ar{V-_wŠV Ymam _| l¥§Jmar H${d`m| H$m l¥§Jma {MÌU
EH$ {^ÝZ² nÜX{V na Mbm h¡&
1) ñdÀN>ÝX g§`V ào_ H$m {ZénU- ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| H$m ào_ ñdÀN>ÝX Am¡a g§`V
h¡& Cgo H$ht ^r ar{V Ho$ ~§Yo-~§Ym`o gm±Mm| _| T>mbZo H$m à`mg Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& Cg_| ^md
àdU öX` H$s gÀMr AZw^y{V h¡, H$hr ^r H¥${Ì_Vm Zht Am¡a Z hr H$hr H$moB© {N>nmd Am¡a
Xwamd h¡ VWm H$mB`m° Am¡a ~m±H$mnZ h¡& BZHo$ ào_ _| ewÜX öX` H$m `moJ h¡& `h ào_ CZH$s
AmË_m H$s nwH$ma h¡& ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| O¡gm A§Va§J Am¡a ~{ha§J g{I`m| H$m {dYmZ ar{V_wŠV
H$mì` _| Zht& `o H${d ào_ Ho$ ñdÀN>ÝX Jm`H$ h¡& BZHo$ `hm± ar{V H$m {deof AmXa Zht& AJa
H$hr ar{V H$m {Zdm©h hþAm ^r h¡ Vmo namojén go& BZH$m ào_ EH${Zð> h¡, Bg_| bmoH$mndmX H$s
V{ZH$ ^r qMVm Zht& BZHo$ nmg ào_ H$s CXmËV AZw^y{V`m± h¡ Am¡a CZH$m BÝhm|Zo CXmËV én
_| dU©Z {H$`m h¡&
ñdÀNÝX² ào_ H$m AW© `h h¡ {H$ BÝhmo§Zo {dewÕ gm¡ÝX`m©Zw^y{V àoaUm go Om{V
g_mO Ed§ Y_© Ho$ ~ÝYZm| H$s AdhobZm H$aVo hþE, Eogr Zm{`H$mAm| go ào_ {H$`m Omo AÝ`
2) l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ nj- d¡go Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo l¥§Jma Ho$ C^` njm| H$m
dU©Z {H$`m h¡, {H$ÝVw BZH$s _Zmod¥{ËV {d`moJ nj _| A{YH$ a_r h¡& BZH$s {dah {df`H$
YmaUm AË`ÝV {dbjU h¡& `hm± g§`moJ _| ^r {d`moJ nrN>m Zhr§ N>mo‹S>Vm h¡& KZmZÝX Ho$ eãXm|
_|-
'' `h H¡$gr g§`moJ Z Om{Z na¡ Ow {d`moJ Z Š`m¢hÿ° {~N>mohV h¡ ?''
dñVwV… BZ H${d`m| H$m ào_-V¥fm gXm ~T>Vr hr ahVr h¡, Mmho Vmo {_bZ
¶m{‘Zr hmo Am¡a Mmho {dah H$s A_mdñ`m& BZ H${d`m| _| ào_ H$s A¶mh nra h¡ Am¡a Cg nra H$mo
nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE öX` Ado{jV h¡& KZmZÝX Ho$ eãXm| _|-
''g_wP¡ H${dVm YZ AmZ§X H$s, {h` Am±{IZ ào_ H$s nra VH$s&''
BZH$s ào_ H$s nra gy{\$`m| go à^m{dV OmZ n‹S>Vr h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ àm`… gmao
H${d ào_ Ho$ CnmgH$ h¡& BZH$s ñnï> KmofUm h¡- AmZÝX AZw^d hmoV Zqh {~Zm ào_ OJ OmZ&
H¡$ dh {df`mZÝX H¡$ àN>mZÝX bIZ&&''
BÝhm|Zo H¥$îU Ho$ gJwZ-gbmoZo én H$mo AnZo H$mì` H$m {df` ~Zm`m h¡, AV… BÝhm|Zo amYm Am¡a
H¥$îU Ho$ g§`moJ na Ho$ ào_ H$s ^r ~‹S>r _Zmoha Am¡a _m{_©H$ Pm°{H$`m° àñVwV H$s h¡, bo{H$Z H$hr
^r {_bZ nj Ho$ Ag§ñH¥$V Am¡a An[aîH¥$V {MÌ Zht CVmao&
3) ào_ H$m bm¡{H$H$ - ar{V_wŠV H${d`mo§ H$m ào_ CZHo$ OrdZ H$m ào_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
bm¡{H$H$ h¡& Cg_| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ Zm_ S>mbH$a ào_ Ho$ AW© H$mo H$_Omoa Zht {H$`m J`m h¡&
{~hmar H$m Xmohm- ' _oar ^d-bmhm hamo amYm ZmJ[a gmoS²> '_| Z Vmo R>rH$ T>§J go amYm Ho$ VZ H$s
N>{~ C^aVr h¡ Am¡a Z hr CZH$s ^{ŠV, {H$ÝVw KZmZÝX H$s _rR>r _wñH$mZ go ag {ZMwS>Vm h¡
Am¡a CgHo$ MbZo H$s AXm _| AZ§J Ho$ d§J H$s dfm© hmoVr h¡& ag _| ào_ ^r gm\$ PbH$Vm h¡
Am¡a dU©Z ^r ào_ H$s éJmVm `m H$_Omoar Bg_| Zht h¡, Am¡a Z hr amYm Am¡a H¥$îU H$m ZhmZm
hr ~Zm`m J`m h¡&
5) ^{ŠV^mdZm - dñVwV… Bg ídmg Ho$ g^r H${d`mo_ H$mo ^ŠV H${d Zht H$hm Om
gH$Vm& BZ na ^r `hr H$WZ M[aVmW© hmoVm h¡ {H$,-
6) àH¥${V-{MÌU- d¡go Vmo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ àW_ VrZ H$mbm| _| àH¥${V-{MÌU
àm`… Cno{jV ahm h¡& ar{VH$mb _| àH¥${V gOrd én _| {M{ÌV Zht h¡& BZ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V
H$mo CÔrnZ én _| hr {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& goZmn{V H$s aMZm _| àH¥${V H$hr-H$hr CÔrnZ Ho$
~ÝYZ go _wŠV Adí` {_b OmVr h¡& Jw_mZ {_bm H$m H¥$îUMpÝÐH$m Zm_H$ à~ÝY-H$mì` Bg
Ñ{ï go {deof Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` h¡& Bg_| H${d Zo g§ñH¥$V H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ àH¥${V Ho$ Iwbo Xe©Z
H$am`o h¡& Jw_mZ Ho$ ^mB© Iw_mZ H$m AàH$m{eV H¥$îUm`Z ^r Bg Ñ{ï> go Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` h¡&
{ÛZXod àH¥${V-{MÌU _| ñdÀN>ÝX> Ñ{ï> boH$a ~mha {ZH$bo h¡&'{dah-dmare' _| ~moYm Zo
àH¥${V-dU©Z Hw$N> Vmo emó-~ÜX Am¡a Hw$N> ñdÀN>ÝX d¥{ËV~ÜX ahm h¡&
7) gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm°H$s - ñdÀNÝX Ñ{ï> Ho$ H$maU Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {~å~
H$mo àñVwV H$aZo _| g_W© hmo MwHo$ h¢& `o H${d Xoe Ho$ AmZÝXmoëbm` _o§ ^r R>mHw$Z} AnZr
gm§ñH¥${VH$ aMZmAm| _| ~w§XobI§S> Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ H$m d¡^d_` {MÌ IS>m {H$`m h¡&
BÝhm|Zo AIVrO, JOZm¡a, hmobr Am{X Ho$ ~S>o hr ^mdwH$ {MÌ àñVwV {H$`o h¢& ZamoËV_Xmg ho
ñdZm^m| _| Cg g_` H$m hrZ-XrZ ^maV _wIarV hmo CR>m h¡& ar{V H${d Zo gm_y{hH$
H«$sS>m_mo§-gybm VWm hmobr Am{X _| {dbm{gVm Ho$ ñda H$mo CÀM ~Zm`o aIm h¡& Bg_| Am±I
{_Mm¡Zr Am¡a Mmoa {_R>rMZr O_H$a dU©Z h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| ñnfm©OÝ` H$m_mË_H$ gwI H$s
CnbãYr A{YH$m{YH$ g§^d Wr&
8) H$mì`-nÜX{V- BZ H${d`m| Zo ar{VH$mb Ho$ àM{bV H${d g_`mo§ Am¡a é{T>`m| H$mo
AnZm`m& ar{V~ÜX, ar{V{gÜX Am¡a ar{V_wŠV g^r H${d`m| _| ZoÌ ì`mnE g§~§Yr C{ŠV`m±
g_mZ én go nmB© OmVr h¡& ar{V ~ÜX H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ ar{V-_wŠV> H${d agImZ,Amb_,
R>mHw$a Am¡a KZmZÝX _| I§{S>Vm H$s C{ŠV`m± {_bVr h¢, Š`m|{H$ Á`mo H${d Xa~mar Wo CÝh| CXy©
Am¡a \$magr H$s H$mì`-aMZm go hmoS> boZr Wr& CÝhm|Zo CXy© H${dVm H$s _meyH$ H$s ~am~ar _|
IpÊS>Vm H$mo noe {H$`m& ñdÀN>ÝX H${d`m| Zo Bg nÜX{V H$m J«hU Bg{bE {H$`m {H$ ào_-
d¡få` Ho$ {bE CÝh| ^r ^maVr` H$mì`nÜX{V _| `hr ~mV AZwHy$b {XImB© nS>r& BZ H${d`m| Zo
IpÊS>Vm Ho$ öX` H$mo {XIbmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m& {dnarV Ho$ Hw$pËgV {MÌ àm`… BZ H${d`m| _|
Zht {_bVo& ~moYm _| H$ht-H$ht na Hw$N> bmOmé a§J-X§J {_bVm h¡& KZmZÝX Am¡a R>mHw$a
Am{X na ^r \$magr H$mì`-nÜX{V H$s a§JV XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡&
10) N>ÝX VWm Ab§H$ma- Bg Ymam _| àm{YH$m[aVm, H${dËV, gd¡`m Am¡a Xmohm O¡go
N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m& `Ú{n ~rM-~rM _o_ N>ßn`, ~ad¡, h[anX Am{X N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡, {H$ÝVw g^r ar{V-H${d`m| H$s d¥{ËV àm{YH$Va Xmohm, gd¡`m Am¡a H${dËV _| a_r
ahr& ar{V_wŠV Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ AnZo àH¥$V én _| {H$`m h¡& BZHo$
Ab§H$ma H$ht ^r nmpÊS>Ë` àXe©Z Ho$ {bE Zht Am`o ~pëH$ BZHo$ Ûmam öX` H$s gyú_ d¥{ËV`m|
Ho$ ÚmoVZ Ho$ {b`o ghm`Vm {_br h¡& BZHo$ `hm± Ab§H$ma gmYZ én _| Am`o h¢, Z {H$ gmø én
_| KZmZÝX H$s n§{ŠV`m± Ñï>ì` h¢- 'Zoh ^rÌr ~mV| agZm n¡ Ca Am±M bmJ¡ ? `hm± {damoYm^mg
Ab§H$ma H$s gw§Xa N>Q>m h¡&
11) ~«O^mfm- BZ H${d`mo§ Zo gm\$-gwWar ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& ào_ Ho$ dU©Z H$s
ñdÀN>ÝX nÜX{V AnZmZo Ho$ H$maU ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| H$s ^mfm Am¡a CgH$s ì`§OZm ar{V~ÜX
H${d`m| go {^ÝZ h¡ ar{V~ÜX H${d`m| _| {~hmar, _{Vam_ Am¡a nX²_mH$a H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Xygao
H${d`m| _| ^mfm H$s g\$mB© Ho$ Xe©Z Zht hmoVo& ^yfU Am¡a Xod Am{X Zo Vmo ñdoÀN>mZwgma eãXm|
H$m A§J-A§J {X`m h¡& BZH$s ^mfm _| àmXo{eH$Vm H$m nwQ> ~Zm ahm& na§Vw ar{V_wŠV H${d`m| _| Z
Vmo ^mfm Ho$ A§J-A§J H$s àd¥{ËV h¡ Am¡a Z hr àmXo{eH$ nwQ>& agImZ Am¡a KZmZÝX Zo Vmo
~«O^mfm H$m Eogm à`moJ {H$`m h¡ {Ogo ~«O^mfm H$m gm{hpË`H$, n[a{Z{ð>V én ñdrH$ma {H$`m
Om gH$Vm h¡&
BZ H${d`m| H$s ^mfm _| C{ŠV-d¡{MÍ`, bmj{UH$Vm, bmoH$mo{ŠV`m| Am¡a
_whmdam| H$m ^r gwÝXa à`moJ hþAm h¡& KZmZÝX H$s ^mfm H$s bj{UH$Vm {deof öX`J«mhr h¡&
R>mHw$a Zo bmoH$m|{ŠV`m| H$m AË`§V gwÝXa à`moJ {H$`m h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m±
2. ^maVoÝXw ¶wJ
3. {ÛdoXr ¶wJ
4. N>m¶mdmX
5. àJ{VdmX
6. à¶moJdmX
7. ZB© H${dVm
8. ZdJrV
{hÝXr JÚ {dYmE±
1. {hÝXr Cnݶmg
H$. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m n[aM¶ àmá H$aZm&
I. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s H$m¡Zgr H$maH$ àd¥{Îm¶m± Wr {OgZo JÚ boIZ H$m Ama§^
{H$¶m&
J. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc Ho$ JÚ H$m ñdê$n {H$g àH$ma H$m h¡&
K. {hÝXr ^mfm Am¡a gm{h˶ H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h H$mb g§H«$‘U H$m h¡&
S>. ~m§Jbm, ‘amR>r Ho$ boIZ H$m à^md H¡$go {hÝXr na n‹S>m h¡&
M. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aZm
5.1 àñVmdZm …-
AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ZdrZ àd¥{Îm h¡ & Omo {Za§VaVm H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡ & Omo Z¶m h¡ dh
AmYw{ZH$ hmo OmVm h¡ , Z¶r nrT>r Ho$ {bE & AmYw{ZH$ H$mb dñVwV… AmYw{ZH$ Bg{bE h¡ H$s
^maV ‘| {~«{Q>em| H$s Z¶r emgZ nÜX{V Am¶r Am¡a {~«Q>rem| Ho$ Ûmam Z¶o gmYZmo, g§ñWmAm| H$m
{dH$mg hþAm & BZ Z¶o gmYZm| ‘| S>mH$, aob Am{X h¡ Vmo g§ñWmAm| ‘| ñHy$b, H$m°boO Am{X &
n[aUm‘V… Xoe ‘| OmJaU H$m Xm¡a Am¶m & gm{h˶ ‘| ^r & H${dVm amOXa~ma H$s H$m‘rZr go
{ZH$bH$a OZVm Ho$ gwI-XþI go OwS>r & Am¡a gm{h˶ Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| gm‘mݶ ‘Zwî¶ Am¶m &
gm‘mݶ ‘Zwî¶ H$s R>oR> gm‘mݶ ^mfm IS>r~mobr ^r Am¶r & H${dVm H$s àH¥${V Am¡a ^mfm XmoZm|
Zo Z¶m énmH$ma J«hU {H$¶m & H$mì¶ Ho$ ñWmZ na JÚ H$m A{d^m©d ~S>m H«$m§{VH$mar ahm ³¶m|
{H$ ~mX ‘| H$mì¶ H$s ^mfm JÚ H$m én YmaU H$aVr JB© & Am{XH$mb, ^p³VH$mb Ed§ ar{VH$mb
‘| {hÝXr H$s ~mobr ^mfmAm| H$m gm{h˶, {hÝXr H$m gm{h˶ H$hm J¶m na§Vy AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘|
{dewÜX I‹S>r~mobr gm{h˶ H$s ^mfm ~Zr & A‘ra Iwgamo VWm H$~ra H$s H${dVm go {ZH$bH$a
I‹S>r~mobr A§J«oO A{YH$mar, BgmB© Y‘©àMmaH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ àog ‘| nhþ±Mr & gZ 1800 B. ‘|
H$bH$Îmm Ho$ ’$moQ>© {d붑 H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mX CXÿ© Am¡a {hÝXr H$mo {dH${gV hmoZo H$m
Adga àmá hþAm & S>m°. Om°Z {JbH«$mB©ñQ> Zo ^maV ‘| àemgZ MbmZo Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo {~«{Q>e
A{YH$mar¶m| H$mo {hÝXr n‹T>mZm àma§^ {H$¶m, Bgr H$m°boO go Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ¶h H$m¶© H$aZo hoVy Xmo
{hÝXr AܶmnH$m| H$mo {Z¶w³V {H$¶m& b„ybmb Am¡a gXb {‘l& BZHo$ A{V[a³V I‹S>r~mobr
ew³bOr Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$r g‘¶ gr‘m (1900 g§) 1843 ‘mZr h¡ &
hþHw$‘M§X amOnmb …- "¶h H$mb {H$gr àd¥{Îm {deof AWdm H$mì¶Ymam H$m gyMH$ Z
hmoH$a {d{dY YmamAm| Ed§ H$mì¶ê$nm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m ¶wJ h¡&'
gm[h˶ ¶wJ {deof go à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ Bg ‘V H$mo {dÛmZ ñdrH¥$V H$aVo h¡ Am¡a
Cgr H$maU gm{h˶ ‘| Z¶r àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡ & BgHo$ ‘wb ‘| XoeH$mb H$s ‘hËdnwU©
^y{‘H$m hmoVr h¡ & dh n[adV©Z H$m gmjr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m à^md J«hU H$aVm h¡ gm{h˶ Ed§
gm{h˶H$ma & Cº$ H$mbI§S> ‘| ~XbZodmbr n[apñW{V¶m| H$mo OmZZm-g‘Pm Oê$ar h¡ &
1. amOZr{VH$ n[apñWVr
H$B© {dÛmZm| Zo {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ AmYw{ZH$H$mb H$m àma§^ 1900 B. {d. ñdrH$mam
h¡& {H$ÝVw ¶h V~ ( gZ 1757) go hr Ama§^ hmo MwH$m Wm O~ ~§Jmb Ho$ Z~m~ {gamOwÔ¡mbm H$mo
A§J«oOm| Ho$ H§$nZr gaH$ma Zo ßbmgr Ho$ ¶wÜX ‘| nam{OV H$am¶m Wm Am¡a g§nyU© ~§Jmb na
EH$m{Yn˶ ñWm{nV {H$¶m Wm & H§$nZr H$s gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX A§J«oO A{YH$m[a¶m| Ho$
AZ{JZV A˶mMma ^maVr¶m| na ~‹T>o & n[aUm‘ñdén ^maVr¶ OZVm ‘| Ag§Vmof ’¡$bZo bJm
? 1854 ‘| Pm±gr H$mo Imbgm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOmo§ H$s Hw${Q>bVm H$m n[aM¶ ÑT>{dídmg Ho$
ê$n ‘| ^maVr¶ OZVm Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ~‹T>m & Ma~rdmbo H$aVwgm| Zo ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ ‘Z H$mo R>og
nhþ±MmB© & AV… 1857 ‘| ^maV H$m àW‘ ñdm{YZVm g§J«m‘ ewé hþAm& bJ^J EH$ df© Ho$
^rVa-^rVa Bg {dÐmoh H$mo X~m {X¶m J¶m Am¡a B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr H$m emgZ IË‘ H$aHo$
grYm {~«{Q>e gaH$ma H$m emgZ ^maV na ewé hþAm &
‘hmamZr {ìm³Q>mo[a¶m Ho$ S>bhm¡Or Ho$ Aݶm¶nyU© Zr{V H$m {damoY ^maVr¶m| Ho$ {bE
Z¶o ¶wJ OrdZ H$s ewéAmV ahr & ¶h CZHo$ ‘Z H$s gwIX ^mdZm Wr & Bg{bE CgHo$
‘¥Ë¶wnam§V ^maVr¶m| Zo XwI àH$Q> {H$¶m & 19 dr eVr Ho$ A§V ‘| A§J«oOr amÁ¶ à{V ^p³V Ed§
g‘n©U H$m ^md ^maVr¶m| ‘| ahm & CZ‘| gwYma bmZo Ho$ Zo‘ñV à¶mg {H$¶o J¶o & na§Vw A§J«oOr
gÎmm H$m Xþ©X¡d H$s do AnZr Aݶm¶nyU© Zr{V H$mo N>moS> Zhr§ nm¶o & CZHo$ Ûmam hmoZodmbm Am{W©H$
emofU Am¡a Q>¡³g bJmZo Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ^ma{V¶m| ‘| {dÐmoh H$m ^md ~‹T>Vm J¶m& àmW©ZmAm|,
Zo‘ñV ‘mJm} go A§J«oO gaH$ma na Hw$N> ^r n[aUm‘ Zht hþAm Am¡a amOZ¡{VH$ amÁ¶àm{á H$s
AmH$m§jm ^maVr¶m| ‘| ~bdVr hþB© &
Bgr Xaå¶mZ 1885 ‘| ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm hþB© Am¡a ñdmYrZVm
Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE EH$ ‘§M Am¡a g§JR>ZmË‘H$ H$m¶©H«$‘ àmá hþAm & OZVm ~S>o CËgmh ‘| Am¶r &
bmoH$‘mݶ {VbH$ H$m A{d^m©d hþAm Am¡a A§J«oOr gÎmm H$mo hQ>mZo H$m ^md ~b nH$S>Zo bJm &
Bgr g‘¶ A§Vamï´>r¶ amOZr{V ‘| Hw$N> ‘hËdnwU© KQ>ZmE± K{Q>V hþB©& O¡go BQ>br Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm
¶wÜX, Am¶ab¢S> Ho$ hmo‘éb Am§XmobZ VWm ’«$mÝg H$s amÁ¶H«$mpÝV {OgH$m à^md ^maVr¶m| Ho$
‘Z na nS>m & H«$mpÝVH$mar g§ñWm Ed§ g§JR>Zm| H$m {dH$mg hmoZo bJm & ñdm{YZVm H$s ^mdZm
Vrd«Va hmoZo bJr & {OgH$m à^md ^maVoÝXþ Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| à{Vq~{~V h¡ &
gZ 1905 ‘| Za‘ {ZVr N>mo‹S> Ja‘ Zr{V Zo ñdamO h‘mam OÝ‘{gÜX hH$ h¡ H$m
Zmam {X¶m & ~§Jmb H$m {d^mOZ ^maVr¶m| Ho$ g§XohmñnX bJm Am¡a {~«{Q>e Zr{V H$s à{V{H«$¶m
ñdén amï´>r¶ ^mdZm Ed§ {~«{Q>em| H$s ^maV {damoYr Zr{V H$mo OZVm Zo OmZm & OZVm Bgr
2. gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVr …
A§J«oOm| Zo {ejm, ¶mVm¶mV, ¶§Ì Cn¶moJ go AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd S>mbr& H$B©
^maVr¶ {dÛmZ nmíMm˶ g‘mO Ed§ {ejm J«hU H$a Cggo à^m{dV hmo MwHo$ Wo& H$B©¶m| Zo
{hÝXþY‘© H$s H$Å>a é{‹T>¶m| H$m {damoY H$a Om{V¶Vm H$mo Xþa H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& 18 dr eVr
Ho$ AÝV ‘| hr ^maV nmíMm˶-kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ g§nH©$ ‘| Am¶m& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ Zo H$hm h¡ -
^maVr¶ kmZ JVmZwJ{VH$ Am¡a naånam ‘w³V hmo Mbm Wm O~H$s nmíMm˶ kmZ-{dkmZ Z¶o
OrdZ g§X^m} H$s VmOJr {b¶o Wm& ^maVr¶ kmZ-{dkmZ H$m bú¶ AmܶmpË‘H$ Am¡a
nmabm¡{H$H$ Wm, Vmo nmíMm˶ kmZ-{dkmZ H$m ^¡m{VH$ Am¡a Bhbm¡{H$H$& Bg Xoe H$s {dÚm dJ©
¶m Om{V {deof VH$ gr{‘V Wr, na nmíMm˶ {dÚm gd©gwb^ Wr& ""Z¶r CX²^mdZmAm| H$m
‘mJ© AdéÜX hmo Mbm Wm, Hw$N> bmoJ doXm{X H$s AáVm, dUm©l‘-Y‘© H$s loð>Vm,
Bhbm¡{H$H$Vm Ho$ à{V AZmg{º$ Am{X H$mo ¶WmnyU© ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ njYa Wo & ..... A~ nhbr
~ma é{‹T>¶m| H$s Cn¶mo{JVm Ho$ AmJo àíZ{MÝh bJ J¶m Wm&'' {OgHo$ MbVo ^maV AmYw{ZH$Vm
H$s Amoa {ZH$b nS>m&
ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr Zo {hÝXÿY‘© H$s O‹S>Vm Am¡a H$Å>anZ H$mo Xþa H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Am¶© g‘mO-g§JR>Z ~Zm¶m& g‘wMo {hÝXÿAm| ‘| OmJ¥{V H$s MoVZm ’¡$bm¶r& {’$a EH$ ~ma {hÝXÿ
Y‘© H$mo Z¶o ¶wJmZwén ~Zm¶m Am¡a CgHo$ Cn¶moJr hmoZo H$mo {gÜX {H$¶m& ¶hr Ym{‘©H$ gwYma
({hÝXÿ Y‘© gwYma ) Wm& O¶{H$eZ àgmX IÝS>obdmb Bgna {Q>ßnUr H$aVo h¢, ""gM‘wM ¶{X
Am¶© g‘mO Ho$ Ûmam H«$mpÝV CnpñWV Z H$s JB© hmoJr Vmo {hÝXÿ g‘mO ~hþV {nN>S> OmVm Am¡a
{ZíM¶ hr Xþ~©b hmo OmVm&'' Bgr ‘o§ {hÝXy g‘mO H$s CXmaVm Am¡a Am¶© g‘mO H$s CnmXo¶Vm
{ñmÜX hmo OmVr h¡& é{T>¶m| H$m {damoY, H$‘©H$mÝS> go ‘wp³V, A§J«oOr {ejm H$m à¶moJ, Ho$ gmW
doXm{X H$s àoaUm ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X Zo ^maV H$moo Xr& {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ ^maVoÝXÿ ¶wJ ‘| gm‘m{OH$
é{T>¶m| à{V Û§X ^md Bgr H$maU CnpñWV hmo MwH$m h¡& Omo àJ{VdmX VH$ {Za§Va ~Zm ahm h¡&
~mX ‘| Ako¶ Zo {’$a EH$ ~ma gm‘m{OH$ pñWVr H$mo ¶WmpñWVrdmXr ~Zm¶o aIZo ‘| ¶moJ {X¶m
h¡&
{~«{Q>em| Ho$ ^maV AmJ‘Z Ho$ ~mX h‘mao Xoe ‘| Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘|
H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xbmd b{jV hmoVo h¢& {dMma ñdmV§Í¶ Zo l‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZodmbo AZmMma,
XþamMma, A{Zð> àWmAm| naånamAm| na ~‹S>o h‘b| {H$¶o& bJ^J Ym{‘©H$ ñWmZ AZmMma Ho$ AÈ>o
~Zo Wo& AZoH$ Y‘© ¶hm± àM{bV Wo & do H$B© gåàXm¶m| ‘| {d^m{OV hmo MwHo$ Wo& {hÝXÿ Y‘© Z|
MmVwdʶ© ì¶dñWm Ho$ Vh²V² nrN>‹S>r Om{V¶m| H$m ^mar emofU {H$¶m& ~«måhUr dM©ñddmbr
ì¶dñWm Zo H$B© àH$ma Ho$ H$‘©H$mÝS>mo Ho$ ~bna gm‘mݶm| H$mo R>Jm& M§S>mo, ‘§hVm| H$m gm‘m{OH$
gm[h˶ H$m B{Vhmg ~XbVr hþB© A{^é{M¶m| Am¡a g§doXZmAm| H$m B{Vhmg hmoVm h¡,
{OgH$m grYm g§~§Y Am{W©H$ Am¡a {MÝVZmË‘H$ n[adV©Z go h¢& AWm©V ¶h ñnï> h¡ H$s Am{W©H$
pñW{V¶m± ‘mZd H$s gmoM ‘| n[adV©Z - {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¢& Bg ~mV H$mo {dÛOZm| Zo ñdrH$mam h¡§
H$s ^maV ‘| 1857 Ho$ ~mX A§J«oOr Zr{V H$m Am{W©H$ T>m±Mm {dH${gV hmo ahm Wm& EH$ Va’$
H$ƒm ‘mb B§½bo¢S> ^oOH$a n¸o$ ‘mb ‘| n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW A{YH$ Xm‘ ‘| dh ^maVr¶ ~mOma ‘|
CVmam OmVm Wm& Bgr ‘| ^maVr¶ OZVm H$mo Xmoham emofU ñnï> hmoVm h¢& {OgHo$ H$maU
‘±hJmB©, Q>¡³g, X[aÐVm Am¡a Cna go AH$mb O¡gr g‘ñ¶mAm| Zo {~«Q>rem| Ho$ {déÜX ^maVr¶
OZVm ‘| Ag§Vmof n¡Xm {H$¶m& ñdXoer H$m ñdrH$ma Am¡a {dXoer H$m ~{hîH$ma O¡go Am§XmobZ
C^aH$a Am¶o& amï´>r¶ H$m±J«og Ho$ XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr Zo Bg na àH$me S>mbH$a amï´>{hV H$s
^mdZm H$mo OJm¶m&
ew³bOr Ho$ AZwgma gm{h˶ OZVm H$s g§{MV {MÎmd¥{Îm¶m| H$m à{Vq~~ h¡ H$m AW©
h¢ gm‘m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Ed§ ‘mZdr¶ {H«$¶m-à{H$¶mAm| Ho$
gmW g§doXZmAm| H$m à^md gm{h˶H$mam| Ho$ ‘Z-‘pñVîH$ na hmoVm h¢& Bgr H«$moS> ‘| g¥OZ
g§^d h¢& JÚ ¶wJ H$s ¶hr {deofVm ahr h¢& n[aUm‘V… gm{h˶ Ho$ {df¶ Ed§ CZHo$ à{VnmXZ
H$s e¡br {ZVm§V AbJ h¢&
ar{VH$mbrZ l¥§Jm[aH$Vm nyU© ^wp³V gm{h˶ H$s {deofVm h¢& Ab§H$aU H$s àd¥{Îm
H$^r-H$^r AZb§H¥$V ‘| ~Xbr, Zmar H$m én ~Xbm, àH¥$Vr Zo ñWmZ nm¶m, dra, l¥§Jma ag
H$s OJh {dÐmoh, H$éU Zo bo br& AmoO amï´>r¶Vm H$m nmofH$ hþAm& ào‘ H$s nwH$ma OZ nwH$ma ‘|
~Xbr& ~«O^mfm H$s OJh I‹S>r ~mobr Zo bo br& ‘w³VH$, à~§Y H$s OJh H$hmZr, Cnݶmg H$m
A{d©^md H«$m§{VH$mar gm{~V hþAm& Xoe Ho$ OrdZ ‘| gm{h˶ H$m Z¶m én Am¡a Voda
n[adV©ZH$mar gm{~V hþAm& B©ída, amOm, àH¥$Vr H$s OJh ‘Zwî¶ Am¡a CgH$s gwI-XþI H$s
g§doXZmAm| Z| bo br& àOm H$s {MÝVm gm{h˶ H$s ‘mZdr¶ {MÝVm ‘| ‘wIa hþB© & ¶h Zd¶wJrZ
g‘¶ ‘| gm{h˶ H$s H$B© {dYmAm| H$m OÝ‘XmVm hþAm& H$hmZr, Cnݶmg, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s,
OrdZr, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, AmË‘H$WZ, [anmoVm©O, S>m¶ar, nÌ BZ {dYmAm| ‘| ‘yV© hþAm &
5.7 Cng§hma …
^maVoÝXÿ H$s amï´>r¶Vm, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ H$s g‘mO gwYma, ^mfm gwYma ^mdZm,
N>m¶mdmXr OrdZ-Ñï>r Ho$ ~mX àJ{Verb A§XmobZ ‘| CnOm OZdmXr gm{hp˶H$ g§ñH$ma, Z¶o
à¶moJ ‘| ~Xbm& dh ZB© g§H$ënZmAm| ‘o§ gm‘Zo Am¶m& g§‘mVa hþAm& AmO ¶h gm{h˶ H$B©
‘mo‹S>mo go JwOaVo hþE {ZVm§V Z¶o àíZm| H$mo {d{^Þ Voda go CR>m ahm h¢& X{bV, ór,
gmåàXm{¶H$Vm, g§~§Yr gm{h˶ Zo amï´> H$s MoVZm H$mo gm‘Zo bm¶m h¢& JÚ H$s e{º$embr
MoVZm Zo Cgo ì¶mnH$ Ed§ C{MV én ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¢& g§nyU© H$mb H$m ‘wë¶m§H$Z Wmo‹S>o go
eãXm| ‘| g§^d Zht h¢ na§Vy ZdrZ g§Kf© H$s ~wpÜX{Odr, ‘mZdVmdmXr Ñï>r Zo gm‘m{OH$,
amO{Z{VH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s CWb-nwWb H$s A{^춧OZm gmW©H$ ‹T>§J go H$s h¢&
ZdMoVZm H$m ¶h boIZ ~hþ‘wIr Am¡a ¶wJmZwén h¢& ³¶m|H$s boIZ Ho$ joÌ ‘| nÚ Ho$ gmW-gmW
JÚ H$m {dH$mg, I‹S>r ~mobr H$m gdm©{YH$ à¶moJ, amï´>r¶ ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg, gm‘m{OH$ joÌ ‘|
‘mZdVmdmX, Z¶m OmJaU, gm{h˶ H$m {d{dY ‘wIr à¶moJ Ed§ {dH$mg, l¥§Jma go ‘w{º$, àH¥${V
H$m gw‘Ywa {MÌU, Z¶o dmXm| H$m gm{hp˶H$ joÌ ‘| àdoe, A§J«oOr {dÛmZm| H$m {hÝXr gm{h˶ na
à^md, O¡go àVrH$dmX, A{^춧OZmdmX, à¶moJ H$s ewédmV Ho$ gmW-gmW B©ída, amOm,
àH¥${V Ho$ bå~o g‘¶ VH$ H|$Ð ‘| ahZo Ho$ ~mX gm‘mݶ {H$gmZ, ‘OXÿa, ‘moMr, Hww$Hw$a‘wÎmm O¡go
{df¶m| na à^mdr OZOrdZ go Ow‹S>o {df¶m| na boIZ Bgr ¶wJ H$s XoZ h¢&
H$. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ {hÝXr H$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY go g§nÞ àW‘ H$mì¶ h¡&
I. ^maVoÝXþ ñd§¶ ‘| EH$ ¶wJ Wo {OÝhm|Zo H$B© gwYmadmXr ^mdZmE± gm{h˶ go àH$Q>
H$s h¡&
J. ñdV§ÌVm A§XmobZ H$s O‘rZ V¡¶ma H$aZo ‘| ¶h ¶wJ ~ohX ‘hËdnyU© h¡&
K. ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZm&
S>. BZ H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$a AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H${dVm H$m Ama§^ H¡$go
hþAm ¶h g‘PZm Oê$ar h¢&
5A.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM¶
^maVoÝXþ ~m~w H$mo AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m àdV©H$ ‘mZm OmVm h¢& ^mfm, H$mì¶
énm| H$s {d{dYVm, Z¶m OmJaU g§Xoe CÝht H$s H${dVm Ûmam {hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| Am¶m& Bg{bE
{hÝXr ZdOmJaU Ho$ gm{hp˶H$ AJ«XÿV ^r CÝh| H$hm OmVm h¢& l¥§Jma Am¡a {dbm{gVm Ho$
H|$Myb H$mo CÝhm|Zo Xÿa {H$¶m Wm Am¡a H${dVm H$mo OZgmYmaU Ho$ {ZH$Q> bm¶m& Zm{¶H$m H$m
ZI{eI dU©Z, Am¡a {dah H$s ì¶mHw$b H$m ñWmZ, Xoe H$s OZVm H$s XþX©em H$m dU©Z, Xoe
ñdm{^‘mZ H$s ^mdZm Zo bo {b¶m& ¶hr H$maU h¡ H$s l¥§Jma, Ab§H$ma, ar{V {ZénU, àH¥${V H$m
CÔrnZ {MÌU àm¶: H$‘ hmoVm J¶m& ^p³V, Zr{V ^r {nN>‹S>Vr J¶r& OmVr¶, amï´>r¶ à~moYZ
H$mo naml¶ {‘bm& amï´>r¶ ^mdZmAm| H$m Xoe ^{º$ H$m {MÌU Bg H$mcI§S> ‘| A{YH$ XoIm Om
gH$Vm h¢& {ejm H$m ‘hËd, {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z, ~mb{ddmh H$m {damoY, A§Jo«Or amOZr{V
H$s AmbmoMZm, amO^p³V, Jmo-ajm O¡go {df¶ H${dVm Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ ‘| AmE& {~«{Q>em| Zo ^m¡{VH$
gmYZm| VH$© nÕ{V¶m| emgZ à~§YZ go Z¶m ¶wJ nhbo hr bm¶m Wm& ‘wÐU V§Ì H$m A{dîH$ma,
g‘mMmanÌm| H$m {dH$mg Am{X Zo OZ-OmJaU H$mo ’¡$bmZo ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ^w{‘H$m {Z^mB© &
g‘mOgwYma Ed§ Xoe gwYma H$s ^mdZm n„{dV-nwînrV hmoVr JB©&
^maVoÝXþ H$mb Ho$ à‘wI Aݶ gm{h˶H$mam| Zo ^r ^maVoÝXþ H$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo
ñdrH$mam Am¡a gm{h˶ g¥OZ {H$¶m& {OZ‘| ‘hËdnwU© h¡, ~XarZmam¶U Mm¡Yar ào‘KZ,
àVmnZmam¶U {‘l, OJÝ‘mohZ qgh, amYmH¥$îU Xmg, OJÞmWXmg aËZmH$a, ZdZrV MVwd}Xr
6. ^p³V ^mdZm …-
h‘Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¢ H$s ^maVoÝXþ d¡îUd ^³V Wo& amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ àVr CZ‘|
^p³V Wr& ~„^ gåàXm¶ ‘| dh Xr{jV Wo&
""‘oao Vmo am{YH$m Zm{¶H$m hmo J{V
bmoH$ XmoD$ ahm¡ H¡$ Z{g OmAmo&
‘oao Vmo gmYZ EH$ hr h¢,
O¶ Z§Xbmbm d¥f^mZw Hw$‘mar&''
CZHo$ H$mì¶ ‘| {dZ¶-^md H$s ^p³V àmá hmoVr h¡§& ào‘YZ Zo "Abm¡{H$H$ brbm'
Zm‘H$ H${dVm ‘| ñ’w$Q> ^p³V nXm| H$mo aIm h¢, A§{~H$m XÎm ì¶mg H$s "H§$gdY' O¡gr à~§Y
aMZm amYmH¥$îUXmg H$s {dZ¶^md¶wº$ H¥$îU ñVwVr H$m C„oI ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H¥$îU^p³V
H$mì¶ Ho$ g§X^© ‘| Amdí¶H$ h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm ào‘YZ H$s "gy¶©ómoV', ^maVoÝXþ H$s "CÎmamY©
^³V‘mb', Am¡a "H$m{V©H$ñZmZ', àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s "ZdamÌ Ho$ nX', Am¡a amYmMaU
Jmoñdm‘r H$s "Zd^³V‘mb' C„oIZr¶ H¥${V¶m± h¢&
