materials

Article
Effects of Liquid Parameters on Liquid-Filled
Compartment Structure Defense Against Metal Jet
Xudong Zu 1, * , Wei Dai 2 , Zhengxiang Huang 1 and Xiaochun Yin 3
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
huangyu@njust.edu.cn
2 Beijing Special Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing 100072, China; 13601366894@139.com
3 Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology,
Nanjing 210094, China; yinxiaochun@njust.edu.cn
* Correspondence: zuxudong9902@njust.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-25-84315649




Received: 14 April 2019; Accepted: 31 May 2019; Published: 4 June 2019


Abstract: The effect of liquid parameters on the defense capability of the liquid-filled compartment
structure (LFCS) of a shaped charge jet (SCJ) is quantified using dimension analysis of experiments
on the reduced depth of SCJ penetration, which is disturbed via the LFCS with different liquids.
The effects of three parameters, namely, liquid density, sound velocity and dynamic viscosity, on LFCS
defense for SCJ are discussed quantitatively. Dynamic viscosity exerts the most important effect on
LFCS disturbance of SCJ penetration, followed by liquid density. Meanwhile, sound velocity causes a
negligible effect on LFCS disturbance of SCJ when the hole diameter in LFCSs are short. LFCSs offer
excellent protection as they can significantly reduce the penetration capability of SCJ. Thus, LFCSs
can be used as a new kind of armor for defense against SCJ.

Keywords: liquid parameter; depth of penetration; shaped charge jet; liquid-filled structure

1. Introduction
Liquid-filled compartment structure (LFCS) is an excellent structure that can be used on the side
tanks of ships and as an additional liquid-filled cover armor of armored vehicles to resist incoming
penetrative projectiles. As a kind of armor, LFCS can disturb the stability of high-speed projectiles
during penetration. However, no reliable model can be used to accurately describe the interaction
between a LFCS and projectiles and evaluate the effects of the former on the latter. High explosive
anti-tank (HEAT) cartridges represent an important kind of ammunition that is widely used to attack
armored target. A LFCS can reduce the penetration capability of shaped charge jet (SCJ) from HEAT
cartridges. The properties of liquid materials (e.g., density, sound velocity and dynamic viscosity)
play an important role in the way LFCSs disturb the stability of the SCJ and reduce their penetration
capability [1]. Therefore, this study establishes a mode that includes the parameters of liquid materials
in calculating the effects of the LFCS to the penetration capability of SCJ through dimensional analysis.
In general, during projectile impact (fragments or bullets) in a liquid container, a cavity is formed
by projectile drag, and a bubble is created by a hydrodynamic ram event induced by projectile
penetration at ballistic speed in a confined geometry filled with liquid; this condition reduces the kinetic
energy of the projectile and changes the motion trail. Most researchers pay considerable attention to
expansion and collapse cavity and the deformation and destruction of containers. Lecysyn [2] analyzed
shock wave propagation, cavity formation and energy loss of fluid-filled tanks under high-speed
projectile impact through experimental work and theoretical modeling. The experimental phenomena
can be described by a theoretical model. Disimile [3] undertook a detailed study on hydrodynamic
ram and the destructive interference offered by a pressure mitigation system through firing a spherical

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Materials 2019, 12, 1809 2 of 14

