Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

www.elsevier.com/locate/pla

New periodic wave solutions via Exp-function method

S.A. El-Wakil a , M.A. Abdou a,b,∗ , A. Hendi c
a Theoretical Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
b Faculty of Education for Girls, Physics Department, King Kahlid University, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
c Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia

Received 22 May 2007; received in revised form 1 August 2007; accepted 9 August 2007
Available online 29 August 2007
Communicated by A.R. Bishop

Abstract
The Exp-function method with the aid of symbolic computational system is used to obtain the generalized solitary solutions and periodic
solutions for nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics, namely, nonlinear partial differential (BBMB) equation, generalized
RLW equation and generalized shallow water wave equation. It is shown that the Exp-function method, with the help of symbolic computation,
provides a powerful mathematical tool for solving other nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Exp-function method; Nonlinear evolution equations; New exact solutions; Periodic solutions

1. Introduction

The investigation of exact travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations plays an important role in the study of
nonlinear physical phenomena. The wave phenomena are observed in fluid dynamics, plasma, elastic media, optical fibers, etc. In
the past several decades, both mathematicians and physicists have made significant progress in this direction.
With the rapid development of nonlinear science based on computer algebraic system like Maple package, some new powerful
solving methods have been developed [1–23] have been presented such as variational iteration method [8–12], homotopy pertur-
bation method [3], F-expansion method [5–7], and others. A complete review on the field are available on [4]. Very recently, He
and Wu [24] proposed a straight-forward and concise method, called Exp-function method, to obtain generalized solitary solutions
and periodic solutions, applications of the method can be found in [25–28] for solving nonlinear evolution equations arising in
mathematical physics. The solution procedure of this method, with the aid of Maple, is of utter simplicity and this method can
easily extended to other kinds of nonlinear evolution equations.
The aim of this Letter is to extend the Exp-function method to finding new solitary solutions, compact-like solutions and periodic
solutions for nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics.

2. Basic idea of Exp-function method

To illustrate the basic idea of Exp-function method, we consider the following nonlinear evolution equations with only two
independent variables:

φ(u, ut , ux , uxx , utt , utx , . . .) = 0, (1)

* Corresponding author at: Faculty of Education for Girls, Physics Department, King Kahlid University, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail address: m_abdou_eq@yahoo.com (M.A. Abdou).

0375-9601/$ – see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.08.033
 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840 831

where φ is a polynomial function with respect to the indicated variables or some functions which can be reduced to a polynomial
function by using some transformation. Making use the travelling wave transformation

u = u(η), η = kx + ct, (2)

where k and c are constants to be determined later. Then Eq. (1) reduces to an ordinary differential equations
 
ψ u, cu , ku , k 2 u , c2 u , kcu , . . . = 0. (3)
The Exp-function method is based on the assumption that travelling wave solutions can be expressed in the following form
d
an exp(nη)
u(η) = qn=−c , (4)
m=−p bm exp(mη)

where c, d, p and q are positive integers which are unknown to be determined later, an and bm are unknown constants. Eq. (4) can
be re-written in an alternative form as follows
ac exp(cη) + · · · + a−d exp(−dη)
u(η) = . (5)
bp exp(pη) + · · · + b−q exp(−qη)
To determine the values of c and p, we balance the linear term of highest order in Eq. (3) with the highest order nonlinear term.
Similarly to determine the values of d and q, we balance the linear term of lowest order in Eq. (3) with the lowest order nonlinear
term. So by means of the Exp-function method, we obtain the generalized solitary solution and periodic solution for nonlinear
evolution equations arising in mathematical physics. To illustrate its effectives and convenience, we consider in the next section
three nonlinear equations, namely, nonlinear partial differential (BBMB) equation, generalized RLW equation and generalized
shallow water wave equation.

2.1. Nonlinear partial differential (BBMB) equation

Let us first consider the nonlinear partial differential equation [29]

ut − uxxt − αuxx + βux + g(u)x = 0, t > 0, (6)

where u(x, t) represents the fluid velocity in the horizontal direction x, α, β are positive constants, g(u) is a smooth nonlinear
function [30].
Making the transformation η = kx + ct with g(u) = (u2 /2), Eq. (6) yields

cu − ck 2 u − αk 2 u + βku + kuu = 0. (7)