^maVoÝXþ ‘| ^p³V XoemZwamJr ^md ^r {XImB© XoVm h¢& AWm©V dh Xoe{hV H$s
H$m‘Zm H$aVm h¢& ñmmåàXm{¶H$ ‘V-‘VmÝVamo na AmYm[aV Ym{‘©H$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na CÝhm|Zo
CXmaVm H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¢& "O¡Z Hw$Vwhb' ‘| CÝhm|Zo Ym{‘©H$ {dÛof H$s ì¶W©Vm H$mo à{Vnm{XV
{H$¶m h¢& Y‘©{ZanojVm H$m ^md CZ‘| h¡ Eogm H$hm OmVm h¡& {’$a ^r Cg‘| Ym{‘©H$ EH$m§{JVm
H$s MMm© gm‘Zo Am ahr h¢& CZH$s Ym{‘©H$Vm na àíZ CR> ah| h¢& àVmnZmam¶U {‘l,
amYmH¥$îUXmg O¡go H${d¶m| ‘| ^r XoemZwamJ ^p³V H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¢&
8. àH¥${V {MÌU …-
ar[VH$mb H$s Vah àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì {MÌU H$m A^md ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H${dVm ‘|
ahm h¡ Am¡a dh ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ gm¡ÝX¶© ~moY ‘| ghm¶H$ ñdV§Ì àH¥${V {MÌU H$m lo¶ {H$gr gr‘m
VH$ R>mHw$a OJ‘mohZqgh H$mo hr {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¢& ^maVoÝXþ g‘doV Aݶ H${d¶m| Zo naånam
H$m {Zdm©h {H$¶m J¶m h¢& ""Apå~H$mXÎm ì¶mg H$s "nmdg nMmgm', Jmo{dÝX {J„m^mB© H$s
"fS>F$Vw', Am¡a "nmdg n¶mo{ZYr', Am{X H¥${V¶m| ‘| dg§V Am¡a dfm© F$Vw H$m Amb§~ZmË‘H$
{MÌ ‘m¡OwX h¢&'' ^maVoÝXþ H$s "àmV g‘raZ', ào‘YZ H$s "‘¶§H$ ‘{h‘m' Am¡a àVmnZmam¶U
{‘l H$s "ào‘ nwînm§Obr' ‘| ñdV§Ì àH¥${V {MÌU h¢ {H$ÝVw g’$bVmnwd©H$ Zht Eogm ‘V ZJoÝÐ
춺$ H$a MwHo$ h¢ ³¶m|{H$ ""àH¥${V H$mo l¥§Jm[aH$ ‘ZmoXemAm|, gm‘m{OH$ CX²~moYZ, Zr{V H$WZ
Am{X go g§~§ÜX H$aZo H$s A{Zdm¶©Vm Zo'' àH¥${V H$m ñdV§Ì dU©Z Bg H$mb ‘| ê$n J«mhH$ Zht
9. hmñ¶-춧½¶ …-
hmñ¶-춧J H$s A{^^p³V ^r Bg ¶wJ H$s ‘hËdnyU© {deofVm h¢& hmñ¶-춧J H$mo
amï´>r¶ g‘ñ¶mAm| go OmoS>Zo H$m à¶mg Bg H$mb ‘| hþAm h¢& npíM‘r gä¶Vm, {dXoer emgZ,
gm‘m{OH$ A§Y{dídmgmo, é{‹T>¶m|, na H${d¶m| Zo H$R>moa 춧½¶ {H$E h¢& CZ‘| {df¶ Ed§ e¡br H$s
{^ÞVm ^r ahr h¢& {ZåZ{b{IV {df¶m| na BZ H${d¶m| Zo hmñ¶-춧J {bIo h¢& EH$ àmMrZ
é{‹T>JV {dH¥${V¶m| na, Xmo {dXoer g§nH©$ ‘| ^maVr¶m| H$s pñWVr na, VrZ ^p³V g§~§Yr g§H$sU©
{dMmam| na, Mma {dH¥$V gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ na, nm±M amOZ¡{VH$ ì¶dñWm na ‘hËd Am{X nyU©
h¢& amOZ¡{VH$ 춧J ‘| C„oI{Z¶ h¡ - A§J«oOmo H$s emofU Zr{V, ^maVr¶m| H$s {ZpîH«$¶Vm Ed§
Znwg§H$ ‘Zmod¥{Îm, namYrZ d¥{Îm Am{X& N>h gm{hp˶H$ Ed§ ^mfmJV {dMma na ImgH$a CXþ© Ho$
AmJ«h na& ^maVoÝXþ H$s VrZ 춧J e¡{b¶m± h¢ - n¡amoS>r, ñ¶mnm Am¡a Jmbr& S>m°. ZJoÝÐ H$hVo h¢,
"~ÝXag^m' Ho$ JrVm| H$s aMZm CÝhm|Zo CXþ© ZmQ>H$ BÝXa g^m Ho$ JrVm| H$s n¡amoS>r Ho$ én ‘| H$s
h¢& CXþ© H$m ñ¶mnm CXþ©-’$magr Ho$ ñ¶mnm, Zm‘H$ H$mì¶én H$s e¡br ‘| {b{IV h¢& h¡-h¢ CXþ©
hm¶-hm¶, H$hm± {gYmar hm¶-hm¶, Am{X n§p³V¶m| ‘| CÝhm|Z| ~Zmag AI~ma Ho$ g‘mMma-
erf©H$ CXþ© ‘mar J¶r na 춧J {H$¶m h¢& "g‘{YZ ‘Yw‘mg' H$s aMZm "Jmbr' 춧JJr{V H$s
e¡br ‘| H$s J¶r h¢& Z¶o O‘mZ| H$s ‘wH$ar, g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ {dg§J{V¶m| na
{bIr h¢& gmW hr àVmnZmam¶U {‘l H$s haJ§Jm, ~w‹T>mnm, H$maï>H$, Am{X à{gÜX aMZmE± h¢&
^maVoÝXþ ‘| A‘ra Iwgamo H$s ‘wH$ar e¡br ñnï> hmoVr h¢& ‘ÚnmZ g§~§Yr 춧J H$m CXmhaU h¡ -
""‘w±h O~ bmJ¡ V~ Zhr Nw>Q>o, Om{V ‘mZ YZ g~ HwN> byQ>o&
nmJb H$[a ‘mo{h H$ao Iam~, ³¶m| g{I g‚mZ Zht gam~&&''
14. ^mfm …
^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| H$mì¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| ~«O^mfm H$m à¶moJ hþAm Vmo JÚ Ho$ joÌ ‘| I‹S>r
~mobr H$m& {hÝXr-CXþ© H$m {ddmX Bg H$mb Ho$ amOZr{V H$s XoZ ahr {’$a ^r ^maVoÝXþ Zo {hÝXr
Ho$ Xm{¶Ëd H$mo "{hÝXr ^mfm' Zm‘H$ J«§W {bIH$a nyU© {H$¶m& CÝhm|Zo ""CXþ©-’$magr H$s
O{Q>bV‘ VËg‘ eãXmdbr H$m ~{hîH$ma ^r {H$¶m'' H$mì¶ ‘| ~«O Ho$ gmW-gmW Aݶ ~mobr
^mfm eãXm| Ho$ à¶moJ {XImB© XoVm h¢, O¡go ^moOnyar, ~w§XobI§S>r, AdYr, Am{X& BgHo$ Abmdm
CXþ©-A§J«oOr H$m à¶moJ ^r {H$¶m J¶m h¢&
~«O^mfm Am¡a I‹S>r~mobr H$mo boH$a Am§XmobZ Mbm& A¶moܶmàgmX IÌr Zo
IS>r~mobr H$m Am§XmobZ (1888) ‘| Mbm¶m& Hw$N> H${d¶m| Zo {damoY ^r {H$¶m& n[aUm‘V…
IS>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ gmW nÚ H$m {dH$mg hþAm& AmJo MbH$a {XdoXr ¶wJ ‘| ¶h {ddmX IË‘ hþAm&
H$mì¶ joÌ ‘| ^r IS>r~mobr H$m à¶moJ hmoZo bJm&
15. N>§X-Ab§H$ma …
^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ H${d¶m| Zo naånamJV N>§X-Ab§H$mamo H$m à¶moJ AnZr H${dVmAm| ‘|
{H$¶m h¢ & {Og‘| C„oI{Z¶ h¢, Am¶m©, Hw$ÊS>{b¶m±, Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©, gmoaR>m, amobm, h[aJr{VH$m
O¡go ‘m{ÌH$ N>§Xmo VWm H${dVm, gd¡¶m, ‘ÝXmH«$mÝVm, {eI[aUr, d§eñW, dgÝV{VbH$m O¡go
d{U©H$ N>§Xmo§ H$m {d{dY‘wIr à¶moJ ""bmoH$g§JrV H$m Jm±dmo ‘| àMma-àgma H$aZo Ho$ {bE
5A.4 Cng§hma …
^maVoÝXþ ¶wJrZ gm{h˶H$mam| Zo {d{^Þ ñVa na OZ OmJaU H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m&
gm{hp˶H$ aMZmAm| Ho$ O[aE do ñdm{YZVm A§mXmobZ go Ow‹S>o ah|& Cg ~‹T>mdm {X¶m& JÚ H$m
Z¶o énm| ‘| {dH$mg hþAm& a§J‘§M H$m AmYw{ZH$ A{dîH$ma ^r BZ gm{h˶H$mam| Zo, {deof
^maVoÝXþ Zo ‘hgwg {H$¶m& OrdZ Ho$ g˶m| H$mo Z¡{VH$ gmhg Ho$ ~b na OZVm Ho$ gå‘wI
aIm& VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, OrdZ H$s gƒmB©¶m| go h‘o§ é~é H$am¶m&
¶h Bg ¶wJ ‘hËdnyU© H$s XoZ h¢&
5Am.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM` …-
AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| {Û{dXr `wJ H$mo 'OmJaU `m gwYma H$mb' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h¡& 'gañdVr' H$m àH$meZ Am¡a {ÛdoXr Or H$m g§nmXZ H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>Zm Ho$ én
_| {hÝXr gm{hË` _| XoIr OmVr h¡& `h ghr ^r h¡& 1903 _| _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo
'gañdVr' H$m g§nmXZ àma§^ {H$`m& {ÛdoXr `wJ H$m H$mbI§S> ^r 1903 go 1918 VH$ _mZm
OmVm h¡& {ÛdoXr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$s Jhar N>mn Bg `wJ na ahr h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ dh nWàXe©H$,
{Z_m©Vm, {ejH$, boIH$, AmbmoMH$, g§nmXH$ aho h¡& ^mfm H$s ewÜXVm, ì`mH$aU Am{X Ho$ joÌ
_| ^r CZH$m _m¡{bH$ H$m`© ahm h¡& ''CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` Am¡a g_mO H$mo {deof _mo‹S> {X`m&
{dX²dmZm| Zo CÝh| {~Zm {S>J«r Ho$ AmMm`©, {~Zm _wHw$Q> Ho$ gaVmO Am¡a _hmZ `wJ àdV©H$ H$hm h¡&
do EH$ g\$b AbmoMH$, {Z~§YH$ma, AZwdmX, g§nmXH$ Wo& CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m _hËd ^bo hr
Z hmo na§Vw CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{_©V gm{hË` à{V^mAm|, gm{hË` H¥${V`mo§ H$m ~hþV A{YH$ _hËd h¡&
^maVoÝXw `wJ _| '^maV XwX©em' na Xw:I àH$Q> {H$`m OmVm ahm na§Vw {ÛdoXr
`wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo XwX©em Ho$ gmW gm_mÝ`m| _| ñdV§ÌVm àmßVr H$s Mmh {Z_m©U H$s& CgHo$
{bE ~{bXmZ H$m _mJ© gwPm`m& BgHo$ nhbo ~«÷ g_mO, Am`© g_mO, {W`mgm°{\$H$b
A§J«oOm| Ho$ X_Z MH«$ Am¡a Hw$Q>Zr{VH$ emgZ H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg `wJ
_| na§nam H$mo N>moS>H$a, gm{hË` _| nm¡am{UH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a M[aÌm| H$mo amï´>r`
^mdZm Ho$ n[aàoú` _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m& _Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW {ZåZdJ© H$m {MÌU {H$`m OmZo
bJm& n[aUm_V: {H$gmZ, _OXya, ór-X{bVm| H$m H$ï>àX OrdZ C^aH$a Am`m& amOZr{VH$
MoVZm Am¡a amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m ñda _wI[aV hþAm& àIa ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ H$maU OrdZ Ho$ àË`oH$
joÌ _| Zra-jra {ddoH$ H$m AmJ«h ewé hþAm& _mZdr` _wë`m| H$m AmJ«h ^r Bgr H$mb _| ewé
hþAm& ^maVr` Am¡a `wamo{n` Xe©Z H$m g§Kf© àma§^ ^r Bgr H$mb H$s XoZ h¡& ^maV Ho$ öX`
VWm `wamon H$mo ~wpÜX nj _mZH$a CgHo$ EH$_oH$ hmoZo H$s pñWVr H$mo AmXe© _mZm OmZo bJm&
Am`© g_mO H$m Am§XmobZ Bg g_` Omoa na Wm& JwéHw$b H$m§JS>r H$s ñWmnZm hmo MwH$s Wr&
Am`©g_mO Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| S>r.E.dr H$m°boOg IwbZo bJo Wo& {ejm H$m gmd©{ÌH$ àMma-àgma hmo
ahm Wm& VH©$-~w{ÕdmX, _mZdVm, amï´>r`Vm, ór-{ejm, AmXe©dmX Bg `wJ Ho$ _yë` Am¡a
àoaUm ahr h¡& {OgH$m ì`mnH$ à^md gm{hË` na nS>m&
3. AmXe©dmX …-
`h `wJ nmíMmË` d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ Z`o {ejm Ho$ g§nH©$ _| Am`o ^maVr` VWm
na§namJV H$mb~mø _wë`m| H$s Q>H$amhQ> H$m ahm h¡& {\$a ^r Omo Omo AÀN>m CgH$m ñdrH$ma
H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm ^maVr`m| _| ahr& doXm| H$mo d¡km{ZH$ AmYma àXmZ H$aZo H$s ^agH$ H$mo{eeo
Am`© g_mO, ~«÷g_mO, {ddoH$mZ§X VWm àmW©Zm g_mO Zo H$s Wr& {ddoH$mZ§X Zo Vmo ^maVr`
AmÜ`mË_dmX H$mo öX`dmX Ho$ én _| npíM_r ^m¡{VH$dmX Ho$ gm_Zo aIH$a CgH$mo à{Vð>m
{Xbm`r Wr& `h {gYm-{gYm Xmo g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Wr& npíM_ Zo Xoe H$mo
6. Ym{_©H$ H$ënZm :-
Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| Ym{_©H$Vm H$s AbJ H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$
à^md Ho$ H$maU B©ída AmXr Ho$ _mZdr` énm| H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡& 'gmHo$V' _| _¡{W{beaU
JwßV {bIVo h¡-
''am_, Vw_ _mZd hmo? B©ída Zht hmo Š`m?''
AmXe© H$s àñWmnZm H$aZo hoVy 'am_' H$m _mZd én H$s H$ënZm _Zwî` Ho$
Xw:I, H$ï>, haU hoVy H$s J`r gmW hr Am`© Y_© ~ZmH$a, YaVr H$mo ñdJ© ~ZmZo H$s ~mV ^r am_
H$aZo bJVo h¡& AmJo JwßVOr H$hVo h¡-
''_¢ Am`] H$m AmXe© ~VmZo Am`m,
OZ-gå_wI YZ H$mo VwÀN> OVmZo Am`m&
^d _| Zd d¡^d àmßV H$amZo Am`m,
Za H$mo B©ídaVm àmßV H$amZo Am`m&
gÝXoe `hm± Zht _¢ ñdJ© H$m bm`m,
Bg ^yVb H$mo hr ñdJ© ~ZmZo Am`m&''
_mZd H$s godm Am¡a gm_ÝVr gä`Vm Ho$ qZXm H$m ^md H${d`m| _| ahm h¡&
Bg{bE CZ_| _mZd godm hr B©ída godm' H$m ^md {dÚ_mZ h¡& {Og àH$ma 'gmHo$V' Ho$ am_
_mZd én _| Am`o Cgr àH$ma '{à` àdmg' (h[aAm¡Y') Ho$ H¥$îU ^r _mZd godm H$aVo {XImE
JE h¡& ~wpÜXdmX Ho$ `wJ _| AdVma dmX H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZm {ÛdoXr `wJ H$mo Ag§^d Wm&
Bg{bE XrZ-X{bVm|, Xw{IVm|, l_Ordm| _| B©ída H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© Am¡a B©ída ào_, {díd
ào_ _| ~Xb J`m R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh H$hVo h¡-
''OJ H$s godm H$aZm hr h¡, g~ gmam| H$m gma
{dídào_ Ho$ ~§YZ hr _|, _wP H$mo {_bm _w{ŠV H$m X²dma&''
dñVwV: OrdZ, OJV Am¡a àH¥$Vr _| ì`mßV B©ída Ho$ àVr H${d H$s
A{^ì`{ŠV ^mdZm _| ahñ`mË_H$Vm Am JB©& dhr AmJo N>m`mdmX H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm ~Z JB©&
Ym{_©H$ ^mdZm H$mo OZgodm, {dídào_ go Omo‹S>H$a Cgo Hw$N> AbJ T>§J go {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&
9. B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm :-
Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm l¥§Jma Ho$ ~moP go _wŠV hþB©& CgH$s OJh Xoe ào_,
gm_m{OH$Vm, Amemdm{XVm Zo {b`m& ñd§` _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXrOr H$m OrdZ ~‹S>m H$R>moa,
g§`V, gmpËdH$ Ed§ AmXe© Wm OrdZ ew{MVm Ho$ gmW H$mì`ew{MVm, ^mfm ew{MVm na CÝhmo§Zo
~b hr Zht {X`m ~ëH$s CgHo$ àVr do AmJ«hr Wo& em`X hr H$maU h¡ H$s l¥§Jma H$s CÀN¥>§IbVm
H$m {damoY H$a XmånË` l¥§Jma H$mo H${dVm _| gwð> én _| ñdrH$mam& n[aUm_V: H${dVm
B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$s Amoa _w‹S>r& CgHo$ {bE gag JÚ e¡br H$mo `wJ Zo pñdH$mam& AV: H${dVm _|
bmj{UH$Vm, {MÌ_`Vm Am¡a dH«$mo{ŠV ahr Zht& {dÛmZm| Zo Eogm _mZm h¡ H$s Bg g_`
{ÛdoXrOr Ho$ gm_Zo Xmo e¡{b`m± Wr ~§Jmb H$s H$mo_bH$m§V nXmdbr Am¡a _amR>r H$s dU©Z àYmZ
B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$ e¡br& CÝhm|Zo Xygar e¡br H$mo AnZm`m& Š`mo{H$ dh CZHo$ _Z Ho$ AZwHw$b Wr
Am¡a gmW hr dh Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ àMma VWm AmXe© H$s à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE ^r Cn`wŠV Wr&''
n[aUm_V: Bg H$mb H$s H${dVm _| AmH$f©U bm{bË` H$_ hþAm dh ewîH$ Ed§ {Zag hþB©&
_wŠVH$ H${dVm H$s aMZm H$m àMbZ ~‹T>m& 'gmHo$V' _| hr JwáOr Zo BgH$m à`moJ {H$`m'-
doXZo& Vy ^r ^br ~Zr&
nmB© _¢Zo AmO VwPr _| AnZr Mmh KZr&&
X X X X
XmoZm| Amoa ào_ nbVm h¡&
g{I, nV§J ^r ObVm h¡, hm ! XrnH$ ^r ObVm h¡&
H${dVm H$m `h JÚmË_H$ én _¡{WbreaU JwßV, R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh,
bmoMZàgmX nmÊS>o`, _wHw$Q>Ya nÊS>o` _| Am`m& ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$ H$maU dh ~moArb hþB©
à{V{H«$`mñdén 'ahñ`mË_H$Vm H$s ImoO, ahñ`moÝ_wI ào_' Ho$ à{V H${d ^mdZm ~‹T>r& àH¥$Vr
dU©Z _| ^r `hr ^mdZm ahr& Jwá _| ^r `h g§Ho$V {_bVo h¡-
''Voao Ka Ho$ Ûma ~hþV h¡ {H$ggo hmoH$a AmD$ _¢
g~ Ûmam| na ^rS ~‹S>r h¡ H¡$go ^rVa OmD$ _¢&''
10. àH¥${V-{MÌU :-
{ÛdoXr `wJ H$m àH¥${V {MÌU ~‹S>m gÀMm Am¡a _Zmo`moJ nyU© {H$`m J`m h¡& l¥§Jma
H$mb _| Omo àH¥${V dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡ dh l¥§Jma ^mdZm CÔrnZ hoVy hþAm h¡& ^maVoÝXw `wJ _|
gm¢X`m©Zw^y{V Ho$ A^md _| Ho$db Ab§H$m[aH$ {MÌU H$s àYmZVm ahr h¡& na§Vy {ÛdoXr `wJ _| `h
dU©Z g§doXZmË_H$ Am¡a {MÌmË_H$ énm| _| CnpñWV hþAm h¡& {Og_o AJ«ga h¡ lrYa nmR>H$,
A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'h[aAm¡Y', _¡{WbreaU JwßV, am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r' VWm am_M§Ð ewŠb
Am{X& lrYa nmR>H$ H$s H${dVm _| VÝ_`Vm Am¡a _mYw`© ^md g{Z{hV h¡, H$í_ra H$m dU©Z
11. AZwdmX
Xoer Am¡a {dXoer gm{hË` Ho$ AZwdmX H$s ^maVoÝXy na§nam H$m A{YH$ {dH$mg
{ÛdoXr `wJ _| hþAm& `h AZwdmX _mÌ Ho$db nÚmË_H$ Zht JÚmË_H$ ^r hþAm Am¡a R>oR>
IS>r~mobr _| hþAm& ñd§` {ÛdoXr Or 'gañdVr' _| A§J«oOr H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX àH$m{eV
H$aVo Wo& ~m§Jbm Ho$ CËH¥$ï> J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX Bg H$mbI§S> _| hþAm& lrYa nmR>H$ Zo
JmoëS>pñ_W Ho$ ha{_Q> H$m "EH$m§Vdmgr `moJ' VWm 'Q´>¡dba H$m' lm§V n{WH$' H$m nÚmZwdmX
{H$`m& S>m°. adrÝÐ ghm` d_m© Zo AnZr nwñVH$ '{hÝXr H$mì` na Am°½b' à^md _| {bIm h¡-
''{ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ {hÝXr H$mì` _| A§J«oOr H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX {d{eï> ñWmZ aIVo h¡& 1903 go
1908 Ho$ _Ü`dVu H$mb _| _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Zo AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$
{bE AWH$ n[al_ {H$`m Wm& `o AZwdmX AZdaV én go gañdVr _| àH$m{eV hmoVo aho&''
eoŠg{n`a, ~m`aZ, J«o Am{X H$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX hþE h¡&
gmW hr ~m§Jbm Am¡a _amR>r 'Ho$ AZwdmX ^r {H$`o J`o&'' ~m§½bm go gm_«Jr br
J`r Vr _amR>r go e¡br'' _¡{WbreaU JwßV Zo _mB©Ho$b _YwgwXZXÎm Ho$ _oKZmW dY Am¡a
dram§JZm VWm ZdrZM§ÐgoZ Ho$ 'nbmgra `wÜX' H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& {g`mam_eaU JwßV VWm
_wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` H$s H${dVmAmo§ na a{dÐZmW R>mHy$a H$s 'JrVm§Obr' Ho$ ahñ`dmX H$m à^md
{XImB© XoVm h¡& AZwdmX H$m`© H$s na§nam H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m {ÛdoXr `wJ Zo&
14. N>§X-ñdN>§X :-
IwX {ÛdoXrOr N>§Xmo~ÜX VWm VwH$~§Xrdmbr H${dVm Ho$ {damoYr Wo Bg{bE
CÝhm|Z| ñdN>§X H$mo AnZm`m& g§ñH¥$V d¥Îmm| Ho$ AVwH$m§V `m AZwàmg H$mo ^r Xya {H$`m J`m&
I‹S>r~mobr _| hr {d{dY N>§Xm| H$m gw§Xa à`moJ Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {H$`m& {hÝXr, CXy©, g§ñH¥$V
H$mo N>§Xm| H$m ^r à`moJ CËH¥$ï> ê$n go {H$`m& _wŠVN>§X H$s H${dVm H$m à`moJ hmoZo bJm&
N>m`mdmXr A§{V_ Xm¡a _| Vmo {Zambm Zo '_wŠVN>§X' H${dVm H$m hr nwañH$ma {H$`m& {\$a ^r
lrYa nmR>H$ Zo bmdZr VWm CXy©, J`màgmX ewŠb 'ñZohr' Zo CXy©, 'h[aAm¡Y' Zo g§ñH¥$V, N>§Xmo
H$m à`moJ {H$`m& ~«O^mfm_| {OZ H${d`m| Zo aMZmE± H$s CÝhm|Zo amobm, N>ßn¶, Hw$ÊS>{b`m,
Jr{VH$m, h[aJr{VH$m, ZmQ>H$,bmdZr, gd¡`m, H${dÎm AmXr N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& AZoH$
H${d N>§X {deof H$m à`moJ H$aVo Wo& na§Vw Bg H$mb H$m H${d ^mfm Ho$ g§ñH$ma H$m`© _| aV Wm&
CÝhm|Zo Z`o N>§X {Z_m©U H$aZo _| H$moB© {XbMñnr Zht ahr hmoJr&
5Am.3 _yë`m§H$Z …-
{ÛdoXr `wJ _| H$mì` d¡{dY Ho$ gmW ^mfm {ZU©` ^r {H$`m J`m& IS>r~mobr H$mo
A{YH$m{YH$ n[aîH¥$V H$aZo H$m _hËdnyU© H$m`© _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Zo {H$`m& CgHo$ ì`mH$aU
ê$n na ~b {X`m Cgo H$mì` Cn`wŠV {gÜX {H$`m& Cgo pñWa H$a Cg_| n[anŠdVm bmB© &
_Zwî` {hV, g_mO{hV, Xoe{hV Ho$ gmW amï´>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo _| {ÛdoXr`wJrZ H${dVm
CëboIZr` h¡& _¡{WbreaU JwßV O¡go 'amï´>H${d' H$m {Z_m©U {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s XoZ h¡& Am{VV H$m
{MÌU, Jm¡ad CZHo$ H$ì` {df` ^bo H$s aho hmo na dV©_mZ na ZOa Amdí` Wr& AmXe©dmX,
_mZdVmdmX, amï´>dmX, ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Ho$ ~b na H${dVm H$m _hb I‹S>m {H$`m& 'gañdVr' H$m
àH$me {ÛdoXrOr H$m g§nmXZ, nÌH$m[aVm, gm{hË`, {Z~§Y, AmbmoMZm H$s {Xem _| {ZUm©`H$
ahm& gË` Am¡a Ý`m` H$m g_W©Z,Zmar geŠVVm, gm_mÝ` OZ-OrdZ H$m {MÌU, _mZdr`
JwUm| H$s _hÎmm, JÚ-nÚ XmoZm| H$s e¡br _| n[adV©Z H${dVm H$s ^y{_ ahr, {Oggo dh g_¥ÜX
hþB©&
{ÛdoXr `wJrZ H${dVm gm§ñH¥${VH$ amï´>r`Vm H$s H${dVm ahr h¡& S>m°. ZJoÐ Zo H$hm
h¡,'' Bg `wJ H$s amï´>r`Vm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm Am¡a àmÝVr`Vm go D$na A{V CXma Am¡a ì`mnH$
amï´>r`Vm h¡& _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {b`o gd©ñd- ~{bXmZ, ñdmW©, Ë`mJ VWm nmañnm[aH$ d¡_Zñ` H$mo
Xya H$aZo H$s A_moK àoaUm XoH$a BZ H${d`m| Zo Ag§H$sU© amï´>r` ^mdZm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m VWm
VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$mo ~b {X`m& '' AZoH$ CÀMmXem}§ H$mo Bg `wJ Zo à{Vð>m{nV
{H$`m& gm{hË` Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ gm_Zo BgZo `wJ CÀMmXe© aIm `hr H$maU h¡ H$s Bgo
5Am.4 Cng§hma :-
Bg H$mb go ^mfm Ed§ gm{hË` g§ñH$ma àmßV hþE& _m¡{bH$ H¥${V`m| H$m g¥OZ
hþAm& O¡go, {à`àdmg, O`ÐdY, ^maV^maVr, `emoYam, n{WH$,Am{X& {Z~§Y H$m {dH$mg
hþAm EH$ Amoa gaXma nyU©qgh Ho$ CÀMH$mo{Q> Ho$ ^mdmË_H$ {Z~§Y h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa Jwboar Or Ho$
^mfmemór` {Z~§Y, AbmoMZm _| VwbZmË_H$, JdofZmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$ VWm emór` g_rjm
nÜX{V`m| H$s Ztd n‹S>r& nX²_qgh e_m©, am_M§Ð ewŠb, {ÛdoXr Bgr `wJ Ho$ à{gÜX AbmoMH$
h¡& H$hmZrH$mam| _|, ào_M§X, àgmX, H$m¡{eH$, Jwboar gwXe©Z Zo `wJ ñWm{nV {H$`m& ^maVoÝXw
H$mb H$s Anojm CnÝ`mg {dYm _| àJ{V hþB© Jmonmbam_ Jh^ar, {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r,
d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m©, ào_M§X Bgr `wJ _| hþE {hÝXr Ho$ {bE {demb Am§XmobZ IS>m hþAm& 1893
_| H$mer ZmJar àM[aUr H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 1900 _| XodZmJar AmXmbV _| nhÿ±Mr& 1897 _|
'ZmJar àM[aUr n{ÌH$m' ewé hþB©& S>r. E. dr. H$m°boOg Ho$ Am¡a {díd{dÚmb`m| Ho$ O[aE {hÝXr
AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, H$s ^mfm ~Zr& B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Zo gm{hË` H$mo àMmamË_H$ ~Zm`m& AmXe©
Ho$ _moh Ho$ H$maU H${dVm H$m ñdm^m{dH$ {dH$mg AdéÜX hmo J`m& AÀN>r ~mVm| H$m àMma hmoZm
AÀN>r ~mV h¡ na H$bmË_H$Vm H$mo ZH$maZm gm{hË` H$bm Ho$ {bE gd©Wm A`mo½` h¡, Bg_| Xmo
am` Zht hmoZr Mm{hE&
6.1 àñVmdZm/n[aM` …-
Xmo {díd`wÜX Ho$ ~rM AWm©V² gZ 1914 go 1919 VWm 1939 go 1944 Ho$
~rM Omo H${dVm {bIr J`r Cgo gm_mÝ`V: N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&
dñVwV: `h ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr H${dVm h¡, {OgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$m Zm_ {hÝXr gm{hË` _|
N>m`mdmXr hþAm& N>m`mdmXr gm{hË` H$bm Ed§ ^md Ho$ joÌ _| C^aH$a Am`m hþAm _hËdnyU©
Ed§ _hmZ Am§XmobZ h¡& Omo ZdrZ {ejm nÜXVr, ~m§½bmgm{hË` H$m g§nH©$, ^maV _|
gm_«mÁ`dm{X`m| H$s Amoa go Xoe emofU Ho$ {bE bm`m J`m `§Ì`wJ H$m {damoY, {dXoer gÎmm à{V
{dÐmoh, {ÛdoXr `wJrZ Z¡{VH$Vm, AmXe©dmX, B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm H$s ñWwbVm à{V gwú_ {damoYr
à{V{H«$`m, ñdmYrZVm VWm _mZdr` _wë`m| H$s à{Vð>m hoVy, Zd H$ënZm, {~§~-àVrH$ H$s gw§Xa
`moOZm Ûmam àH¥${V H$m _Zmohmar dU©Z, àUm`mZw^y{V H$s A{^ì`{ŠV, gm_§Vr _wë`m| H$m
{damoY, Zmar gm¢X`© dU©Z Ed§ CgH$s j_Vm go _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE AìhmZ, g§Kf© Ho$ n[aUm_m|,
Am`m_m| H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aZo Ho$ {bE 'N>m`m' Ho$ én _| C^aH$a Am`m dmX 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ Zm_
go OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg_| EH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^mdYmam Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡ Vmo Xwgar
Amoa OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ à{V {ZVm§V d¡`{ŠVH$, amJmË_H$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m A{^ì`{ŠVH$aU&
6.2 N>m`mdmX-Zm_H$aU :-
Ama§^ ‘| AmMm`© ewŠb Zo ~m§½bm H$s AÜ`mË_rH$Vm, ahñ`dmX H$m {damoY H${dVm
_| {H$`m& ''ahñ`dmX Ho$ H$maU do adrÐZmW Ho$ H$mì` go ^r CÝh| {da{ŠV Wr& {deof én go
'JrVm§Obr' go& CgH$s ahñ`mË_H$ A{^ì`{ŠV do H$VB© ~Xm©íV Zht H$a nm aho Wo&'' _hmdra
àgmX {ÛdoXr H$mo ^r N>m`mdmXr H${dVm go {damoY Wm CÝhmo§Zo _B© 1927 H$s gañdVr _|
'gwH${d qH$H$a' Bg N>X^ Zm_ go' AmO H$b Ho$ H${d Am¡a {hÝXr H${dVm' Zm_H$ boI _|
N>m`mdmX H$s ^Ëg©Zm H$s Wr CÝh| 'N>m`mdmXr H${dVm JmoaIY§Ym bJr Wr.. Cgo CÝhm|Zo
Añn¥í` _mZH$a N>moS> {X`m Wm& '' ñd§` {ÛdoXr Or Zo 'N>m`mdmX' Ho$ AW© H$mo g_PmZo H$s
Moï>m Bgr boI ‘| H$s h¡- ''N>m`mdmX go bmoJm| H$m Š`m _Vb~ h¡ Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm&
em`X CZH$m _Vb~ h¡ {H$ {H$gr H${dVm Ho$ ^mdm| H$s N>m`m `{X H$ht AÝ`Ì OmH$a n‹S>o Vmo
Cgo N>m`mdmXr-H${dVm H$hZm Mm{hE& '' ewŠb Am¡a {ÛdoXrOr Zo N>m`mdmXr H${dVm H$m {damoY
{H$`m Wm {H$ÝVw N>m`mdmX `h Zm_ _mÌ {hÝXr _| à¶wŠV hmo ahm Wm& {OgH$m gd©àW_ à`moJ
1920 _| 'lr emaXm' Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m _| _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` Ho$ boIm| _| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo '{hÝXr _|
N>m`mdmX' Zm_ go Mma boI {bIo Wo& gmW hr {H$gr gwerbHw$_ma Ûmam ^r "{hÝXr _| N>m`mdmX
'Zm_H$ Xmo boI' gañdVr _| 1921 H$mo àH$m{eV hþE Wo& g§^d h¡ BgH$m à`moJ _wHw$Q>Ya
nmÊS>o` Zo {H$`m hmo& H«$‘e: _wHw$Q>Ya nmÊS>o` Zo A§J«oOr `m ~m§½bm gm{hË` _| à`wŠV
'{_pñQ>{gÁ_' VWm gw{ebHw$_ma Zo 'H$moao H$mJX H$s ^m±Vr Añnï>', {Z_©b ~«÷ H$s {deX
N>m`m, dmUr H$s ZradVm, {ZñVãYVm H$m CÀN>dmg Ed§ AZ§V H$m {dbmg H$hm h¡& ''
_wH$Q>Ya nmÊS>o Ûmam à`wŠV 'N>m`mdmX' eãX ì`§½`mË_H$ _mZm OmZm h¡&
AmJo MbH$a O`e§H$a àgmX Zo ^r CgH$m Zm_H$aU {H$`m ''_moVr Ho$ ^rVa N>m`m
O¡gr VabVm hmoVr h¡& d¡gr hr H$m§Vr H$s VabVm A§J _| bmdÊ` H$hr OmVr h¡&... N>m`m
^maVr` Ñ{ï> go AZw^y{V d A{^ì`{ŠV H$s ^§{J_m na {Z^©a H$aVr Wr& ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm,
bmj{UH$Vm, gm¢X`©_` àVrH$ {dYmZ VWm CnMma dH«$Vm Ho$ gmW ñdmZw^y{V H$s {dH¥${Îm
N>m`mdmX H$s {deofVm h¡& AnZo ^rVa go nmZr H$s Vah Am§Va-ñne© H$aHo$ ^mfm-g_n©U
H$aZodmbr A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`m.. H$m§{V_` hmoVr h¡& ''
_hmXodr d_m© Zo ^r àgmX H$s Vah H$hm- ''g¥{ï> Ho$ ~mømH$ma na BVZm {bIm Om
MwH$m Wm {H$ _Zwî` H$m öX` A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE amo CR>m& ñdÀN>§X N>§X _| {M{ÌV CZ _mZd
AZw^y{V`m| H$m Zm_ N>m`m Cn`wŠV hr Wm Am¡a _wPo AmO ^r Cn`wŠV bJVm h¡&''
''N>m`mdmX'' Zm_ Mb n‹S>m gm_mÝ`V: CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Mma H$maU ~Zm`o OmVo h¡&' 1.