projectile onto a water tank. The results showed that the hydrodynamic ram effect can be reduced with
an appropriate assembly design. Charles [4] used numerical methods to model the expansion and
collapse of cavities that develop in containers after impact and arrest by water with ballistic projectiles.
A numerical model was used to evaluate the proportion of kinetic energy of the bullet that was converted
into internal, fluid kinetic and latent energy of water, which can finally be transferred to a deformable
fuel tank structure. Fourest et al. [5,6] analyzed bubble dynamics through a hydrodynamic ram in a
pool and liquid-filled container by using the Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The results showed that liquid
compressibility influences the dynamics of confined bubbles, and that the gas pressure in bubbles exerts
minimal influence on bubble dynamics and the hydrodynamic loads applied to the structure. Varas [7]
studied plastic deformation and the pressure of water-filled aluminum square tubes filled with fluid
at different levels and subjected to the impact of a spherical steel projectile with various velocities.
They observed that the momentum normal to the wall is the most important factor influencing tube
deformation. Varas [8] investigated liquid pressure, wall displacement of a square tube and cavity
evolution at different impact velocities created by a steel spherical projectile impacting a partially
water-filled aluminum square tube through simulations and experiments. The results proved that the
arbitrary Lagrange–Euler technique can reproduce the stages of a hydrodynamic ram in partially filled
tubes and cavity evolution, which is the main cause of final tank deformations. Artero-Guerrero [9]
analyzed pressure at different points and strains on the tube wall and cavity evolution under a projectile
with different velocities to impact a liquid-filled woven carbon fiber-reinforced plastic tube through
simulation and experimental methods. The numerical results showed that the relationship between
the magnitude of pressure pulse and impact velocity quadratically increased, and that the maximum
cavity size linearly increased. Deletombe [10] observed and measured the dynamic evolution of the
geometry of the wake behind and the cavity around a projectile with a 7.62 mm bullet shot liquid-filled
container by using high-speed digital image cameras. Kong [11] investigated the penetration of single
and double fragments into a liquid-filled cabin. The simulation results showed that the peaks of shock
wave pressure from the impact of double fragments are twice higher than those in single fragments.
Several researchers also considered the effects on projectiles. Sauer [12] investigated the impact
response of projectiles on fluid-filled containers through numerical modeling, in which container
rupture, water spread, and residual velocity were studied through 2D axisymmetric hydrocode
simulations. The results showed that the adaptive smoothed particle hydrodynamics approach
can be accurately used to calculate deformation, water spread and residual velocity. Uhlig [13]
examined the interplay of an eroded target material and the remaining projectile, wherein copper rods
perforated the liquid-filled channels that were circumferentially confined by steel cylinders. Channel
width was found to play a more important role during penetration in low-density materials than in
high-density materials.
Shaped charge warheads are the main warheads used to attack ships and armored vehicles.
Researchers analyzed the effects of liquid-filled structures on SCJ. Held [14] modified Szendrei
equations and obtained the reaming equations of jet penetration in water through high spatial and
temporal resolutions and profile streak technology. Lee [15] explored the penetration of jet particles by
using water in high-speed photography and X-ray experiments. The researchers observed that the
contour of bubbles formed no smooth curve, but that wave packets and jet particles only arrived at
the penetration bottom when the foregoing particles were consumed completely during penetration.
Huang et al. [16,17] established a mechanical model of a diesel oil-filled hermetic structure that
interferes with a jet and obtained the expressions of the interfered velocity range. They also verified
the theoretical model via X-ray experiments.
In the present study, liquid parameters, such as density, sound velocity, and dynamic viscosity,
are considered. The relationship between the defense capability of LFCSs, directly shown as the
reduced depth of penetration (DOP) by the LFCS and SCJ and target, is obtained through dimensional
analysis. Coefficient values are fitted on the basis of the experimental results. The effects of each liquid
parameter on reduced DOP is discussed.
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2. Physics
Physics Phenomena
Phenomena and and Principles
Principles
2. 2.
Physics Phenomena and Principles
Take for
Take for example
example aaHEAT
HEAT attack
attack on a tank with LFCS as additional armor. The effect of theof
LFCS
Take for example a HEAT attack on aontanka tank
with with
LFCSLFCS as additional
as additional armor.armor. Theofeffect
The effect the LFCS the
on the SCJ of the HEAT cartridge is shown in Figure 1. The LFCS as an additional armor is always
on the SCJ of the HEAT cartridge is shown in Figure 1. The LFCS as an additional armor is always is
LFCS on the SCJ of the HEAT cartridge is shown in Figure 1. The LFCS as an additional armor
fixed onfixed
always the main
onarmorarmor
the main by boltsby
armor which
bolts establishes a certainadistance
which establishes certain between between
distance the LFCStheandLFCS
the main
and
fixed on the main by bolts which establishes a certain distance between the LFCS and the main
armor
the main (Figure
armor 1ІІ). When
(Figure the
1II). HEAT
When thecartridge
HEAT attacks
cartridge the tank
attacks with
the LFCS
tank as
with additional
LFCS as armor
additional (Figure
armor
armor (Figure 1ІІ). When the HEAT cartridge attacks the tank with LFCS as additional armor (Figure
1І), the 1I),
(Figure fusethe
detonates the explosive
fuse detonates in the in
the explosive HEAT cartridge,
thecartridge,
HEAT and SCJ is
cartridge, formed and and
penetrates the
1І), the fuse detonates the explosive in the HEAT and SCJand SCJ is formed
is formed penetrates
and penetrates the
LFCS
the LFCSafter thethe
after node of the HEAT cartridge impacts the
theLFCS. InInthe process of
ofthe SCJ penetrating,
LFCS after the node node
of theofHEAT
the HEAT cartridge
cartridge impacts
impacts the LFCS. LFCS.
In the the process
process of the the
SCJSCJ penetrating,
penetrating,
the
the disturbed
disturbed jet
jet drifts
drifts off
off from
from the
the penetrating
penetrating axis
axis (Figure
(Figure 1ІІІ).
1III).
the disturbed jet drifts off from the penetrating axis (Figure 1ІІІ).