In view of the Exp-function method, we assume that the solution of Eq. (7) can be expressed in the form
ac exp(cη) + · · · + a−d exp(−dη)
u(η) = , (8)
bp exp(pη) + · · · + b−q exp(−qη)
where c, d, p and q are positive integers which are unknown to be determined later.
In order to determine values of c and p, we balance the linear term of the highest order in Eq. (7) with the highest order nonlinear
terms u and uu , we have
c1 exp[(c + 4p)η] + · · ·
u = , (9)
c2 exp[5pη] + · · ·
c3 exp[(2c + 3p)η] + · · ·
uu = , (10)
c4 exp[5pη] + · · ·
where ci are coefficients for simplicity. By balancing highest order of Exp-function in Eqs. (9) and (10), we have

4p + c = 3p + 2c, (11)
which leads to the limit

p = c. (12)
Proceeding the same manner as illustrated above, we can determine values of d and q. Balancing the linear term of lowest order
in Eq. (7)
· · · + d1 exp[−(4q + d)η]
u = , (13)
· · · + d2 exp[−5qη]
832 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

· · · + d3 exp[−(3q + 2d)η]
uu = , (14)
· · · + d4 exp[−5qη]
where di are determined coefficients only for simplicity, we have
−(4q + d) = −(3q + 2d),
which leads to results
q = d. (15)

Case 1. p = c = 1 and d = q = 1.
We can freely choose the values of c and d, but we will illustrate the final solution does not strongly depend upon the choice of
values of c and d. For simplicity, we set p = c = 1 and d = q = 1, the trial function, Eq. (8) becomes
a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = . (16)
b1 exp(η) + b0 + b−1 exp(−η)
Substituting Eq. (16) into Eq. (7), equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of exp(nη) yields a set of algebraic equations
for a0 , b0 , a1 , a−1 , b−1 , k and c (see Appendix A). Solving the system of algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we obtain
1 k(b0 + a0 ) 1 b0 (6b0 k 2 + k 2 a0 − a0 )
k = k, b−1 = b02 , c=− , a−1 = ,
4 b0 (1 + 5k 2 ) 4 1 + 5k 2
(6b0 k 2 + k 2 a0 − a0 )
a1 = − . (17)
(1 + 5k 2 )b0
Inserting Eq. (17) into (16), one admits to the generalized solitary wave equation of Eq. (6) as follows
k +k a0 −a0 ) η
2 2
1 b0 (6b0 k 2 +k 2 a0 −a0 ) −η
− (6b0(1+5k 2 )b e + a0 − 4 1+5k 2
e
u(η) = 0
1 2 −η
, (18)
e η + b0 + 4 b0 e
η = kx + ct. (19)
In case k and c are imaginary numbers, the obtained solitary solution (18) reduces to the periodic solution. We write k = iK and
c = iC and using the transformation
 
exp ±i[kx + ct] = cos[Kx + Ct] ± i sin[Kx + Ct],
and the imaginary part must be zero, that requires that
 
1 2
1 − b0 = 0. (20)
4
From Eq. (20) we obtain
b0 = ±2. (21)
Substituting Eq. (21) into (18) results in a periodic solution, which reads
2 +K a0 −a0 )
2
− (12K(1+5K 2) cos[Kx + Ct] + a0
u(η) = . (22)
2 cos[Kx + Ct] + 2

Case 2. p = c = 2 and d = q = 1.
We consider the case p = c = 2 and d = q = 1, Eq. (8) can be expressed as
a2 exp(2η) + a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = . (23)
b2 exp(2η) + b0 + b1 exp(η) + b−1 exp(−η)
There are some free parameters in Eq. (23), we set b2 = 1 for simplicity.
Substituting Eq. (23) into Eq. (7), equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of exp(nη) yields a set of algebraic equations
for a1 , a−1 , a0 , a2 , b0 , b−1 , b1 , k and c (see Appendix B). Solving the system of algebraic equations using Maple package, we have
1 4a0 k(b12 + 4a0 )
b0 = b12 , a−1 = 0, b−1 = 0, b 1 = b1 , k = k, a2 = , c= ,
4 b12 b12 (k 2 − 1)
2(3k 2 b12 + 10k 2 a0 + 2a0 )
a1 = − . (24)
b1 (k 2 − 1)
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Substituting Eq. (24) into (23), we get the generalized solitary wave solution of Eq. (6) as follows
4a0 2η 2(3k 2 b12 +10k 2 a0 +2a0 ) η
e − b1 (k 2 −1)
e + a0
b12
u(η) = . (25)
e2η + 14 b12 + b1 eη