{ÛdoXr `wJ H$s B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm go ZmamOJr 2. A§J«oOr Ho$ amo_m§[Q>H$ H${d`m| H$m à^md 3.
a{dÝÐZmW H$s ñdÀN>§VmdmXr, ahñ`dmXr H${dVm H$m à^md 4. VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$,
6.3 N>m`mdmX-n[a^mfm …-
{d{^Þ {dX²dmZm|, H${d`m| Zo N>m`mdmX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡&
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo H$hm h¡- ''N>m`mdmX eãX H$m à`moJ Xmo AWm] _| g_PZm hmoJm 1. Vmo
ahñ`dmX Ho$ AW© _|, Ohm± CgH$m g§~§Y H$mì`-dñVw go hmoVm h¡ AWm©V Ohm± H${d Cg AZÝV
Am¡a AkmV {à`V_ H$mo Ambå~Z ~ZmH$a AË`ÝV {MÌ_`r ^mfm _| ào_ H$s AZoH$ àH$ma go
ì`§OZm H$aVm h¡& O¡go nwamZo g§Vm|, gmYH$m| Ho$ N>m`m^mg Am¡a `wamonr` énmË_H$ Am^mg hmoVo
h¡& ~§Jmb _| ~«÷ g_mO Zo àd{V©V H$a AmÜ`mË_rH$ àVrH$dmX Ho$ AZwH$aU na JrV `m ^OZ
~ZZo bJo do 'N>m`mdmX' H$hbmZo bJo& ~§Jmb _| a{d§Ð Ho$ Ûmam `hr eãX gm{hË` _| Am`m& dhm±
go {hÝXr gm{hË` _|& '' Bg àH$ma
''N>m`mdmX H$m gm_mÝ` AW© hþAm àñVwV Ho$ ñWmZ na AàñVwV H$m H$WZ'' ~mX
_| ''N>m`mdmX eãX H$m à`moJ {deof H$mì`e¡br `m àVrH$dmX e¡br AÝ` joÌm| _| à`wŠV hmoZo
bJr&''
'N>m`mdmX' AÜ`mË_rH$Vm ào_ H$mo boH$a Mbm Bg{bE dh ahñ`dmX Ho$ A§VJ©V hr
AmVm h¡&
n[a^mfmAm| XoIVo g_` h_Zo N>m`mdmX H$s {d{^Þ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {OH«$ {H$`m h¡&
{\$a ^r `h Ü`mZ aho H$s H$mì` H$s {df` dñVw H$s ImoO _| N>m`mdmXr H${d ~mha Zhr§ Pm±H$Vm
~ëH$s ^rVa H$s Am¡a bm¡Q>Vm h¡& Bg{bE dh g~go nhbo g‘mO go, àH¥${V go, CgH$s Amoa go
Zht ~ëH$s AnZr Amoa AWm©V Ñ{ï> go XoIVm h¡& Xme©{ZH$ Ed§ AÜ`mË_rH$ nj Ho$ gmW Zmar
gm¢X`© amï´>r`-gm_m{OH$ ^mdZm ^r {XImB© XoVr h¡& CgH$s _hËdnyU© àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {ddoMZ
{ZåZ h¡-
1. d¡`{ŠVH$Vm :-
`h N>m`mdmX H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ gm_«mÁ`dmX, Am¡Úmo{JH$Vm go
nw[aV emofU gm_§Vr ì`dñWm VWm ^maVr` nw§OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg _|
d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡& ~mX _| BgH$m ~¥hX {dH$mg Xe©Z. gm¡§X`©dU©Z,
àH¥${V, ahñ`mË_H$Vm, {eën, ^mfm Ho$ {damoY d dU©Z _o ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& {ÛdoXr
`wJrZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm, ñWwb Xe©Z Ho$ àVr N>m`mdmX _| gyú_ gm¢X`© Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$
amJ-{damJ H$s ñWmnZm H${dVm _| hþB©& d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Ho$ H$maU ñdÀN>§VmdmX
N>m`mdm{X`m| _| nZnm& CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ ^md VWm H$bm nj _| ZrVr ì`{ŠVËd H$mo hr
CVmam& gm_m{OH$ é{‹T>`m| Ho$ à{V, AmYw{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdén {dÐmoh hþAm&
S>m°. Zm_da qgh {bIVo h¡- nhbo Vmo Cgo new-n{j`m| H$s Vah àmH¥${VH$ OrdZ _|
hr AnZr ZrOVm, ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a AmË_^md H$s g§^mdZm {XImB© n‹S>r, {H$ÝVw ~mX _|
O~ H$X_-H$X_ na CgH$m g§Kf© gm_m{OH$ é{T>`m| go hmoZo bJm Vr CgZo AnZo
ì`{ŠVËd H$mo CgHo$ à{VamoY _| I‹S>m {H$`m&'' 'AmË_H$Ï`' CgH$m {df` hmo J`m
5. H$ënZm erbVm:-
H$ënZm H$mì` Ho$ _wb _| hmoVr hr h¡& na§Vy N>m`mdmXr H$ënZm 'ñdßZ' `m
'{XdmñdßZ' Ho$ én H$s h¡& ''N>m`mdmX-`wJ H$s A{YH$m§e à{V^mE± N>m`mOrdr h¡,
Cgr Vah AZoH$ nmÌ H$ënZmVrV' ñdßZOrdr h¡& {Zambm H$s 'am_ H$s e{ŠV nwOm'
BgH$m gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU h¡& {Ogo Ord g§Kfm] _| hmaVo hþE am_ H$ënZm Ho$ Ûmam
e{ŠV A{O©V H$aVm h¡ `m AmË_{dídmg Ho$ {bE {dO` H$s H$ënZm H$aVm h¡&
A§V©Ñ{ï>-Xm{`Zr Am¡a OrdZ e{ŠV-Xm{`Zr BZ XmoZm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV N>m`mdmX _|
hþB© h¡& H$m_m`Zr H$m _Zw dV©_mZ Ho$ AgÝVmof H$mo XoIH$a AVrV _| gwI_` hmoZo H$s
H$ënZm H$aVm h¡-
Amh, H$ënZm H$m gwÝXa dh
OJV _Ywa {H$VZm hmoVm&
6. _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>:-
Bg H$mb I§S> _| a{d§ÐZmW Am¡a Aa{dÝX Xmo Eogo _hmnwéf hþE {OZH$s
{díd_mZdVmdmX Ed§ H$ë`mU Ñ{ï> H$m à^md `wJ na n‹S>m& gmW hr Jm§YrOr, ñdm_r
{ddoH$mZ§X, am_H¥$îU na_h§g O¡go _mZd{hV H$s H$m_Zm H$aZodmbo {M§VH$m| H$m
à^md Bg Xm¡a H$s H${dVm na n‹S>m& `wJ H$s XmgVm H$s 'H$mam' _| '~§{XZr' Zmar Ho$
_w{ŠV H$s H$ënZm-^md Bg `wJ _| _hËdnyU© hmo CR>m& Zmar gm¡X`© _| VZ-_Z H$mo
A{^ì`§{OV {H$`m& Cgo '^mo½`m' Zhr 'Xodr, _m±, ghM[a' H$hVm h¡&
emo{fVm| Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V ^r ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& {Zambm H$s '{^jyH$',
'{dYdm', 'Bbmhm~mX' Ho$ nW na' (VmoS>Vr nËWa) _| _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ àmßV
hmoVm h¡& l_ Or{d`m| Ho$ àVr {deof H$éUm CZ_| h¡& '~mXb amJ' _| {H$gmZmo à{V
Jhar g§doXZm Ho$ H$maU hr ~mXbm| ~wbmVm h¡ -
""VwPo ~wbmVm H¥$fH$ AYra....
Mwg {b`m h¡ CgH$m gma
hmS> _m§g hr h¡ AmYma&''
_hmXodr ^r AnZr H$éUm _| g~H$mo g_m{hV H$aZm MmhVr h¡& `m ~wÜX Ho$ Xw:IdmX
Ho$ emídV hmoZo H$m à{VnmXZ H$aVr h¡& 'H$m_m`Zr' _| '_Zw' Ûmam àgmX 'AmZ§XdmX'
Am¡a 'g_agÎmm' H$s Mmh H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& n§V, {Zambm H$mo X{bVmo§, Xw:{IVm§o
/emo{fVm| àVr ghmZw^y{V ahr h¡& Bg{bE n§V _Zwî` H$mo- '_mZd Vw_ g~go
gw§XaV_²' H$hVo h¡& {H$gr AmbmoMH$ Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s 'N>m`mdmX _| _mZd ñdV§ÌVm
Ed§ Jm¡ad H$s ^mdZm h¡& '' CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm _| ''_w{ŠV Am¡a Jm¡ad _| gå_mZ H$m ^md
7. àH¥${V {MÌU:-
àH¥${Vgm¢X`© H$s AZwn_ amer hr N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {~Ioar h¡& àH¥${V H$m
Amb§~Z, CÔrnZ, _mZdrH$aU, ahñ`_`r e{ŠV Am{X énm| H$m dU©Z Bg H$mì` _|
hþAm h¡& '' N>m`mdmXr H${d Zo àH¥${V Ho$ AÝV:ñnÝXZ H$m gwú_ A§H$Z {H$`m'' h¡&
{\$a dh {Zambm H$s 'g§Ü`m gw§Xar' H$m dU©Z hmo AWdm 'Owhr H$s H$br' H$s
{ZamJgVm H$m& CgH$s àË`oH$ AdñWm H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡& Cgo MoVZ én
_| XoIm J`m h¡& àH¥${V gm¢X`© Ho$ gmW hr ahñ`dmX, Zmar gm¢X`© {ZIam hþAm h¡&
'Owhr H$s H$br' Zo àH¥$Vr dU©Z Ûmam nwéf Am¡a Zmar Ho$ g§J_ H$m hr {MÌU C^aH$a
AmVm h¡-
gmoVr Wr
OmZo H¡$go {à` AmJ_Z dh
Zm`H$ Zo Mw_o H$nmob
S>mob CR>r dëbar H$s OS>
O¡go qhS>mob!
àgmX Zo 'H$m_m`Zr' _§o {H$`m 'Cfm H$m {MÌU'H$mo bha _| 'nZKQ> _| Sw>~r'', Cfm
ZJar' _| XoIVo h¡-
~rVr {d^mdar OmJ ar&
Aå~a nZKQ> _| Sw>~mo ahr
Vmam KQ> Cfm ZJar&
g^r H${d`m| Zo OrdZ H$s g^r AZw^y{V`m| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV àH¥${V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$s
h¡& _hmXodr H$s H${dVm 'gm§Ü`-JrV' _| AnZo OrdZ Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gmYå`© H$mo ì`ŠV
H$aVr h¡-
{à` gmÝÜ` JJZ, _oam OrdZ&
`h {j{VO ~Zm Yw±Ybm {damJ,
Zd AéU AéU _oam gwhmJ,
N>m`m-gr H$m`m drVamJ
àH¥${V dU©Z _| do Zmar gm¢X`© Am¡a ào_ ^mdZm H$s ì`§OZm H$aVo h¡ à_mX H$hVo h¡ -
nJbr hmo g§^mb bo H¡$go Ny>Q> nS>m Voam A§Mb&
XoI {~IaVr h¡ ‘{ZamOr Aar CR> ~ogwY M§Mb&'
àgmX Ûmam amÌr H$mo {H$`m J`m `h g§~moYZ {H$gr Zd-`m¡dZm H$mo OJmZo Am¡a
CgHo$ gwY-~wY Imo ~¡R>Zo Ho$ l¥§Jma^md H$m hr {MÌU h¡&
13. Jr{VVËd :
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Am¡a H${d ào_ Am¡a gm¢X`© H$s ^mdZm go nw[aV h¡& CZH$s
BÝhr ^mdZmAm| Ho$ H$maU d¡`{ŠVH$Vm Am¡a AmË_m{^ì`{ŠV H$mì` _| hþB©& `hr H$maU
h¡ H$s ghO Ed Vrd« ^mdm| H$m àH${Q>H$aU JrVmË_H$Vm Ho$ én _| ñnï> hþAm h¡&
ñdmZw^y{V N>m`mdmXr H$mì` H$m _ybmYma h¡ CZH$m H$mì` Mmho N>§X~ÜX hmo `m _wŠV
N>§X H$m Cg_| JrVVËd Ho$ _mYw`© Ed§ gm¢X`© ^am n‹S>m h¡& {Zambm N>m`mdmX Ho$ geŠV
Am¡a àm¡‹T> JrVH$ma _mZo OmVo h¡& AmMm`© ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma ''g§JrV H$mo H$mì` Am¡a
H$mì` H$mo g§JrV Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m à`mg {ZambmOr Zo {H$`m& '' {Zambm H$s JrV-
Ñ{ï> H$mo nm±M ^mJm| _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& 1. àmW©ZmnaH$ JrV…- Bg_| CÝhmoZo H$m_Zm
H$s ^mdZm ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& OZZr H$m {Xì` gm¢X`©-_w½Y JmZ _m§J{bH$ ^mdZmAm| go
AmoVàmoV h¡& 2. Zmar gm¢X`© naH$ JrV:- Bg_| CÝhm|Zo _mZdr`Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go Zmar Ho$
{d{^Þ ^md-gm¢X`© H$m _Zmoha dU©Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡ '{à` ^m{_Zr OmJr', 'ñne© go
bmO bJr,' '_m¡Z ahr Ûma', 'Z`Zm| Ho$ S>moao', bmb Jwbmb ^ao Iobr hmobr' Am{X
JrV Bg H$mo[Q> Ho$ CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU _mZo OmVo h¡& 3. àH¥${V naH$ JrV:- BZ_| àH¥${V
H$s gm¢X`© _Uramer {dnwb _mÌm _| {~Ia n‹S>r h¡& àH¥${V H$m l¥§JmarH$ gm¢X`© dU©Z
{Zambm H$s AnZr Im{g`V h¡& '' gwIr hr `h S>mb dgZ dmgÝVr boJr; gIr
dgÝV Am`m _oK Ho$ KZ Ho$e,' a§J JB©, nJ-nJ YÝ` Yam-Yam'' Am{X CZHo$
à{gÜX JrV h¡& 'g§Ü`m gw§Xar' H$m gdm}Îm_ JrV Vmo à{gÜX h¡ hr& 4. Xe©Z naH$
JrV:- h_Zo nhbo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s {Zambm na AÛ¡VdmXr Xe©Z H$m à^md ahm h¡&
A{YH$m§e JrVm| _| dmo CVa Am`m h¡- 'nmg hr ao hrao H$s ImZ, ImoOVm H$hm± {\$ao
ZmXmZ, Vwåhr JmVr hmo AnZm JmZ, nmVm ao _¢ gå_mZ' Am{X JrVm| _| Xme©{ZH$
^mdZmAm| H$m dU©Z Am`m h¡& 5. Am¡a A§V _| amï´>r` JrV…- ^r ~hþVm{YH$ _mÌm _|
J§^raVm go nm`o OmVo h¡& '' ^mdmdoe `m ì`W© Omoe-Iamoe'' CZHo$ amï´>r` JrVm| _|
Zht h¡& H$ht _m± ^maVr H$s d§XZm h¡, H$ht OmJaU H$m ñdaZmX, H$ht gwIX ^{dî`
H$s H$m_Zm h¡& ''OmJmo {\$a EH$ ~ma,' 'da Xo drUm dm{XZr,' Am{X'' JrV amï´>r`Vm
15. ^mfm :-
{ÛdoXrH$mbrZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Ho$ {damoY _| gm¢X`© go _wŠV H$mo_b-H$m§V
nXmdbr H$m à`moJ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡& N>§X~ÜXVm Ho$ {damoY _| '_wŠV N>§X'
H$s AdYmaUm H$mo {Zambm Zo bm`m h¡& BZH$s ^mfm _o§ ZmX, b`, _mYw`© h¡& ZmX,
g§JrV H$m ~‹S>m Cn`moJ H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s {deofVm b`mË_H$Vm ~«O _|
Zht I‹S>r ~mobr _| bm`r h¡& CZH$m eãX g§ñH$ma g§ñH¥$V H$mì` go hmoVo hþE _Ü``wJrZ
~«O ^mfm Ho$ g§ñH$mam| _|§ AmH$ma nm¶m J`m& a{d§ÐZmW VWm A§J«oOr H$s amo_¢{Q>H$
eãXmdbr Ho$ n‹T>Vo n‹T>Vo ''nVPa H$s ^mfm... Hw$gw{_V eãXm| go bX J`r&'' eãX
g§`moOZ _| N>m`mdmXr H${d {eënr H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm h¡& {OgH$m {OH«$ n§V H$s
'nëbd' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {_bVm h¡& n§V, àgmX, {Zambm, _hmXodr Ho$ eãXm| Ho$ ~mao _|
Zm_daOr H$hVo h¡- nÝV Ho$ eãX AnojmH¥$V N>moQ>o, Ag§`wŠV dU©dmbo, hëHo$ VWm
dm¶dr h¡& àgmX Ho$ eãX A{YH$ àJmT>, _Yw_` Am¡a ZmXmZwH¥${V_` h¡& _hmXodr Ho$
eãXm| _| én`o H$s-gr ñnï> R>ZH$ Am¡a IZH$ h¡ Am¡a {Zambm _| gpÝY-g_mg `wŠV
{d{dY Om{V Am¡a Üd{Zdmbo eãXm| _| ^r AZwàmg_` ì`§OZ-g§JrV CËnÝZ H$aZo H$s
Moï>m h¡&'' I‹S>r ~mobr H$mo ZmXmË_H$, _mYw`© go _wŠV H$aZo Ho$ {bE eãXm| Ho$ àVr
'AZmdí`H$ _moh' Am¡a CgH$s '{\$OwbIMu' H$ënZm Ho$ H$maU Am`r h¡&
''^mdmoÀN²>dmg H$s àYmZVm Ho$ H$maU N>m`mdmXr dmŠ` àdmh go eãXm| H$m H«$_ àm`:
J‹S>~‹S>m J`m& àgmX H$s ^mfm _| Bg Vah Ho$ XyamÝd`dmbo dmŠ` ~hþV {_bVo h¡&
BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ^mfm H$mo H$mo_b ~_mZo Ho$ {bE àm`: g^r N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo§ Zo 'h¡',
VWm 'Wm' Am{X ghm`H$ {H«$`mAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m&'' Bg àH$ma H$s ^mfm H$m
'ZdH${dVm' H$m EH$ CXmhaU ^r Zm_daOr Zo {X`m h¡-
""Véda Ho$ N>m`mZwdmX gr
Cn_m gr, ^mdwH$Vm gr
A{d{XV ^mdmHw$b ^mfm gr
H$Q>r N>°Q>r Zd H${dVm gr''
{Og_| {ZpîH«$` dmŠ`m| H$s l¥§Ibm hr {XImB© XoVr h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zht& 'H$m_m`Zr' H$s
^mfm Ho$ g§~§Y _| Vmo {XZH$a Zo {bIm h¡- H$m_m`Zr _| I‹S>r~mobr H$m {OVZm Ag_W©
én àH$Q> hþAm h¡, CVZm Am¡a {H$gr H$mì` _| Zht {_boJm '' I‹S>r~mobr _wŠVH$m| H$s
ñdV§Ì aMZm _mÌ N>m`mdmX H$s XoZ h¡& 'H$m_m`Zr' hr BgH$m à_mU h¡& {Zambm Zo ^r
'Jr{VH$m' H$s ^y{_H$m _| {bIm h¡, _¢ I‹S>r~mobr _| {Og CÀMmaU-g§JrV Ho$ ^rVa go
OrdZ H$s à{Vð>m H$m ñdßZ XoIVm Am`m hÿ±, dh ~«O^mfm _| Zht&'' {Zambm _|
g§ñH¥$V H$s VËg_ eãXmdbr H$m A{YŠ` ahm h¡& 'am_ H$s e{ŠVnwOm' O¡gm H$mì`
BgH$m CXmhaU h¡&
6.5 Cng§hma :-
N>m`mdmXr H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| go `h ~mV h_mao gm_Zo AmVr h¡ H$s `h H$mì` Kmoa
ì`{ŠVdmXr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m H|$Ð ñd§` H${d H$m AmË_H|$Ð ahm h¡ na§Vy CZH$s ì`{ŠVdmXrVm
OZVm H$s Amem-{Zamem Ho$ ~rM A{^ì`ŠV hþB© h¡& Bg{bE dh g_mO go Xya Zht h¡& `h
{ZpíMV h¡ H$s gm_m{OH$ g§Vmof go ^mJH$a dh ñdßZbmoH$ _| Om ~¡R>m, EH$m§VVm H$s eaU br
na§Vy CgHo$ nrN>o H$m H$maU ^r VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ OrdZ hr h¡& Cg_| doXZm
Am¡a {Zamem Ho$ ^md amï´>r` A§XmobZ H$s Ag\$bVm Ho$ H$maU Am`o Wo& {\$a ^r dh Cggo Xya
Zht ahm& 'Aê$U `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam' O¡gr _mV¥^y{_ na Jd© H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm N>m`mdmXr`m|
_| ahr h¡& {H$gr {dÛmZ Zo H$hm h¡ AZw^y{V _o§ `h gm{hË` ^{ŠVH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s g_H$jVm
gm_m{OH$ MoVZm go _wŠV, EH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ én _| 1936 _| {Og H$mì`Ymam H$m
N>m`mdmX H$s H«$moS> go hr OÝ_ hþAm Cgo àJ{VdmXr `m àJ{Verb Am§XmobZ H$hVo h¡& {OgH$s
àoaUm _mŠg©dmX _| ahr h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$ {H$gr gm{hË` _| `WmW©dmX Ho$ boH$a Am`m& {df`-
gm_m{OH$ pñW{V`m| na nhma H$aVo hþE gm{hË` H$m g§~§Y OrdZ {Z_m©U go Bgr g_` Omo‹S>m
J`m& N>m`mdmX go hr VmËH$mb n§VOrZo N>m`mdmX Ho$ '`wJmÝV' H$s KmofUm H$a '`wJdmUr' H$mo
OmZm, AnZm`m `h '`wJdmUr' H¥$fH$m|, X{bVm|, l_rH$m| gd©ham ~hþOZm| H$s dmUr H$m gwJnmV
Wm& AJmO Wm& n§VOr Zo hr H$hm Wm '' àJ{VdmX dJ© d¡få` H$mo Xya H$a l{_H$m| VWm H¥$fH$m|
H$s _§Jb ^mdZm go ào[aV h¡& Cg_| ny±Orn{V`m| VWm emofH$m| Ho$ {déÜX H«$m§{V H$m AmhdmZ
H$aZodmbm {dÐmoh H$m ñda h¡'' _hmn§{S>V amhÿb gm§ñH¥$˶m`Z Zo ^r H$hm Wm- ''àJ{VdmX
ñdmWm] H$m g§Kf© hmo Vmo _mZdVm X{bV bmoJm| Ho$ nj _| hmoVr h¡, VQ>ñWVm _| Zht
hmoVr&''
10. ''loð> gm{hË`H$ma amoO Zht n¡Xm hmoVo Am¡a Z loð> H¥${V`m± ha jU {bIr OmVr h¡& do
gånyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ hmoVr h¡& CZHo$ nrN>o OmVr` CËWmZ H$s
e{ŠV hmoVr h¡&''
11. Am¡a A§V _| Bg Am§XmobZ énr OZ A{^`mZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ~‹S>o AmË_{dídmg, Am¡a
à{V~ÜX Ho$ g§~§Y _| ÑT>Vm go do H$hVo h¡- ''Bg {damQ> OZdmXr A{^`mZ _| Omo
éH$m gmo Ny>Q>m : {OgZo BgH$m {damoY H$aZo H$s {h_mH$V H$s, dh J`m Am¡a {OgZo
BgHo$ CÔoí` Am¡a H$m`© _| g§Xoh àH$Q> {H$`m, dh g§XohdmXr Qw>Q>m& do Jwé ÐmoUmMm`© hmo
Mmho ^rî_ {nVm_h, do H$U© hmo AWdm O`ÐW- Bg _hm^maV Ho$ {damoY nj _|
OmH$a CÝh| JVlr hmoZm hr h¡& AnZo nyd© d¡^d Ho$ Ûmam AmO do Mmho {OVZo ~‹S>o àVrV
hmo aho hmo, bo{H$Z `{X B{Vhmg {dYmVm Ho$ AZoH$- ~mhÿXad³ÌZoÌ-dmbo {damQ> dOw
H$s dmUr gwZo Vmo nVm MboJm {H$ `o V_m_ _hmaWr dñVwV… _mao Om MwHo$ h¡, B{Vhmg
Zo ^rVa go BZH$m gmam VoO ha {b`m h¡&''
`h dmŠ`-gwÌ CZHo$ ^rVa H$m àJVrdmX g§~§Yr JO~ H$m AmË_{dídmg CgH$s
VmH$V, loð>Vm H$mo hr A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& gm{hË` H$mo OZVm Ho$ gmW, Am¡a gm{hË` _|
Cno{jVm| Ho$ gwI-Xw…I H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo H$s CZH$s bbH$ H$mo ñnï> H$aVo h¡& Am¡a
A§V _| AmMm`© hOmaràgmX H$s `wJ Ñ{ï> H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡ gmW hr AnZr à{V~ÜXVm Am¡a
g_rjm H$m¡eb- Am¡Oma H$mo ^r& {XdoXr ^maVr` ^{dî` H$mo XoIH$a H$hVo h¡- 'àJ{Verb
Am§XmobZ ~hþV _hmZ CÔoí` go M{bV h¡& Bg_| gm§àXm{`H$ ^md H$m àdoe Zht hþAm Vmo BgH$s
gå^mdZmE± AË`m{YH$ h¡& ^{ŠV Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` {Og àH$ma EH$ AXå` Ñî` AmXe©-
{Zð>m {XImB© n‹S>r Wr, Omo g_mO H$mo Z`o OrdZ-Xe©Z go Mm{bV H$aZo H$m g§H$ën dhZ H$aZo
Ho$ H$maU Aà{VamoÜ` e{ŠV Ho$ én _| àH$Q> hþB© Wr Cgr àH$ma `h AmÝXmobZ ^r hmo gH$Vm
h¡&'' AmO àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ gm_Zo X{jUn§Wr, XoerdmXr, à{VJm_r VmH$V| amOZr{VH$
"àJ{V' H$m AW© {dH$mgmoÝ_wIVm H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zm, ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW g_mO, _Zwî`
_| n[adV©Z bmZm, OrdZ H$mo J{Verb ~ZmZm, ñdñW, gw§Xa ~ZmZm h¡& amOZr{V _| H$å`y{Zï>
nmQ>u H$m `hr bú` ahm h¡& Vmo gm{hË` _o§ àJ{VdmX H$m& Omo {H$gr ^r à{H«$`mdmXr àñWm{nV
ì`dñWm H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡& bå~o g_` VH$ 'MVwdJ©\$bàmßVr' AWm©V Y_©, AW©, H$m_,
_moj Ho$ {b`o gm{hË` {bIm Om ahm Wm& A~ gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$s à{Vð>m, CgHo$ OrdZH$s
Oéar g_ñ`m, CgHo$ MH$ZmMya hmoZo dmbo gnZo, ^mdZmE±, g§doXZmE°, hf©, gwI, Xw…I H$s
nr‹S>mE±, gd©hmam Ho$ {b`o àJV eó Ho$ én _| CZHo$ hmW _| Am`r& gm{hË` _Zmoa§OZmW© H$m
^md {ZH$mbH$a gm_mOm{W©H$ {hVmW© H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m OmZo bJm& {dX²>dmZm| Zo Bgo ^r
ñnï> H$a {X`m h¡ H$s 'amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| Omo gmå`dmX h¡, dhr gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| àJ{VdmX
h¡&''
`h ñnï> hmo MwH$m h¡ H$s amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ go àJ{VdmX gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| Am`m h¡&
OZVm H$m g§KQ>Z, CZ_| g§Kf© ^md, `WmW©dmXr _wë`m| H$s à{Vð>m, àñWm{nV ì`dñWm
~XbZo Ho$ {b`o H«$m§Vr ^mdZm-MoVZ, H$mo OJmZm CgH$m bú` h¡& dJ© hrZ g_mO ì`dñWm H$s
ñWmnZm CgH$m CÔoí` h¡, g~H$mo g§JR>rV hmoH$a b‹T>Zm, g§Kf© H$aZm Oéar h¡ V^r àJ{V
g§^d h¡& àJ{VdmXr gm{hË` Bgr OZdmXr ^mdZmAm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV h¡&
N>m`mdmX Ho$ H$ënZmbmoH$, ahñ`dmX go C~H$a H$B© H${d àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$
h¡& amï´>r` A§XmobZ H$Vm© ^r g_mOdmX Ho$ gnZo ^maVr`m| _| OJm aho Wo& ñdßZOrdr bmoH$,
H$bmH$ma, gm{hË`H$ma Bg àIa Am§XmobZ H$s Amoa Amem ^ar {ZJmh go XoI aho Wo& N>m`mdmX
Ho$ ¶wJ '_|' Ag\$b hmoVo Agh`moJ O¡go Am§XmobZ Zo Xoedmgr`m| _| Omo CXmgr, {Zamem n¡Xm
H$s Wr Cgo Xwa H$aZo _| àJ{VdmX H$m ~‹S>m gh`moJ ahm h¡&
àJ{VdmX Zo Xoe, g_mO, ì`{ŠV _| ~m¡pÜXH$, AÜ`mpË_H$, Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$,
^m½`dmXr, B©ídar` j_Vm go _wŠV hmoZo H$s àoaUm Xr& H$ënZm H$s OJh `WmW©, AmXe© {H$
OJh `WmW©, ñdßZ H$s OJh `WmW©, ahñ` H$s OJh bm¡{H$H$Vm, d¡`{ŠVVm H$s OJh
gm_m{OH$Vm, àH¥${V H$s OJh _Zwî` H$mo bmZo H$m gmam lo` àJ{VdmX H$mo hr OmVm h¡&
N>m`mdmX Ho$ gwHw$_ma H${d n§V Zo hr N>m¶mdmX H$m '`wJmÝV' H$a OZdmXr {dMmam|
H$s '`wJdmUr' H$mo AnZm`m& 'J«må`m' _| J«m_ gm¢X`©, J«m_ dYw, J«m_ ór-nwéf Ho$ gmW
{H$gmZ, {Q>Q>dr, Ymo{~`m| Ho$ àVr ghmZw^y{V ì`ŠV H$s& {Zambm Zo Z`r ^mfm Xr, emofH$m| na
ì`§J {H$`m, ny§OrdmX, Y_©dmX, Om{V`Vm H$m {damoY {H$`m& {^jwH$, Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm, J‘© nH$m¡S>r,
{S>ßQ>rgm~h, VmoS>Vr nËWa, Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$Zo bJm, Z`o nÎmo, IOmoha, _hJy _h±Jm ahm, Am{X
h_Zo nhbo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s àJ{VdmX H$s Xme©{ZH$ n¥ð>^y{_ H$m _wbmYma
'_mŠg©dmX' h¡& Omo Û§XmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX Ed§ A{V[aŠV _wë` {gÜXm§V Ho$ én _| ^r OmZm
OmVr h¡& `h gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIVr h¡& ì`dñWm H$m g§Kfm©Ë_H$
én hr dJ© g§Kf© Ho$ én _| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m J¶m h¡& {Og_| EH$ dJ© l{_H$m| H$m h¡ Vmo Xwgam
l{_H$m| H$m emofU H$aZodmbm& Bg dJ© dmX H$m _wb _mŠg© Ho$ Û§ÛmË_H$VmdmX Ho$ ^rVa h¡& Omo
g_mO Y_©, Xe©Z, g§ñH¥${V, B{Vhmg, àH¥${V Ho$ 'CËH«$m§{V'`m {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$mo| {ZVm§V
d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIVm h¡& {dkmZ _| VH©$ _hËdnyU© hmoVo h¡ Omo ha {dMma,
dñVw, KQ>Zm, ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| àíZ I‹S>m H$aVo h¡& Bgr àUmbr go {dH$mg hmoVm h¡& dñVwV…
_mŠg© Zo hrJob Ho$ Û§ÛdmX, \$m`ma~mI Ho$ ^m¡{VH$VmdmX Am¡a Mmbg© hmb Ho$ dJ©g§Kf© H$mo
AmYma ~ZmH$a _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo ~‹S>o d¡km{ZH$ T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$
Cn`w©ŠV {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> hmo MwH$m h¡ H$s àJ{VdmX Zo g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm H$m
bú` gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gm_Zo aIm& N>`mdmX Ho$ ñdßZOrdr H${d`m| Zo hr CgH$m {damoY H$a
àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm`m& H${dVm _| H$ënZm H$s OJV dmñV{dH$Vm, d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s OJh
''gm_m{OH$Vm H$mo gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX AnZm`m OmZo bJm& '' àJ{VdmX Ho$ Zm_ na n§VOr Zo
_mŠg©dmX Am¡a Jm±YrdmX, ^m¡{VH$dmX Am¡a AÜ`mË_dmX, gm_w{hH$Vm Am¡a d¡`{ŠVH$Vm,
A§Vam©ï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm : ^r H${d`m| Zo A{^ì`ŠV H$s h¡& dh AnZo Xw…I H$mo
gmd©H$m{bH$ én _| àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Š`mo{H$ ny§OrdmXr, gm_§VdmXr, XmgàWm, ^m§S>dbr emofU
naH$ ì`dñWm Ho$db ^maV _| hr Zht ~pëH$ {díd _| \¡$br h¡& Bg{bE dh ég Am¡a égr H«$m§Vr
{dMmam| H$mo _mZdVm CÜXma én _| XoIVo h¡& CgH$s àe§gm H$aVo h¡, CgH$m _mJ© AZwgaU
H$aVo h¡& {ed_§Jb qgh 'gw_Z H$so '_mñH$mo h¡ Xya A^r', 'Mbr Om ahr h¡ ~‹T>r bmb goZm'
O¡gr H${dVmAm| _| dh ì`ŠV hþAm h¡-
''~{b©Z A~ ZOXrH$ h¡
\$m{gñVm| H$s H$mb-am{Ì _| Kmoa KQ>m {Ka AmB©&
gZ 1936 go 1945 Ho$ _hO Xg dfm} _| àJ{VdmX Zo {hÝXr joÌ H$mo ~‹S>m
g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡& {hÝXr H${dVm _| nhbr ~ma {dñVma go X{bV, _OXya, Zmar H$m Z`m ñdV§Ì
ì`{ŠVËd, OrdZ H$s gmar Hw$ê$nVmAm|, ~r^ËgVm, H$éUm Ho$ gmW H${dVm _| Am`m h¡&
gm_m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr Ñï>r Zo Z`o {df`m| H$mo H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ H$mo g_¥ÜX
{H$`m h¡& AbmoMZm Ho$ g_mOemór`, _mŠg©dmXr _mZX§S> Vmo AmO ^r aMZm H$mo OH$‹S> boVr
h¡& Xoe _| Z`o _Ü`dJ© H$m CX` Ed§ {dH$mg àJ{VdmX go Ow‹S>m h¡& loð> gm{hË` àJ{VdmXr
gm{hË` `h YmaUm Ñ‹T> H$s h¡& gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s H«$m§Vr, b‹S>mB© H$mo Hw$N> g_` VH$ Vmo
àJ{VdmX Zo ~‹T>m`m h¡& AmO ^r ~‹T>m ahm h¡& Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r Ho$ eãXm| _| H$ho Vmo, àJ{VdmX
Zo h_mao `wdH$m| H$mo ZB© VoOpñdVm àXmZ H$s Am¡a EH$ Z`m AmË_~b {X`m& gm{hË` Ho$
gm_m{OH$ bú`m| H$m {dkmnZ H$aZodmbr `h EH$ {dkmnZ nÜXVr h¡& ''g_mO gwYma H$s Vrd«
^mdZm Cg_| àmUñdê$n ahr h¡&
AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Bgo àMmamË_H$Vm H$m gm{hË` H$hm h¡& `h Ho$db g_mOdmX,
gmå`dmX H$m àMmaH$ ahm h¡& `h {OVZr erK«Vm go gm{hË` _| Am`m CVZr erK«Vm go Z`o
'à`moJ' Zo Bgo IË_ ^r H$a {X`m dh pñWa Zht hmo nm`m& àMmamË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU
H$bmË_H$Vm H$s àm`… hË`m hmo JB©& H$mì` {df`m| _| nwZwé{ŠV Am`r, {df` Ed§ e¡br Zrag hmo
J`r& ì`{ŠV Ho$ A§V©OJV H$s ~Om` ~{h©OJV H$m dU©Z {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m& ^maV _|
AÜ`mpË_H$Vm nwaOmoa {damoY H$a CgH$s OJh d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, dJ© a{hV g_mO H$s
ñWmnZm H$aZm CgH$m bú` Ag§^d hmo J`m& dñVwV… ^maV _| EH$ ~mV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ê$n go
{XImB© XoVr h¡ H$s {Og {H$gr OrdZ Xe©Z _o§ qhXy-Y_© CgH$s AÜ`mpË_H$Vm H$m {damoY,
~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m& VmËH$mb CgHo$ à{V, à{V{H«$`m, à{VH«$m§Vr C^aH$a Am`r h¡& {h§XyAm| Ho$
_Z na `h AmKmV, `m dU©ì`dñWm H$mo nyU© énoZ Z N>moS>Zo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm ^r CgHo$ nrN>o ahr
h¡& h_mao `hm± doX {damoYr ^m¡{VH$VmdmXr Mmdm©H$, doX {damoYr d¡km{ZH$ _mJ© à{VnmX H$aZo dmbo
Xw{Z`m Ho$ _mJ©XmVm, em§Vr Ho$ XyV ~wÜX, Am¡a H$mbm§VaU _| Y_© Am{\$_ H$m g§Xoe boH$a Am`m,
Y_© {damoY H$aZodmbm _mŠg©dmX àm`… A{YH$ g_` \$b-\w$b Z gHo$ na§Vy `o {dMma
gm_m{OH$m| _| ÑT> aho h¡& hmo gH$Vm h¡ Bg à{VH«$m§Vr H$m AJbm {ZemUm X{bV gm{hË` hmo
Š`mo{H$ dh ^r B©ída, AÜ`mpË_H$Vm, Y_© Am{X Jwbm_r H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡&
àJ{VdmXr aMZmH$ma ^r AnZo bú` go H¡$go {d_wI hþE h¡ BgH$m {OH«$ S>m°. Zm_da
qgh Or Zo {H$`m h¡& {\$a ^r do AmMm`© H¥$VH$m`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Ho$ eãXm| _| àJ{VdmX H$mo
_hmZ, loð>, g§H$ënm| H$m dhZ H$aZodmbm Am§XmobZ _mZVo h¡& {\$a ^r do gme§{H$V h¡ H$s Bg_|
'gmåàXm{`H$ ^md H$m àdoe Z hmo' Vmo '^{ŠVH$mb' H$s Vah `h ^r Z`o OrdZmXe© Aà{VamoY
e{ŠV Ho$ én _| Bg Am§XmobZ H$m {dH$mg hmoJm& A~ g_` ^r Am MwH$m h¡ H$s Eogm hþAm h¡ `m
Zhr BgH$m AZwg§YmZ H$aZo H$m&
7.7 Cng§hma :-
1943 _o Ako`Or Ho$ g§nmXH$Îd _| "Vma gßVH$' àW_ H$m g§nmXZ {hÝXr H${dVm
_o 'à`moJ' àd¥{Îm H$mo boH$a, _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡& dñVwV: `h H$mbI§S> AZoH$ Zm‘m| go
OmZm OmVm h¡ "à`moJdmX', 'ànÚdmX', 'ZB© H${dVm' Am{X & {~hma Ho$ VrZ H${d`m|
Z{bZ{d_moMZ, Ho$ear Zmam`U ewŠb, Zaoe Zo "ZHo$ZdmX', ¶m 'ànÚdmX' H$m àdV©Z {H$`m&
`h à`moJdmX H$m {damoYr hmoVo hþE ^r Cgr H$s EH$ emIm h¡& {Og na AZoH$ {dXoer dmXm| H$m
à^md ñnï> ahm h¡& {Og_o à_wI h¡ A{V `Wm`©dmX (AmÝÐo ~oaZ Am¡a CZH$m {_Ì {\$brn
gmonmoëQ> 1920), àVrH$dmX ({\$Jmam| n{ÌH$m Ûmam ~¡{XboAa, AW©a ~oª[aå~mo, daboZ, _bm‘],
nmb dobar 1885), q~~dmX (Q>r. B©. h`y_, EOam nmD§$S>, [aMS>© Eb{S>§½Q>Z, E\$. E_.