Figure 1. Effects of the liquid-filled compartment structure (LFCS) on the shaped charge jet (SCJ) of
Figure 1. 1.
Figure Effects of of
Effects thethe
liquid-filled compartment
liquid-filled structure
compartment (LFCS)
structure onon
(LFCS) thethe
shaped charge
shaped jetjet
charge (SCJ) of of
(SCJ)
high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) cartridge.
high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) cartridge.
high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) cartridge.
In the present research, the LFCS consists of a main target body and a front plate. The main
InIn thepresent
the presentresearch,
research, the
the LFCS consists
consistsofofaamain
maintarget body
target bodyand a front
and plate.
a front TheThe
plate. mainmain
target
target body comprises bulk #45 steel drilled with matrix cylindrical blind holes. The materials of the
bodybody
target comprises bulkbulk
comprises #45 steel drilled
#45 steel withwith
drilled matrix cylindrical
matrix blind
cylindrical holes.
blind TheThe
holes. materials of the
materials main
of the
main target body and front plate are #45 steel and Q235 steel, respectively. Figure 2 shows the target
target
main body
target andand
body front plate
front are #45
plate steelsteel
are #45 andandQ235 steel,
Q235 respectively.
steel, Figure
respectively. 2 shows
Figure the target
2 shows size.
the target
size.
size.

Figure 2. LFCS (all dimensions in mm).

Figure 2. LFCS (all dimensions in mm).
Figure 2. LFCS (all dimensions in mm).
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The
The schematic
schematic of
of the
the interaction
interaction between
between the
the SCJ
SCJ and
and LFCS
LFCS isisshown
shownin
inFigure
Figure3.3. The
The basic
basic
principle [16,17] between the LFCS and the SCJ is presented as follows:
principle [16,17] between the LFCS and the SCJ is presented as follows:

Figure 3.
Figure 3. Interaction
Interaction between
between the
the SCJ
SCJ with
with the
the LFCS.
LFCS.

When
When the SCJ penetrates
penetrates the theliquid
liquidininthetheLFCS,
LFCS,a ashock
shock wave
wave is assumed
is assumed to be
to be formed
formed from from
the
the
tip tip of the
of the SCJ,SCJ, because
because the the penetration
penetration velocity
velocity is faster
is faster thanthan the sound
the sound velocity
velocity of the of liquid
the liquid
(t1). (t
The1 ).
The shock wave is a conically diffused spherical wave, and its propagation
shock wave is a conically diffused spherical wave, and its propagation direction is perpendicular to direction is perpendicular
to
thethe wave
wave front
front alongitsitsnormal
along normaldirection
direction(from
(fromAAto toBBalong
along line
line І). The initial shock wave quickly
I). The quickly
reaches
reachesthe the sidewall
sidewallof of the
the structure
structurethat
thatreflects
reflectsthe theshock
shockwave
wave(from(fromBBto toCCalong
alongline ІІ). Reflected
lineII). Reflected
wave
wave propagation
propagation prevents
prevents the the reaming
reaming process
process of of the
the subsequent
subsequent jet. jet. If the
the surface
surface stress
stress of of the
the
reflected
reflectedshockshockwave wave is greater
is greaterthan the expansion
than the expansion stress,stress,
then thethen liquid
the enters
liquid aenters
convergence process.
a convergence
The convergence
process. liquid under
The convergence liquidtheunder
reflected wave disturbs
the reflected wave the SCJ (tthe
disturbs 2 ) and
SCJmakes
(t2) andthatmakes partthat
of thepartSCJof
drift
the SCJoff from thefrom
drift off penetrating axis.
the penetrating axis.
In
In previous
previous research,
research, only
only one
one kind
kind of
of liquid
liquid diesel
diesel used
used inin the
the LFCS
LFCS and and thethe sound
sound velocity
velocity of of
the liquid were considered. Moreover, the density and dynamic viscosity
the liquid were considered. Moreover, the density and dynamic viscosity of the liquid material were of the liquid material were
ignored.
ignored. However,
However, density
density andand dynamic
dynamic viscosity
viscosity playplay important
important roles roles in in the
the LFCSs
LFCSs disturbance
disturbance of of
the
the stability
stability ofof the
the SCJ.
SCJ. InIn fact,
fact, effects
effects are
are complicated
complicated when when thethe LFCS
LFCS interacts
interacts with with the the SCJ
SCJ (high
(high
temperature
temperatureof 800–1000◦°C,
of800–1000 C, high
highpressure
pressureof of101099–10
–1010 However, the whole interaction
10 Pa). However, interaction is is difficult
difficult
to
to describe.
describe. Therefore,
Therefore, dimension
dimension analysis
analysis isis suitable
suitable for for the
the study
study of of the
the effects
effects of of liquid
liquid parameters
parameters
on
on LFCS
LFCS defense
defense against
againstSCJ.
SCJ.