Case 3. p = c = 2 and d = q = 2.
As mentioned above the values of c and d can be freely chosen, we set p = c = 2 and d = q = 2, then trial function, Eq. (8)
becomes
a1 exp(η) + a2 exp(2η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η) + a−2 exp(−2η)
u(η) = . (26)
exp(2η) + b1 exp(η) + b0 + b−1 exp(−η) + b−2 exp(−2η)
In Eq. (26) there some parameters, we set [b−1 = b1 = 0] for simplicity, the trial function is simplified as follows
a1 exp(η) + a2 exp(2η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η) + a−2 exp(−2η)
u(η) = . (27)
exp(2η) + b0 + b−2 exp(−2η)
Similarly as before, substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (7), yields a set of algebraic equations (see Appendix C). By the same manip-
ulation, we determine the two cases, namely,

case i:
1 a12 1 a14 −c + k 2 − k
k = k, c = c, a 1 = a1 , a−1 = , b −2 = , a 2 = ,
144 k 2 c2 20736 k 4 c4 k
1 a12 (c + k + 11k 2 c) 1 a14 (−c − k + k 2 c) 1 a13
a0 = , a−2 = , b 0 = − ; (28)
72 k 3 c2 20736 k 5 c4 72 k 2 c2
case ii:
1 24k 2 b0 + 4k 2 a0 − a0
a1 = 0, a−1 = 0, b 0 = b0 , b−2 = b02 , a2 = − ,
4 b0 (20k 2 + 1)
k(b0 + a0 ) 1 b0 (24k 2 b0 + 4k 2 a0 − a0
k = k, c=− , a−2 = − . (29)
(20k 2 + 1)b0 4 (20k 2 + 1)

In view of Eqs. (28) and (27) one admits to generalized solitary solutions of Eq. (6) in the following from
2 2 2 4 2
−c+k 2 −k 1 a1 (c+k+11k c) 1 a1 −η 1 a1 (−c−k+k c)
k exp(2η) + a1 exp(η) + 72 k 3 c2
+ 144 k 2 c2
e 20736 k 5 c4
exp(−2η)
u(η) = 3
. (30)
1 a1 a14
exp(2η) + b1 exp(η) − 72 k 2 c2
+ 20736
1
k 4 c4
exp(−2η)
In case k and c are imaginary numbers, the obtained solitary solution (30) reduces to the periodic solution. We write k = iK and
c = iC and using the transformation
 
exp ±i[kx + ct] = cos[Kx + Ct] ± i sin[Kx + Ct],
and the imaginary part must be zero, that requires that
 
a14 4 4
1− k c = 0. (31)
20736
From which Eq. (31) we obtain

1
a1 =
2
k 2 c2 . (32)
20736
Substituting Eq. (32) into (30) results in a periodic solution, which reads
2 2
1 a1 (C+K+11K C)
[P + P
20736K 2 C 2
] cos[2Kx + 2Ct] + 24K 2 C 2 + 72 K 3C2
u(x, t) = 3
, (33)
1 a1
2 cos[2Kx + 2Ct] − 72 K 2 C 2
−C − K + CK 2
P= . (34)
K
834 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

In the same manner, by using Eq. (29) into (27), we have

0 +4k a0 −a0 2η 1 b0 (24k 2 b0 +4k 2 a0 −a0 −2η

2 2
− 24kbb(20k 2 +1) e + a0 − 4 (20k 2 +1)
e
u(η) = 0
1 2 −2η
. (35)
e2η + b0 + 4 b0 e
For k and c imaginary numbers, the obtained solitary solution (34) reduces to the periodic solution in the form
+4K a0 −a0
2 2
− 48K2(20K 2 +1) cos[2Kx + 2Ct] + a0
u(x, t) = , (36)
2 cos[2Kx + 2Ct] + 2
with b0 = ±2.

2.2. Generalized shallow water wave equation

A second instructive model is the generalized shallow water equation [31]

uxxxt + αux uxt + βut uxx − uxt − uxx = 0, (37)

where α and β are arbitrary, nonzero, constants. This equation, together with several variants, can be derived from classical shallow
water theory in so-called Boussinesq approximation [32,33]. Two special cases of Eq. (37) have been discussed in the literature,
α = β [34]. The GSWW equation is discussed by Hietarinta [34] who shows it can be expressed in Hirota’s bilinear form [35] if
and only if either α = β or α = 2β.
Using the transformation η = kx + ct, then Eq. (37) becomes
   