pâbÝQ>- 1908), XmXmdmX ({MÌH$ma OrZ An© VWm AÝñQ>© _mŠg©- 1916), ApñVÎddmX
(gmoaoZ {H$H}$JmS>©, E\$ ZrËeo, _m{Q>©Z h¡S²>S>Ja Am¡a Oo. nr. gmÌ©- 1813-1905)
_Zmo{díbofU ({g½_§S> \«$m`S>, `w§J, ES>ba-) AmXr& BgH$m _Vb~ `h h¡ H$s {hÝXr gm{hË`
na nmíMmË`dmXm| H$m à^md nS>Zo bJm Wm, `m ¶m| ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {hÝXr Ho$ H${d,
H$WmH$ma nmíMmVm| H$s gm{hË` àd¥{Îm`m| H$m AZwH$aU "à`moJ' H$a aho Wo & à`moJ Vmo gm{hË`
8.1 Zm_H$aU
à`moJdmX `h g§km à`moJ à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ Hw$N> dŠVì` Ho$ H$maU hr àM{bV
hþB© h¡& d¡go A§J«oOr H${dVm _| 'à`moJ' Ho$ {bE 'EŠgno[a_|Q>' eãX à`wŠV hþAm& {hÝXr _| dhr
à`moJ Ho$ én _| é‹T> hþAm na§Vy ''A§J«oOr _| 'à`moJdmX' AWm©V 'EŠgno[a_|Q>{bÁ_' Zm_H$
H$moB© dmX Zht h¡&'' dV©_mZ `wJ-{dkmZ {Og àH$ma VH©$ Am¡a `w{ŠV Ûmam nXmWm}§ H$m {díbofU
H$aVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma à`moJdmX _mZd eara Am¡a _pñVîH$-VËd H$m {díbofU H$aVm h¡&
_mZ{gH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m {díbofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh AZoH$ à`moJ H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| H$aVm h¡&''
''à`moJdmX H$m AW© Hw$N> {dX²>dmZm| Zo 'éndmX' AWm \$m°_©{bÁ_' {b`m h¡ na§Vy
`h CgH$s EH$ emIm _mÌ h¡& àm`: g^r à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo Ho$db én-{dYmZ na Ü`mZ
Zht {X`m, {X`m ^r Vmo do g§»`m _| ZJÊ` h¡&'' à`moJdmX H$moao éndmX go ì`mnH$ àd¥{Îm VWm
{dMmaYmam H$m H$mì` h¡& H$_- A{YH$ _mÌm _| `h 'èhgmoÝ_wIr _Ü`dJu` _Zmod¥{Îm`m| VWm
{dMmaYmamAm|' H$m dmhH$ h¡& 'Eo{Vhmg én _| dh CÎma-N>m`mdmX H$s g_mO{damoYr A{Ve`
ì`{ŠVdmXr _Zmod¥Îmr'' H$m H$mì` h¡&
à`moJ Ho$ Ûmam Z`m gË`mÝdofU CgH$s {deofVm ahr h¢, Omo nwamZo gË`, na§namJV
én _o§ ñWm{nV {H$`o Om MwHo$ Wo, H$mì` {df`, e¡br, Cn‘mZ , àVrH$, ^mfm, eãX Ho$ én _|
CgH$m Z`m AÝdofU à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h¡& à`moJ dmX Ho$ g§~§Y _| {d{^Þ
à`moJdmXr boIH$m| H$s {dMmaYmam go CgH$m AW© J«hU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-
Y_©dra ^maVr- ''Ohm± VH$ Bg H$mì` Zo ZB© n[apñW{V`m| go à^m{dV ZB© AZw^y{V`m|
H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE Z¶m H$mì` ê$n, ZB© H$ënZmE±, ZB© JR>Z ImoOr dhm± VH$ `h H$mì`
{ZíM` hr {dH$mg Am¡a àJ{V _| Z Ho$db ghm`H$ {gÜX hþAm h¡ daZ dh EH$ ~hþV _hËdnyU©
MaU ahm h¡&''
_XZ dmËñ`m`Z- ''Cfm XodVm go boH$a JYo VH$, Z¾ `m¡Z ^mdZm go boH$a gm_m{OH$
H«$mpÝV VH$, XohmVr A_amB© go boH$a H$b-nwOm} VH$, AdMoVZ go boH$a ñWwb Ho$ AZwÎmo{OV
{MÌU VH$ BVZm ì`mnH$ {dñVma em`X nhbo {H$gr 'dmX' H$s H${dVm ‘| Zht hþAm&''
bú_rH$m§V d_m©- ''à`moJ H$m CÔoe h¡ _mÝ` gË` H$m narjU Am¡a narjU Ûmam gË`
Ho$ Z`o AmYmam| H$m AÝdofU& à`moJH$Vm© M_ËH$ma, é{‹T> AWdm A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo Zht _mZVm&
{H$gr ^r gË` H$mo A§{V_ gË` Ho$ én _| Zht pñdH$maVm& H$moB© H$h ahm h¡, Bg{bE ^r dh Cg
na {dídmg Zht H$aVm& dh Cg AZw^d go IwX JwOaZm MmhVm h¡& jU-à{VjU H$s
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ^r dh _hÎd XoVm h¡& àIa ~m¡pÜXH$Vm Am¡a {ddoH$ hr CgH$m ~hþV ~‹S>m AmYma
h¡& à`moJ EH$ _mÜ`_ _mÌ h¡, CÔoí` h¡ gË` H$s ImoO&'' Bg Ñ{ï> go 'à`moJ' Z`m 'dmX' ahm
h¡&
à`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ {bE Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo 'ZB© H${dVm' H$m Zm_ {X`m Vmo H$B©¶m| Zo
Bg_| g_mZ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ^r nm`m h¡&
{Og àH$ma N>m`mdmXr H${d`mo H$s AéMr Ho$ ~mdOyX N>m`mdmX Zm_ Mb n‹S>m Cgr
àH$ma à`moJdmX' ^r à`wŠV hþAm& Xwgam gßVH$ H$s ^y{_H$m _| Ako` Zo hr CgH$m {damoY
dñVwV: à`moJdmXr H${d`m| H$s ZB© nr‹T>r nmíMmË` ^mfm, gm{hË` Ed§ g§doXZmAm§o
H$s OmZH$ma Wr& Cgr Ho$ Hw$N> à`moJ {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Bg `wJ _| hþE h¡& ñd`§ Ako` na
ApñVËddmXr, _Zmo{díbofUdmXr, {Q>. Eg. B{bEQ>, S>r. EM. bmaoÝg, Ho$ gmW OnmZr A{X
H${d Ed§ H${dVm H$m à^md ñnï> h¡& H${dVm, H$hmZr CnÝ`mg {Z~§Y _| `h A{YH$ ‘wIa hþAm
h¡ 'S>r. EM. bma|g H$s 'Birds', Beasts and 'Flowers' g§J«h H$s H${dVm 'Snake' H$m
à^md CZH$s H$hmZr 'gm§°n' na ahm h¡& ^mobm^mB© nQ>ob Zo AnZo emoY J«§W 'Ako`! EH$
AÜ``Z' _| CgH$m {dñVma go {dMma {H$`m h¡& JUn{VM§Ð JwßV Zo ^r q~~dmX, XmgdmX,
à{VH$dmX, A{V`WmW©dmX, ApñVËddmX, _Zmo{díbofUdmX O¡go {d{^Þ gm§àXm`mo Ho$ à^md
H$m CëëoI à`moJdmX VWm 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ g§X^m] _o§ {H$`m h¡& \«$m`‹S> H$s X{_V dmgZm, Hw§$R>m,
ApñVËddmX H$m jUdmX, {Zame, bKw _mZd H$s à{Vð>m, à{VH$dm{X`m| H$s d¡`{ŠVH$Vm,
é½UVm XwéhVm, ^mfm énm| H$m à`moJ, XmXmdm{X`m| H$s Vah na§namJV, g§ñH¥${V Ed§ gä`Vm
H$m {damoY à`moJdmX _o§ hþAm h¢& Bg{bE Cgo H$^r 'éndmX', H$^r 'ànÚdmX', H$^r 'ZB©
H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm J`m Xme©{ZH$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ à^md {gYm Ako` na ahm& AÝ` H${d`m|
Zo em`X CZgo J«hU {H$`m hmoJm& Bg{bE nad{V© H$mì` _| {Og Vah N>m`mdmX H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a
Hw$N> H${d àJ{VdmX H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo Cgr Vah àJ{VdmXr¶m| Zo à`moJ H$mo AnZm¶m Am¡a Hw$N>
à`moJdmXr H${dVm Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ Xmo H$maU _mZo J`o h¡& EH$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Xwgam
gm{hpË`H$& _Ü`dJ© Ed§ CƒdJ© Ho$ nmQ>m| Ho$ ^rVa H${d {ngVm Om ahm Wm `m Bg àH$ma H$m
AZw^d H$a Wm& gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| Am`r {JamdQ>, na§nam H$s OH$‹S> ~§Xr go N>wQ>Zo H$s
N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, _wë`m| Ho$ ZH$ma H$mo CZH$s g§doXZmAm| Zo J«hU {H$`m& Bg H${dVm H$mo _Ü`dJ© H$s
èhmgmoÝ_wI OrdZ H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbr H$hm J`m& à`moJdmX VH$ AmVo-AmVo N>m`mdmX Ho$
H$mo_b bjUm àYmZ Ed§ g§ñH¥$V{Zð> dmm`dr` H$ënZm _| H${dVm Zo gmW©H$Vm VWm AW©dÎmm
Imo Xr Wr, Vmo àJ{VdmX Zo {H$gmZ-_OXyam| Ho$ `WmW© {MÌU _| A{Zdm{XVm VWm àMmamË_H$
Zmao~mOr H$s H«$m§{V`wŠV gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ Zm_ na gnmQ>~`mZr, `m§{ÌH$ A{^ì`{ŠV H$s Wr&
Ü`mZ aho à`moJdmXr H${d ^r _Ü`dJu` aho h¢& do AnZr H$mo_b g§doXZm VWm n[apñW{V Ho$
X~md _| BZH$m 'ì`{ŠV' _mZg-VZmd ~‹T>Vm Mbm J`m& gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm| VWm Am{W©H$
g§H$Q>m| H$m AZw^d do H$aZo bJo& AnZo AmnH$mo do g_mO go H$Q>m hþAm, hmam hþAm, Am¡a H$hr§
O‹S>m hþAm Z nmZo bJo, Qw>Q>m hþAm XoIZo bJo& ì`{ŠV ñdV§ÌVm H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo CÝhm|Zo
nhMmZm Cgr Ho$ AmYma na Z`r g_{ï> Ho$ gmW VmXmå` ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s Moï>m CÝhm|Zo H$s
na§Vy CZHo$ hmWm| _moh^§J hr ha ~ma Am`m& S>m°. Zm_daOr Zo "H${dVm Ho$ Z`o à{V‘mZ' _| ñnï>
{H$`m h¡ H$s, ''g_H$mbrZ g§H$Q> H$s ñdrH¥${V, _mZ{gH$ {d^mOZ H$m à{VamoY Am¡a
`WmW©J«mhr, `WmVÏ` H$mì`-^mfm H$m {Z_m©U-`o VrZm| H$m`© 1938 B©. Ho$ Amgnmg hr ewé
hmo JE Wo& {gÜXm§V Ho$ ñVa na N>m`mdmXr ^mdyH$Vm, H$mën{ZH$Vm Am¡a AmXe©dmX Am¡a
CÎmaN>m`mdmXr ~o{\$H«$s go ^ar Aëh‹S>Vm H$s {ZñgmaVm {gÜX hmo MwH$s Wr& Amdí`H$Vm Wr
Vmo Cgo gm_w{hH$ à^mdembr én XoZo H$r& gZ 1943 ‘|o 'VmagßVH$' H$m àH$meZ Cgr
Amdí`H$Vm H$s ny{V© h¡&''
gßVH$ Ho$ g^r H${d AnZr-AnZr Ñï>r go AbJ Wo O¡go ñd§` Ako` Zo H$hm h¡-
'do g~ {H$gr ñHw$b Ho$ Zht h¡ {H$gr EH$ _§{Ob na nhþ±Mo hþE ^r Zht h¡, A^r amhr h¡- amhr
Zhr, amhm| Ho$ AÝdofr& CZ_o _V¡Š` Zht h¡, g^r _hËdnyU© {df`m| na CZH$s am` AbJ-
AbJ h¡- OrdZ Ho$ {df`m| _| g_mO, Y_© Am¡a amOZr{V Ho$ {df` _| H$mì`-dñVw Am¡a e¡br
Ho$, N>§X Am¡a VwH$ Ho$, H${d Xm{`Ëdm| Ho$ àË`oH$ {df` _| CZH$m Amngr _V^oX h¢& `hm± VH$ {H$
h_mao OJV Ho$ Eogo gd©_mÝ` Am¡a ñd`§{gÜX _m¡{bH$ gË`m|§ H$mo ^r do g_mZ én go ñdrH$ma
Zht H$aVo O¡go bmoH$V§Ì H$s Amdí`H$Vm, CÚmoJm| H$m gm_mOrH$aU, `m§{ÌH$ `wÜX H$s
1. ì`{ŠVdmX:-
à`moJdmXr ì`{ŠVdmX N>m`mdmXr ì`{ŠVdmX go AbJ h¡& à`moJdmXr Kmoa
ì`{ŠVdmXr h¡& CZH$m ì`{ŠVdmX ''Xmo gr_mÝVm| Ho$ ~rM \¡$bm hþAm h¡& CZ_| go EH$ gr_mÝV h¡
_Ü`dJu` n[adoe Ho$ à{V _Ü`dJu` H${d H$m d¡`{ŠVH$ Ag§Vmof Am¡a Xygam gr_mÝV h¡-
OZ-OmJaU go S>ao hþE H${d H$s AmË_ajm H$s ^mdZm& Hw$b {_bmH$a `h Ma_ ì`{ŠVdmX hr
à`moJdmX H$m Ho$ÝÐ-q~Xy h¡ Am¡a {d{^Þ amOZ¡{VH$, Z¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ én _|
`h g§H$sU© ì`{ŠVdmX AnZo H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡&''
à`moJdmXr H${d AnZo AmnH$mo _Ü`dJ© go H$Q>m hþAm _hgyg H$aVm h¡& {OgHo$
n[aUm_ ñdén dh A{YH$ Ah§ dmXr, AmË_H|${ÐV hmoVm J`m&AmË_ajm Ho$ {bE hr dh AnZo
Amn _| {g_Q>H$a ahZo bJm& CZH$m ApñVËd CÝho§ H$ht Zht {XI ahm Wm& ha OJh
gm_w{hH$Vm Ho$ X~md _| dh ~m¡ZmnZ _hgyg H$a ahm Wm& Bggo Xya H$aZo H$s Mmh ^r CZ_o aht
h¡& Eogo _| N>moQ>m hmo H$a ahZm Am¡a {damQ> ì`{ŠVËd YmaU H$a boZo H$m ^md à`moJdmX H$s
{deofVm h¡& O¡go Y_©dra ^maVr H$hVo h¡-
''ha _Zwî` ~m¡Zm h¡ bo{H$Z
_¢ ~m¡Zm| _| ~m¡Zm hr ~ZH$a ahVm h±ÿ
hmamo _V, gmhg _V N>moS>mo
Bggo ^r AWmh ewÝ` _|
~m¡Zm| Zo hr VrZ nJm| _| YaVr Zmnr''
H${d AnZr d¡`{ŠVH$Vm go gwa{jV ahZm MmhVm h¡ {H$ÝVw g_wh X~md _| `h
Ag§^d bJVm h¡& {\$a AZwHw$b g_` nmH$a AnZo AmnH$mo g‘mO ‘| O‹S>m nm`oJm H$m {dídmg
^r aIVm h¡& Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡-
''h_ ZXr Ho$ Ûrn
6. A{V Z¾ `WmW©dmX :-
N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo AnZr Z¾ ^mdZmAm| H$mo àH¥${V gm¢X`© Ho$ ^rVa ì`ŠV
{H$¶m h¡& em`X H${d gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm| H$mo ñdrH$m`© g_PVm hmo na§Vy à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo
gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go à{V~§{YV `m Aì`ŠV H$m_ dmgZm Ho$ Z¾ `WmW© H$mo AnZr H${dVm _| bm`m
h¡& AnZr Hw§$R>mAm|, X{_V dmgZmAm| AV¥ßV BÀN>mAm| H$m IwbH$a dU©Z à`moJdmX H$s {deofV:
h¡& H$m_ OrdZ H$m CËg h¡, na§Vy à`moJdmXr H${dVm _| dh {dH¥$V ^m¢S>o én _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
dñVwV: Ako` Am{X na \«$m`S,> bmaoÝñm H$m à^md AË`m{YH$ ahm h¡& AZ§VHw$_ma nmfmU H$s
H${dVm ‘| ^r ¶h XoIZo Ho$ {bE {‘bVm h¡ -
''_oao _Z H$s A°{Y`mar H$moR>ar _|
AV¥ßV AmH$m§jm H$s doí`m ~war Vah Im±g ahr h¡&
...
nmg Ka Am`o Vmo
{XZ ^a H$m WH$m {O`m _Mb-_Mb Om`o&''
`m eHw§$Vbm _mWwa H$s H${dVm 'gwhmJ ~obm'-
''Mbr AmB© dobm gwhm{JZ nm`b nhZo...
~mU {dÕ haUr gr
~m±hm| _| {bnQ> OmZo H$s,
_moVr H$s b‹S>r g_mZ&''
g§^moJ d¥{Îm H$m {MÌU `hm± {H$`m J`m h¡& gwhm{JZ H$mo '~mU {dÕ haUr' ~Zm`m
h¡, ~mU H$mo nwéfopÝÐ` H$s Cn_m Xr JB© h¡& `m¡Z ^mdZmAm| H$m {MÌU IwbH$a à¶moJdmXr
H${dVmo ‘| hþAm h¡&
8. jUdmX :-
jU ^md H$mo OrdZ H$s emídVVm Ho$ én _| Am¡a gm{hË` g¥OZ Ho$ én _|
à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo XoIm h¡& ì`{ŠV OrdZ _| jU^a H$m gwI g§nyU© OrdZ H$mo narV¥{ßV XoVm
h¡& jU^a H$m AZw^d H${dVm gO©Z H$aZo H$s j‘Vm XoVm h¡& {\$a 'VËjU', 'OmJaU Ho$
jU', XoeH$mb _w{ŠV Ho$ jU H$mo boH$a AZoH$ H${dVm Ako` Zo {bIr h¡& O¡go 'gO©Zm Ho$
jU', _¢Zo XoIm EH$ ~y±X'. hmoVo h¡ jU' H${dVmE± _hËdnyU© h¡- "gO©Zm Ho$ jU H${d Ho$ AZwgma
bå~o Zhr hmoVo'-
'' EH$ jU-^a Am¡a;
b§~o gO©Zm Ho$ jU H$^r ^r hmo Zht gH$Vo&
~y±X ñdmVr H$s ^bo hmo
~oYVr h¡ __© grnr H$m Cgr {Z_©_ Ëdam go
dO« {Oggo \$moS>Vm MÅ>mZ H$mo
^bo hr {\$a ì`Wm Ho$ V_ _|
~ag na ~ag ~rV|
EH$ _wŠVm-én H$mo nH$Vo''
'_¡Zo XoIm EH$ ~y±X' _| VËjU H$m Xe©Z Am¡a A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ én {XImB© XoVo h¡-
''_¡Zo XoIm
EH$ ~y±X ghgm
CN>br gmJa Ho$ ^mJ go:
a§Jr J`r jU^a
‹T>bVo gwaO H$s AmJ go&''
`m OmJaU Ho$ jU H$s ImoO H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡-
''~agm| _oar ZtX ahr&
dh J`m g_` H$s Yma _| Omo
H$m¡Z _wI© CgH$mo dmng _m±Jo?
_¢ AmO OmH$a ImoO ahm hÿ±
Am. {~å~ :-
à`moJdmXr H${d`m| na q~~dmX H$m à^md ahm h¡& dñVwV: q~~ H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡
_mZd-à{V_m Omo kmZo{Ð`m| go én, ag, J§Y, ñne©, eãX go g§doXZmE± J«hU H$aVr h¡, `o
à{V_mAm| Ho$ én _| _Z _| AmdpñWV ahVo h¡& H${d _Z {d{^Þ g§doXZmAm| Ho$ g§`moJ go q~~
{Z{_©Vr H$aVo h¡& EOam nmD§$S> VWm q~~dmX Ho$ àdV©H$ Q>r. E. h`y_ go `h na§nam {hÝXr _|
Am`r& H${dVm gw§XaVm Ho$ {bE H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| {MÌ Ho$ àñVwVrH$aU H$mo g\$b q~~ à`moJ
_mZm OmVm h¡& à`moJdmX _| `m¡Z q~~-àVrH$m| H$s ^a_ma h¡& `o h_mao na§namJV gm¢X`©~moY na
AmKmV H$aVo h¡& Ako` H$s '{e{ea H$s amH$m {Zem' H$m `§Ì q~~ Xo{IE-
""{ZH$Q>Va-Y§éZr hþB© N>V, AmS> _| {Zd}X
_yÌ g§{MV _¥{ÎmH$m Ho$ d¥Îm _|
VrZ am§Jm| na IS>m, ZVJ«rd
Y¡`©YZ JXhm
{ZH$Q>V_
ar‹T> ~§{H$_ {H$E, {ZíMb qH$Vw bmobyn
I‹S>m ~§X {~bma-
nrN>o Jmo`R>m| Ho$ J§Y_` Am~ma&''
Bg àH$ma Ho$ q~~-à{VH$m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| ñd§` Ako` Zo H$hm Wm {H$, AmYw{ZH$ `wJ
H$m gmYmaU ì`{ŠV `m¡Z-dO©ZmAm| H$m nw§O h¡' Am{X& g§píbï> q~~ H$m EH$ Am¡a CXmhaU-
""gm±g& ~wPVm {j{VO&
_Z H$s Qy>Q>-Qy>Q> nN>mS> ImVr bha
H$mbr C_‹S>Vr naN>mB`m±
V~ EH$
Vmam ^a J`m AmH$me H$s JhamB`m±''
Y_©dra ^maVr Zo ^r Bg àH$ma Ho$ à`moJ {H$`o h¡-
B. àVrH$-`moOZ :-
Ako`, e_eoa Am{X H${d àVrH$dmX go à^m{dV h¡& àVrH$ AZw^y{V H$m dh
g§{já én hmoVm h¡ Omo H$Ï` H$mo Z`m Ed§ ì`mnH$ g§X^© àXmZ H$aZo _| gj_ hmoVm
h¡&''N>m`mdmXr bmj{UH$ dH«$Vm go AmJo ~‹T>H$a AË`m{YH$ gm§Ho${VH$ àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ
''CÝhm|Zo {H$`m h¡&''`WmW© H$s H$Qw>Vm, Z¾Vm Am¡a ^`§H$aVm go ~MZo Ho$ {bE àm`: go g§Ho$V
J^u àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡& .. Ako` Ho$ àVrH$ CÝht Ho$ eãXm| _| `m¡Z àVrH$ Wo'
""{Ka J`m Z^, C_S> AmE _oK H$mbo
^y{_ Ho$ H§${nV CamoOm| na PwH$m-gm
{deX, ídmghV, {MamVya
N>m J`m B§Ð H$m Zrb dj
dO« gm, `{X V{S>V go Pwbgm hþAm gm&''
na§Vy ~mX _| CÝhmoZo gm_m{OH$, AmË_m-na_mË_m g§~§Yr, ì`{ŠV ApñVËd
g§~§Yr àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& '`h Xrn AHo$bm' _| 'Xrn Am¡a 'n§{ŠV' `o Xmo eãX ì`{ŠV
Am¡a g_mO Ho$ àVrH$ h¡-
""`h Xrn AHo$bm ñZoh ^am
h¡ Jd© ^am _X_mVm, na
BgH$mo ^r n§{ŠV H$mo Xo Xmo&''
`h g§nyU© H${dVm àVrH$dmXr h¡&' ZXr Ho$ Ûrn' ^r 'ApñVËd-g§H$Q>' H$m àVrH$
h¡& AÝ` à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| Zm_daOr Zo H$hm h¡, H$s do àVrH$dmXr Z hmoVo hþE ^r
^mdm| Am¡a dñVwAm| Ho$ gwú_ {MÌU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gwÝXa AàñVwVm| H$m {dYmZ {H$`m h¡- Yrao-
C. ZdrZ Cn_mZ :-
à`moJdmXr 'AÝdofU Ho$ amhr' `m| Zo, {deofV: Ako` Zo CŠV H$mbrZ pñW{V`m|
Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh, {djmo^ ì`ŠV {H$`m na§Vy Bg_o _yë` {dKQ>Z, {dkmZ H$m à^md, _Zwî`
ApñVËd g§doXZm na C^am àíZ{MÝh, `§Ì`wJ, amï´>r` dmVmdaU Ho$ gmW gm{hË` na
nmíMmË` H$mì`m§Xbmo§Zm H$m à^md, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, Cg Ho$ AmJo gX¡d bJm àíZ {MÝh,
_Zmo{díbofU go CnOm AmË_mbmoMZ ^md, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY, H$mì`{eën _| ZwVZVm H$m
AmJ«h à`moJdmX H$s AÝ` {deofVmE± ahr h¡& EOam nmD§$S>, ~m°Xboa, B{b`Q>, S>r. EM. bmaoÝg
H$m ~hþVm{YH$ à^md ñd`§ Ako` na ahm {H$ÝVw nmíMmË` {dMmam| Ho$ à^md go _wŠV hmoH$a
Ako` ^maVr` ~m¡Õ _V Ho$ _m¡Z H$mo AnZmVo h¡& Xw{Z`m ^a Ho$ {dMmam| Xe©Zm| H$m nR>Z-nmR>Z
H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do ~m¡ÜX _V Ho$ '_m¡Z' H$mo ' AgmÜ` Ho$ ~rM aIVo h¡& Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| H$s Am¡a go
Ako` H$s OÝ_eVmãXr df© _| Am`mo{OV g§Jmo{ð>`m| _| _¢Zo gwZm h¡ H$s Ako` H$s H${dVm '_m¡Z'
ahr O~{H$ _w{ŠV~moY _wIa hmo J`o& Š`mo{H$ _m¡Z Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ ~mX 'A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ IVao CR>mZo
hr hmo§Jo, _R> Am¡a J‹T> Vmo‹S>Zo hmoJ| H$m OwPmaZ ^md `m d¥{Îm Ako` H$s H${dVm _| Zht h¡& Bg{b`o
dh gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go CnmXo` Zhr h¡& na§Vy Eogm Zht h¡& Amn ~marH$s go 'Aar Amo H$éUm
à^m_`', Am±JZ Ho$ nma Ûma _| ì`ŠV éPmZ H$mo XoIo§Jo Vmo Ako` _| OnmZ Ho$ MrZ Ho$ OoZ _V
H$s g§doXZm ahr h¡& OrdZ H$s Am§V[aH$Vm _| CËnÞ `h AÜ`mpË_H$ éPmZ CZHo$ A§{V_ H$mì`
g§J«hm| _| ñnï> h¡& CZH$s OnmZ `mÌm, hm`Hy$ H$m boIZ ^r Bg Ñ{ï> go _hËdnyU© h¡& dñVwV:
^maV go hr ~m¡ÜX _V MrZ, OmnmZ nhÿ±Mm& Ako` Cggo Aà^m{dV Zht ah gHo$& AñVw:&
à`moJdmXr H${d`m| Zo {hÝXr H${dVm Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gwú_ ^md g§doXZm, Z`o
Cn_mZ, JhZ A{^ì`§OZm Ho$ Ûmam, B_mZXma {H$ÝVw {ZVm§V d¡`{ŠVH$ ^mdZmAm| H$mo ì`ŠV
{H$`m h¡& 'AmË_{Zð>m'Ho$ ~mdOyX g_mO Ho$ EH$ A§J H$s `Wm`© _Z: pñW{V H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m
h¡& ''
~m¡pÕH$Vm Ho$ H$maU H${dVm _| ^mdZmË_H$Vm H$m Am^md n¡Xm hmo J`m,
N>m`mdmXr H$ënZmnaH$ gm¢X`© CË\w$„Vm H$s OJh OrdZ `Wm`© go ^ar Hw§$R>m, {Zamem,
dmgZmË_H$Vm H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hþB©& H$mì` ~‹S>m H${R>Z hmo J`m& 'ZdrZVm Ho$ ñWmZ na
AH$mì`mË_H$ VËdm| H$mo$ ñWmZ {X`m'' pŠbï> eãXm|, {deofUm| H$m _Z_mZm à`moJ' 'Aíbrb
Ed§ Aé{MH$a Ñí`m| H$m A§H$Z'. 'H${dVm Ho$ Zm_ na eãXm| Ho$ gmW {IbdmS>' BgHo$ Xmof _mZo
J`o h¡& JUnVr M§Ð JwßV Zo Vmo `hm°§ VH$ H$hm± h¡ H$s.' H$mì`-emó _| H$mì`JV Xmofm| Ho$ {OVZo
^oX ~Vm`o J`o h¡, CZ g^r Ho$ gwÝXa Ed§ Cn`wŠV CXmhaU à`moJdmXr Z`r H${dVm _| {_b
OmVo h¡& ' H$mì` _| hmoZo dmbo Z`o 'à`moJm|' na Bg àH$ma Ho$ Xmof bJmZm AZw{MV Bg{bE _mZm
Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s do {ZVm§V Z`o eãXm| _| Z`r g§àof{U` A{^ì`{ŠV ghOVm go H$aZm
MmhVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go à`moJdmXr H${dVm AÀN>r Ed§ gÀMr h¡&
AnZr AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU dh M{M©V ahm& CÝhr Hw$N> {deofVmAm| H$mo
AnZmH$a 'AÝdof Ho$ amhr`m| Zo' 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Am§XmobZ Mbm`m& Hw$N> ì`{ŠVdmXr H${d
{\$a àJ{VdmX, gmå¶dmX, H$s Am¡a _w‹S>o Vmo Hw$N> Zo Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rM AnZr amh Ty>±‹T>
{ZH$mbr& H$mì`m§XmobZ _mÌ M{M©V ahm&
àma§^ _| hr Bg ~mV H$mo ñnï> H$aZm Oéar h¡ H$s à`moJdmXr VWm ZB© H${dVm _|
Hw$N> g_mZVmE± ^r h¡ Vmo {d{^ÝZVmE± ^r> {H$ÝVw BgH$m CX²^d _mÌ à`moJdmX Ho$
AñdrH$ma _| hr hþAm h¡& O¡gm H$s Zm_da qgh Zo H$hm h¡, 'à`moJ' eãX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a
'ZB© H${dVm' Zm_H$ g§km H$m àMbZ hþAm& 1951 _| Xygam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB©
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gÜXm§Vmo H$m gyÌnmV {H$`m, J`m CZH$m {dñVma Vrgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ-
H$mb 1959 VH$ A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm&'' OJXre JwßV Am¡a bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo à`moJ' go
ì`mnH$ ^y{_ na 'Z`r H${dVm' H$m Zm_ àMm[aV {H$`m& BgHo$ _wb _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m dh
g§nyU© n[adoe C^a H$a Am`m h¡& {Og_| gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, d¡km{ZH$, `m§{ÌH$Vm Ho$ gmW
Hw$N> {dXoer H$mì`m§XmobZ _hËdnyU© h¡& Z`r H${dVm H$s n¥ð>^y{_ H$mo XodamO Zo Xmo ñVam| na
aIH$a XoIm h¡ EH$ amï´>r` Am¡a Xygar AÝVam©ï´>r`& Bg_| Z Ho$db amOZr{V h¡ ~ëH$s {dXoer
gm{hpË`H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ _yë`~moY ^r h¡& ZB© H${dVm gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ d¡{dÜ`nyU©
gm_m{OH$ H$maU
{ÛVr` {díd`wÜX Ho$ ^`§H$a n[aUm_ amOZr{V Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _|
C^aH$a Am`o& gm_m{OH$, nm[adm[aH$, {ddmh g§ñWm H$m {dKQ>Z hþAm& _yë`m| H$m {dKQ>Z Bg
g_` H$s ~‹S>r g_ñ`m Ho$ én _| gm_Zo Am`r& n[aUm_V: amOZr{VH$ VmÊS>d go ^am
H$mobmhbnyU© dmVmdaU EH$ Am¡a Wm Vmo Xygar Am¡a 'Ma_am MwH$m gm_m{OH$ ‹T>m§Mm Wm& {Og_o
à`moJdmXr`m| _o§ nbm`Z H$s ^mdZm C^ar Vmo ZB© H${dVm Ho$ H${d Zo CgH$m {díbofU H${dVm _|
{H$`m& na§nam {déÜX AmYw{ZH$Vm, Z`o Am¡a nwamZo _wë`, Z`r nr‹T>r Am¡a nwamZr nr‹T>r, Zd
g§ñH¥${V Am¡a nyamZr '~yO©Am' g§ñH¥${V' Ho$ ^rVa H$s Q>H$amhQ> Zo ì`{ŠV Am¡a g_mO Ho$ ^rVa
VUmd ^am g§Kf© CËnÝZ {H$`m Z`r H${dVm Bgr ^md^y{_ _| nbr-~‹T>r h¡& ì`{ŠVdmX H$m
Omoa Wm Vmo na§namJV VWm AmYw{ZH$ _yë` hmñ`mñnX hmo MwHo$ Wo&
Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Ho$ gmW ZmJarH$aU ~‹T>Vm J`m& Jm±d COS>Vo J`o, _wë`y Qw>Q>Vo J`o&
ì`dgm`m| _| n[adV©Z Am`m& g§`wŠV n[admam| H$m {dKQ>Z hþAm, EH$b n[adma ~‹T>Vo J`o& EH$
Am¡a ^r‹S> ~‹T>r na§Vy Xygar Amoa Cg ^r‹S> _| ^r ì`{ŠV AHo$bm hmo J`m& ì`{ŠV-ì`{ŠV Ho$
^rVar 'amJmË_H$' g§~§Y VWm 'K{Zð>Vm' H$m A^md ~‹T>Vm J`m& ^r‹S> _| An[aM`Vm Ho$ H$maU
CÀN¥>§IbVm Am`r& Ohm± nhbo OwAm, eam~, Zem, ~yar g_Pm J`m dhm± ¶h Iwbo én _|
ImZm- nrZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Am_ hmo J`m& gmYmaU gr ~mV hmo J`r& ''`m¡Z-OrdZ A{Z`§{ÌV hmo
J`m ~mX _| Bgr A{Z`§{ÌVVm Zo '{\«$ goŠg' AmÝXmobZ H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& '' EH$ Vah go OrdZ
_| Aì`dñWm Am`r&
Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Zo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ^bo hr bm`m hmo {H$ÝVw Hw$N> Z`o _wë`m| H$m
{dH$mg ^r {H$`m& {d{^Þ OmVr-Y_m] Ho$ bmoJ Omo nhbo Jm±d _| H$Q>Kao _| Wo do `hm± Iwbo hmo
J`o& nmañnm[aH$ n[aM` Am¡a ZOXr{H$`m± CZ_| ~‹T>Vr J`r& Ym{_©H$-Om{VJV g§{H$U©Vm Xya
hmoVr J`r& ''gm§ñH¥${VH$ AkmZVm Am¡a AOZ~rnZ H$s pñW{V g_má hþB© VWm EH$ Eogr
g§ñH¥${V H$m {dH$mg hþAm {Og_| é{‹T>`m|, gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ XyamJ«hmo§'' Am¡a na§namJV
g§H$sU©Vm _| ~m§YZo dmbo gm_m{OH$ _yë`m| H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zhr§ ahm& n[aUm_V: Z`r H${dVm H$mo
Am¡Úmo{JH$ `wJ Ho$ VZmd AgÝVmof, Z`o gË`m| H$s ImoO H$s ì`J«Vm Am¡a `m§{ÌH$Vm Zo à^m{dV
{H$`m&
eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU ^r H$B© g_ñ`mE± n¡Xm hþB©& CZ_| go H$B© ì`{ŠVJV H$B©
gm_m{OH$ h¡ O¡go, ''g§`wŠV n[adma H$s OJh EH$Ì n[adma, ì`{ŠV-ì`{ŠV Ho$ ~rM g§Hw${MV
g§~§Y Am¡a nam`mnZ, g§~§Ymo§ H$s amJmË_H$Vm H$s {e{WbVm, OrdZ `mnZ H$m IMubm hmoZm,
_erZr CËnmXZ go ~‹T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, OZg§»`m H$s A{YH$Vm, PmonS>nÅ>r g§ñH¥${V H$m
{dH$mg, AnamY d¥Îmr _| d¥pÜX, AñdñWH$a dmVmdaU H$s g¥{ï> emaarH$ ì`Yr`m| Ho$ gmW
_mZ{gH$ é½UVm _| ~T>moÎmar, àH¥${V go AbJmd, OrdZ Ho$ à{V A{dídmg, AmË_hË`m Ho$
dmVmdaU H$m \¡$bmd, A{V ì`ñV OrdZ Ho$ H$maU ~ƒm| à{V CXm{gZVm'' AmXr& Ho$ H$maU
VUmd, AOZ~rnZ, AHo$bmnZ, g§Ìmg~moY, _Zwî` Zo _hgwg {H$`m& Bg àH$ma H$s pñW{V
H$mo Xÿa H$aZo _| AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX C{MV {dH$mg Zht hmo nm`m& Am{W©H$ joÌ _| Zdnw§OrdmXr dJ©
gm{hpË`H$ dmVmdaU
N>m`mdmXr ì`{ŠVJVVm go {ZH$bH$a àJ{VdmXr gm_m{OH$Vm _| Vmo h_ nhÿ±Mo Wo
na§Vy CgH$m à^md g_mßV hmoVm J`m& Z`o 'à`moJ' Ho$ ñda ^r _§X hmo MwHo$ Wo& 'dmX' H$s àd¥{Îm
go H${dVm H$mo ~mha H$a OZVm Ho$ ~rM, OZVm Ho$ Xa~ma _| bmZm H${d`m| H$mo A{^àoV Wm& Z`r
H${dVm _| àJ{VdmX H$m gm_m{OH$ ^md~moY h¡ Vmo à`moJdmX H$s {eënJV {d{eï>Vm h¡&
à`moJdm{X`m| H$s AmË_H|${ÐVVm, {Zamem H$mo CÝhmoZo gm_m{OH$ ì`mnH$Vm H$m AmYma {X`m&
Z`r H${dVm H$s {^ÞVm `hr h¡& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo 'Xygam gßVH$ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar
H${dVm H$mo Xwgam gßVH$ Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hþE {H$Ýht AWm} _| Hw$N> {^ÞVm H$m AZw^d
{H$`m'' `o dhr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm{hpË`H$ {^ÞVm h¡ Omo Z`r H${dVm
àd¥{Îm`m| _| {dH${gV hþB©& gmW hr {dXoer dmXm| H$m à^md ^r Cg na ahm h¡& ImgH$a dmX
{df` _| _Zmo{díbofU H$m Vmo A{^ì`{ŠV joÌ _| q~~ à{VH$ H$m& {Zambm Ûmam 'IyZ gtMm
ImX H$m VyZo A{eï>, S>mb na _§S>am ahm h¡ H¡${nQ>{bñQ>'' H$s KmofUm Zo n[apñW{V H$s
dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo nhMmZm Wm& {Og_o `WmW© H$m Xm_Z nH$‹S>H$a àJ{VdmX C^aH$a Am`m&
'ZB© H${dVm' `h Zm_ ~S>m ^«m_H$ h¡ Bg_o A{Vì`{ŠV H$m Xmof h¡& Bg{bE H$s `h
{H$gr ^r `wJ _| C^ar ZB© ^mdZm, àd¥{Îm, g§doXZm Ho$ {bE à`wŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {\$a
dh N>m`mdmX hmo `m àJ{VdmX, à`moJdmX hmo `m hmbmdmX dñVwV: H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| ¶h Z`o
Am§XmobZ hr h¡& ZB© 'Z`m' `h {deofU AnZo g_` g§X^m] H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZodmbm h¡&
{hÝXr _| à`moJdmX Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm Ho$ {bE 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm
h¡& Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ à`moJdmX Ed§ ZB© H${dVm H$mo EH$ hr _mZVo h¡ na§Vy ñd§` Ako` Zo 'àVrH$'
Ho$ OyZ 1951 Ho$ A§H$ _| 'ZB© H${dVm' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& CÝh| ZB© H${dVm Ho$ {bE
'à`moJdmX' eãX AnyU©, Aì`mßV Am¡a nyd©J«h `wŠV bJm& ZB© H${dVm eãX à`moJ Xwgam
gßVH$ go hr àma§^ hþAm& ~mX _| Ako` Zo BZ H${d`m| H$s ^Ëg©Zm ^r H$s {H$ÝVw à`moJdmX Ho$
~mX H$s H$mì` àd¥{Îm 'ZB© H${dVm' Ho$ én _| A~ OmZr OmVr h¡&
O¡gm H$s h_Zo nhbo hr H$hm h¡ H$s 'à`moJ' eãX H$mo dmX-Xy{fV nmH$a 'ZB©
H${dVm' Zm_H$ g§km H$m àMbZ hþAm& 1951 _| Xwgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ gmW 'ZB©
H${dVm' Ho$ {OZ {gÜXm§Vm| H$m gyÌnmV {H$`m J`m CZH$m {dñVma Vrgam gßVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ-
H$mb VH$ (1959) A~mY J{V go hmoVm ahm& {Ogo OJ{Xe JwßV VWm am_ñdén MVwd}Xr Zo
1954 _| AY©dm{f©H$ 'Z`r H${dVm' n{ÌH$m g§nmXrV H$s BgHo$ gmW Cgo à{Vð>m ^r {_br&
bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo Cgo A{YH$ ì`mnH$ joÌ àXmZ H$aVo hþE. H$hm H$s, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï> go ZB©
H${dVm 'Xygam gßVH$ (1951) Ho$ ~mX H$s H${dVm H$mo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg
Eo{Vhm{gH$ H«$_ Ho$ A{V[aŠV ^r ZB© H${dVm H$m dmñV{dH$ én Cg g_` à{V{ð>V hþAm, O~
'Xygao gßVH$' Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gmar H${dVm H$mo 'Xwgam gßVH$' Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmVo hþE,
{H$Ýhr AWm] _| {^ÝZVm H$m AZw^d ^r {H$`m&
Hw$N> AmbmoMH$m| Zo Z`r H${dVm H$m {dH$mg {Zambm Ho$ 'Z`o nÎmo' (1946 Ho$
àH$meZ go _mZVo h¡& ''àd¥{ÎmJV d¡{dÜ` Ho$ A{V[aŠV {Zambm Ho$ XrK©H$mì`-{dH$mg _| AJbo
aMZm Am§XmobZm|-àJ{VdmX, à`moJdmX Am¡a Z`r H${dVm Ho$ ~rO {_b OmV| h¡& CZHo$ g§H$bZ
'Z`o nÎmo' (1946) go MbZo dmbo A§{V_ Xm¡a _| Bg àH$ma H$s AZoH$ H${dVmE± Ñï>ì` h¡,''
AmJo am_ñdén MVwd}Xr Zo `h ^r ñnï> {H$`m h¡ H$s ''Z`r H${dVm'' AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Vrgam
Xm¡a h¡ Omo, ñ_aU aho, ñdmYrZ ^maV H$s nhbr aMZmË_H$Vm h¡& ... Z`r H${dVm _| AZw^d H$m
AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX _Ü`dJ© VWm {ZåZdJ© _o§ Am`m ñIbZ H$B© g_ñ`mAm| H$mo OÝ_ Xo
MwH$m& _h§JmB©, [aídVImoar, ^«ï>mMma, ~oB©_mZr, H$mbm~mOmar, Om{V`Vm, gmåàXm{`H$Vm,
Y_m©YVm, `§Ì`wJ Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vr ~oamoOJmar, `m¡Z OrdZ _| Am`m IwbmnZ, Qw>Q>Vo nm[admarH$
g§~§Y, ì`{ŠV _Z _| ~‹T>Vm VZmd, Am{X Zo `WmW© Ho$ jU H$s _hÎmm H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m&
bKw_mZd Ho$ ~hmZo CgH$s à{Vð>m, _hÎmm Oéar bJr& H$bmH$mam|, H${d`m| H$s Z¡{VH$
{Oå_oXmar Zo CZ_o ~¡M¡Zr, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, Z¡amí` , VUmd Am¡a BZ g~Ho$ {déÜX à{V~ÜX g§Kf©
H$s A{^ì`{ŠV Z`r H${dVm _| hþB©& _mZdr` g§~§Ym| Ho$ gmW AZw^y{V ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE Z`r ^mfm
H$m {Z_m©U hþAm Omo OZ-OZ H$s ^mdZm, H«$m§Vr, g§Kf©, AmñWm H$mo boH$a gnmQ>~`mZr,
JÚmË_H$Vm, _wŠVN>§X H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmZo bJm& `wJrZ n[apñW{V Am¡a ì`{ŠV Ho$
nmañnm[aH$ g§Kf© Am¡a g_Ýd` H$mo H$mì` {df` Ho$ én _| Z`r H${dVm Zo pñdH$ma {H$`m& S>m°.