3.
3. Dimension
Dimension Analysis
Analysis
In
In broadening
broadening the
the range
range of
of applications,
applications, dimensional
dimensional analysis
analysis requires
requires no
no general
general governing
governing
equations.
equations. To simplify the model and show the major influencing factors, this study
To simplify the model and show the major influencing factors, this study makes
makes the
the
following assumptions:
following assumptions:
(1) The
1) density
The densityof of
thethe
SCJSCJshows nono
shows change;
change;
(2) 2)
TheThe
SCJSCJ is continuous;
is continuous;
(3) 3) Liquid
Liquid vaporization
vaporization is ignored
is ignored as as
thethe whole
whole penetration
penetration process
process is extremely
is extremely short.
short.
Hence, when the SCJ penetrates the liquid-filled structure, the independent factors that affect
the penetration capability of the SCJ are as follows:
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Materials 2019, 12, 1809 5 of 14

Hence, when the SCJ penetrates the liquid-filled structure, the independent factors that affect the
penetration capability of the SCJ are as follows:

(1) Parameters of SCJ: density ρ j , velocity of jet tip v j0 , velocity of jet tail v jt , initial length of the jet l0
and reduced DOP owing to the disturbed SCJ Pdis ;
(2) Liquid parameters: density ρl , sound velocity Cl and dynamic viscosity µ;
(3) Parameters of compartment structure: inner diameter D, height of compartment H, sound velocity
of compartment material Ct and density of compartment material ρt .

Table 1 provides the symbols, units and dimensions of the parameters used in this study.

Table 1. Main parameters of the liquid, SCJ and target structure.

Material Parameter Symbol Unit Dimension

Density ρl kg/m3 M·L−3
Liquid Sound velocity Cl m/s L·T−1
Dynamic viscosity µ Pa·s M·L−1 ·T−1
Velocity of the jet tip v j0 m/s L·T−1
Velocity of the jet tail v jt m/s L·T−1
Initial length of the jet l0 m L
SCJ
Density ρj kg/m3 M·L−3
Reduced DOP Pdis m L
Sound velocity Cj m/s L·T−1
Inner diameter D m L
Height of the compartment H m L
Compartment structure target
Sound velocity Ct m/s L·T−1
Density ρt kg/m3 M·L−3

The penetration capability of the disturbed SCJ (reduced DOP) can be determined as follows:
 
Pdis = f ρl , Cl , µ, v j0 , v jt , l0 , ρ j , C j , D, H, Ct , ρt (1)

where ρl , Cl and l0 are independent dimension parameters. On the basis of the π theorem, k = 3,
Equation (1) becomes dimensionless.

µ v j0 v jt ρ j C j D H Ct ρt
!
Pdis
= f0 , , , , , , , , (2)
l0 ρl ·Cl ·l0 Cl Cl ρl Cl l0 l0 Cl ρl

µ v j0 v jt ρj Cj Ct ρ
Let π1 = ρ ·C ·l , π2 = C , π3 = C , π4 = ρ , π5 = C , π6 = D H t
l0 , π7 = l0 , π8 = Cl , π9 = ρl .
l l 0 l l l l
The variables are reversed as follows to simplify their relation and clarify their physical significance:
π01 = π1 /π6 , π03 = π3 /π2 , π05 = π2 /π5 , π08 = π8 /π5 , π09 = π9 /π4 . Then, Equation (2) is
transformed into the following:

µ v j0 v jt ρ j v j0 D H Ct ρt
!
Pdis
= g0 , , , , , , , , (3)
l0 ρl ·Cl ·D Cl v j0 ρl C j l0 l0 C j ρ j
v jt v j0 D H Ct ρt
Given that the shaped charge and target are confirmed, and that v j0 , C j , l0 , l0 , C j , ρ j are constant,
Equation (3) can be simplified as follows:

µ v j0 ρ j
!
Pdis
=Φ , , (4)
l0 ρl ·Cl ·D Cl ρl
µ
In Equation (4), ρl ·Cl is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the inertia force of the moving liquid and
v j0
it characterizes the flow characteristic of the liquid. Cl is the ratio of the velocity of jet tip to the sound
Materials 2019, 12, 1809 6 of 14

velocity2019,
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12, xliquid andREVIEW
FOR PEER it characterizes the shock wave strength when the jet penetrates the liquid.
6 of 14
ρj
ρl is density ratio of the jet to the liquid. Equation (4) can be written as a power function.

𝑃 𝜇 !α v 𝑣!β ρ !γ𝜌
Pdis = 𝐴 ∙ µ ∙ j0 ∙j (5)
𝑙 = A· 𝜌 ∙𝐶 ∙𝐷 · 𝐶· 𝜌 (5)
l0 ρl ·Cl ·D Cl ρl
Referring to the 1D hydrodynamic penetration model, the DOP is equal to the length of the jet
Referring
multiplied to the
by the 1D hydrodynamic
square penetration
root of the density ratio of the model,
jet tothe
theDOP is equal
target. Thus,tothe
thenumber
length of
of the jet
γ may
multiplied by the square root of the
be 1/2. So 𝑃 can be written as follows: density ratio of the jet to the target. Thus, the number of γ may be
1/2. So Pdis can be written as follows:

𝑃 =𝐴∙
𝜇 ! !𝑣 r∙ 𝑙 𝜌
𝜌 µ
∙ 𝐶 ∙ 𝐷
α
v∙j0 𝐶β ρj 𝜌 (6)
Pdis = A· · ·l0 (6)
ρl ·Cl ·D Cl ρl
where A, α and β represent the coefficients to be confirmed by experimental results. 𝑙 q ρ refers to
j
where A, α and β represent the coefficients to be confirmed by experimental results. l0 ρ refers to
l
the 1D hydrodynamic penetration jet model.
the 1D hydrodynamic penetration jet model.
4.
4. Experimental
Experimental Research
Research

4.1. Shaped
Shaped Charge
Charge and Liquid
For general research, the standard Φ56 Φ56 mm shaped charge is adopted (Figure 4). 4). The
The jet tip
velocity is 6453 m/s, and that of the tail is 1179 m/s. The length of the jet at 80
80 mm standoff is equal to
mm standoff
111.5 mm [18].

Figure 4.
Figure Standard shaped
4. Standard shaped charge.
charge.

In the
In the experiments, five kinds
experiments, five kinds ofof liquid
liquid are
are selected: water, #0
selected: water, #0 diesel,
diesel, polyethylene glycol with
polyethylene glycol with
molecular weights
molecular weights of
of 200
200 and
and 400
400 (PEG
(PEG 200200 and
and PEG
PEG 400,
400, respectively)
respectively) and
and polypropylene glycol
polypropylene glycol
with molecular weight of 6000 (PPG 6000). The test method and conditions are the same
with molecular weight of 6000 (PPG 6000). The test method and conditions are the same as those ofas those of
Newtonian fluid in reference [19]. Table 2 displays the main material parameters.
Newtonian fluid in reference [19]. Table 2 displays the main material parameters.

Table 2. Main parameters of the liquid.

Material 𝛍 (𝐏𝐚 ∙ 𝐬) 𝛒 (𝒌𝒈⁄𝒎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ) 𝑪𝒍 (𝒎⁄𝒔)

Water 0.06 1.0 1480
#0 diesel 0.25 0.875 1775
PEG 200 0.37 1.21 1535
PEG 400 0.16 1.196 1602
PPG 6000 1.13 1.01 1278

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Materials 2019, 12, 1809 7 of 14

Table 2. Main parameters of the liquid.

Material µ (Pa·s) ρ (kg/m3 ×103 ) Cl (m/s)

Water 0.06 1.0 1480
#0 diesel 0.25 0.875 1775
PEG 200 0.37 1.21 1535
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PEG 400 0.16 1.196 1602 7 of 14
PPG 6000 1.13 1.01 1278
4.2. Experimental Setup and Results
4.2. Experimental Setup and Results
The compartments of the LFCS were filled with liquid and sealed by the front plate through
The compartments
bolts before experiments. of The
the LFCS
liquidwere filled
in the LFCSwithcould
liquid and
not sealed
flow out.by
ThetheDOP
frontexperiments
plate throughonboltsthe
before
standardexperiments. The liquid
shaped charge wereinperformed
the LFCS could not flow
initially out. The
to ensure theDOP experiments
reduced on thecapability
penetration standard
shaped
(reduced charge
DOP)were performed
of the SCJ. Then,initially to ensureDOP
the residual the reduced penetration
experiments on SCJcapability (reduced
penetration DOP)the
involving of
the
LFCS SCJ. Then,
with the residual
different DOP experiments
liquid materials were carried on SCJout.penetration involving thethe
In all the experiments, LFCS with from
distance different
the
liquid
bottommaterials were charge
of the shaped carried toout.
theInsurface
all the ofexperiments,
the target was the the
distance
same.from the bottom of the shaped
charge to setup
The the surface
of theofDOPthe target was theonsame.
experiment the shaped charge at a standoff of 254 mm is shown in
FigureThe setup
5. The of the
setup DOP
of the experiment
residual on the shaped
DOP experiment charge
is shown at a standoff
in Figure of 254 mm
6. The standard is shown
shaped in
charge
Figure
connects5. The setup
to the of the
target residual DOP
liquid-filled experiment
structure through is shown in Figure
an 80 mm 6. The
standoff standard
cylinder, shapedthe
whereas charge
#45
connects to the
steel target targetto
connects liquid-filled structure
a 90 mm interval throughThe
cylinder. an 80DOPmmexperiment
standoff cylinder,
in whichwhereas the #45issteel
the standoff 254
target
mm (80 connects
mm + 84tomm a 90+mm90 mm)interval cylinder.
is carried out toThe DOPthe
obtain experiment
penetrationin which the standoff
capability of the SCJ is with
254 mm
the
(80
samemm + 84 mm
distance + 90when
as that mm)the is carried
front ofouttheto obtain
steel targetthelacks
penetration
a liquid capability
compositeof the SCJ
armor. withDOP
Every the
same distance
experiment as that when
is repeated twice.the front of the steel target lacks a liquid composite armor. Every DOP
experiment is repeated
The results twice.experiment were 254 and 258 mm. Therefore, the average result is 256
of the DOP
mm. The
Oneresults of the DOP
of the witness experiment
targets was cut were
into two254 pieces
and 258via mm.wireTherefore,
electrodethe average
cutting, result isin256
as shown mm.
Figure
One
7. of the witness targets was cut into two pieces via wire electrode cutting, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 5. Depth of penetration (DOP) experimental setup.