aKwd§e Zo {bIm h¡- ''Z`r H${dVm AnZr A{^ì`{ŠV, àofUr`Vm VWm CnbpãY H$s Ñ{ï> go
à`moJerb H${dVm Ho$ AmJo H$s pñW{V h¡ & à`moJerb H${dVm Zo naånam go {dÐmoh Ho$ én _|
à`moJ VWm AÝdofU H$m _mJ© ñdrH$ma {H$`m Wm, na Z`r H${dVm Ho$ g§X^© _| do CgH$s àd¥{Îm Ho$
gyMH$ h¡& à`moJ `wJ H$m H${d AnZo g§Kf© Ho$ à{V {ZpíMV Zht Wm, AmO H$m H${d AnZr gmar
e§H$mAm| Ho$ ~rM AnZo ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ à{V AmñWmdmZ h¡& '' (gm{hË` H$m Z`m n[aàoú`)]
ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX AmµOmXr go CgH$m _moh^§J hmo J`m& ~mX _| ^r CgH$s gm_m{OH ,
Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ pñW{V _| H$moB© gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m& n[aUm_V: _Ü`dJ© _| AnZr pñW{V
Ho$ à{V g§Kf© ^md CËnÝZ hþAm& Bg_| ^r CgZo {damoY H$mo nm`m, ''EH$ Amoa amï´>r` ñdmYrZVm
Am¡a CÝZ{V go CgHo$ _Z _| AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg {Z_m©U hmo ahm Wm Vmo Xwgar Amoa AnZr
~T>Vr hþB© _hËdmH$m§jmAmo H$s ny{V© Z hmoZo go {Zamem Am¡a AdgmX go dh {Ka ahm Wm& '' Hw$N>
bKw _mZd H$m H$ënZm-~moY Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡& ''Z`r H${dVm Zo {Og
_mZd H$s H$ënZm H$s dh ì`mnH$ _mZd-AmË_m H$m bKwV_ ~moY H$hm J`m h¡& '' 'Z`r
H${dVm' {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ {damQ>Ëd Ho$ g_j _Zwî` Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo Zï> Zht H$aZm MmhVr''
{damQ>Ëd Ho$ gm_Zo ì`{ŠV Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo H${d`m| Zo g§H$Q> _| nm`m Bg{bE CÝhmoZo CgH$s
_hÎmm H$mo H${dVm _| aoIm§{H$V H$a CgHo$ ApñVËd H$mo ~MmZm Mmhm& Bgr Z`o _Zwî` H$mo
bú_rH$m§V d_m© Zo 'bKw _mZd' H$hm& Am¡a CgH$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm h¡, CgH$s 'g§doXZm
^r‹S> H$s g§doXZm Zht h¡'... dh {ddoH$ Am¡a AmË_gmjmËH$ma na AmYm[aV g§doXZm h¡', dh Mmho
{OVZr ZJÊ` hmo, Mmho {OVZr AdhobZm Ho$ `mo½` hmo, Cg g_whdmX go A{YH$ _wë`dmZ h¡,
Omo Ho$db `§Ì Ûmam h_mar B§{Ð`m| H$mo Mm{bV H$aHo$ AnZm _ÝVì` Vmo {gÜX H$a boZm h¡ {H$ÝVw
Omo Cg ^r‹S> H$s ha BH$mB© H$mo ImoIbm Ry>±‹T> ~ZmH$a N>mo‹S> XoVm h¡& '' Z`o bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a
AÚmo{JH$ ì`dñWm go {Z{_©V Omo g§ñH¥${V-g_mO Z`o H${d`m| H$mo {_bm Cg_| CgH$m {ddoH$
Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm AmhV hmo J`r& CZ_| Hw§$R>m n¡Xm hþB© Am¡a AnZr Bg g§nyU© pñW{V Ed§ 'na§namJV
gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dñWm' à{V {dÐmoh H$m OÝ_ hþAm Am¡a ''Eogo _| _Zwî` H$s H$ënZm
H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m Omo gmar ì`dñWm Ho$ gm_Zo N>moQ>m hmoVm hþAm ^r AnZr ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a
{ddoH$ H$m {Z`ÝVm'' dh hmo J`m& bú_rH$m§V d_m© Ho$ AZwgma bKw _mZd H$s {ZåZ {deofVmE±
h¡&
1. bKw _mZd Ho$ bKw n[adoe H$s ~mV BZ Hw§$R>mAm| go n¥WH$ h¡ Am¡a _mZdmZw^y{V Am¡a
_mZd gmW©H$Vm Ho$ _hËd go g§~§ÜX h¡&
2. bKw _mZd H$m n[adoe AZw^y{V H$s JhamB© Am¡a {ddoH$ H$s _`m©Xm go àem{gV hmoVm
h¡&
3. ^{dî` Ho$ à{V dh AnZr AñWm Vmo aIVm hr h¡, {H$ÝVw bKw n[adoe H$s gmW©H$Vm Ho$
gmW&
4. CgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV _| `h {dídmg ^r {Z{hV h¡ {H$ CgH$m ^md~moY {H$gr nyd©
{ZpíMV {Z`{VdmX `m M_ËH$ma go à^m{dV Zhr h¡&
5. ñdV§ÌVm H$s H$moB© Am¡a n[a^mfm {~Zm Bg _mZdr` ñVa Ho$ AWm©V bKw-_mZd Am¡a
CgHo$ bKw n[adoe Ho$ nyar Zhr hmoVr&
6. dh OrdZ {H«$`merb Ho$ (`m {H«$`merb OrdZ Ho$) Cg én H$mo MmhVm h¡, {Og_|
g_J«Vm hmo, g§H$sU©Vm Z hmo&
7. OrdZ H$s g_J«Vm H$m ì`dhm[aH$ én EH$-Xygao H$mo ghZ H$aZo _| h¡ Z {H$ Cg
Aì`mdhm[aH$ Am{YnË` _|, {Og_| {damoYm| H$m Zme H$aHo$ Ho$db EH$ gÎmm éT>
ì`{ŠV Ho$ à{V g_ñV MoVZm A{n©V hmo OmE&
Bggo bKw-_mZd H$s EH$ Eogr 'N~r' C^aH$a AmVr h¡ Omo 'AnZo bKw n[adoe,
1. dh AnZo Mmam| Amoa {~Iao n[adoe go {H$gr àH$ma H$s AmË_hrZVm AZw^d Zht
H$aVm&
2. dh AnZr gr{_V e{ŠV H$mo {H$gr àH$ma H$s namO` H$m H$maU Zhr§ _mZVm, ~pëH$
g_` n‹S>Zo na AnZr g_ñV MoVZm go {H$gr ^r ~‹S>o g§H$Q> Ho$ {déÜX I‹S>m hmoZo H$m
gmhg aIVm h¡&
3. dh {ZpíMV én go `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ BH$mB© H$s Apñ_Vm H$s gwajm Ho$ {~Zm
gm_m{OH$-Apñ_Vm H$s gwajm H$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡ Š`mo{H$ BH$mB© g_mO H$m à_wI
VËd h¡&
4. dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ ì`{ŠV Am¡a ì`{ŠV Ho$ ~rM _mZdr`-_yë`m| Ho$ ñVa na H$moB© ^oX
Zht hmoVm&
5. dh AnZo OrdZ-{Z_m©U _| {H$gr ^r Cg e{ŠV H$mo ^mJrXma Zht ~ZmZm MmhVm Omo
H$mën{ZH$-_hËd go g§~ÜX h¡ Š`m|{H$ Eogm H$aHo$ Cgo AmO VH$ N>bm J`m h¡&
6. dh AnZo dV©_mZ Ho$ à{V nyU©V… gOJ h¡&
7. dh AnZo ApñVËd H$m dmhH$ hmoZo na ^r {H$gr àH$ma gm_pîQ>H$Vm H$m {damoYr Zht
h¡ Š`m|{H$ _ybV… CgH$m g§Kf© gm_m{OH$Vm go Zhr, g_mO _| \¡$br _yë`hrZVm Am¡a
AbmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ àd¥{Îm go h¡&
8. dh AnZr O` Am¡a namO` XmoZm| H$m daU ñd§` H$aVm h¡, VWm `h à`mg H$aVm h¡
{H$ dV©_mZ Ho$ ñdén go ^{dî` H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`m OmE& gwI Am¡a Xw:I XmoZm| H$mo
^moJZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg OmJéH$ Ñ{ï> h¡&
Z`r H${dVm _| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$s nhMmZ H$m VmËn`© h¡- '_mZd pñW{V Ho$
gmjmËH$ma H$s {ZVm§V ZdrZ OmJéH$ nÜX{V', OrdZ H$s g_P H$s JË`mË_H$ àH¥${V',
'AnZo H$mb H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo H$s AW©nyU© MoVZm', 'AW©nyU© OrdZ-_yë`m| H$mo àmá H$aZo
H$s {d{Y,' 'n[adoe Ho$ à{V ì`{ŠV H$s gVV gOJVm' Am{X& '' BZH$m AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
n[adV©Zr` h¡, Bg_| H$moB© 'é‹T>' `m 'O‹S>' YmaUm Zht& Omo é{‹T>`m±, naånamE± n[adV©Z d
'_Zwî` ñdV§ÌVm H$m {dH$mg' gmYZo Zht XoVr CgH$m {damoYr H$mì` h¡ Z`r H${dVm&
CgH$m `h AW© ^r Zht H$s dh g_¥ÜX AVrV na§nam Ho$ H$Q>r h¡& ~ëH$s CgHo$
JVrerb VËdm|, _yë`m|, {dídmgm|, H$mo Z`o g¥OZmË_H$ g§Kf© j_Vm go CnOrì` ~ZmVr h¡& `hr
CgH$m ñdV§Ì {ddoH$ h¡, g_` Ho$ àVr à{V~ÜXVm Ed§ gOJVm h¡& ''Bggo'' AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY
ì`{ŠV H$mo AnZm ghr Xm{`Ëd {Z~mhZo H$s Amoa ào[aV H$aVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Ñ{ï>
{ddoH$nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$s ñWmnZm H$aVr h¡& ì`{ŠV AnZo n[adoe H$mo g§dmaZo H$s {Xem _|
{H«$`merb aho Am¡a {H$g J{V go {H$g Amoa Om ahm h¡ `h g~ gmoMZo H$s e{ŠV AmYw{ZH$Vm
~moY H$s eV© h¡&'' (S>m°. Za|Ð _mohZ… AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a g_H$mbrZ H${dVm gßVqgYy (Zd
H$mì` {deofm§H$- EH$) AJñV, 1973 A§H$ 8, n¥. 22) AWm©V `h Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mg
gmYZo H$s Zhr _mZ{gH$ CÝZVr nmZo H$s H$mo{ee ^a h¡& Bg{bE Cg_| 'EH$ Amoa ñdrH¥${V h¡
Vmo Xygar Amoa AñdrH¥${V& ' dh OrdZ H$mo JVr, {dH$mg àXmZ H$a ahr h¡ H$s CgHo$ ApñVËd
H$m Zme H$a ahr h¡, Bgr H$s Vbme h¡ Z`r H${dVm& S>m°. XodamO Ho$ AZwgma CgH$s {deofVmE±
h¡-
1. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh ghO; ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a J{Verb à{H«$`m h¡, Omo OrdZ H$mo ghr
g§X^© _| g_PZo H$s Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$aVr h¡&
2. `h _yb én _| nañna{damoYr Zht h¡- àË`wV ì`dñWm_wbH$ _w{ŠV H$s ^mdZm àYmZ
hmoVr h¡&
3. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY dh Ñ{ï> h¡ Omo _Zwî` _| {N>nr gO©ZmË_H$Vm H$mo _wI[aV H$aVr h¡
Am¡a Cgo gË` go grYo gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {bE V¡`ma H$aVr h¡&
4. AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY _| g§H$sU©VmAm| Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht hmoVm, CgHo$ _yb _|
_mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï> hmoVr h¡&
5. AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY H$moB© ~mh`mamo{nV VËd Zhr h¡, ~pëH$ àJ{Verb OrdZ Ho$
{dH$mg-H«$_ Ho$ AZÝVa àmßV MoVZm h¡, Omo _yë` Z hmoVo hþE ^r dmñV{dH$ OrdZ-
_yë`m| Ho$ à{V gMoV H$aVr h¡&
Z`o H${d H$m AnZo ì`{ŠVËd na ^amogm H$aVo h¡& do H${R>U go H${R>U {dnXm _| ^r
AnZr AmñWm Ho$ ~b Cgo ghZo Ed§ Xya H$aZo H$m ^md CZ_| h¡& ^{dî` H$s CÁOdVm na
CZH$m Ñ‹T> {dídmg h¡& OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© nj H$mo ^r do Bgr Ñ{ï> go XoIVo h¡& Bgr H$maU do
OrdZ-g§Kf© go N>m`mdmXr`mo VWm à`moJdmXr`mo O¡gm nbm`Z Zht H$aVo& Cgo AnZmH$a
Z`r H${dVm jUmZw^y{V H$mo A{YH$ _hËd XoVr h¡& g¥OZ Ho$ {bE jU hr ~moY
OJmVo h¡& jU ~moY H$s AZw^y{V hr CZ H${d`m| Ho$ {bE gË` h¡& OrdZ jU-g§doXZm go ^am h¡&
Cgr _| Cgo OrdZ Ho$ gwI Xw…I {_bVo h¡& Cggo hr OrdZ gVV n[adV©Zerb hmoVm h¡& jU
H$s g§doXZm H$mo AZw^d H$aZm H$mì` _| Cgo gwa{jV H$aZm {\$a {H$gr Xwgao jU- g§doXZm H$mo
OrZm, ''Bggo ñnîQ> h¡ {H$ àË`oH$ jU AnZr gr_m _| hr JhZ AZw^y{V_wŠV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr
H$maU Z`r H${dVm _| jUmZw^y{V Ho$ A§H$Z H$mo n`m©ßV _hËd {X`m J`m h¡& '' XodamO Zo BgHo$
Xmo àH$ma _mZo h¡ EH$ gyú_ Am¡a Xwgam ñWwb, '' gyú_ jU _| H${d gË` Ho$ gmjmËH$ma H$amZo
dmbo jU H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& `h _w{ŠV H$m jU hmo gH$Vm h¡& .... O~{H$ ñWyb
jU _| AgË`, ^m¡{VH$, Amg{ŠV`wŠV H$mbI§‹S> H$s A{^ì`{ŠV hmoVr h¡& '' jU AZw^y{VnyU©
Ed§ Jhao hmoVo h¡& {Og_o 'ñWyb Ed§ gwú_' AZw^y{V`m± n¡Xm' hmo OmVr h¡, CgH$s AZw^y{V Ed§
^mo½`m H$s VrZ pñW{V`m± XodamO Ho$ AZwgma hmoVr h¡- EH$ ñVa dh, {Og_| g§doXZm gwú_ Am¡a
A{YH$ JhZ hmoVr h¡, Xygam dh {Og_| ñWyb H$mo ^moJH$a AZw^y{V EH$Ì H$aZo H$s AXå`
bmbgm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Vrgam dh {Og_| Xmo jUm| Ho$ Ow‹S>Zo H$m VZmd ahVm h¡& Bgo ì`{ŠV ^moJZm
Zht MmhVm, {H$ÝVw Cgo ^moJZm n‹S>Vm h¡& '' (dhr-n¥-81)
AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Am¡a AZw^d H$s àm_m{UH$Vm Ho$ H$maU Z`r H${dVm n[adoe Ho$
à{V gOJ h¡& {OgHo$ H$maU gm_m{OH$ `WmW© H$m CX²KmQ>Z hþAm h¡& AnZo n[adoe à{V dh
Xm{¶Ëd~moY H$mo pñdH$maVo h¡& bKw _mZd H$s Ñ{ï> H$mo _hËd XoZo Ho$ nrN>o H$s ^y{_H$m `h ^r ahr
h¡ Š`mo§{H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| gdm©{YH$ Cno{jV, ÌmgX, {dS>å~Zm go `wŠV OrdZ Cgr Ho$
{hñgo _| Am`m h¡& CgHo$ _Z _| C^aH$a Am`m Z¡amí`, g§Ìmg, g§H$Q>~moY, g§Kf© H$s
A{^ì`{ŠV H$s geŠVVm Zo Z`r H${dVm H$mo OrdZ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> {X`m h¡& g_mO AHo$bonZ
Am¡a doXZm Ho$ H$maU g~go ~‹S>m Xw^m©½`embr bKw _mZd hr ahm h¡& N>m`mdmX go boH$a
à`moJdmX _| ì`{ŠV H$s pñW{V-J{V _| Omo ~Xbmd Am`m CgHo$ gmW Z`r H${dVm-g_` _|
dh {ZnQ> AHo$bm Ed§ ÌmgX OrdZ OrVm ahm h¡& aKydra ghm` Zo H$hm h¡-
""{H$VZm AÀN>m Wm N>m`mdmXr
EH$ Xw…I boH$a dh EH$ JmZ XoVm Wm
{H$VZm Hw$eb Wm àJ{VdmXr
ha Xw…I H$m H$maU dh nhMmZVm Wm
{H$VZm _hmZ Wm JrVH$ma
Omo Xw…I Ho$ _mao AnZr OmZ boVm Wm
{H$VZm AHo$bm hÿ± _¢ Bg g_mO _|
Ohm± gXm _aVm h¡ EH$ Am¡a _VXmVm&''
Z`r H${dVm H$m g§doXZerb H${d O~ amOZoVm H$m OZV§Ì Ho$ Zm_ na,
em§VrdmXrVm Ho$ Zm_ na AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ \$ao~ H$aVo ZoVmAm| H$mo XoIVm h¡, Vmo dh {Vb{_bmh
CR>Vm h¡ - lrH$m§V d_m© H$hVo h¡-
""Hw$N> bmoJ _y{V©`m ~ZmH$a
~oMoJ| em§{V H$s (AWdm fS>`§Ì H$s)
Hw$N> Am¡a bmoJ
gmam g_`
6. `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> …-
`WmW© H$m à{VnmXZ àË`oH$ H$mb H$m H${d H$aVm h¡ na§Vy CgHo$ à{V CgH$s
{d{^ÝZ Ñ{ï> H$m AmJ«h ^r hmoVm h¡& àJ{VdmXr`m| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW© Wm Vmo à`moJdmXr`m| _|
ì`{ŠV `WmW©, `m A{V`WmW© dmX na§Vy Z`r H${dVm _| g_` `WmW© _| ~ZVo-{~JS>Vo
ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ `WmW© H$mo H$mì` _| à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡& '_Zwî` H$m XX© _wbV: EH$ hr h¡ Am¡a
AmO H$m H${d ~‹S>r B_mZXmar Ho$ gmW Cgo g§doXZmnyU© T>§J go ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡& ' Ako` Zo H$hm
h¡-
''.... `o Ag§»`
Am°Io Wr
XX© g^r _| Wm
OrdZ H$m XX© g^r Zo OmZm''
àJ{Verbm| H$s Vah Ho$db Hw§$R>mAmo AmË_H|${ÐVVm Ed§ `m¡Z dO©ZmAm| H$mo `WmW© Ho$
én _| Z pñdH$maVo hþE Cgo g_J« gm_w{hH$ én _| AnZm`m h¡&
A. ^mfm:-
Z`o H${d`m| _| `h {dMma nZnm H$s 'naånamJV ^mfm go `wJ-OrdZ Ho$ ghr {MÌU
H$s Amem Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& _yb én _| `hr H$maU Wm {Ogg| Z`o H${d H$mo ^mfm g§ñH$ma
H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>r& '' Z`r H${dVm ^mfm H$s {deofVm `h h¡ H$s 'dh {H$gr EH$ nÜX{V _|
~§YH$a Zht MbVr' {H$ÝVw à^m{d Ed§ geŠV A{^ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE CËH¥$ï> H${d ~mobMmb H$s
^mfm-à`moJ H$mo àmYmÝ` XoVm h¡& Z`r H${dVm ^r Cgr H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡& ^dmZr àgmX H$s
'gVnw‹S>m Ho$ O§Jb' H${dVm O§Jb àH¥${V Am¡a àd¥{Îm XmoZmo§ H$mo gm_Zo bmVr h¡& AmemoH$
dmOno`r H$s H${dVm 'eha A~ ^r g§^mdZm h¡, H$m CXmhaU XodamO Zo {X`m h¡, ''_m±/bm¡Q>H$a
O~ AmD$±Jm/Š`m bmD$±Jm/`mÌm Ho$ ~mX H$s WH$mZ/gyQ>Ho$g _| Ka ^a Ho$ {bE
H$nS>|/{_R>mB`m±, {Ibm¡Zo/~‹S>r hmoVr ~hZm| Ho$ {bE/A§XmO go Z`r \¡$eZ H$s Mßnb|/''
g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr CXy©, OZnXr` ~mobr-eãX H$m à`moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hþAm h¡&
{ÌbmoMZ, Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, Yw{_b, gd}ída Am{X _| ¶h XoIo OmVo h¡& 'bmoH$ ^mfm, bmoH$
YyZ' Am¡a 'bmoH$ g§ñH¥${V' H$m à`moJ 'Jr{V gm{hË`' _| hþAm h¡& Ako` H$s H$bJr ~mOao H$s
H${dVm CËH¥$ï> CXm h¡&
Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Z`o _whmdao ^mfm H$mo 'gmd©OZrH$' ~ZmVo h¡& ^mfm H$m
gmYmaUrH$aU Z`r H${dVm H$s {d{eï>Vm h¡& H$ht H$hr gnmQ>~`mZr `m 'dŠVì` Zw^m' ^mfm
H$m à`moJ ^r àMwa hþAm h¡& Yw{_b Am{X H$s ^mfm Bgr àH$ma H$s h¡&
gm_mÝ` AmX_r, gm_mÝ` ^mfm CZH$s Im{g`V h¡-
""am§nr go CR>r hþB© Am±Imo§ Zo _wPo
jU^a Q>Q>mobm
Am¡a {\$a
O¡go n{V`mVo hþE ñda _|
dh h±gVo hþE ~mobm-
~m~yOr! gM H$hÿ±-_oar {ZJmh _|
Z H$moB© N>moQ>m h¡
Z H$moB© ~‹S>m h¡
_oao {bE, ha AmX_r EH$ Omo‹S>r OwVm h¡
Omo _oao gm_Zo _aå_V Ho$ {bE I‹S>m h¡&''
Z`r H${dVm _| JÚ ^mfm H$m à`moJ ^r gd© pñdH¥$V hmo J`m h¡& A{YH$ma bå~o Mm¡‹S>o
dmŠ`, dŠVì` XoVo, ~mV g_PmVo, dU©Z H$aZo Bgr àH$ma H$s ^mfm à`wŠV hþB© h¡& Ako` H$s
Am. à{VH$
Z`r H${dVm _| na§namJV VWm Z`o àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& Hw$N> H${d`m| Ho$
H${dVm erf©H$ hr àVrH$mË_H$ h¡ Ako` H$s 'ZXr Ho$ Ûrn', gmJa VQ> H$s gr{n`m±, _w{ŠV~moY
H$s '~«h_amjg', '^yb-JbVr' 'bH$‹S>r H$m amdU' A§Yoao _| 'A§Yoam, H$mbm nhmS>, {VbH$ H$s
_wVu, Jm§Yr, AmH$me _| VmbñVm` AmXr àVrH$ hr h¡&
'~«÷amjg' dV©_mZ _| ~mh`m§VarH$ g§Kfm} Ho$ ~rM nr{‹S>V _mZd H$m àVrH$ h¡, Vmo
'bH$‹S>r H$m amdU' emofH$ gÎmm H$m Am¡a 'dmZa OZdmXr H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ àVrH$ h¡& '' ~‹T> Z
B. {~å~:-
{~å~ H$mo _wV© eãX-{MÌ H$hVo h¡& H${dVm Ho$ {bE dh _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡ Omo H${d
AZw^y{V H$mo à^mdj_Vm Ho$ gmW nmR>H$m| VH$ nhÿ±MmVm h¡& ñd§`{Z{_©V _m¡{bH$ {~§å~ H$m àMya
à`moJ Z`r H${dVm _| hþAm h¡& {~å~ H$B© àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡& _w{ŠV~moY Zo {~å~m| H$m g_W© à`moJ
H${dVm _| {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo _mZd-öX` H$s O{Q>bVm H$mo EH$ àmH¥$V Jwhm Ho$ g_mZ {~§~ _mZm
h¡- ''^y{_ H$s gVhm| Ho$ ~hÿV ZrMo/A§{Y`mar EH$mÝV/àmH¥$V Jwhm EH$&''
H$B© d¡km{ZH$ q~~m| H$m à`moJ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w{ŠV~moY
Zo {H$`m h¡-
{gVmao Amg_mZr N>moa/na \¡$bo hþE/AZ{JZV Xe‘bd go/Xe‘bd-q~XyAmo§ Ho$
gd©V…/ngao hþE CbPo J{UV _¡XmZ _|&
AWdm-
EH$ EH$ dñVw `m EH$-EH$ àmUm{½Z-~_ h¡/`o na_mó h¡, àjonmó h¡, `_
h¡/eyÝ`mH$me _| go hmoVo hþE do/Aao, A[a na hr Qy>Q> n‹S>o A{Zdma&
àjonmó, eodboQ>-S>mO, ao{S>`mo EpŠQ>d aËZ, H¡$_am, ao\«$sOaoQ>a O¡go q~~ {_bVo
h¡ Omo nyar Vah AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ g§doXm| H$mo ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡& àVrH$mË_H$ q~~m| H$m Vmo IµOmZm hr
Z`r H${dVm _| h¡& _w{ŠV~moY _| ~«÷amjg, A§Yr Jw\$m, ^yV AmXr& Ho$ gmW hr g§e` H$s EH$
amV, H$Zw{à`m, AgmÜ`drUm, ‘mo{Mam^, Am{X _| H$B© q~~m| H$mo àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡&
_Zmod¡km{ZH$ VWm `m¡Z q~~m| H$mo ^r à`wŠV {H$`m J`m h¡& na§Vy CÎmamoÎma Z`r H${dVm Zo q~~m|
H$s OJh gnmQ>~`mZr dŠVì` {X`o h¡& ~mX Ho$ H${d`m| Zo g§^dV… q~~mo§ H$mo H$mì` H$m gmYH$
_mZZo Ho$ ~Om` ~mYH$ hr _mZm h¡& Ho$XmaZmW qgh O¡go H${d {OÝho q~~m| H$m H${d H$hm OmVm h¡
do ^r H$h aho h¡-
9.5 _yë`m§H$Z:-
Z`r H${dVm g§~§Yr Bg {dñV¥V MMm© Ho$ ~mX `h H$hm Om`oJm H$s CgH$m dU©-
{df` joÌ H$m\$s {dñV¥V h¡& AmYw{ZH$ _Zwî` H$s 'Q´>oOS>r' go `h Ow‹S>r ahr& Bg{bE OrdZ Ho$
g^r àg§Jm|, AÀN>o-~yao, Hw$én-{dén, H$s g§nyU©Vm Cg_| Am`r h¡& ì`§½` H$m à`moJ Bgr
H$maU H${dVm _| àIaVm Ho$ gmW hþAm h¡& bKw _mZd H$s H$ënZm {deof Zo Cgo dV©_mZ Ho$
gmW Omo‹S>m h¡& H$mì` ^mfm Ho$ én _| `h nyd©dVu H${dVm go {deof h¡& N>§X Ho$ gmW CgHo$ ~§Y§Zm|
H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a `h gnmQ>~`mZr, dŠVì` H$s ^y_r na nhÿ±Mr h¡& ''Z`o AW© Ho$ {bE Zd{Z{_©V
eãXm| H$m à`moJ' hþAm h¡& {\$a EH$ ~mX `h H${dVm OZmoÝ_wIVm H$s Amoa bm¡Q> n‹S>r h¡& {~å~,
àVrH$, Ab§H$marH$Vm Ho$ _moh go dh _wŠV hmo ahr h¡& Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s H${dVmE± CgH$m
à_mU h¡&
{\$a ^r Cg_| {dXdmZm|, Ho$ gmW Z`o H${d`m| Zo hr Hw$B© Xmof nm`o h¡& ñd§`
_w{ŠV~moY Zo H$hm h¡, ''Z`r H${dVm _|, ~hþV ~ma, Eogo ^md-{dMma àH$Q> {H$`o OmVo h¡ Omo
{ZVmÝV à{V{H«$`mdmXr h¡,'' Z`r H${dVm H$mo npíM_r {dMma Zo {gIm`m H$s ''OZVm g_wh
h¡- dh A§YH$ma h¡, AÝ`H$a-J«ñV h¡, dh OëXr hr ^r‹S> ~Z OmVr h¡& CgH$m gmW _V Xmo&
Vw_ gMoV ì`{ŠVËdembr àmU-H|$Ð hmo& Cg_| AnZo-AmnH$mo {dbrZ _V H$mo& AnZo ApÝV_
{ZîH$f© _| `h {dMmaYmam AË`ÝV à{H«$`mdmXr h¡, dh OZ Ho$ à{V K¥Um na AmYm[aV h¡, Am¡a
~wpÜXOr{d`m| H$mo OZVm go AbJ H$aHo$ aIZo H$m Cnm` h¡& '' Bg{bE do {\$a H$hVo h¡- _¢
'Owby_ _| em{_b hmo OmD$±Jm; bo{H$Z '^r‹S> ' Am¡a 'Owby_' Vmo _Zwî` Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ n[ahma
H$m, AÝVì`©{ŠVËd Ho$ g§hma H$m gyMH$ h¡, Bg{bE _oar _w{ŠV H$ht ^r Zht h¡& '' {\$a ^r
g_wh "AgmYmaU H$m`© H$aVm' h¡ ~eV} CgH$m EH${ÌV hmoZm CÔoí`nyU© hmo H$m {dMma ^r dh
aIVo hþE H$hVo h¡ H$s _w{ŠV AHo$bo _| Zht hmoVr-
9.6 Cng§hma :-
ZB© H${dVm OZVm H$s Am¡a OZVm Ho$ gmW H$s H${dVm h¡& dh na§nam go {dÀN>oX
hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX na§nam go _wŠV Zhr h¡& Bg H${dVm Am§XmobZ goo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| _w{ŠV~moY,
^dmZr àgmX {_l, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, H$s{V© Mm¡Yar, ^maV^yfU AJ«dmb, gd}ída X`mb
gŠgoZm, Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, bú_rH$m§V d_m©, OJXre JwßV, _wÐm amjg, Zo{_M§Ð O¡Z,
à^mH$a _mMdo, amOH$_b Mm¡Yar, aKwdra ghm`, lrH$m§V d_m©, Xwî`ÝVHw$_ma, Yy{_b, Hw§$da
Zmam`U, H¡$bme dmOno`r, lram_ d_m©, XwYZmW qgh O¡go geŠV _hËdnyU© H${d C^aH$a
Am`o& XodamO Zo H$hm h¡ H$s 'Bg H${dVm Zo hr nhbr ~ma ì`{ŠV H$mo ì`{ŠV H$s na§nam _|
aIH$a XoIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& ^{ŠVH$mb go boH$a àJ{VdmX VH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo _§{Xa, _hb,
ñdJ©, AmH$me, Am¡a _mŠg© H$s VWmH${WV _mŠg© dm{X`m| Ûmam ñd`§ H$s JB© Añdm^m{dH$
ì`m»`mAm| Ho$ a§JrZ nQ>m| _| bnoQ>m Om ahm h¡& Z`r H${dVm Zo hr Cgo Am_ {OÝXJr H$s
AÀN>mB`m| Am¡a ~wamB`m| Ho$ ~rM _Zmod¡km{ZH$ én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& AV… Z`r H${dVm Zo
ì`{ŠV H$mo na§nam go H$mQ>m Zht, ~pëH$ Omo‹S>m h¡& '' `h _V ghr ^r à{VV hmoVm hmo na§Vy H$~ra
H$. {hÝXr ‘| JrV H$s na§nam H$m {dH$mg H¡$go hþAm ¶h OmZZm&
I. ZdJrV ¶h Zm‘ Bgo ³¶m| {X¶m J¶m Am¡a BgH$s àd¥{Îm¶m± {H$g àH$ma H$s h¡
BgH$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZm&
K. ZdJrV ‘| eha Am¡a Jm±d H$s g§doXZm H$mo A{^춳V H$aVo hþE CgHo$ H${d {H$g
àH$ma H$m AZw^d àVrV H$aVm h¡ Bgo XoIZm-g‘PZm&
S>. ZdJrV {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$s EH$ geº$ {dYm h¡ Omo ¶hm± H$s O‘rZ go Ow‹S>o ahZo H$m
~moY H$amVr h¡&
10.1 CX²^d :-
{hÝXr _| Jr{V H$mì` H$s na§nam Am{XH$mb go hr ahr h¡>& {dÚmn{V, A_ra Iwgamo _|
Bgo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& ^{ŠV H$mì` Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Vmo Bgo Ma_ CËH$f© na nhÿ±Mm`m ImgH$a
H¥$îU^ŠV H${d`m| _| gyaXmg, Z§XXmg, _ram~mB© Ho$ nX Jo` aho h¡& ar{VH$mb _| Z¥Ë`, g§JrV
O¡go H$bmAm| H$m ~hþ_wIr {dH$mg hþAm& `hm± go ^maVoÝXww H$mb VH$ JrV na§nam H$s OS>m| go
nmo{fV aho h¡& {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s B{Vd¥ËVmË_H$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm Zo H${dVm H$mo JÚ én _| ñdrH$mam
Jo`Vm H$m A^md Bg H$mb _| ~Zm ahm {H$ÝVw àgmX, n§V, {Zambm Am¡a _hmXodr Zo g\$b JrVm|
H$m boIZ {H$`m& `o H$m\$s à{gÜX ^r hþE ^mdmË_H$Vm, d¡`{ŠVH$Vm, AZw^y{V H$s
amJmË_H$Vm, g§JrVmË_H$Vm, g§{jßVVm Am{X JwUmo do b~mb~ ^ao JrVm| Zo {\$a EH$ ~ma CËH$f©
H$mb XoIm& CgHo$ ~mX ~ÀMZ, {ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z', am_oída ewŠb 'A§Mb' ZaoÐ e_m©,
^JdVrMaU d_m©, Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'àYmZ', JmonmbXmg gŠgoZm 'ZraO' Xod|Ð e‘m© "B§Ð'
¶moJoÝÐ XÎm e‘m©, C‘mH$m§V "‘mbdr¶' dV©‘mZ ‘| ^maVoÝXþ {‘l, YZ§O¶, Hw±$da ~oM¡ nmb
Agr‘, {dkmZ Am{X`m| Ho$ JrV __© ñneu, Ed§ gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma Ho$ gmW AmemdmXr,
_mZdVm Ho$ Jm`H$ aho h¡&
gZ 1950 Ho$ ~mX JrV H$s MoVZm _| n[adV©Z Am`m Am¡a ''`h _mZm OmZo bJm {H$
JrVm| H$m ñda Z`o OrdZ Am¡a Z`r àJ{V Ho$ à{V AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg H$m ñda aho h¡& '' Bg
Z`r MoVZm H$mo XoIVo hþE hr 'Z`m JrV', 'AmO H$m JrV', 'AmYw{ZH$ JrV', 'Z`o JrV' Am{X
{d{^ÝZ Zm_m| go Cgo {MpÝhV {H$`m J`m& gZ 1975 _| draoÝÐ {_l Zo 'Z`r H${dVm, Z`o JrV:
_yë`m§H$Z H$s g_ñ`m`| '{df` na Bbmhm~mX Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma gå_obZ _| AnZm AmboI nT>m&
'ZdJrV' g§km gd© àW_ lr. amOoÐ àgmX qgh Zo 'JrVm§{JZr' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gZ 1958 _|
àXmZ {H$ BÝhr H$s 'AmB©Zm' n{ÌH$m Zo ZdJrV H$mo Cd©a ^y_r {Xbm`r& gZ 58 _| 'bha' Ho$
g§nmXH$ àH$me O¡Z H$m H${dVm§H$ Am`m& Bgr ‘| go JrV Ho$ Z`o Voda H$m nVm MbVm h¡&
g§nmXH$ _hoÝÐ e§H$a H$s 'dmg§Vr' Ûmam Am`mo{OV 'Z`o JrV: Z`o ñda' H$s l¥§Ibm Zo ^r
ZdJrV H$mo J{V Xr& BgHo$ ~mX _mÌ ñdV§Ì ZdJrVH$mam| Ho$ g§H$bZ VWm g_doV g§H$bZ
Am`o& {OZ_| _hËdnyU© h¡, 'JrVm§{JZr' Ho$ Abmdm 'H${dVm' 64 (1964), JrV-EH$
(1966) JrV-Xmo (1967), gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ C^aVo ZdJrVH$ma' (1967) nm±M OmoS> ~m±gwar
(1969), ZdJrV XeH$-EH$ (1982), ZdJrV XeH$-Xmo (1983), ZdJrV XeH$-VrZ
(1984) Am¡a `mÌm _o§ gmW-gmW (1984) Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡&
ZdJrV Zo CnZo CËg H$mo J«m_ MoVZm Ho$ gmW ~XbVo ZJa ~moY _| Am`r OrdZ H$s
{dg§J{V`m| _| nm`m& OrdZ `WmW© VWm ‘Im¡b ~ZmVr Om ahr BÝgmZr`VVm H$mo ñda {X`m
ZdJrV Zo& '' Bg g_` ZdJrV AnZr nyar e{ŠV Ed§ gmYZ go àmMrZ na§namJV é{T>`m| Ed§
_¥V aMZm-Y{_©Vm H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a gm_{OH$ n[apñW{V Ho$ {dÐÿn_` pñW{V H$mo ñda XoVm {XIVm
h¡& 'ZdJrV' `wJ H$s V_m_ _Zmod¥{Îm`m| H$mo g_m{dï> H$a Cgo àñVwV H$aZm MmhVm h¡& Bg{bE
Bg g_` 'ZdJrV' _| {OVZm AmH«$moe h¡, {OVZm VZmd h¡, {OVZr Znw§gH$Vm h¡, {OVZr
Ñ‹T>Vm h¡, {OVZm jmo^ h¡, {OVZr nr‹S>m h¡, {OVZr CXmgr h¡, Cëbmg Ho$ {bE {OVZr bbH$
h¡, _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE {OVZr Vrd« N>Q>nQ>mhQ> h¡, CVZm g~ Hw$N> em`X hr H$^r JrV _| XoIm J`m
hmo& `h ~Xbmd AH$maU Zht h¡& BgHo$ _wb _| AÜm©-gm_§Vr, AY© ny±OrdmXr-
AY©Cn{ZdoedmXr gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Ho$ g§ñH$ma {Z{hV h¡ Omo nyar
j_Vm Ho$ gmW H${d g_mO H$mo AnZo AmXe© H$s Amoa T>Ho$b aho h¡& '' ZdJrV AnZr g§ñH¥${V,
_mZdr` amJmË_H$Vm, bmoH$ g§X^© go Ow‹S>r _wbV: Am§M{bH$ àd¥{Îm h¡& eharH$aU Ho$ H$maU
{dH${gV hmoVr g§doXZmAm| go Ow‹S>H$a dh {dñV¥V hmo MwH$s h¡& `h H$moB© Am`m{VV na§nam Zht
Bgr {_Å>r H$s CnO h¡& dñVwV: 'ZdJrV AnZr g¥OZ à{H«$`m _| gX¡d gOJ Ed§ gH«$s` ahm''
h¡& AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Cgo N>m`mdmX Am¡a Z`r H${dVm H$s JrV na§nam H$mo Omo‹S>Zodmbm goVy
_mZm h¡& `h ghr ^r h¡& ''N>m`mdmXr JrV na§nam Ho$ {bO{bOo, _m§gb, _mXH$, JwXJwXo,
H$ënZm{lV d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$s O_rZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a OrdZ Ho$ IwaXaonZ H$mo ñda Xo ahm Wm, Vmo
Xwgar Amoa Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Zrag ZmJarH$aU Am¡a `m§{ÌH$ n[adoe-{Og_| ~oJmZmnZ, {dKQ>Z,
AOZ~rnZ, KwQ>Z, AZmñWm, g§Ìmg, IrP, namO`, Hw§$R>m H$m {MÌU Wm&'' Eogo _| ZdJrV
_mÌ BZ gmar {MOm| H$mo ZH$ma H$a, ''_mZd Ho$ MoVZmË_H$ ñVa na àmH¥${VH$ ñZo{hb Am`m‘m|
Ûmam Eogm g_Ýd` àñVwV H$a ahm Wm Omo _pñVîH$ H$mo CX²~wÕ H$aVm n¡Xm Am¡a gmW hr öX`
ZdJrV H$m AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg VrZ H$mbI§S>mo§ _| {d^m{OV H$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&
1. àW_ ñVa (1950 go 1960 VH$)
2. {ÛÎmr` ñVa (1960 go 1970 VH$)
3. V¥Vr` ñVa (1970 go A~ VH$)
ZdJrV H$s à{V~ÜXVm AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| ~ZVo-{~J‹S>Vo _Zmo^md MoVZm Ho$
{d{dY Am`m_m| go JwOaVo hþE {damQ> AZw^dm| H$s A{^ì`{ŠV ñdén C^ar, nZnr, ~‹T>r h¡&
BZH$m g§~§Y A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$ gamoH$mamo§ go ahm h¡&
1. gm_m{OH$ `WmW©:-
ZdJrV `WmW© Ho$ àVr AmJ«hr ahm h¡& dñVwV: 'X¡{hH$ amo_mZ VWm H$mën{ZH$
Am»`mZ go _wŠV hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dg§JV njm| H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o `hr
`WmW©-~moY H$m_ H$a ahm Wm& Xygar Vah go H$ho Vmo `h {H$, ZdJrV AnZr Bgr àd¥Îmr Ho$
MbVo 'ZdJrV' g§km A{O©V H$a gH$m h¡& ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdJrV H$s g§nyU© gm¡X`©_`Vm Bg
`WmW© {MÌU Ho$ H$maU hr {Z{_©V hþB© VWm ZdJrV gm{hË` _| AnZm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd H$m`_
H$a gH$m& '' dra|Ð {_l Zo Bgo hr ñnï> {H$`m h¡ -
''Xya hmoVr Om ahr h¡ H$ënZm
nmg AmVr Om ahr h¡ qOXJr''
(dra|Ð {_l - JrV_)
Bgr Vah ZdJrV nwamZo ^md~moY go {ZH$bH$a AmYw{ZH$ hmo J`m Am¡a CgZo OZ
OZ Ho$ gmW AWm©V g_mO Ho$ gmW AnZm [aíVm H$m`_ {H$`m& Bgr OJh dh gm_m{OH$
`WmW© Ho$ à{V à{V~ÜX `m `mo§ H$h| X`m~moY aIVm h¡& dra|Ð {_l hr AmJo H$hVo h¡-
''nra Voar H$a ahr J_JrZ _wPH$mo
Am¡a Cggo ^r A{YH$
2. J«m_ ~moY …-
ZdJrVH$ma àm`… J«m_ OrdZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> ahm h¡& CgHo$ à{V AZwaŠV, `m H$ho
'_mohJ«ñV' ahm h¢& Jm±d BZHo$ {bE 'gm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha' ahr h¡& ''J«må` OrdZ H$m
AmË_r`VmnyU©, nm[adm[aH$ gÝX^m] Am{X H$mo ñ_¥{V Ho$ ghmao ZdJrV _| dh bmVm h¡& {Og na
eharH$aU Ho$ AmH«$_U {ZaÝVa hmo aho h¡& BgH$m _yb H$maU Am{W©H$ X~m~ h¡ {OgHo$ ZJa _|
nyao hmoZo Ho$ Adga A{YH$ h¡& Bg{bE Jm§d Ho$ bmoJ eha H$s Va\$ ^mJ aho h¡& ZdJrVH$ma
ehaOrdr h¡ na Jm±d H$s _Ywa ñ_¥{V CgHo$ _Z _| {OÝXm h¡& dh bmoJm| H$mo AJmh H$aVm h¡''
eha _V AmZm-
'"Ka H$s {H$ëbV ^yI-{~_mar
h°§g H$a gh OmZm
^¡`m!