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Figure 6. Experimental setup.

Figure 6. Experimental
Figure 6. Experimental setup.
setup.

Figure 7. Split
Split image
image of
of witness
witness target
target obtained by linear cutting.
Figure
Figure 7.
7. Split
Split image
image of
of witness
witness target
target obtained
obtained by
by linear
linear cutting.
cutting.
Table 2 illustrates the residual
residual DOP
DOP (P res)) results.
(Pres results. Figures
Figures 8–12
8–12 display
display the
the DOP
DOP in the witness
Table
Table 22 illustrates
illustrates the
the residual
residual DOP
DOP (P
(Pres) results. Figures 8–12 display the DOP in the witness
res) results. Figures 8–12 display the DOP in the witness
target with different liquids.
target
target with
with different
different liquids.
liquids.

Figure 8. DOP
DOP with
with water
water as liquid.
Figure
Figure 8.
8. DOP
DOP with
with water
water as
as liquid.
liquid.

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2019, 12,
12, x;
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doi: FOR
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Figure 9. DOP with #0 diesel as liquid.

Figure 9. DOP with #0 diesel as liquid.
Figure 9. DOP with #0 diesel as liquid.
Figure 9. DOP with #0 diesel as liquid.

Figure 10. DOP with PEG200 (polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 200) as liquid.
Figure 10. DOP with PEG200 (polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 200) as liquid.
Figure 10. DOP with PEG200 (polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 200) as liquid.

Figure 11.
Figure DOP with
11. DOP with PEG400
PEG400 (polyethylene
(polyethylene glycol
glycol with
with molecular
molecular weights
weights of
of 400)
400) as
as liquid.
liquid.
Figure 11. DOP with PEG400 (polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 400) as liquid.
Figure 11. DOP with PEG400 (polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 400) as liquid.

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Figure 12. DOP with PPG6000 (polypropylene glycol with molecular weight of 6000) as liquid.
Figure 12. DOP with PPG6000 (polypropylene glycol with molecular weight of 6000) as liquid.
Table 3 and Figures 8–12 show that the LFCS can considerably decrease the DOP of the SCJ.
Table 3 and Figures 8–12 show that the LFCS can considerably decrease the DOP of the SCJ.
However, comparison results in Tables 2 and 3 reveal that the LFCS can reduce the penetration
However, comparison results in Tables 2 and 3 reveal that the LFCS can reduce the penetration
capability of the SCJ obviously. Comparing the single parameter of the liquid with Pdis , shows that Pdis
capability of the SCJ obviously. Comparing the single parameter of the liquid with Pdis, shows that
increases with the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, except for PPG6000. Moreover, Pdis increases with
Pdis increases with the dynamic viscosity of the liquid, except for PPG6000. Moreover, Pdis increases
the density of the liquid, except for diesel. No relationship exists between Pdis and the sound velocity
with the density of the liquid, except for diesel. No relationship exists between Pdis and the sound
of the liquid. Thus, the parameters of the liquid in the LFCS show no notable relation with Pdis .
velocity of the liquid. Thus, the parameters of the liquid in the LFCS show no notable relation with
Pdis. Table 3. Residual penetration in the witness target of SCJ penetrating the LFSC with different liquids.

Table 3. Residual penetration in the witness target of SCJ penetrating the LFSC with different liquids.
Pres/mm
Liquid Pdis /mm
First Second
Pres/mm Average
Liquid
Datum 254.0 258.0 256.0
Pdis/mm
First Second Average
Water 78.0 81.0 79.5 176.5
Datum 254.0 258.0 256.0
Diesel 75.0 - 75.0 181
Water
PEG200 78.0
62.0 81.0
66.0 79.5
64.0 176.5
192
Diesel
PEG400 75.0
68.0 -
71.0 75.0
69.5 181
186.5
PEG200
PPG6000 62.0
72.0 66.0
79.0 64.0
75.5 192
180.5
PEG400 68.0 71.0 69.5 186.5
Comparing Figures 8–12 PPG6000 72.0 7 reveals
with Figure 79.0 that75.5 Pres sharply 180.5drops by 68% after the SCJ
penetrates the LFCS. The penetration holes on the witness target are not as straight as that when SCJ
Comparing
penetrates Figures
the target 8–12 with
directly. Figure the
In addition, 7 reveals
material thatofPtheres sharply drops by 68% after the SCJ
jet was observed on the wall of the
penetrates the
penetration LFCS.
hole of theThe penetration
witness target.holes
These on results
the witness target are
are mainly not as straight
explained as that
as follows. Thewhen SCJ
stability
penetrates the target directly. In addition, the material of the jet was observed
of the SCJ is disturbed when it pierces the LFCS. Parts of the SCJ segments veer off the axis before on the wall of the
penetration
reaching thehole of the
bottom witness
of the target. These
penetration results areby
hole penetrated mainly explained
segments. Theseaspartsfollows.
of theThe
SCJstability
segments of
the SCJ is disturbed when it pierces the LFCS. Parts of the SCJ segments
cause the reduction of Pres . Although parts of the SCJ segments drift off the axis, they can still reach veer off the axis before
reaching
the bottomtheofbottom of the penetration
the penetration hole penetrated
hole penetrated by previous by segments.
segments. These These parts
parts ofof the
the SCJ
SCJ segments
segments
cause the reduction of P res. Although parts of the SCJ segments drift off the axis, they can still reach
have penetration capability, but they cause the penetration holes to bend.
the bottom of the
According topenetration hole penetrated
the liquid parameters in Table by previous
2 and the segments.
reduced DOP Thesein parts
Tableof3, the
the SCJ segments
experimental
have penetration capability, but they cause the penetration holes to bend.
result involves five groups, and Equation (6) only comprises three coefficients. Thus, the coefficient of
According
Equation (6) cantobethe liquid parameters
obtained in Table
by Origin 8.5. Equation2 and (6)the
can reduced DOP inasTable
be computed 3, the experimental
follows:
result involves five groups, and Equation (6) only comprises three coefficients. Thus, the coefficient
v j0 −3.07e−3 ρ j as follows:
of Equation (6) can be obtained by Origin 8.5. !5.77e−3 (6) can
µ Equation
! be computed r
Pdis = 0.62192· · ·l0 . (7)
ρl ·Cl ·D . Cl . ρl
𝑃 = 0.62192 ∙ ∙ ∙𝑙 . (7)
∙ ∙

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Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 14
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5. Remarks
5. Remarks
In the analysis of the effects of liquid parameters, one parameter is changed, and another two
are fixed.
In theBy considering
analysis a parameter
of the effects change,
of liquid the change
parameters, in the disturbed
one parameter DOPand
is changed, Pdisanother
is obtained
two
(Figures
are fixed.13–15).
By considering a parameter change, the change in the disturbed DOP Pdis is obtained
(Figures 13–15).

Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 14

Figure 13. Effects of liquid density on reduced DOP.

Figure 13. Effects of liquid density on reduced DOP.

Figure 13 shows that with an increase in liquid density, the Pdis also decreases. For the five kinds
of liquid, when the liquid density increases from 800 kg/m3 to 1500 kg/m3, and when the reduced
ratio of Pdis gradually decreases, Pdis drops by 27.2%. This result means that at a low liquid density in
the compartment structure, the structure can disturb a wide jet velocity range, thus the Pdis increases.
The density characterizes the inertia of the liquid. The inertia increases with a rise in density.
The state of motion does not easily change with an increase in density under the same stress. Thus,
with an increase in density, the difficulty of liquid reflow in the LFCS rises; hence, the effect of the
LFCS on the SCJ decreases, which indicates that liquid density increases with a decrease in Pdis.

Figure 14. Effects of liquid sound velocity on reduced DOP.

Figure 14. Effects of liquid sound velocity on reduced DOP.

Figure 14 shows that with increased sound velocity of the liquid, the Pdis slightly changes. For
the five kinds of liquid, when the sound velocity of the liquid increases from 1000 m/s to 3000 m/s,
Pdis reduction does not exceed 0.5%, indicating that the effect of sound velocity of the liquid on
reduced DOP can be ignored.
When the sound velocity of the liquid increases, the time between shock wave formation and
the reflection of the shock wave on the SCJ is reduced. In this way, the LFCS
Materials 2019, 12, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW
can disturb the high
www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
velocity range jet. However, in the current research, the diameter of the hole in the LFCS is
considerably short, hence, the effect of the sound velocity of the liquid is minimal.
Figure 15 shows that the Pdis exhibits a linearly increasing relation with the logarithm of dynamic
 Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 14

Materials 2019, 12, 1809 12 of 14

Figure 15.Effects
Figure15. Effectsofofdynamic
dynamicviscosity
viscosityofofliquid
liquidononreduced DOP.
reduced DOP.