eha Zht AmZm&''
(AZyn Aeof, ZdJrV XeH$-2 n¥-39)
Š`m|{H$ dh _mgw{_`V, ^mobonZ H$mo CS>m bo OmVm h¡& Jm§d Ho$ à{V AñWm Am¡a ZJa
à{V AZmñWm H$m ^md ZdJrVH$mam| _| AË`m{YH$ ahm h¡& _mYdoÝÐàgmX Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s,
''ZdJrVH$ma {Og gm¡X`© H$m g¥OZ H$aVm h¡ dh ^r eharH$aU Ho$ ImoIbonZ VWm J«må`-
OrdZ Ho$ ñ_¥{V_ybH$ AmË_n[adoe go AZwà{UV h¡& ~moY Ho$ ñVa na ZdJrVH$ma `hm±
njYaVm H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m h¡& EH$ Amoa Ohm± Cggo J«må`- OrdZ H$s ~Xhmbr, _yë`hrZVm,
AmMma ^«ï>Vm Ny>Q> J`r h¡ dht Xygar Va\$ eham| H$s AÀN>mX`m| H$mo ^r ZOa A§XmO H$a XoVm
3. ZJa ~moY :-
ZdJrV _| eha V_m_ ZH$mamË_H$ _yë`m| Ho$ àVrH$ én _| C^aH$a Am`m h¡&
gm§ñH¥${VH$ èhmg, {dKQ>Z, nm[adm[aH$ Qy>Q>Z, ZH$brnZ, CXmgr, {~Iamd, gå~§Ymo§ H$m
ImË_m, Cn^moŠVm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ OÝ_, Am{W©H$sH$aU, emofU, `ÝÌUm, D$~, KwQ>Z, VZmd,
AOZ~r`V, AZ¡{VH$Vm, BË`m{X H$m H$maU eharH$aU H$mo _mZVo hþE ZdJrVH$ma Zo AnZo
~moY H$mo BgHo$ {Ibmµ’$ I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡ Am¡a gm¡ÝX`© Ho$ Cg Z`o _mZH$ H$m emoY {H$`m h¡ Omo
{g\©$ _mZd Ho$ Cëbm{gV VWm _Yya gÝX^m] go hr {Z{_©V Zht hmoVm daZ² OrdZ Ho$ Xw…ImË_H$
nhbwAm| H$mo ^r g§ñne© H$aVm h¡& '' dñVwV… ZdJrV _| eha OrdZ H$s g§doXZ{gŠVVm H$m
^anya {MÌU Am`m h¡& J«m_ H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþE ZdJrVH$mam| Zo ZJa ~moY H$s A{^ì`{ŠV H$s
h¡& BZH$s BZ gmar g§doXZmAm| H$mo amOoÐ Jm¡V_ Ho$ eãXm| _| ì`ŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-
''Üd§gH$ AUw-Aóm| Ho$ AmV§H$ Ho$ gm`o _|, `m§{ÌH$ `wJ Ho$ ^`mdh VZmd _|, ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$
{dñ\$moQ> go _mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$s I§{S>VVm Ho$ ~rM, AmXem}§ Ho$ Qy>Q>-{~Ia OmZo dmbo ImoIbonZ
Ho$ Xm¡amZ, A{ZíM` H$s A§Yoamo, gwa§Jm| go JwOaVo hþE, _wIm¡Q>mYmar amOZr{V Ho$ n[ahmg-
ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~rM VWm _yë`m| H$s {^{Îm H$mo ^a^amH$a {JaVo XoIVo hþE ^r OrdZ _| gm¢X`© H$s-
EH$ ZdrZ gm¢X`© H$s- ImoO hr _mZdr` {dídmg H$s CnbpãY H$s EH$ _mÌ amh hmo gH$Vr Wr
Am¡a `h ImoO {Og àH$ma Ho$ gm¢X`© VH$ Bg nr‹T>r H$mo bo J`r, CgH$s _yb-ga§MZm H$m gm¢X`©
H$s 'H¡${_ñQ´>r' go {^Þ hmoZm ^r An[ahm`© Wm, gå^dV: Bgr{bE ZdJrVH$ma Zo _erZr
H$mobmhb Ho$ ~rM b`m| H$m g§YmZ {H$`m h¡, VZmdm| Ho$ ~rM g§doJm| H$mo A{^ì`{ŠV Xr h¡, EH$-
ag ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ ~rM àmUdmZ {~å~m| H$m gO©Z {H$`m h¡, {~Iamd Am¡a Qy>Q>Z Ho$ ~rM {eën H$mo
g§píbï>rH¥$V én {X`m h¡&''
ehar OrdZ H$s Amnm-Ymnr, ì`ñVVm Ho$ H$maU `m§{ÌH$ OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE
ì`{ŠV {dde h¡, _O~ya h¡& Bgr H$maU CZH$m OrdZ ag gwI J`m h¡& _Ü`dJu` ZmoH$ar noem
dJ© Ho$ {bE eha H¡$gm hmo J`m h¡ Bgo _mhoída {Vdmar Zo AnZo JrV haqgJma H$moB© Vmo hmo' _|
ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡-
'"eha hmo J`o,
gmao Jwb_moha, A_bVmg
^r‹S> _hmZJa hmo J`o&
4. àH¥${V ào_
Jm±d àH¥${V H$m gå_mohZ ZdJrVH$mam| _| ahm h¡& {Og J«m_rU OrdZ go dh Ow‹S>m h¡
Cgr H$mo JrV H$m {df` Z ~Zm`m OmE, Eogm hmoVm Zht& Jm±d àVr {Zð>m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Zð>m,
na§nam ~moY Ho$ gmW àH¥${V ào_ H$B© ZdJrVH$mam| _| h¡& {\$a ^r àH¥${V H$mo ñdV§Ì {df`
~ZmH$a CgH$m dU©Z am_Xae {_l, adrÝÐ ^«_a, am_Zaoe nmR>H$, eå^wZmW qgh,
R>mHw$aàgmX qgh Am{X`m| _| nm`m OmVm h¡& CZHo$ àH¥${V {MÌU _| '_Z Ho$ Cëbmg, g§`moJ-
{d`moJ, hf©-CÝ_mX Am¡a amo_mpÝQ>H$Vm A{YH$ {_bVr h¡& '' eå^wZmW {g§h H$m JrV ' _mÜ`_
_¢ ' _| 'H$m{VH$ H$s YaVr' H$m dU©Z Am`m h¡-
5. àU`~moY
àH¥${V H$mo _mÜ`_ ~ZmH$a àU` H$m {MÌU N>m`mdmX H$s Img {deofVm h¡& {Zambm
H$s 'Owhr H$s H$br' BgH$m CÎm_ CXmhaU h¡& {\$a ^r {Zambm Ho$ JrV na§nam H$m `m H$ho Bgr
àd¥{Îm H$m à`moJ ZdJrVH$mam| Zo {H$`m h¡ {H$ÝVy Ü`mZ aho BZH$m {MÌU N>m`mdmX go {ZVm§V
{^Þ h¡& àU` {MÌU _| ZdrZVm, VmOJr, CË\w$ëbVm, ghOVm, ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$s bbH$ h¡&
''ZdJrV _| àU` H$mo EH$ Z¶m ~moY {_bm {Og_| Zmar ^mo½`m Zht, ghYm{_©Ur h¡, g_ñ`mAm|
H$s {_b-~m±Q>H$a hb H$aVr h¡& H$m_ H$aVr h¡, {Zame _mZd H$mo OrdZ H$s Zd-àoaUm àXmZ
H$aVr h¡& dh ^ma Zhr h¡, nwê$f na Am{lV ^r Zht h¡& ghO gm¢X`© go CË\w$ëb AmX_r H$s
H$mo_b MoVZm H$s g§a{jH$m hmoZo Ho$ gmW nmañnm[aH$ _mZd-_yë`m| H$s g§dm{hH$m h¡ Zmar&
AmñWm,{dídmg, dmËgë`, H$éUm, X`m O¡gr CXmÎm MoVZm H$s A{Yð>mÌr hmoZo Ho$ gmW e{ŠV
H$m AOó ómoV ^r dh h¡& ZdJrV _| Omo Zmar AmVr h¡ dh {g\©$ 'Xod' _mÌ Z hmoH$a _mZdr`
^mdZmAm| H$m AmYma ^r h¡& Xoh H§$MZ H$s Zht/dmgZm ^tJr/ Vw_ ^mdZmAm| H$m/ _Ywa
AmYma ^r Vmo hmo/''(JrV nd© Am`m h¡, amOoÐ Jm¡V_)-'' (n¥.-143)
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ Xm¡a _| ~‹T>Vo eharH$aU _| àU` g§~§Ym| na g§e` I‹S>o hmo J`o&
Cgna "" Am{W©H$ X~md VWm ^moJdmXr AmH$f©U Zo AmË_r`Vm Ho$ jU H$mo gr{_V H$a {X`m h¡ &
'' Ohra Hw$aoer H$s aMZm 'EH$ ZXr gmJa go {_b H$a/JmZm ^yb J`r' Bgr Xama H$mo Xem©Vr
h¡ Š`m| {H$ 'nËZr {ZH$br gw~h / em_ H$mo XâVa go bm¡Q>r/ n{V H$m ZmBQ> {eâQ> gmV {XZ _|
{\$a go bm¡Q>r& '' (EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn-n¥-81) Eogr n[apñW{V _o àU` ~m§Y Qy>Q>Zm ñdm^m{dH$ hr
h¡ V~ ~wpÜXZmW {_l H$hVo h¡-
I. amOZr{VH$ {dMma :-
AmµOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s amOZr{V H$m ^mZ{MÌ ZdJrVm| _| Am`m h¡& gmR>moÎmar H${d`m|
H$s Vah _mÌ AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Am`o ñdemgZ à{V CZH$m ^r _moh^§J hmo MwH$m h¡& ñdV§Ì ^maV
H$m gwIX ^{dî` H$m gnZm Qy>Q> MwH$m h¡, ''gÎmm na ny±OrdmXr _mZ{gH$Vm dmbm| Ho$ A{YnË`
11.3 àñVmdZm …-
AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` _| CnÝ`mg H$m _hËd d¡gm hr h¡ O¡gm àmMrZ H$mì` _| _hmH$mì`
H$m& {H$ÝVw _hmH$mì` H$m Zm`H$ _Ü`dJ© `m {ZåZ_Ü`dJ© H$m ahm Zhr {H$ÝVw CnÝ`mg H$m ahm
h¡& CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr AmXr _| H$Wm Zm`H$ gm_mÝ`, gd©ham Ho$ nmÌ hr aho h¡& `hr H$maU h¡ H$s
`h {dYm {OVZr _Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW OwS>r h¡ em`X hr AÝ` {dYm OwS>r hmoJr& XodVm, àH¥${V,
amOm gm_§V Ho$ OrdZ_yë`m| H$s OJh gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$m g§Kf© nhbr ~ma gm{hË` Ho$ ^rVa
CnÝ`mg Ûmam hr Am`m Eogm H$hZm A{Ve`mo{ŠV Zht hmoJm& em`X `hr H$maU h¡ H$s {dídñVa
na ^r CnÝ`mg {dYm bmoH${à` ahr h¡& gdm©{YH$ Zmo~b nwañH$ma CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$mo hr {_bo
h¡& JÚ {dYm Ho$ A§VJ©V ¶h bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ gmW AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd àmá H$a MwH$s h¡&
dñVwV: Am¡{ÚJrH$aU Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| Am`r Cn{ZdoerH$aU Zo ^maV _| CnÝ`mg {dYm H$m
{dH$mg {H$`m& `h àW_ ~ma ~m§Jbm Am¡a {\$a CgHo$ ~mX {hÝXr _| {dH${gV hþB©& 'Zm°dob'
A§J«oOr Ho$ eãX H$m à{Vén 'CnÝ`mg' {hÝXr _| ~T>m& _amR>r Ho$ 'H$mX§~ar' eãX à`moJ H$s
gmW©H$Vm 'Zm°dob' go OwS>r& {hÝXr _| 'CnÝ`mg' eãX ì`wËnÎmr Am¡a gmW©H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go
à`wŠV hþAm h¡&
CnÝ`mg eãX 'Cn' g_rn VWm 'Ý`mg' WmVr Ho$ `moJ go {Z{_©V hþAm h¡&
CnÝ`mg eãX H$m _yb AW© h¡- {ZH$Q> aIr hþB© dñVw& AWm©V h_mar H$Wm, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr,
1. gm_m{OH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg:-
A§J«oOr T>§J H$m {hÝXr H$m àW_ _m¡{bH$ gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg 'narjm Jwé' (1882)
H$m boIZ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg Zo {H$`m& dñVwV: ~m§½bm Ho$ g_mZ hr {hÝXr _| ^r g_mO H$s
AmbmoMZm Ho$ én _| CnÝ`mg H$m àdV©Z hþAm {H$ÝVw ~mX _| _Zmoa§OZ Am{X ^md Bg‘| ~T>Vo
J`o& {’$a ^r CnÝ`mg H$s _wb àd¥{Îm _mÌ gm_m{OH$ `moJ, AmbmoMZ H$s hr ahr h¡& Bg ûmoUr
Ho$ boIH$m| _| lÜXmam‘ {\$bm¡ar H$m '^m½`dVr' bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m 'narjm Jwé'
~bH¥$îU ^Å> H$m 'ZyVZ ~«÷Mmar' (1886) R>mHw$a OJ_mohZ qgh H$m 'í¶m‘m ñdßZ'
(1988), amYmH¥$îUXmg H$m '{Zñghm` {hÝXy' (1890), n§{S>V b‚mmam_ e_m© Ho$ 'YyV©
a{gH$bmb' (1889), 'ñdV§Ì a_m Am¡a naV§Ì bú_r' (1899), 'AmXe© Xån{Îm'
(1904) VWm '{~JS>o H$m gwYma' Am¡a 'gVr gwIXodr' (1907), 'AmXe© {hÝXy' (1914),
{H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r Ho$ 'Mnbm dm Zì` g_mO' (1903) '{ÌdoUr dm gm¡^m½`loUr'
(1907), brbmdVr dm AmXe© gÎmr' (1901), amOHw$_mar (1902), nwZO©Ý_ dm
gm¡{V`mXmh (1907), _mYdr-_mYd dm _XZ_mo{hZr (1916), 'A§JR>r H$m ZJrZm'
(1918), J§JmàgmX Jwá H$m 'bú_rXodr' (Xygar ~ma 1920 _| N>nm hmoJm) Q>rH$mam_ {Vdmar
Ho$ 'nwînHw$_mar' (1980), éÐXÎm e_m© Ho$ 'ñdJ© _o§ _hmg^m', í`m_{H$emoa d_m© H$m 'H$mer
`mÌm' (1916), am_OrXmg d¡í` Ho$ 'YmoIo H$s Q>Å>r (1907) VWm '\y$b _| H$m§Q>m (1900),
A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` 'harAm¡Y' Ho$ 'AY{Ibm \w$b (1907) VWm 'R>oR> {hÝXr H$m R>mR>'
`m 'Xod~mbm' (1899), H¥$îUbmb d_m© 'Månm' (1916), _ÞZ {XdoXr H$m 'am_bmb'
(1917), VWm 'H$ë`mUr' Am{X& _hËdnyU© gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg Bg H$mb _| {bIo J`o h¡&
'narjm Jwé' Ho$ boIH$ bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m OÝ_ _Wwam Ho$ EH$ _mhoídar d¡í`
n[adma _| hþAm Wm& 'narjm Jwé' '{_Ì narjm' hr h¡, Bg_| '{dnXm' H$mo 'narjm' H$hm J`m h¡&
BgHo$ _wIn¥ð> na {bIm h¡ 'AZw^d Ûmam CnXoe {_bZo H$s EH$ g§gmar dmVm©' AWm©V
'AZw^d' hr 'narjm' h¡, Am¡a 'CnXoe' hr 'Jwé' H$m H$_© h¡, 'g§gmar dmVm©' aMZm H$s Om{V
h¡& ''BgHo$ Zm`H$ na {dn{Îm AmZo go hmoe _| Am`m Am¡a {_Ì-A{_Ì H$s nhMmZ H$aZo `mo½`
~Zm&
ZdOmJaU Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MÌU BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| hþAm h¡& EH$ gZmVZr
Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am¡a Xygam gwYmadmXr 'XodamZr OoR>mZr', 'dm_m {ejH$' Am{X _| ór gwYma, ~mb
{ddmh {damoY, {ó`m| H$m PJS>mby ñd^md, A§Y{dídmg, Am¡a CnXoe H$s ^a^ma Am{X BZH$s
{deofVm h¡&
Jmonmb am` Zo R>rH$ H$hm h¡ H$s 'dm_m {ejH$, XodamZr OoR>mZr H$s AZwH¥${V h¡, `m
A{YH$ CgH$m nëbdZ& '' '^m½`dVr' _| ^r {hÝXy g_mO H$s ~wamB`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s J`r
h¡& Bg_| boIH$ H$m gwYmadmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ahm h¡& ^maVoÝXw Zo 'Amn~rVr OJ~rVr ' _|
Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg:-
ào_M§X nyd© H$mb _| {bIo {hÝXr CnÝ`mgm| H$m _w»` {df` gm_m{OH$, KQ>ZmË_H$
hr ahm h¡ na§Vy Hw$N> _hËdnyU© Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ ^r {H$`m J`m h¡& dñVwV:
^maVoÝXw `wJ _| JXmYaqgh Zo ~§{H$_M§Ð Ho$ à{gÜX CnÝ`mg 'XwJ}eZpÝXZr' H$m {hÝXr _|
AZwdmX {H$`m& V~ go ~§{H$_M§Ð H$m à^md {hÝXy-CnÝ`mg, {deofVm {hÝXr Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$
CnÝ`mgm| na nS>Zo bJm& 'XwJ}eZpÝXZr' H$s aMZm 'AmYw{ZH$ `moamonr` e¡br' na hþB© Wr&
Eo`ma
{Vbñ_r CnÝ`mg H$m àmU Eo`ma h¡& 'MÝÐH$m§Vm' CnÝ`mg _| Zm`H$ draoÝÐ qgh
H$mo Vmo '{g\©$ AnZr VmH$V H$m ^amogm h¡' na§Vy Eo`ma VoOqgh H$mo 'AnZr VmH$V Am¡a Eo`mar
XmoZm| H$m' ... Eo`mar EH$ {dÚm (hþZa) h¡, {OgH$m _yb gyÌ h¡ YmoIm XoZm... Eo`ma bmoJ _m`m Ho$
CnmgH$ hmoVo h¡& M§ÐH$m§Vm, M§ÐH$m§Vm gÝV{V Ho$ 24 ^mJ Bgr àH$ma Ho$ CnÝ`mg h¡&
Omgwgr CnÝ`mg :-
{Vbñ_r-Eo`mar go AbJ {H$ñ_ Ho$ Omgygr CnÝ`mg boH$a Jmonmbam_ Jh_ar Zo
{hÝXr _| Yy_ _Mm Xr& BZHo$ AZwXrV, àH$m{eV, _m¡{bH$ VWm Omgwgr H$WmnwñVH$m| H$s g§»`m
200 h¡& bJ^J 100 _m¡{bH$ _mZr OmVr h¡& 'AX^yV bme' (gZ 1896), JwßVMa
(1899), ~oH$gwa H$s \$m±gr (gZ-1900), gaH$mar bme (1900), IwZr H$moU'. ~oJwZmh
H$m IyZ', 'O_wZm H$s ^yb', ^`§H$a Mmoar, 'OmXyJaZr _Zmobm' (gZ 1909), S>mHo$ na S>mH$m
(gZ-1910) 'Omgyg M¸$a _|' (gZ-1900) 'IwZr H$m ^oX' (gZ-1910), IyZr H$s
ImoO (gZ- 1910), BÝÐOm{bH$ Omgyg (gZ- 1910) MmB©Z na bme (1907), {H$bo
_| IyZ (1910), ^moOnya H$s R>Jr (gZ- 1911), JwßV ^oX (gZ 1913), Omgyg H$s
Eo`mar (gZ-1914) Am{X à{gÜX h¡& dñVwV: 19 eVr _| A§J«oOr _| ga AmW©a H$mZZ S>m`b
Ûmam (gZ-1859-1930) Ho$ g_` _| Omgygr CnÝ`mg H$m\$s bmoH${à`Vm hm{gb H$a
MwHo$ Wo& CgH$m à^md ~§Jbm Am¡a Cggo {hÝXr _| `h na§nam {dH${gV hþB©& ~§Jbm CnÝ`mg
AX²^yV CnÝ`mg :-
Bg dJ© Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| na AàË`j à^md aoZmëS> H$s à{gÜX aMZm '{_ñQ´>rO Am\$
{X H$moQ>© Am\$ b§X>Z'AWdm 'b§XZ ahñ`' H$m nS>m Wm& {hÝXr _| BgHo$ 16 ^mJ N>no& `h
CnÝ`mg AmíM`© H$m IOmZm, {d{MÌVm H$m ^m§S>ma, KQ>Zm H$m g_wÐ, {XbMñdr H$m nhmS>,
Iy~gyaVr H$m AImS>m,ào_ H$m ZZyZ-H$mZZ, h§gr-_OmH$ H$m \$ìdmam, grZ-grZar H$m
H$mohoH$m\$ Am¡a XJm \$ao~, Omb-OwAm, Mmoau-IyZ Iam~r, Mmoar S>H$m¡Vr, VWm AË`mMma-
A{dMma H$m ~m`ñH$mon h¡& '' Eogo CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r H$m 'IyZr Am¡aV H$m
gmV IyZ'(gZ-1916), {ZhmbM§X d_m© H$m 'ào_ H$m \$b AWdm {_g Om¡ham'(gZ
1913), n§{‹S>V {dÇ>bXmg ZmJa H$m '{H$ñ_V H$m Iob', ào_{dbmg e_m© H$m' ào__mYwar dm
AmZ§H$m§VX'(gZ 1915) Am{X CëboIZr` h¡& AÝ` CnÝ`mgm| _| AS>g{Zdmgr gyaO^mZH$m
doí` 'H$Q>m hþAm {ga' am_bmb d_m© Ho$ 'Ab~obm am{J`m' Am¡a dr.E.H$s ~~m©Xr', XwJm©àgmX
IÌr Ho$ 'aŠV _§S>b','à{VemoY','bmbn§Om' à{gÜX h¡& XwJm©àgmX IÌr Ho$ BZ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$
g§~§Y _| H$hm OmVm h¡ H$s, '' `o amï´>r` ^mdZm go qhgmnyU© H«$m§{V H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¡& ''
H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ {b`o àoaUm XoVo aho h¡&
Bg H$mb _| 1898 _| H$moB© AkmV gr 'A~bm' Zo' gwhm{gZr {bIm Am¡a àH$m{eV
{H$`m& CgHo$ ~mX {à`d§Xm Xodr Zo 'bú_r'(1908), Hw± Vr Xodr Zo,nmd©Vr(1909) `emoXm
Xodr Zo'gÀMm n{Vào_'(1911), ho_§V Hw$_mar Mm¡Yar Zo 'AmXe© _mVm'(1912), ~«÷Hw$_mar
^JdmZ Xodr Xw~o Zo 'gm¡X`© Hw$_mar'(1914) lr_Vr Hw$_wX~mbm Xodr Zo 'gXmMaUr'(1917)
Am{X CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam ór AmXem}, _yë`m|, {Zð>mAm|, {eï>mMma g§~§Yr ñÌr-nwéf CnXoe na `h
CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡& `h ór bo{IH$mAm| H$m àma§^ h¡&
gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg :-
gm_m{OH$ `WmW© ào_M§X H$s XoZ ahr h¡& 'JmoXmZ' Cgr H$m _hmH$mì` ahm h¡, Am¡a
ñd§` hmoar `WmW© H$s Q´>oOS>r& dJu` M[aÌ H$s H$ënZm H$a Cg `WmW© H$mo JmoXmZ _| ào_M§X Zo
{d{dY Am`m^ {X`o h¡& dñVwV: ñd§` ào_M§X Zo ZmZm{dY àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m Bgr AW© _| do
H$Wm g_«mQ> hmo OmVo h¡& BÝhr H$s na§nam H$m {dH$mg àgmX Ho$ H§$H$mb _| C^aH$a Am`m h¡&
H$bmÝVaU _| {Zambm, CnoÝÐZmW AíH$, nmÊS>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«', MVwagoZ emór,
d¥ÝXmdZbmb d_m©, ^JdVrMaU d_m©, {dîUw à^mH$a, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, Zaoe _ohVm, M§Ð
{H$aU gm¡Z aoŠgm Am{X boIH$m| Zo CnÝ`mg {dYm H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m& BZ g~Ho$ boIZ H$s
AnZr-AnZr {deofVm h¡& na§Vy gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go n[adV©ZH$mar ^mdZm Zo OS> Ed§
`WmpñW{VdmXr na§nam, _yë`, g§ñH$ma H$s Ztd {hbmH$a aIZodmbo BZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m _hËd
A{YH$ h¡& BZH$m AdXmZ AZoH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go qMVZnaH$ h¡&
ào_M§X Ho$ A{V[aŠV gm_m{OH$ CnÝ`mg H$m boIZ H$aZodmbo _| àgmX CnoÝÐZmW
AíH$, ^JdVràgmX dmOno`r, ^JVrMaU d_m©, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, nmÊS>o` ~oMZ e_m© 'CJ«'
Am{X _hËdnyU© h¡&
{hÝXr CnÝ`mg _| àma§^ go hr gm_m{OH$Vm H$m ñda AZwJw±O ahm h¡& narjm Jwé
g_V ào_M§X `wJ Ho$ AZoH$ CnÝ`mg gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| go nyarV h¡& ào_M§X Ho$ à{Vkm _|
{dYdm g_ñ`m, godmgXZ _| doí`m g_ñ`m, {Z_©bm _| AZ_ob {ddmh Am¡a gm¡Vobr _m± H$s
g_ñ`m, a§J^y{_ _| amOZr{VH$ VÏ` H$m`mH$ën, H$_©^y{_, Am¡a JmoXm_ _| ór Ed§ {H$gmZ
g_ñ`mAm| H$m A§H$Z hþAm h¡&
a§J^y{_ _| gwaXmg Omo Om{V go M_ma h¡, A§Ym VWm {^Imar h¡ Cgo Zm`H$ ~ZmH$a
X{bV OrdZ H$s g_ñ`m H$mo gm_Zo bmVo h¡& 'JmoXmZ' Vmo ^maVr` {H$gmZ H$m _hmH$mì` hr
~Zm h¡& hmoar, Y{Z`m, _mbVr, Jmo~a, Pw{Z`m O¡go nmÌm| Ûmam gm_m{OH$ XX© hr A{^ì`ŠV
hþAm h¡& ào_M§X H$s Bgr na§nam H$m {dH$mg AmJo MbH$a àgmX Ho$ 'H$§H$mb' '{VVbr'
(1934) (1930) _| boIZ hþAm Wm& 'H§$H$mb' Vmo Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na MbZodmbo ì`m{^Mma,
{Zambm :-
Aßgam (1931) {Zambm H$m àW_ Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ g¥OZ H$_© h¡& CZH$s H${d N>dr
go H$B© JwZm A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr àH¥${V JÚ _| C^ar h¡& CZHo$ H${d N>{d H$s MMm©
A{YH$ hmoVr ahr JÚ H$s Zht na§Vy {Zambm MmoQ>r Ho$ JÚH$ma h¡& ~mX _| AbH$m (1933),
à^mdVr (1936), {ZénVm (1936), Hw$ëbr^ma (1939), {~ëbogwa ~H$[ahm (1942),
MmoQ>r H$s nH$S> (1946) Am¡a H$mbo H$maZm_o (1950) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg CÝhm|Zo {bIo
h¡& {Zambm Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ g§X^© _| _Ywaoe Zo _hËdnyU© ~mV H$ht h¡, {Zambm Ho$ CnÝ`mg én
aMZm Am¡a g§JR>Z H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$gr C„oIZr` {eIa H$mo ^bo hr Z Ny>Vo hmo, bo{H$Z CËnr{‹S>V
OZVm Ho$ g§Kf© Am¡a à{VamoYr MoVZm H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$m {deof _hËd h¡& '' ({hÝXr CnÝ`mg
H$m {dH$mg, n¥-100) 'Aßgam' _| A{^OmV Hw$b H$m `wdH$ Am¡a EH$ doí`mnwÌr Ho$ ào_ Am¡a
{ddmh H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE Zmar-_w{ŠV Ho$ gdmb go h_o aZ-~-aZ {H$`m h¡& 'AbH$m' AdY
joÌ Ho$ A^mdJ«ñV {H$gmZm| H$s {dfmXnyU© H$Wm h¡& '{Zén_m' {Zambm g_` Ho$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a
d¡Mm[aH$ Ñ{ï> go {nN>‹S>o é{T>JV g§ñH$mam| _| OH$‹S>o J«m_rU g_mO H$s VëI' gÀMmB©`m| H$mo
gm_Zo bmVm h¡& à^mdVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ aMZm h¡& {~ëboogwa ~H$[ahm X{bV OrdZ H$m A§H$Z
H$aVm h¡& BZ g^r CnÝ`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW© Ho$ {d{dY nhby C^aH$a Am`o h¡&
_Zmod¡km{ZH$/_Zmo{díbofUmË_H$ CnÝ`mg :-
ào_M§X Zo hr OrdZ H$s Amoa XoIZo Ho$ Xmo Ñ{ï>H$moZ àñVwV {H$`o Wo& EH$ gm_m{OH$
Am¡a Xwgam _Zmod¡km{ZH$& ào_M§XmoÎma H$mb _| `h XmoZm| YmamE± ñdV§Ì én go {dH${gV hþB©&
ào_M§X Ho$ hr {eî` O¡ZoÐHw$_ma Zo _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo AnZm`m _Z H$s gwú_, J§^ra,
JhZ ^mdm| H$m A§H$Z BZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s {deofVm h¡& gZ 1930 Ho$ ~mX ^maV _| \«$m`S>,
ES>ba, `w§J H$s {dMmaYmamAm| H$m, gmW©, H$â\$m Ho$ ApñVËddmX H$m à^md ~T>Vm J`m& \«$m`S>
Ho$ MoVZ, AdMoVZ Am¡a AMoVZ _Z Ho$ ^mdm|, ñdßZm|, BÀN>mAmo§, dmgZmAm| H$m {dñV¥V {MÌU
CnÝ`mgm| _| Am`m& \«$m`S> Ho$ AZwgma 'H$m_' Ed§ 'Ah§' {OXJr Ho$ àoaH$ Ed§ {Z_m©U VËd _mZo
J`o& gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ ~§YZm| H$mo Vmo‹S>m J`m& X_Z H$s OmZodmbr H$m_ ^mdZm H$m IwbH$a
{MÌU CnÝ`mgm| _| hmoZo bJm& AMoVZ _Z, B{S>ßg, {b{~S>mo J«§{W`m| go V¡`ma EH$ XbXb ~Zr
Am¡a Cgr go BZ J«§{W`m| H$m {hñQ>r[a`m, CÝ_mX, nmJbnZ, {Zamem C^aH$a Am`r&
CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$mo bJm H$s BZ J«§{W`m| H$mo COmJa H$aZm gm{hpË`H$ H$_© h¡& `h J«§{W`m± ha EH$
_| hmoVr h¡& CgH$m H$_ A{YH$ à^md hmoVm h¡& ì`{ŠV H$^r Bgo CXmÎm én XoVm, H$^r BZH$s
{dH¥$Vr`m| Ho$ H$maU {dH¥$V hmo OmVm h¡& EH$ àH$ma go nmJbnZ, _mZg Ho$ ^rVa-~mha H$mo
OmZZm boIm{H$V Xm{`Ëd hmoVm h¡&
ES>ba \«$m`S> H$s Vah ‘Zwî¶ OrdZ H$mo H$m_ X_Z go nr{‹S>V _mZVm Zht h¡ dh
hrZVm H$s ^mdZm go nr{S>V _mZVm h¡& ''BZHo$ _VmZwgma ~MnZ _| hr `h hrZ ^mdZm {Z_m©U
hmo OmVr h¡& VWm Bg hrZVm H$s j{VnyVu Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV AnZo dmVmdaU H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm
MmhVm h¡& {H$gr-Z-{H$gr àH$ma go dh AnZm à^md O_mZm MmhVm h¡& Bgr H$maU
Agm_mÝ` H$m`m] Ho$ _yb _| 'à{Vð>m' H$s ^mdZm hmo gH$Vr h¡& '' Bg àH$ma H$s _Zmod¥Îmr H$mo
A{^ì`ŠV H$aZm BZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo A{^àoV h¡&
`wJ Ho$ _VmZwgma 'OrdZoÀN>m' hr OrdZ H$m _wbmYma h¡& ''à{Vð>m, gån{Îm Am¡a
gÝVmZ BZ VrZm| _| go {H$gr EH$ H$s AWdm VrZm| H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV qOXJr ^a ~oM¡Z
ahVm h¡& BZ_| go AJa EH$ H$s ^r H$_r hmo OmE Vmo Cg_| _mZ{gH$'' hrZVm H$s J«§Wr {dH${gV
hmo OmVr h¡&
^rî‘ gmhZr :-
BZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg 'PamoIo' (1967) _| àH$m{eV hþAm& àJ{Verb Ñ{ï> BZHo$
g^r CnÝ`mgm| _| _wIa hþB© h¡& ~mX _| 'H${‹S>`m± (1970), V_g (1973), ~g§Vr (1980),
'_æ`mXmg H$s _mS>r (1988) 'Hw§$Vmo' (1993) Am¡a Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a (2000)
àH$m{eV hþE&
'PamoIo' Am`©g_mOr g§ñH$madmbo ~ÀMo H$s _mZ{gH$ ñ_¥{V {MÌ H$mo g§Omo`m J`m
h¡& 'H${‹S>¶m±' _o§ g§ñH$mam| H$s O‹S>Vm `wŠV _Ü`dJu` n[adma h¡, na§Vw à_wI H$Wm XmånË`
g§~Y H$s H$Qw>Vm Am¡a ór H$s Aghm` pñW{V go Ow‹S>m h¡& 'V_g' ñdm{YZVm àm{ßV Ho$ nyd©
_mM©-Aà¡b-1947 _| hþE ^rfU gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$s nm±M {XZ H$s H$hmZr CnÝ`mg _|
àñVwV H$s J`r h¡& gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$m gOrd na§Vy H$Qw> {MÌU H$aZodmbo Bg CnÝ`mg Ho$