Figure 13 shows that with an increase in liquid density, the Pdis also decreases. For the five kinds
of6liquid,
Conclusions
when the liquid density increases from 800 kg/m3 to 1500 kg/m3 , and when the reduced ratio
of Pdis In
gradually decreases,
this study, Pdis
the effects ofdrops
liquidby 27.2%. This
parameters andresult means
Pdis are that Conclusions
studied. at a low liquid
candensity in the
be formulated
compartment
as follows: structure, the structure can disturb a wide jet velocity range, thus the Pdis increases.
The density characterizes the inertia of the liquid. The inertia increases with a rise in density.
1) The reduced DOP of the SCJ can be described by Equation (6) when the liquid in the LFCS is
The state of motion does not easily change with an increase in density under the same stress. Thus,
Newtonian liquid. In addition, when the parameters of the SCJ and LFCS are fixed, the coefficient is
with an increase in density, the difficulty of liquid reflow in the LFCS rises; hence, the effect of the LFCS
easily confirmed by experimental results.
on the SCJ decreases, which indicates that liquid density increases with a decrease in Pdis .
2) Based on Equation (7), the calculated results point out that the dynamic viscosity of liquid
Figure 14 shows that with increased sound velocity of the liquid, the Pdis slightly changes. For the
exerts the most important effect on LFCS disturbance of SCJ, with liquid density having the second
five kinds of liquid, when the sound velocity of the liquid increases from 1000 m/s to 3000 m/s, Pdis
most important impact. Moreover, sound velocity causes a negligible effect on LFCS disturbance of
reduction does not exceed 0.5%, indicating that the effect of sound velocity of the liquid on reduced
SCJ when the holes’ diameter in the LFCS are short.
DOP can be ignored.
In obtaining an LFCS with high defence capability, that is, the LFCS can further reduce the DOP
When the sound velocity of the liquid increases, the time between shock wave formation and the
of the SCJ, the liquid in the structure should feature high dynamic viscosity and low density.
reflection of the shock wave on the SCJ is reduced. In this way, the LFCS can disturb the high velocity
3) LFCSs can disturb the stability of SCJ and reduce their DOP. These structures can thus be used
range jet. However, in the current research, the diameter of the hole in the LFCS is considerably short,
as a new kind of armor.
hence, the effect of the sound velocity of the liquid is minimal.
Figure 15 shows that the Pdis exhibits a linearly increasing relation with the logarithm of dynamic
Author Contributions: Conceptualization and Writing—Review Draft, X.Z.; Data Curation, W.D.; Writing—
viscosity
Review of the
and liquid.Z.H.
Editing, Therefore,
and X.Y.the high liquid viscosity in the compartment structure can substantially
affect the SCJ and effectively reduce the penetration capability of the jet.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
The dynamic viscosity of the liquid characterizes the viscosity of such liquid. Under zero sliding
11402122) and the China Scholarship Council (201706845026).
condition, an increase in the dynamic viscosity of the liquid boosts the effect of liquid reflow in the
Conflicts
LFCS to theofSCJ;
Interest:
that The authors
is Pdis declare
increases no conflict
with a rise inofthe
interest.
dynamic viscosity of the liquid.

6.References
Conclusions
1. InFrano,
this study,
R.L.; the effects of
Forasassi, G. liquid parameters
Experimental and Pof
evidence are studied. influence
dis imperfection Conclusions can buckling
on the be formulated
of thin
cylindrical
as follows: shell under uniform external pressure. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2009, 239, 193–200.
2. (1)
Lecysyn, N.; Bony-Dandrieux,
The reduced DOP of the SCJ A.; can
Aprin,
be L.; Heymes,by
described F.; Equation
Slangen, P.;
(6)Dusserre,
when theG.;liquid
Munier, inL.;
theLeLFCS
Gallic,isC.
Experimental
Newtonian liquid. Instudy of hydraulic
addition, when theramparameters
effects on aofliquid
the SCJstorage tank: Analysis
and LFCS are fixed,ofthe
overpressure
coefficient and
is
cavitation induced by a high-speed
easily confirmed by experimental results. projectile. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 178, 635–643.

Materials 2019, 12, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/materials

Materials 2019, 12, 1809 13 of 14

(2) Based on Equation (7), the calculated results point out that the dynamic viscosity of liquid
exerts the most important effect on LFCS disturbance of SCJ, with liquid density having the second
most important impact. Moreover, sound velocity causes a negligible effect on LFCS disturbance of
SCJ when the holes’ diameter in the LFCS are short.
In obtaining an LFCS with high defence capability, that is, the LFCS can further reduce the DOP
of the SCJ, the liquid in the structure should feature high dynamic viscosity and low density.
(3) LFCSs can disturb the stability of SCJ and reduce their DOP. These structures can thus be used
as a new kind of armor.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization and Writing—Review Draft, X.Z.; Data Curation, W.D.; Writing—Review
and Editing, Z.H. and X.Y.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11402122)
and the China Scholarship Council (201706845026).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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