^rî_ gmhZr H$mo loð> CnÝ`mgH$ma H$s n§{ŠV _| {~R>m`m& ñdV§ÌVmnyd© n§Om~ _| EH$ gmW
ahZodmbo qhXy-_wpñb_ EH$ Xwgao Ho$ gwI-Xw:I Ho$ {hñgoXma ~ZVo Wo na§Vy {~«{Q>e Zr{V Ho$
H$maU _mhm¡b _| gmåàXm{`H$ VUmd \¡$b OmVm h¡ Am¡a nS>m¡gr Xwí_Z _| ~Xb OmVo h¡&
A{dídmg, e§H$m, H«$moY, CÝ_mX, AmV§H$, ^`, qhgm _| VpãXb hmo OmVo h¡& _mZdr`Vm H$m
jaU hmoVm h¡& ~mX _| 'Zrby, Zr{b_m, Zrbmo\$a' _| gmåàXm{`H$Vm na {dO` ào_ hr nmVm h¡
H$m {dMma boIH$ Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&
amO|Ð `mXd H$m 'gmam AmH$me' S>m°Ÿ. bmb Ho$ 'YaVr H$s Am±Io', '~`m H$m Km|gbm
Am¡a gm§n', '_Z d¥XmdZ' Am{X CnÝ`mg ^r àJ{VdmX go à{V~ÜX h¡&
àJ{VdmXr Ymam _| {bIo J`o BZ V_m_ CnÝ`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ `WmW© Ho$ {d{^Þ
nhbwAm| H$mo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& gm_m{OH$ g§Kf© Ho$ {^Þ én Bg_| _wIa hþE h¡& Am±M{bH$
CnÝ`mg H$m àma§^ ^r Bgr H$mb go hmoVm h¡&
Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg :-
Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$m àW_ AmYma JmoXmZ hr _mZm OmVm h¡ na§Vy Am±M{bH$Vm H$s
à_wI àd¥Îmr \$Urída ZmW aoUy Ho$ '_¡bm Am±Mb' (1954) go MMm© _| Am`r& H$Wm Ed§ M[aÌ
H|${ÐV CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ~mX H$Wm Ho$ H|$Ð _| 'Am±Mb' hr à_wI hmo CR>m Bgr H$maU BÝh| Am±M{bH$
CnÝ`mg H$hm OmZo bJm& dhm± H$s ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V, na§nam, é{T>`m±, A§Y{dídmg, CËgd,
Ë`m¡hma, AImS>o, JrV, Ym{_©H$, Z¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ AmMma-{dMma, AmñWm-{dídmg,
ZmJmOw©Z :- Ho$ '~bMZ_m' H$mo {hÝXr H$m nhbm Am§°M{bH$ CnÝ`mg _mZm OmVm h¡&
`h 1952 _| àH$m{eV hþAm& '_¡bm Am±Mb' Ho$ H$maU {hÝXr _| Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg Ymam H$s
ñWmnZm hþB© na§Vy '~bMZ_m' Am¡a '_¡bmAm±Mb Ho$ nyd© A_¥Vbmb ZmJa H$m 'goR> ~m±Ho$_b'
Am¡a {edàgmX {_l 'éÐ' H$m '~hVr J§Jm' _| Am±M{bH$Vm Ho$ g§Ho$V Oéa {_bVo h¡ na§Vy
ZmJmOw©Z _| dJ© g§Kf© `WmW© én go C^aH$a Am`m h¡ '~bMZ_m' BgH$m CXmhaU h¡& 'Z`r
nm¡Y', '~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW', 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o', XwI _moMZ', `h Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg hr h¡&
~Q>ogaZmW H$m Zm`H$ hr Ed dQ>d¥j h¡ Cgr Ho$ N>md Vbo Jm±d Ho$ CËWmZ-nVZ, H$bh, Ûof,
emofU, A§Y{dídmg, ^yMmb, ~mT>, n§Mm`Vr, amOZr{V, H$m±J«ogr ñdmWu _Zmod¥{Îm Am{X H$m
{MÌU hþAm h¡& 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o' 'gmJa bhao Am¡a _Zwî`' H$s Vah _Nw>Amao Ho$ OrdZ na hr
{bIm J`m h¡& Am±M{bH$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H$mo Z`o Am`m_ ZmJmOw©Z Zo {X`o h¡&
\$UrídaZmW aoUw :- {_{Wbm Ho$ ny{U©`m {Obo Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o go Jm°§d _oarJ§O Ho$ ~hmZo
g_J« ^maVr` Jm±d H$s H$Wm '_¡bm Am±Mb' (1954) Ho$ ~hmZo aoUw Zo A{^ì`ŠV H$s h¡&
Am°§M{bH$ CnÝ`mg H$s gd© ñdrH¥$Vr {_bZodmbm `h nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& `h {Zhm`V {nN>S>m
hþAm Jm±d h¡, Jm±d _|, A{ejm, Jar~r, X[aÐVm, A^md, ì`m{^Mma, Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na `m¡Z emofU
O¡gr XbXb _| `h \±$gm h¡& {\$a ^r Zd {Z_m©U H$s à~b AH$m§jm boH$a S>m°. àem§V Am¡a Jm±d
H$s H$m`ñW Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m VhgrbXma {dídZmW àgmX H$s ~oQ>r H$_bm _| h¡& AZoH$
CnH$WmE± Bg_| OwS>r h¡ Am¡a ha H$Wm EH$ g_ñ`m àñVwV H$aVr h¡& ~bXod Am¡a bú_r H$s
H$Wm, _h§V am_Xmg Am¡a am_{n`[a`m, H$mbrMaU Am¡a ~mdZXmg Am{X& S>m°. gm{dÌr {gÝhm
Zo Bg CnÝ`mg Ho$ g§~§Y _| {bIm h¡, ''ny{U©`m Jm±d Ho$ eyb Am¡a \w$b, H$sMS> Am¡a M§XZ,
Yyb-Jwbmb g^r Ho$ a§J BgHo$ A§Mb _| h¡& CgH$s gm§ñH¥${VH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ {deofVm H$s
n¥ð>^y{_ _| OZdmXr Ñ{ï> go A§Mb Ho$ AZoH$ _wIr {MÌ ItMo J`o h¡, Omo EH$ Amoa gwú_,
g§píbï> Am¡a {jà h¡, Xygar Amoa {d{dY Am¡a ~hþ_wIr& '' '_¡bm Am±Mb' _| bmoH$g§ñH¥${V H$m
{OVZm àJm‹T> {MÌU hþAm h¡, d¡gm AÝ`Ì Xwb©^ h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX `h Jm±d Zd{Z_m©U H$s
n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Xm¡a _| ^r nrN>‹S>m h¡& _bo[a`m CÝ_wbZ O¡go H$m`©H«$_ Bg Jm±d Ho$ nwamZo Ed§
nrN>‹S>onZ H$mo EH$ Y¸$m hr h¡& {Oggo n[adV©Z H$s hdm ~hVr h¡&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg :-
{hÝXr _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg H$m àdV©Z lo` d¥§XmdZbmb d_m© H$mo OmVm h¡& BZHo$
nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r, J§JmàgmX JwßV, O`am_Xmg JwßV Am{X Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg
{bIo na§Vy CÝh| ''Eo{Vhm{gH$ amo_mÝg'' H$hm OmVm h¡& ~«OZ§XZ ghm` H$m 'bmb MrZ' h¡
na§Vy eoŠgnr`a Ho$ _°H$~oW go à^m{dV h¡& Eogo _| d¥§XmdZbmb d_m© Zo 'JT>Hw§$S>ma' (1927) go
Eo{Vhm{gH$ boIZ H$m àma§^ {H$`m&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg boIZ Ho$ N>h àH$ma h¡& EH$, AVrV H$m Am^mg XoZodmbo-
O¡go, {MÌboIm& Xmo,Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU _mÌ àñVwV H$aZodmbo- O¡go, '{Xì`m,' 'A{_Vm'
'_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' Am{X& VrZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mÌm|na g¥OrV- O¡go, 'd¡embr H$s ZJadYy',
'Am‘«nmbr' '{damQ>m H$s nX²>_rZr','~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm' Am{X& Mma, Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$Wm
Ho$ AmYma na {bIo J`o- 'Qy>§Q>o H$m§Q>o'& nm±M, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AmYma _mZH$a {bIo J`o-
'A{_Vm', ^wdZ{dH«$_' Am{X& Am¡a N>h, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU, H$Wm VWm nmÌ go `wŠV
CnÝ`mg- BÝho {dewÜX Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg H$hm OmVm h¡ O¡go, 'Pm±gr H$s
amZr','Ahë`m~mB©', 'MmUŠ`','eVa§O Ho$ _mohao' Am{X&
ñdV§ÌVm nyd© {bIo J`o Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| AmOmXr Ho$ A§XmobZ H$mo àoaUm XoZo
H$m ^md {Z{hV Wm Vmo ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| _mZdr` gË` Am¡a _yë`
H$mo OJmZo Ho$ aho h¡& Bg{b`o BZ CnÝ`mgm| _| Eo{Vh{gH$ KQ>Zm H$s Anojm H$ënZm H$m àmYmÝ`
ahm h¡& H$ënZm go {~Iar Am¡a _yë`hrZ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo EH$ gwÌ _| ~m§YH$a dV©_mZ _yë`, àíZ,
VH©$, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h¡& ^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m '{MÌboIm' hmo `m `enmb
H$m '{Xì`m' 'A{_Vm' BZ_| àIa ~m¡pÜXH$Vm, ì`dñWm g§Kf©, Zmar àíZ H$mo A§{H$V {H$`m h¡&
`hr BZ CnÝ`mgm| H$s CnbpãY h¡&
MVwagoZ emór :- AZoH$ loð> Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ H$aZodmbo emórOr
{hÝXr Ho$ ~hþMMuV Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgH$ma h¡& CZH$s àË`oH$ aMZm H$m d¡{dÜ` CÝho
A{Û{V` ~Zm XoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo 12 Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡& 'nyUm©hþ{V'
(Idmg H$m ã`mh) (1932), 'd¡embr H$s ZJa dYy' (1948), aŠV H$s ß`mg (1951),
Xodm§JZm (_pÝXa H$s ZV©H$s) (1951), gmo_ZmW (1954), Amb_Jra (1954),
'd`aj_:' (1955), gmoZm Am¡a IyZ (AnyU©) (1958), bmb nmZr (1956), gh`m{Ð H$s
MQ²>Q>mZ| (1961), {~Zm {MamJ H$m eha (1961), haU {Z_§ÌU (aŠV H$s ß`mg na
AmYm[aV) (1961) Am{X& na§Vy BZ_o go ~hþMMuV CnÝ`mg h¡ 'd¡embr H$s ZJa dYy' {Og_|
_JY g_«mQ> q~~gma Am¡a ZV©H$s Am_«nmbr H$s àU` H$Wm h¡& XmoZm| ~wÜX H$s Amoa AmH${f©V
hmoZo h¡& Am_«nmbr A§V _| CÝhr H$s eaU _| OmVr h¡& JUV§Ì àUmbr VWm {Za§Hw$e emgZ
gm_«mÁ` _| Zmar H$s X`Zr` pñW{V VWm gm_m{OH$ A§V{d©amoY H$mo boIH$ Zo gm_Zo bm`m h¡&
hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr :- '~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm' (1946) Am¡a 'MméM§Ð boI
(1963) 'nwZZ©dm' (1973), Am¡a 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' (1976) _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg h¡&
~mU^Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm MMuV H¥$Vr h¡& Jmonmb am` Zo BgHo$ g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡,'' ~mU^Å> H$s
AmË_H$Wm' H$m {dOZ ào_ H$s g§doXZm VH$ hr gr{_V Zht h¡& BgHo$ ^rVa amï´>r` g§H$Q> H$m
B{Vhmg ~moY ^r g{Þ{hV h¡& {Og g_` `h CnÝ`mg {bIm J`m Wm, ^maV namYrZ Wm Am¡a
{ÛVr` {díd`wÜX H$s {dZme ZrVm AnZo Ma_ na Wr& CnÝ`mgH$ma H$s MoVZm _| ^maV H$s
naV§ÌVm amï´>r` g§H$Q> Ho$ én _| {dÚ_mZ Wr {OgH$s A{^ì`{ŠV ~mU^Q²>Q> H$s AmË_H$Wm _|,
namoj én _|, hf©dY©Z H$mb Ho$ amï´>r` g§H$Q> Ho$ én _| hþB© h¡& _hm_m`m ^¡adr Bg amï´>r` g§H$Q>
go _w{ŠV Ho$ {bE Zm¡OdmZm| Am¡a ~wpÜXOr{d`m| H$mo bbH$maVr h¡& ' 'Mmé M§Ð boI' _| 12 eVr
Ho$ CÎmamY© Am¡a Voahdr eVr Ho$ nydm©Y© H$m {MÌU h¡& `h CnÝ`mg amOm gmVdmhZ H$s
AmË_H$Wm én _| {bIm J`m h¡& 'nwZZ©dm' ''g_«mQ> g_wÐJwßV Ho$ `wJ H$s qZOYar Am¡a
bmoH$H$WmAmo§ go ~wZm J`m CnÝ`mg h¡& '' 'AZmWXmg H$m nmoWm' Cn{ZfXH$mbrZ ^maV H$s
F${f na§nam, g§ñH¥${V na aMm J`m h¡&
`enmb :- _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> go '{Xì`m' VWm 'A{_Vm BZ Xmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m
boIZ `enmb Zo {H$`m h¡& '{Xì`m' ~m¡ÜXH$mbrZ ^maV _| ì`mßV dU©ì`dñWm, Ho$ YmQ>m| _|
Zmar XméU H$Wm Ho$ ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡ Vmo 'A{_Vm' g_«mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ H$qbJ {dO` `wÜX H$s
KQ>Zm na aMm J`m h¡&
amJo` amKd :- Ho$ à{gÜX Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| '_wXm§} H$m Q>rbm' (1948),
'à{VXmZ' (1950), 'Mrda'> (1951), 'A§°Yoao Ho$ OwJZy' (1953), 'njr Am¡a AmH$me'
(1957), 'amh Z aZH$s' (1958) Am{X h¡& BZ_| '_wXm] H$m Q>rbm' _| Ð{dS> gä`Vm H$m
Hw$N> AÝ` _Zmod¡km{ZH$ CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| _mohZ amHo$e H$m 'A§Yoao ~ÝX H$_ao',
'AÝVamb', 'Z AmZodmbm H$b', VWm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S> _| àH$m{eV {Z_©b d_m© H$m 'do
{XZ', [anmoQ>©a, Cfm {à`§dXm H$m 'nMnZ Iå^o, bmb Xrdma|, _hoÝÐ ^ëbm H$m 'EH$ n{V Ho$
ZmoQ>g' H¥$îU gmo~Vr H$m '{_Ìmo _aOmZr', amOoÐ `mXd H$m 'eh Am¡a _mV', Y_©dra ^maVr H$m
'JwZmhm| H$m XodVm' Am¡a 'gyaO H$m gm±Vdm KmoS>m', bú_rZmam`U bmb H$m 'YaVr H$s Am±Io',
'~`m H$m Ymom|gbm Am¡a gm§n', 'H$mbo \w$b H$m nm¡Ym' Am¡a 'énOrdm' gd}ída X`mb gŠgoZm
H$m 'gmo`m hþAm Ob, à^mH$a _mMdo H$m 'gm§Mm', bú_rH$m§V d_m© H$m 'Imbr Hw$gu H$s
AmË_m' Am¡a 'Q>oarH$moQ>' VWm ^maV^yfU AJ«dmb H$m 'bm¡Q>Vr bham| H$s ~m±gwar Am{X
_hËdnyU© h¡& _Zmo{díbofU Ho$ gmW à`moJerb CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$s EH$ AÝVYm©am Mbr Am`r
BÝhr _| go S>m°. bmb, gŠgoZm, _mMdo, d_m©, AJ«dmb Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo Am¡nÝ`m{gH$
_mŠg©dmX H$m à^md {hÝXr gm{hË` na 1930 go hr n[ab{jV hmoVm ZOa AmVm h¡&
amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| {Ogo h_ _mŠg©dmX H$hVo h¡, gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| àJVrdmX, g_mOdmX
_mZVo h¡& _mŠg©dmX Zo Y_©, A§YlÜXm, AñWm, OS> Ed§ ImoIbr na§nam, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm,
gm_m{OH$ emofU Am{X H$m {damoY H$aVo hþE CgH$m gm_mYmZ X§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX Ho$ ghmao
d¡km{ZH$ g_mOdmX _| n[aUrV H$aZo hoVy gm{hË` H$mo àJVrerb hmoZo H$m AìhmZ {H$`m& Am¡a
H$bmdm{X`m| Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go H$bmË_H$Vm Ed§ H$bmH$ma H$s hË`m hmo J`r H$m ñda ~mX _|
CR>m`m J`m& na§Vy àJVrdmX Ho$ gm_m{OH$ {d^mOZ, emofU, Am{W©H$ {dg§JVr`m| na {Z^©`
àhma H$a CnÝ`mg H$mo g_mOmon`moJr {dYm ~Zm`m& Am¡a gm{hË` n[adV©Z H$m gmYZ _mZH$a
CgH$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& Bg à{H«$`m _| Hw$N> _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg gm_Zo Am`o&
amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z :-
amhþbOr na ~m¡ÜX Yå_ H$m à^md Wm {\$a ^r CnÝ`mg {bIVo g_` ~m¡ÜXm| H$s
JUV§ÌmË_H$ emgZ àUmbr H$mo CÝhm|Zo gmå`dmXr ~ZmH$a àñVwV {H$`m Š`mo{H$ CZna 1917
H$s égr H«$m§Vr H$m à^md Jham Wm& '~mB©gdt gXr' {Ogo CnÝ`mg Zht _mZm OmVm, ~H$m¡b
Jmonmb am`& ''bo{H$Z KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a nmÌm| H$s CnpñW{V Ho$ H$maU `h \¢$Q>ogr Ho$ én _|
{b{IV CnÝ`mg hr h¡& '' Omo ''_Zwî` Ho$ H$ë`mU, l_ Am¡a ^moJ H$s g_Vm Ho$ gmW EH$
dJ©_wŠV emofUhrZ g_mO H$m gnZm h¡, Omo _mZdr` l_ Am¡a g§Kf© Ûmam `WmW© _| ~Xbm Om
MwH$m h¡& '' BZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| _| _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> H$m {d{Z`moJ hþAm h¡& CZHo$
C„oIZr` CnÝ`mgm| _| 'OrZo Ho$ {bE' (1940), 'qgh goZmnVr' (1942), 'O` `m¡Yo`'
(1944), '_Ywa ñdßZ' (1950), '{dñ_¥V `mÌr' (1953) Am¡a '{XdmoXmg' (1962)
Am{X& ~m¡ÜX Y‘© H$s d¡pídH$ _mZdVmdmXr, H$éUm, g_Vm, JUV§ÌmË_H$ emgZ àUmbr H$m
JhU {ddoMZ CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| hþAm h¡&
`enmb :-
_mŠg©dmX H$m Jham à^md H«$m§{VH«$mar `enmb na ahm h¡& _mŠg©dmXr amOZr{V na
AnZo {dMmam| H$mo CnÝ`mg Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& CZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg 'XmXm-
H$m°_aoS>' (1941) _| àH$m{eV hþAm CgHo$ ~mX 'XoeÐmohr' (1943), '{Xì`m' (1945),
'nm{Q>©-H$m°_aoS>' (1946), '_Zwî` Ho$ én' (1949), 'A{_Vm' (1956), 'PyR>m-gM'-
Xmo ^mJ (1958-60), '~mah K§Q>o' (1963), 'Aßgam H$m lmn' (1965), 'Š`mo§ \§$go'
(1968), _oar Voar CgH$s ~mV' (1973) Am{X& _Ü`dJ© H$s Amem- AmH$m§jmAm| go
`enmb OwS>o h¡& Bg{bE CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| _| A§Y{dídmg, Z`o-nwamZo g§ñH$mam| _| g§Kf©,
CbPZ, Zmar, {ejm, emofU, _OXyam|, Zm¡H$am| H$s pñWVr, Xoe {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr,
amOZr{V H$m dU©Z à_wIV: go C^aH$a Am`m h¡& 'PwR>m-gM' Xmo ^mJm| _| {bIm _hËdnyU©
ZmJmOw©Z :-
J«m_m§Mb H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a ZmJmOw©Z Zo Jm±d OrdZ H$m `WmW© CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam
A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& A§Mb go A{YH$ _hÎd do nmÌm| Ho$ {MÌU, g§Kf©, _Zmo{dkmZ, n[adoe
Am¡a Cggo àmßV MoVZm, àoaUm, Xe©Z H$mo gmW©H$ T>§J go CHo$am h¡& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr'
(1948), ~bMZ_m (1952), ZB© nm¡Y (1953), ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW (1954), Xw:I_moMZ
(1956), déU Ho$ ~oQ>o (1957), Hw§$^rnmH$ (1960), hraH$ O`§Vr (1961), CJ«Vmam
(1963), B_a{V`m (1968), Am¡a 'O_{Z`m Ho$ ~m~m' (1970) Am{X _hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg
h¡& CZH$s aMZmË_H$ D$Om© _Ü`dJ©, X{bV, {H$gmZ H$s g§Kf©^ar JmWm àñVwV H$aZo _| bJr
h¡& Bg{bE Xw:I_moMZ, dñVwV: g^r H$m Xw:I_moMH$ hr h¡& {_{Wbm H$s J§Y CZ_| aMr-~gr
h¡& ZmJmOw©Z nwamZo gS>o hþE g_mO Ho$ Hw§$^rnmH$ H$mo g_mßV H$a XoZm MmhVo h¡ Am¡a Z`o-g_mO
H$s aMZm H$aZm MmhVo h¡& CZ_| g_mOdmX Ho$ à{V ~m¡pÜXH$ bJmd hr Zht, hm{X©H$Vm ^r h¡&
CZHo$ àË`oH$ CnÝ`mg _| Z`o g_mO H$s g§H$ënZm {Z{hV h¡& 'a{VZmW H$s MmMr' _| Hw$brZ
{H$ÝVw {ZY©Z {dYdm H$s H$éU H$hmZr Ûmam A§Mb g_mO Ho$ AÝV©{damoY H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡&
'~bMZ_m' _Ü`dJu` {H$gmZ H$s {nS>mXm`H$ H¥$Vr h¡& Omo gVV AÝ`m` Ed§ AË`mMma Ho$
{Ibm\$ g§Kf©aV h¡& ZB© nm¡Y _| Ag§JV AZ^ob {ddmh H$s g_ñ`m H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a OO©a
gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡& ' ~m~m ~Q>ogaZmW' EH$ nwamZo ~aJX Ho$ d¥j H$s ajm
hoVy g§`wŠV _moMm© ~ZmH$a AÝ`m` H$m {damoY H$aVo h¡& 'déU Ho$ ~oQ>o' _| _Nw>Amam| Ho$ gmh{gH$
OrdZ H$mo énmH$ma XoVr h¡& 'CJ«Vmam' _| nw{b{g`m ~~©aVm H$mo gm_Zo bmVo hþE ór H$s `m¡Z-
ew{MVm Ho$ {_WH$ H$mo VmoS>Vm ZOa AmVm h¡& ZmJmOw©Z ñd§` _| OZVm H$m g§Kf© h¡, gmhg,
àoaUm, D$Om©, H$[Q>~ÜXVm Am¡am ZB© nm¡Y' H$s g¥OZm h¡&
amJo` amKd :-
amJo` amKd 'Kam¢Xm' (1946) H$mo boH$a 18 df© H$s Am`w _| hr Am`o Am¡a gmW _|
'{dfmX_R>' ^r bm`o& Bg_| ~§Jmb Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ AH$mb H$m Ord§V {MÌU Am`m h¡&
Jmonmbam` H$m H$hZm h¡ H$s, ''BgH$m erf©H$ ~o{H$_M§Ð MQ>Ou Ho$ ''AmZ§X_R>>' go ào[aV Wm,
^¡adàgmX JwßV :-
àJ{VdmXr Am§XmobZ Ho$ aMZmË_H$ g{H«$` boIH$ Ho$ ZmVo CZH$m `moJXmZ _hËdnyU©
h¡& 'emobo'(1946), '_emb'(1948), 'J§Jm _¡`m'(1952), 'O§Orao Am¡a Z`m
AmX_r'(1955), 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am'(1959), 'YaVr'(1962), 'Amem'(1963),
'H$m{bÝXr'(1963), 'a§^m'(1964), 'Zm¡OdmZ'(1972), 'H$mer ~m~y'(1987), 'Zm¡
O~mZ'(1974), '^m½`XodVm'(1992), Am¡a 'N>moQ>r gr ewédmV'(1997) Am{X h¡& na§Vy
'J§Jm _¡`m' Am¡a 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am' H$mo hr loð> _mZm OmVm h¡& 'J§Jm _¡`m' _| Xmo {H$gmZ
n[adma H$s eÌyVm, {dÛof, nw{bg V§Ì Am¡a g_mO _| {dYdm ór H$s pñW{V H$mo H|$Ð _| aIm h¡
Am¡a 'gÎmr _¡`m H$m Mm¡am' O_rZXmar ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, emofU
Ho$ gmW CgHo$ {déÜX {H$gmZmo H$m g§Kf© H$mo A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& gmW hr Jm§d OrdZ Ho$ {_bo
A{^emnr ZoVmAm|, gaH$mar V§Ì, nÊS>o Am¡a nwamo{hV, {ejm g§ñWmZ Am{X H$m A§H$Z {H$`m h¡&
A_¥Vam` :-
'~rO' BZH$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& 'hm±Wr H$m Xm°§V '(1956), 'ZmJµ\$Zr H$m Xoe',
'gwIXw…I'(1969), '^{Q>`mbr'(1969), 'O§Jb'(1969), Am¡a 'Yw±Am'(1977) Am{X
_hËdnyU© CnÝ`mg {bIo h¡&
{hÝXr JÚ {dYmE±
H$hmZr
ZmQ>H$
{Z~§Y
12.1 CÔoí¶ …-
nmR>çH«$‘ ‘| {ZYm©[aV H$hmZr H$m CX²²^d Am¡a {dH$mg H$m {dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z
H$aZm Bg BH$mB© H$m à‘wI CÔoí¶ h¡& Bg BH$mB© Ho$ Aܶ¶Z Ho$ Xm¡amZ {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$
{dH$mg ‘| ào‘M§X nyd© H$hmZr, ào‘M§X¶wJrZ H$hmZr, ào‘MÝXmoÎma H$hmZr Am¡a ZB© H$hmZr H$m
{dñV¥V Aܶ¶Z {dÚmWu H$a gH|$Jo&
12.2 àñVmdZm …-
{hÝXr gm{h˶ ‘| H$hmZr H$m CX²^d Hw$N> {dbå~ go hþAm h¡& {OZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo
H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ ‘| nXmn©U {H$¶m Cggo H$hmZr Ho$ {dH${gV hmoZo Ho$ gmW gmW H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo
^r à{Vð>m {‘br& ³¶m|{H$ H$Wm, Am»¶mZ Am¡a nm¡am{UH$ JmWmAm| H$m| H$hmZr H$m àmê$n ‘mZm
J¶m& H$hmZr H$m ¶hr ñdê$n dmMH$ Ho$ {bE ‘Zmoa§OZ Am¡a CnXoe H$m H$m¶© H$aVm h¡&
{hÝXr H$hmZr H$s nyd© nr{R>H$m … {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m dmñV{dH$ àma§^ ^maV|Xw
H$mb Ho$ CnamÝV 20 dr eVr Ho$ Amaå^ _o hþAm& Bg `wJ go nyd© "~¡Vmc nƒrgr', "qghmgZ
~Îmrgr' Am{X H$WmAm| H$m g§ñH¥$V go AZwdmX {H$`m J`m Wm& Hw$N> bmoJ JmoHw$bZmW H$s
"Mm¡amgr d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' H$mo {hÝXr H$s nhbr JÚ-H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§J«h _mZVo h¡& {Og_|
à_wI H¥$îU^³V d¡îUdm| H$m OrdZ-M[aV {X`m J`m h¡& naÝVw BÝho H$hm{Z`m± Z _mZH$a
nwamZr e¡br Ho$ OrdZ-M[aV _mZZm hr A{YH$ C{MV h¡& b„x bmbOr, gXb {_l, B§emA„m
Im± Ho$ J«ÝW EH$ àH$ma go {d{^Þ H$WmAm| Ho$ g§J«h _mÌ _mZo Om gH$Vo h¡& AJa "H$hmZr' eãX
_mÌ go H$hmZr H$m AW© {b`m OmE Vmo "amZr Ho$VH$s H$s H$hmZr' {hÝXr H$s gd©àW_ _m¡{bH$
H$hmZr _mZr OmZr Mm{hE& Bg_| H$Wm H$mo N>moS>H$a H$hmZr Ho$ AÝ` VÎdm| H$m A^md h¡& Bgr
àH$ma amOm-{edàgmX "{gVma-E-{hÝX' Ûmam {c{IV "amOm ^moO H$m gnZm' VWm
"draqgh d¥VmÝV' H$mo ^r nyU© ê$n go H$hmZr Zhr _mZm OmZm Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ Bg_o M{aÌ-
{hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ H$Wm g_«mQ> _w§er ào_MÝX H$mo
`{X Ho$ÝÐ-{~ÝXþ _mZ b| Vmo Cgo Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$a gH$Vo h¡§ …-
ào_MÝX nyd© H$hmZr ào_MÝX `wJrZ H$hmZr ào_MÝXmoÎma H$hmZr ZB© H$hmZr
(ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$hmZr)
{hÝXr _o gd©àW_ H$hmZr bmZo H$m lo` "gañdVr' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m H$mo hr h¡& Bg_|
g~go nhbo {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm_r H$s "BÝXþ_Vr' Zm_H$ H$hmZr àH$m{eV hþB©& {J[aOmHw$_ma
Kmof Zo "nmd©VrZÝXZ' CnZm_ go ~±Jbm H$s AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| H$m {hÝXr _| ^mdmZwdmX {H$`m&
"~§J _{hbm' Zm_H$ EH$ _{hbm Zo Hy$N> _m¡{bH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr, {Og_| "XþbmB©dmbr' H$hmZr
à{gÕ h¡& Bgr g_` go lr ^JdmZXmg Zo "ßcoJ H$s MwS>¡b', am_MÝÐ ewŠbOr Zo "½`mah df©
H$m g_`' VWm {J[aOmXÎm dmOno`r Zo "n§{S>V Am¡a n§{S>VmZr' Zm_H$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr& BZ_|
go _m{_©H$Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go "BÝXþ_Vr', "½`mah df© H$m g_`' VWm "XþbmB©dmbr' hr {hÝXr H$s
_m¡{bH$ gm{hpË`H$ H$hm{Z`m± _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡& Am. ewŠbmOr "BÝXþ_Vr' H$mo {hÝXr H$s
nhbr gd©loð> H$hmZr _mZVo h¡& BÝhr g^r H$hm{Z`m| go {hÝXr H$hmZr gm{hË` H$m Amaå^
hþAm h¡& BgHo$ CnamÝV O`e§H$a àgmX Zo "BÝXþ' Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m H$m àH$meZ àmaå^ {H$`m,
{OgZo {hÝXr H$hmZr Ho$ ñdñW {dH$mg _o _hÎdnyU© `moJ {X`m& Bgr n{ÌH$m ‘| àgmX H$s àW_
H$hmZr "J«m_' gZ² 1811 _o àH$m{eV hþB©& hmñ`ag H$s H$hm{Z`m± {bIZo dmbo Or. nr.
lrdmñVd H$s nhbr H$hmZr "BÝXþ' _o gZ² 1811 _| àH$m{eV hþB©& Bgr g_` n. {dídå~a
ZmW e_m© Zo ^r H$hmZr {bIZm àmaå^ {H$`m& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "ajm ~ÝYZ' gZ² 1813
_o gañdVr _o N>nr& Bgr àH$ma amOm am{YH$ma_U àgmX qgh H$s nhbr H$hmZr "H$mZm| _|
H§$JZm' gZ² 1813 _| "BÝXþ' _| àH$m{eV hþB©& AñVw&
"BÝXþ' H$m `moJXmZ - h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr Ho$ ñdmñW ê$n H$s naånam
"BÝXþ' Ho$ àH$meZ Ho$ gmW gZ² 1811 go Amaå^ hmoVr h¡& "BÝXþ' Zo EH$ Amoa ZdrZ
H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo àmoËgmhZ àXmZ {H$`m Am¡a, Xygar Amoa CgHo$ H$maU H$hmZr H$s H$bm _|
gwYma hþAm, gmW hr H$hmZr Ho$ CÔoí` gm_Zo Am`o&
{hÝXr H$hmZr H$m ^m½` àgmX Ho$ Bg joÌ _o nXmn©U H$aVo hr M_H$ CR>m& gZ² 1911 _|
CÝhm|Zo "BÝXþ' Zm_H$ n{ÌH$m _o AnZr "J«m_' H$hmZr N>ndmB©& BgHo$ CnamÝV CZH$s
AZoH$mZoH$ Cƒ-H$mo{Q> H$s H$hm{Z`m± àH$m{eV hþB© {OZ_| AmH$meÛrn, N>m`m, à{VÜd{Z
Am±Yr, {~gmVr, BÝÐOmb, ñdJ© Ho$ IÊS>ha Am{X H$hm{Z`m± {hÝXr gm{hË` H$s A_yë` {Z{Y
~) ào_M§X `wJ …
_§wer ào_M§X Amaå^ _o CXÿ© _| H$hm{Z`m± {bIVo Wo, {OZ_o amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m CÝ_of
ahVm Wm& "gmoOo dVZ' (gZ 1907 _| àH$m{eV) CZH$m nhbm CXÿ© _| {bIm ~hþM{M©V
H$hmZr g§J«h Wm& Cg_| ì`º$ VrIr amï´>r` ^mdZm go ZmamO hmoH$a A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo Cgo OãV
H$a {b`m Wm& BgHo$ ~mX ào_M§X Zo {hÝXr _o H$hm{Z`m± {bIZm àma§^ {H$`m Wm& {hÝXr H$hmZr
Ho$ {ÛVr` CËWmZ Ho$ ApÝV_ MaU _o gm_m{`H$, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m {díbofU
H$aZodmbr ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m± àH$me _o AmB© Wr& ào_M§X Ho$ Bg joÌ _| AmZo go {hÝXr-
H$hmZr-gm{hË` _| EH$ Anyd© n[adV©Z Am J`m& Bggo nyd© Hw$N> gr_m VH$ h_mam H$hmZr
gm{hË` Xÿgao gm{hpË`H$mo Ho$ F$U go AnZm H$m_ MbmVm Am ahm Wm& ào_M§X Zo AmH$a Cgo
ñdmdbå~r ~Zm`m& CZHo$ gå_wI H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ ê$n Am¡a dñVw XmoZmo H$s g_ñ`mE± Wr
BZHo$ {ZamH$aU Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo {d{^Þ gm{hË` H$s H$hmZr-aMZm-{d{Y`mo§ H$m AÜ``Z H$a
ñd`§ AnZr H$hmZr-H$bm Ho$ {eën H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Am¡a Cgo Ma_ {dH$mg VH$ nhþ°Mm`m& do
OZVm Ho$ boIH$ Wo& AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam CÝhm|Zo ghómo§ _yH$ Am¡a hrZ-XrZ {H$gmZm| Am¡a
_OXÿam| H$m à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m, Omo nhbo gm[hË` _| ANy>V _mZo OmVo Wo& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m±
ào_MÝX Ho$ ~mX Ho$ `wJ Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma npíM_ Ho$ Xmo {MÝVH$mo. H$mb© _mŠg© VWm ’«$m`S>
go {deof ê$n go à^m{dV hþE& Bg `wJ H$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ H$hmZr Ho$ nmÌ {H$gr
dJ© {deof H$m à{V{Z{YËd Zhr H$aVo h¡& do ì`p³V Ho$ ê$n _| {H$gr Z {H$gr _Zmod¡km{ZH$
g_ñ`m go J«ñV Ed§ _ñV {XImB© XoVo h¡& Bg àH$ma H$s H$hmZr {bIZo dmbm| _| à_wI Zm_ h¡ -
O¡ZoÝX Hw$_ma, am§Jo` amKd, Ako` VWm BbmMÝX Omoer& d¡go `o H$hmZrH$ma AnZr nyd©dVu
àgmX ào_MÝÐ naånam go ^r gå~Õ {XImB© XoVo h¡& Bg `wJ _| Xygao àH$ma Ho$ do H$hmZrH$ma h¡
{OÝhmoZo ào_MÝX naånam H$mo J{V_mZ {H$`m& Bg gå~ÝY _| {deof C„oIZr` Zm_ h¡ -
`enmb, CnoÝÐ ZmW "AíH$', MÝÐJwßV {dÚmb§H$ma, {dîUy à^mH$a, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa,
ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ ~mX {hÝXr H$hmZr H$mo ZE ^maVr` n[adoe H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo H$m geº$
_mÜ`_ ~Zm`m J`m Am¡a Cg_o ^mfm-e¡br H$s {d{dYVm AmB©& \$bV: gZ² 1850 Ho$ Amg-
nmg Z`r H$hmZr Ho$ AmÝXmobZ H$s ewédmV hþAr Am¡a H$hmZr H$m Zm_H$aU Z`r H$hmZr H$a
{X`m J`m&
Z`r H$hmZr H$s à_wI {deofVm h¡ - g_mO Ho$ {d{^Þ dJm} Ed§ OrdZ njm| H$m gyú‘
{MÌU& Bg {MÌU _o ^mfm gå~ÝYr n[adV©Z ^r Am J`o& gm_m{OH$ gå~ÝYmo _o AbJmd Ed§
{dIamd VWm ì`p³V H$s {d{^Þ _Z:pñW{V`m| H$m {MÌU AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| _| {_bVm h¡&
gZ² 1960 Ho$ ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$m EH$ dJ© Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr Ho$ Zm_ go gm_Zo Am`m&
`h Zm_H$aU CZ H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ {bE gmW©H$ hþAm {OZ_o joÌ {deof H$s AmYma^yV g_ñ`mAm|
H$mo ñWmZr` ^mfm ^oX Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| Zd {dH${gV H$ñ~mo H$s
_Zmod¥{Îm`m|H$mo ~‹S>r hr _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m& BZ H$hm{Z`m| _| g_mO Ho$
{d{^ÝZ dJm] _| ì`³V {deofH$a emgH$-àemgH$ dJ© _| ì`má H$_Omo[a`m| H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m
J`m& AZoH$ hmñ`-ì`½` àYmZ H$hm{Z`m± ^r {bIr JB©&
Z¶r H$hmZr Ho$ à‘wI boIH$m| ‘| {Z‘©b d‘m©, ‘mohZ amHo$e, amOoÝÐ ¶mXd, ^rî‘
gmhZr, H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X, a‘oe ~»er, ‘Þy ^ÊS>mar, Cfm {ටdXm, eoIa Omoer, A‘aH$mÝV,
‘mH©$ÊS>o¶, Zaoe ‘ohVm, kmZa§OZ, amOoÝÐ AdñWr, adrÝÐ H$m{b¶m, AZrVm Am¡bH$ Ho$ Zm‘
C„oIZr¶ h¡&
{Z‘©b d‘m© H$s H$hm{Z¶m± ‘m¡Z hmoH$a ^r ‘wIa h¡& H$mì¶mË‘H$Vm, Añnï> A{^춧OZm,
hoq‘½do gr g§Ho$VmË‘H$Vm BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m± Ho$ {d{eï> JwU h¡& BZHo$ à{V{Z{Y H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢
- n[aÝXo, ObVr Pm‹S>r, {nN>br J{‘©¶m| ‘|, ~rM ~hg ‘|, H$ìdo Am¡a H$mbm nmZr Am{X& {Z‘©b
d‘m© AZoH$ dfm] VH$ {dXoem| ‘| aho h¢. Bg{bE nmíMm˶ g§ñH¥${V H$m à^md ghO hr XoIm Om
gH$Vm h¡&
‘moohZ amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ór-nwéf gå~ÝYmo§ H$s {dS>å~Zm, ehar OrdZ H$s
¬ gMoVZ H$hmZr
"ghO H$hmZr' Ho$ Amapå^H$ àdV©H$ A‘¥V am¶ h¢& gmVd| XeH$ Ho$ àmaå^ ‘|
H${dVm H$s VO© na A‘¥Vam¶ Zo "ghO H$hmZr' eãX H$m à¶moJ {H$¶m Am¡a Kmo{fV {H$¶m {H$
H$hmZr H$m bú¶ AnZo H$hmZrnZ H$mo ImoH$a OrdZ H$s àñVw{V ghO én ‘| H$aVo hþE OrdZ
go H$Qw> g˶m| Am¡a ì¶dñWm H$s ^«ï>Vm H$mo COmJa H$aZm h¡&
¬ g{H«$¶ H$hmZr
ghO H$hmZr AmÝXmobZ ‘| A‘¥Vam¶ AHo$bo n‹S> J¶o& Z Vmo CÝhm|Zo H$moB© JwQ>
~ZmH$a AnZm {dMma à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m Am¡a Z hr CÝh| {H$gr n{ÌH$m H$mo gånmXH$s¶
~¡gm{I¶m± {‘br& ¶hr ~mV amHo$e dËg Ûmam à{Vnm{XV "g{H«$¶ H$hmZr' Ho$ gÝX^© ‘| ^r H$hr
Om gH$Vr h¡&
Bg H$hmZr-naånam Ho$ aMZmH$mam| ‘| a‘oe ~Vam, gwaoÝÐ gwHw$‘ma, amHo$e dËg,
g{ƒXmZÝX Yy‘Ho$Vw, Hw$‘ma gå^d Am{X Ho$ A{V[a³V ldUHw$‘ma, ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘{U
‘YwH$a Ho$ Zm‘ ^r gpå‘{bV {H$¶o J¶o h¢&
¬ A-H$hmZr
{Og àH$ma H${dVm ‘| H«$‘e: Z¶r H${dVm Ho$ níMmV² "AH${dVm' H$m AmJ‘Z
hþAm, bJ^J Cgr àH$ma H$hmZr ‘| ^r Z¶r H$hmZr Ho$ ~mX "AH$hmZr' H$m àmXþ^m©d hþAm& Z¶r
H$hmZr Am¡a Z¶r H${dVm H$m ì¶p³V{Zð> ¶WmW©dmX AH${dVm Am¡a A-H$hmZr ‘| AmH$a Kmoa
ì¶p³VdmX, A{V ¶WmW©dmX Am¡a CÀN¥§>Ib ¶m¡ZdmX ‘| n[ad{V©V hmo J¶m& Bg AmÝXmobZ go
Ow‹S>o hþE H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| à‘wI h¢ - J§Jm àgmX {d‘b, OJXre MVwd}Xr, í¶m‘ na‘ma, XÿYZmW
qgh Am{X&
A-H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z¶m± ór-nwéf Ho$ ào‘-gå~ÝYm| H$mo hr {M{ÌV
H$aVr h¢& A-H$hmZr Ho$ AÝVJ©V ‘yS> ¶m jU H$s H$hm{Z¶m± AmVr h¢&
¬ g‘mÝVa H$hmZr
A-H$hmZr H$s ^mooJdmXr àd¥{Îm¶m| H$s A{Ve¶Vm H$moo bú¶ ~ZmVo hþE H$‘boída Zo
Y‘©¶wJ ‘| "Eo¶me àoVmo| H$m {dÐmoh' erf©H$ go boI‘mbm Ho$ AÝVJ©V A-H$hmZr Ho$ aM{¶VmAm|
H$s WmoWr Xme§{ZH$Vm H$moo CIm‹S> ’|$H$Zo H$m Zmam ~wbÝX {H$¶m& g‘mZmÝVa H$m {dMma-~rO Vmo
gZ² 1971 ‘o§ hr ~mo¶m J¶m Wm naÝVw gZ² 1974 VH$ nhþ±MVo-nhw±MVo H$‘boída Zo Cgo
"gm[aH$m' Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ g| àMm[aV g‘¶ Ho$ {bE H$hmZr ^rWar hmo J¶r& H$m‘VmZmW, ‘YwH$a
qgh B~«m{h‘ ear’$, ldU Hw$‘ma, {Zén‘m godVr, ‘¥Xþbm JJ© Am{X Bg Ymam Ho$ d[að>
H$hmZrH$ma h¡&
AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ H$hmZr AmÝXmocZm| Ho$ g‘mZmÝVa "Am±M{bH$' H$hmZr ^r AnZr
Mmb Ed§ AnZr ‘ñVr go ~am~a J{Verb h¡& S>m°. {edàgmX qgh Zo Am±M{bH$ H$hmZ§r H$mo Bg
àH$ma ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ - ""Am±M{bH$ do hr H$mhm{Z¶m± H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡, Omo {H$gr OZnX Ho$
OrdZ ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm ‘whmdao, H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZm hr AnZm bú¶ ‘mZ|& Am±M{bH$ VÎd hr
CZHo$ gmܶ hmoVo h¡&''
gZ² "50 go Am±M{bH$ H$hmZr {bIr OmVr ahr h¡ Am¡a ¶h naånam {ZaÝVa
àdh‘mZ h¡ ³¶m|{H$ ¶h H$moB© MH$mMm¢Y CËnÞ H$a g‘má hmoZo dmbm AmÝXmobZ Zhr h¡ ~pëH$
¶h Vmo J«m‘rU n[adoe H$s Y‹S>H$Zm| H$mo {MÌm§{H$V H$aZo dmbm AZwemgZ h¡& Vrgar H$g‘,
Rw>‘ar, ag{à¶m, bmb nmZ H$s ~oJ‘ (’$UrídaZmW aoUw), h§gm OmB© AHo$bm, gy¶m©, ‘mhr
(‘mH©$ÊS>o¶), {~ÝXm ‘hmamO, ‘waXm gam¶ ({ed àgmX qgh), H${nbm, hmam hþAm, ^±dao H$s
OmV (e¡boe ‘{Q>¶mZr), H$mogr H$m KQ>dma (eoIa Omoer), A±Yoao ‘| (‘YwH$a qgh), H$[aE
{N>‘m ({edmZr), ~¡b|g (~XrC‚m‘m), ‘¸$ma (B~«m{h‘ ear’$), aWMH«$ ({h‘m§ew Omoer)
H$MH$m¢Y (Jmo{dÝX {‘l), Wyå~y H$s amI (Io‘amO Jwá gmJa), Zd‘r H$s XhbrO
({H$emoarbmb d¡Ú), nmbZhmao (~bam‘), Abmd (Ho$ed), ‘rÀN>d, Q>±²Q>, ’$ÝXm, ‘o‘Zm
(gwerc Hw$‘ma ’w$„), ‘§JbmMmar (gwÝXa bmo{h¶m), X§e (gwXe©Z d{eð>) Am{X M{M©V
Am±M{bH$ H$hm{Z¶m± h¡&
AmO H$hmZr-joÌ ‘| Hw$N> ‘{hbmE± ^r AnZr boIZr H$m Cn¶moJ H$a ahr h¡& BZ ‘|
VoOamZr nmR>H$, H$‘bm Mm¡Yar, ho‘dVr, g˶dVr ‘{bH$, {edmZr, ‘Þw ^§S>mar, H¥$îUm
gmo~Vr, ‘¥Umb nm§S>o, gy¶©~mbm, ‘ohé{Þgm nadoO, Xr{á IÊS>obdmb, ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m,
eerà^m emór, H¥$îUm A{¾hmoÌr, ‘mbVr Omoer, Zm{gam e‘m©, Z{‘Vm qgh, amOr goR>,
MÝÐH$mÝVm, Hw$gw‘ A§gb, bVm ew³b, gwZrVm O¡Z, gwYm Aamoam, ‘§Owb ^JV, AbH$m
gam~Jr, JrVm§O{b lr Am{X à{gÕ h¡& BgHo$ A{V[a³V nmíMm˶ H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ Hw$N> AZwdmX
^r {H$E h¡& BZ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘o H$bm Ho$ AZoH$ {dYmZmoo Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ, B{Vhmg Ed§
g§ñH¥$V Ho$ AZoH$ A§Jmo H$m ñne© {H$¶m h¡& ~§Jmb H$m AH$mb, H$bH$Îmm Am¡a n§Om~ Ho$
OZg§hma, ¶wÕH$mbrZ Aì¶dñWm, Am{W©H$ Ed§ Z¡{VH$ g§Kf© H$m {MÌU BZ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| hþAm
h¡& gñVr ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ‘m{gH$ n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ H$maU H$hmZr boIH$m| H$s ~m‹T>-gr Am JB© h¡&
{hÝXr H$hmZr AmO ^r H$϶ Am¡a {eën Ho$ ZE à{V‘mZ aMVo hþE {dH$mg H$s AZoH$ {XemAm|
g| AmJo ~‹T> ahr h¡&
13.2 àñVmdZm
ZmQ>H$ gm{h˶ H$m {dH$mg ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ ‘| ‘mZm OmVm h¡, g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s
j{V hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Am{XH$mb Am¡a ‘ܶH$mb ‘| ZmQ>H$ H$mo {H$gr àH$ma H$m àj¶ Zht {‘bm
hm° naånam Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$ZmQ²>ç Adí¶ àM{bV aho&
A) ^maVoÝXw `wJ :-
{hÝXr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ dmñV{dH$ OÝ_XmVm `m àdV©H$ ^maVoÝXw h[aíMÝÐ hr h¡&
BZHo$ nhbo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| ZmQ>H$ àMwa _mÌm _| {bIo OmVo aho& g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$s EH$
AË`ÝV g_¥ÜX naånam ^r ahr, na§Vw {hÝXr _| ZmQ>H$, AmYw{ZH$ AmWm] _| {OÝho§ ZmQ>H$ _mZm
gH$Vm h¡, H$m {dH$mg 19 dt eVr Ho$ CÎmamY© _| hr hþAm& ' ^maVoÝXw `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m
EH$ H$maU `h h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ Amaå^ _| A§J«oOr amÁ` Ho$ emofU Am¡a AË`mMmam| go
OZMoVZm H$m O~ CX` hþAm, Vmo n[aUm_V: ZmQ>H$ Bg OZ-MoVZm H$m dmhH$ ~ZH$a
gm{hË`-joÌ _| CVam& Bg `wJ _| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ CX` H$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h¢ {H$
Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma ZB© `wJ-MoVZm H$m àMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZmQ>H$ H$mo {deof én go ZmQ>H$
Ho$ EH$ A§J 'àhgZ' H$mo gmYZ ~ZmVm MmhVo Wo& àhgZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZr ~mV ì`§½` Am¡a
hmñ` Ho$ AmdaU _| AmgmZr go ì`ŠV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ _| àhgZ
n`m©ßV _mÌm _| {bIo JE&
dñVwV: {hÝXr _| dmñV{dH$ én _| ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$m lo` ^maVoÝXw H$mo hr h¡&
CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>`-emó Ho$ AZoH$ éT> {Z`_m| H$m n[aË`mJ H$aHo$ {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo EH$
gd©Wm A{^Zd Am¡a ZdrZ `wJ Ho$ AZwén én àXmZ H$aHo$ Cgo amï´>r` ^mdZm Ho$ àgma H$m
geŠV gmYZ ~Zm`m& ^maVoÝXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g§aì`m bJ^J 18 h¡& BZ_| Eo{Vhm{gH$,
nm¡am{UH$ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ ZmQ>H$ Am JE h¡& hmñ` Ed§ ì`§½`-{dZmoX H$m
^md ^r BZ_| gd©Ì {dÚ_mZ h¡& ^maVoÝXw Or Zo BZ ZmQ>H$m| _| OrdZ Ho$ àm`: g^r joÌm| go
gm_J«r J«hU H$s h¡& BÝhm|Zo AŠga g_mO-gwYma, Xoe-ào_, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Jm¡ad H$s _hÎmm
Am{X {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m VWm ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝh| à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$-
nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm-H$WmZH$m| H$mo ^r AnZo g_gm_{`H$ n`m©daU àXmZ H$aZo H$m g\$b gmW©H$
à`mg {H$`m h¡&
^maVoÝXw Ho$ ZmQ>H$ _w»`V: nm¡am{UH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {df`m| na
AmYm[aV h¡& 'gË` h[aíMÝÐ', 'YZ§O` {dO`', '_wÐm amjg', 'H$ny©a-_§Oar' `o Mmam|
ZmQ>H$ AZwdm{XV h¡& AnZo _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Ed§ Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na
AZw{XV ZmQ>H$ :-
^maVoÝXw-`wJ _| _m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$ g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go H$_ {bIo J`o, BgrH$maU
CZHo$ A^md _| AÝ` ^mfmAm| Ho$ loð> ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX H$s naånam Iy~ Mbr& `o AZwdmX
~±Jbm, g§ñH¥$V Am¡a A§J«oOr go hþE& ~m~y grVmam_ Zo 'ZmJmZÝX', '_¥ÀN H${Q>H$','_mbVr
_mYd' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| H$m VWm gË`Zmam`U 'H${daËZ'Zo ^d^y{V Ho$ 'CÎma am_M[aV' Am¡a
'_mbVr _mYd' H$m g§ñH¥$V go AZwdmX {H$`m h¡& `o AZwdmX AË`ÝV gwÝXa ~Z nS>o h¡& ~±Jbm
Ho$ à{gÜX ZmQ>H$H$ma {ÛOoÝÐbmb am` Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX énZmam`U nmÊS>o` Am¡a
am_H¥$îU d_m© Or Zo {H$`m& `o ZmQ>H$ AË`§V bmoH${à` hþE& lr. ZmWwam_ ào_r, YÝ`Hw$_ma O¡Z
Ed_ n§. ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> Or Zo ^r AZoH$ ~±Jbm ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& A§J«oOr ZmQ>H$m| Ho$
AZwdmXH$m| _| J§JmàgmX nmÊS>o`, nwamo{hV JmonrZmW, _WwamXmg CnmÜ`m` Am{X à_wI h¢&
CÝhmo§Zo {deof én go eoŠg{n`a Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m AmZwdmX {H$`m&
~) àgmX `wJ :-
{hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$mo gm{hpË`H$ ^y{_H$m àXmZ H$aZo H$m à`mg gd©àW_
^maVoÝXwOr Zo {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ nyd© gm{hpË`H$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m EH$ àH$ma go A^md gm Wm& nmagr
ZmQ>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam A{^ZrV ZmQ>H$ Agm{hpË`H$ Am¡a Hw$é{MnyU© hþAm H$aVo Wo& ^maVoÝXwOr
Zo ñd`§ ZmQ>H$ {bIZ Am¡a AnZo gm{hpË`H$ gh`mo{J`m| H$mo Bg Amoa àd¥Îm H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr
gmW Aì`mdgm{`H$ a§J_§M H$s Ztd ^r S>mbr& CZHo$ Ûmam ñWm{nV H$s JB© ZmQ>H$ Am¡a a§J_§M
(K) Jr{VZmQ²>` :-
Bg `wJ _| H${Vn` Jr{VZmQ²>` ^r {bIo J`o {OZ_| _¡{WbreaU JwßV H$m
'AZK', h[aH¥$îU ào_r H$m 'ñdU©-{dhmZ', ^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m 'Vmam', CX`e§H$a ^Å> Ho$
'_Ëñ`J§Ym' Am¡a '{díd{_Ì' Am{X CëboIZr` h¡§& BZ_| go 'Vmam' g\$b Jr{VZmQ²>` h¡& ^Å>
Or Ho$ Jr{VZmQ²>`mo§ _| H${dÎd Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$s` g§Kf© Am¡a àVrH$mË_H$Vm H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd`
{_bVm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ AÝ` Jr{VZmQ²>`m| _| Jmo{dÝXdëb^ n§V H$m 'da_mbm' Am¡a CX`e§H$a
^Å> H$m '{dÐmo{hZr Aå~m' ^r CëboIZr` h¡&
àgmXmoÎma H$mb go boH$a AmO VH$ H$m {hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$B© YmamAm| _| {d^ŠV
hmoH$a AnZr {dH$mg H$s `mÌm V` H$a ahm h¡& Bg `wJ _| Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$, g_ñ`m
àYmZ, àVrH$dmXr, ì`{ŠVdmXr MoVZm go AZwàm{UV gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go
AZwàm{UV, amOZr{VH$ MoVZm go AZwàm{UV, Jr{VZmQ²>`, ì`§½` ZmQ>H$ VWm {dg§JV ZmQ>H$
(4) Jr{VZmQ>²` :-
Bg `wJ _| ^mdàYmZ AWm©V Jr{VZmQ²>` H$s aMZm ^r n`m©ßV g§»`m _| hþB©&
Bg dJ© Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {b`o ^md à_wIVm Ho$ gmW-gmW nÚ H$m Cn`moJ ^r Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| a{MV {hÝXr H$m nhbm Jr{VZmQ>H$ O`e§H$a àgmX Ûmam a{MV 'H$éUmb`"
_mZm OmVm h¡& BgHo$ AZ§Va _¡{WbreaU JwßV Ûmam 'gZK' h[aH¥$îU ào_r Ûmam '{~hmZ'
CX`e§H$a ^Å> Ûmam '_Ëñ`J§Ym' '{dídm{_Ì' Am¡a 'amYm' ^JdVrMaU d_m© Ûmam 'Vmam'
Am{X g\$b Jr{VZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm hþB©& Jr{V ZmQ>H$m| H$s Bg naånam _| gw{_ÌmZÝXZ n§V Ho$
'aOV {eIa' Am¡a '{eënr' ({Og_o§ CZHo$ Zm¡ Jr{V-ZmQ²>` g§J«{hV h¡), S>m°. Y_©dra ^maVr
H$m 'A§Ym`wJ', {J[aOmHw$_ma _mWwa Ho$ 'H$ënmÝVa', 'X§Jm' Am¡a 'am_', Ako` H$m 'CÎma
{à`Xeu', Am¡a Xwî`ÝVHw$_ma Ho$ 'EH$ H§$R> {dfnm`r' VWm AmagràgmX qgh Ho$ '_X{ZH$m'
Am¡a 'YynN>m±d', OmZH$sdëb^ emór Ho$ nm§Mmbr', '_XZ XhZ', 'Jmonm', 'Cd©er',
'nmfmUr', {gÜXZmW Hw$_ma Ho$ 'g¥{ï> H$s gm±P', '{dH$bm§Jmo§ H$m Xoe' 'bm¡h `wJ' 'g§Kf©',
Ho$XmaZmW {_l 'à^mV' Ho$ 'ñdUm}X`', 'A§Jw{b_mb' 'g§dÎm©' VWm '_mZd {ZíM` hr
bm¡Q>oJm' Am{X {deof CëboIZr` h¡&
Bg BH$mB© H$m CÔoí¶ {hÝXr {Z~§Y gm{h˶ H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZm h¡& BgHo$
A§VJ©V {dÚmWu {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m Aä¶wËWmZ, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m n[a‘mO©Z, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m
CËH$f©, {hÝXr {Z~§Y H$m àgmaU H$s {dñV¥V OmZH$mar hm{gb H$a gH|$Jo Am¡a à‘wI
{Z~§YH$ma Am¡a CZHo$ Ûmam {b{IV {Z~§Ymo H$m ^r Aܶ¶Z H$a gH|$Jo&
14.2 àñVmdZm …-
"^maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð' Ho$ AmZo go {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$mo Z¶r {Xem {‘br CÝhmoZo
H$B© {dYmE± {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$mo Xr CZ‘| go EH$ {Z~§Y h¡& ^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a
amOZr{VH$ hbMb H$m ¶wJ Wm& boIH$m| Zo g‘mO gwYma H$s ^mdZm go ào[aV hmoH$a gm{hp˶H$
boI, Am¡a à^mdmoËnmXH$ e¡br H$m à¶moJ H$a {Z~§Y aMZm H$s Omo H$mb Ho$ AZwê$n Am¡a
Amdí¶H$ Wr&
'{Z~ÝY' JÚ gm{hË` H$s EH$ {deof {dYm h¡& {hÝXr _| {Z~ÝY H$m g_w{MV
gwÌnmV amï´>r` OmJaU Ho$ Cf:H$mb ^maÝVoÝXw H$mb _| hþAm& BgHo$ H$maU ñnï> hr h¢- EH$ Vmo
A~ JÚ H$m {dH$mg hmo MwH$m Wm Am¡a Xygao _wÐUV§Ì VWm g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ àMbZ Zo gm{hË`
Ho$ Bg A§J H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ^maVoÝXw `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma na {d{dY_wIr
Xm{`Ëd Wm; {OgH$s ny{V© JÚ gm{hË` Ho$ AÝ` AÝJm| H$s Anojm {Z~ÝY Ho$ Ûmam ghO VWm
g~b én_| hmo gH$Vr Wr& ^maVoÝXw nyd© H$mb _| Cg gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m ^r
CÝ_oe Zht hþAm Wm; {OgZo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYmo§ _| àmU \y$±Ho$&
^maVoÝXw `wJ go boH$a A~ VH$ Ho$ {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$mo Mma {d^mJm| _|
{d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡§&-
(1) ^maVoÝXw `wJ (gZ² 1857-1900) '{hÝXr {Z~ÝY H$m Aä`wËWmZ'
Bg `wJ H$s g_ñV gm{hË` MoVZm _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr _| g_m{hV h¡&
{ÛdoXr `wJ H$m àmaå^ _hmdra àgmXOr Ho$ 'gañdVr' (1903) n{ÌH$m Ho$ gånmXZ Ho$ gmW
hr _mZ gH$Vo h¡§& gañdVr _| OmVo hr BÝhm|Zo g~go nhbm H$m`© VËH$mbrZ boIH$m| H$s ^mfm
H$mo g§ñH$m[aV Ed§ n[a_m{O©V H$aZo H$m {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo ^mfm Ho$ ì`mH$aU gå_V à`moJ VWm
{hÝXr _| {dam_{MÝhm| Ho$ Cn`moJ na AË`{YH$ ~b {X`m& {ÛdoXrOr Ho$ Z¡{VH$Vm {à` hmoZo Ho$
H$maU Cg `wJ _| Z¡{VH$ {Z~ÝY A{YH$ {bIo J`o& {ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Jå^raVm Ed§
embrZVm AmZo bJr Am¡a CZH$m _w»` gå~ÝY g` Ed§ {e{jV g_mO go hmo J`m& Bggo
{ÛdoXrH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| ~m¡pÜXH$Vm A{YH$ AmB© Am¡a hm{X©H$Vm H$s H$_r ahr Am¡a CZ_|
^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ AmpË_`Vm VWm {OÝXm{Xbr Z ahr& {ÛdoXr Ho$ AZwgma kmZam{e H$m A{O©V
^mÊS>ma hr gm{hË` h¡& AV: Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYH$ma H$m Ü`mZ AnZo gm{hË` H$mo g§{MV
kmZH$mof ~ZmZo H$s Amoa ^r J`m& n[aUm_V: Xygar ^mfmAm| Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ AZwdmX H$aZo H$s
naånam ^r Bg `wJ _| Mb {ZH$br& Bg `wJ Ho$ à_wI {Z~ÝYH$ma h¢- _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr,
~m~y í`m_gwÝXa Xmg, nX²_qgh e_m©, {_l~ÝYw, _mYdàgmX {_l, MÝÐYa e_m© Jwboar Am¡a
gaXma nyU©{g§h&
(3)gaXma nyU©qgh -
H$hmZr gm{hË` _| Omo ñWmZ Jwboar Or H$mo àmßV h¢, dhr ñWmZ {Z~ÝY
gm{hË` _| gaXma nyU©qgh H$mo àmßV h¢& BÝhm|Zo Ho$db AmR> hr {Z~ÝY {bIo& n[a_mU H$s Ñ{ï>
go BZH$s {Z~ÝY g§»`m H$_ h¢, na JwUm| H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$m ~‹S>m _hËd h¡& CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _|
ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ, ^md-àdUVm, Am¡a _YwaVm H$mo {deof ñWmZ {_bm h¡& CZHo$ ^mdmË_H$
{Z~ÝYm| _| _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$s àYmZVm h¡& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY 'AmMaU H$s gä`Vm, gÀMr
draVm, _OXyar Am¡a ào_, ~«÷-H«$mpÝV, 'H$Ý`mXmZ', 'n{dÌVm' Am{X CÝh| {Z~ÝYH$ma Ho$ én
_| à{V{ð>V H$a XoVo h¡&
(4)S>m°. í`m_gwÝXaXmg -
~m~y í`m_gwÝXaXmg EH$ CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ AmbmoMH$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW
g\$b {Z~ÝYH$ma ^r Wo& CÝhm|Zo àm`: Jå^ra AmbmoMZmË_H$ {df`m|na boI {bIo h¡§&
{df`dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo gm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a ^mfm-d¡km{ZH$ {df`m| na {Z~ÝY
{bI|& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| {dMmam| H$m g§J«h Am¡a g_Ýd` hr A{YH$ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&
AmË_mZw^y{V`m| H$m àH$meZ `m ^mdmË_H$Vm CZ_| ~hþV H$_ h¡& BZH$s e¡br àm¡‹T> hmoVo hþE ^r
gab h¡& ~m~yOr EH$ J§^ra {dMmaH$ Wo, AV: CZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| CZHo$ {dMmam| H$s hr
(5)nX²_qgh e_m© -
BZHo$ Xmo {Z~ÝY g§J«h- "nX²_- namJ', Am¡a 'à~ÝY- _§Oar' àH$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h¡§& BZHo$ {Z~ÝY \$‹S>H$Vr hþ`r ^mfm Ho$ H$maU n`m©ßV AmH$f©H$ ~Z n‹S>o h¡§& CÝhm|Zo Hw$N>
OrdZr`m± Am¡a g§ñ_aUmË_H$ boI ^r {bIo h¡§&
(6)Jwboar -
JwboarOrZo H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ g_mZ {Z~ÝY ^r H$_ {bIo h¡, {\$a ^r do A{ÛVr`
Am¡a AZyR>o h¡& CZHo$ '_mao{g _mo§[h Hw$ÊR>md', 'H$Nw>Am Ya_' Am¡a 'gÝJrV' Am{X {Z~ÝYm| _|
g_mO na VrIo ì`§J h¡&
(7){_l~ÝYw-
{_l~ÝYwAm| Ho$ {Z~ÝY g§»`m _| H$m\$s h¡§ na CZH$m _hËd {ejm _ybH$ h§¡&
{ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ AÝ` {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Jmo{dÝX Zmam`U {_l, OJÞmWàgmX MVwd}Xr, JUoe eÝH$a
{dÚmWu, {H$emoarXmg dmOno`r, {ednyOZ ghm` Am{X C„oI{Z` h¡§&
{ÛdoXrH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| ^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| H$s gr VmOJr,
{OÝXm{Xbr Am¡a ì`§½`-{dZmoX {à`Vm Zht h¡, ~pëH$ {dMmam|H$s àYmZVm Am¡a J§^raVm h¡&
^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| _| n`m©ßV _m¡{bH$Vm h¡§, {H$ÝVw BZ_| kmZ H$s g§M`mË_H$Vm h¡§&
dñVwV: `o {Z~ÝY H$_ h¡ Am¡a {dMmam| Ho$ g§J«h A{YH$& Jwboar Am¡a nyU©qgh H$mo N>moS>H$a {ÛdoXr
`wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝYm| _| d¡`{ŠVH$Vm H$m ^r àm`: A^md h¡& BZ {Z~ÝYm| H$m d¥Îm ^r gr{_V h¡, BZ_|
^maVoÝXwH$mbrZ {Z~ÝYm| Ho$ g_mZ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ MoVZm H$m à{V{~å~
Zhr§ h¡& CnXoemË_H$Vm BZ {Z~ÝYm| H$s Img {deofVm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~ÝY ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go
A{YH$ ewÜX Am¡a n[aîH¥$V h¡&
{hÝXr gm{hË` _| {Z~ÝY Ho$ {dH$mg H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb `wJ CËH$f©H$mb h¡&
{df`, e¡br, ñdén, ^md, VWm ^mfm Ho$ {dMma go gdm©§{JU {dH$mg Bg ¶wJ ‘o§ hþAm& ^maVoÝXw
`wJrZ amO{H$` H$Qw>Vm, {hÝXr-CXy© {ddmX, Am{X Zï> hmoZo go pìXdoXr `wJ _| ñdm^m{dH$ Wm {H$
{Z~ÝYH$mam| H$m bú` {d{dY {df`m| H$m ~Z gHo$ VWm kmZ-dY©H$ {Z~ÝY àñVwV {H$`o J`o&
{df` d¡{dÜ`, H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb `wJ _| e¡j{UH$, gm{hpË`H$, amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, VWm {d{dY Am¡a Cn`moJr {df`m| na {Z~ÝY {bIo J`o& Bg `wJ _| àm`: {dMmamË_H$,
AmbmoMZmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$, dU©ZmË_H$ VWm {ddaUmË_H$ Am{X g^r àH$ma Ho$ {Z~ÝY {bIo
J`o&
(2)~m~y Jwbm~am` -
AmnHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$mo _w»`V: Mma dJm] _| {d^ŠV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡-
Xme©{ZH$-{dMmamË_H$, gm{hpË`H$- AmbmoMZmË_H$, AmË_-g§ñ_aUmË_H$, hmñ`
{dZmoXmË_H$& BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| ì`{ŠVËd H$s gabVm, {dMmam| H$s ñnï>Vm, Ed§ e¡br H$s
gw~moYVm {_bVr h¡& gm{hË`, _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a Xe©Z Am{X go gå~pÝYV {df`m| H$mo boH$a
{bIo J`o {Z~ÝYm| _| Ohm± BZHo$ AÜ``Z joÌ H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ed§ {dMmam| H$s ñnï>Vm {~på~V h¡,
dhm± CZH$s e¡br H$s gabVm Ed§ gw~moYVm CZHo$ AmÜ`mn{H$` ì`{ŠVËd H$m n[aM` XoVr h¡&
ì`{ŠV Am¡a {df`, {dMma Am¡a AZw^y{V, H$Ï` Am¡a H$WZ-BZ XmoZmo§ njm| H$m gwÝXa g_Ýd`
BZHo$ {Z~ÝYm| _| Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& A~ VH$ BZHo$ {ZåZ {b{IV {Z~ÝY g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo
MwHo$ h¡& - "R>bwAm Šb~', '_oar Ag\$bVmE±, {\$a {Zamem Š`m|,' 'à~ÝY-à^mH$a', '_Z
H$s ~mVo', '{gÜXmÝV Am¡a AÜ``Z', 'H$mì` Ho$ én', '{hÝXr-H$mì` {d_e©',
'gm{hË`g_rjm', 'Hw$N> CWbo, Hw$N> Jha|, '_oao {Z~ÝY', 'AÜ``Z Am¡a AmñdmX', Am{X&
Bg `wJ Zo AË`ÝV CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ {Z~ÝY boIH$m| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¢& BZ
{Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Am. hOmaràgmX pìXdoXr, Am. ZÝXXþbmao dmOno`r, S>m. ZJoÝÐ, S>m. am_{dbmg
e_m©, O¡ZoÝÐ, Ako`, BbmMÝÐ Omoer, {edXmZqgh Mm¡ìhmU, à^mH$a _mMdo, Y_©dra ^maVr,
S>m. XodamO Am¡a Z{bZ {dbmoMZ e_m© Am{X {deof én go CëboI{Z` h¢& `o {dMma Am¡a e¡br
H$s Ñ{ï> go ewŠb go {^ÝZ h¢, na BÝh| OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| Omo Hw$N> H$hZm h¢, ewŠb Ho$ g_mZ
gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$hVo h¢& gm{hË` AmbmoMZmË_H$ {Z~ÝY boIH$m| _| nÝV, àgmX,
{Zambm Am¡a _hmXodr d_m© VWm {e`mam_eaU JwßV Ho$ Zm_ CëboIZr` h¢& Bg `wJ Ho$
dU©ZmË_H$ Ed§ `mÌm gå~ÝYr {Z~ÝY boIH$m| _| gË`Xod, amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Am¡a XodoÝÐ
gË`{f© Ho$ Zm_ {deof CëboI{Z` h¢& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV gX²JwéeaU AdñWr, ^JdVrMaU
d_m©, ^XÝV AZÝV H$m¡eë`m`Z, Am¡a Zah[a {dîUy JmS>Jrb Am{X Zo ^r {hÝXr {Z~ÝY joÌ _|
gwÝXa Am¡a g\$b à`moJ {H$`o h¢&
(1) Am. hOmaràgmX pìXdoXr …-
ewŠbmoÎma {Z~ÝYH$mam| _| Am. pìXdoXr H$m erf©ñW ñWmZ h¢& pìXdoXr
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$ nwOmar h¡& AmnHo$ {Z~ÝYm| H$m {df` joÌ AË`ÝV ì`mnH$ h¡&
(10) Ako`
Ako` H${d-én _| {OVZo M{M©V hþE, CVZo hr H$WmH$ma Ho$ én _| ^r& gmW
hr gmW {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ én _| ^r CÝh| {deof »`m{V àmßV hþ`r h¡& CZHo$ à_wI {Z~ÝY g§J«h
h¡- {Ìe§Hw$, Amb~mb, AmÚVZ, OmoJ {bIr, Yma Am¡a {H$Zmao, Ho$ÝÐ Am¡a n[a{Y, ^dÝVr,
gO©Zm Am¡a gÝX^©, ñ_¥{VboIm Am{X& Ako` Zo {ddoMZmË_H$, ì`m»`mË_H$ VWm ZmQ>H$s`
e¡br H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE {hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$mo g_¥ÜX {H$`m h¡&