k 3 cu + αck 2 + βk 2 c u u − kc + k 2 u = 0. (38)
Proceeding as before, the Exp-function method, assume that the solution of Eq. (38) can be expressed in the form
ac exp(cη) + · · · + a−d exp(−dη)
u(η) = , (39)
bp exp(pη) + · · · + b−q exp(−qη)
where c, d, p and q are positive integers which are unknown to be determined later.
To determine values of c and p, we balance the linear term of the highest order in Eq. (38) with the highest order nonlinear
terms u and u u , we have
c1 exp[(c + 3p)η] + · · ·
u = , (40)
c2 exp[4pη] + · · ·
c3 exp[(2c + 2p)η] + · · ·
u u = , (41)
c4 exp[4pη] + · · ·
where ci are coefficients for simplicity. By balancing highest order of Exp-function in Eqs. (40) and (41), we have

3p + c = 2p + 2c, (42)
which leads to

p = c. (43)
In the same manner, we can determine values of d and q. Balancing the linear term of lowest order in Eq. (38)
· · · + d1 exp[−(3q + d)η]
u = , (44)
· · · + d2 exp[−4qη]
· · · + d3 exp[−(2q + 2d)η]
u u = , (45)
· · · + d4 exp[−4qη]
where di are determined coefficients only for simplicity, we have

−(3q + d) = −(2q + 2d),

which leads to result

q = d. (46)
 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840 835

Case 1. p = c = 1 and d = q = 1.
We can freely choose the values of c and d, but we will illustrate the final solution does not strongly depend upon the choice of
values of c and d. For simplicity, we set p = c = 1 and d = q = 1, the trial function, Eq. (39) becomes
a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = . (47)
b1 exp(η) + b0 + b−1 exp(−η)
Substituting Eq. (47) into Eq. (38), yields a set of algebraic equations for a0 , b0 , a1 , a−1 , b−1 , k and c. Solving the system of
algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we obtain
k 1 a−1 (α + β)
c= , a0 = a 0 , a1 = 0, b−1 = − ,
k2 −1 12 k
1 12ka−1 + αa02 + βa02
a1 = 0, k = k, b0 = − . (48)
12 ka0
Substituting Eq. (48) into (47), we get the new exact solution of Eq. (37) in the form
a0 + a−1 e−η
u(η) = , (49)
1 12ka−1 +αa0 +βa0
2 2
1 a−1 (α+β) −η
eη − 12 ka0 − 12 k e
where η = kx + ct, a0 and a−1 are arbitrary constants.

Case 2. p = c = 2 and d = q = 1.
We consider the case p = c = 2 and d = q = 1, Eq. (39) can be expressed as
a2 exp(2η) + a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = . (50)
b2 exp(2η) + b0 + b1 exp(η) + b−1 exp(−η)
There are some free parameters in Eq. (50), we set b2 = 1 for simplicity.
Substituting Eq. (50) into Eq. (38), equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of exp(nη) yields a set of algebraic equations
for a1 , a−1 , a0 , a2 , b0 , b−1 , b1 , k and c. By the same manipulation as illustrated above, we determine

case i:
k
a1 = a1 , a0 = a 0 , k = k, a−1 = 0, a−2 = 0, b−2 = 0, c= ,
k2 −1
1 a12 (α 2 + 2αβ + β 2 ) 12(βa12 + αa12 − 12ka0 )k
b0 = − , a2 = ; (51)
144 k2 (α + β)2 a12
case ii:
1 β 2 a13 + 2βαa13 + α 2 a13 − 144k 2 a−1 12(αa1 a−1 + βa1 a−1 − 12ka2 )k
b0 = − , a2 = ,
144 k 2 a1 a−1 (β + α)a1
k 1 a−1 a1 (β 2 + 2αβ + α 2 )
a−1 = a−1 , k = k, a−2 = a−2 , a1 = a 1 ,
, b −2 = −c= ,
k2 − 1 144 k2
a−2 α 2 a13 + 12αa1 a−1
2 k + 2αβa a 3 + 12βka a 2 − 144k 2 a a
−2 1 1 −1 −2 −1 + a−2 β a1
2 2
a0 = . (52)
a−1 (β + α 2 )2 a12

Substituting Eq. (51) into (50), we have the exact solution of Eq. (37) in the following form
12(βa12 +αa12 −12ka0 )k 2η
e + a 0 + a1 e η
(α+β)2 a12
u(η) = , (53)
1 a1 (α +2αβ+β )
2 2 2
e2η − 144 k2
where η = kx + ct, a0 , a1 and b0 are arbitrary constants.
With the aid of Eq. (52) with (50) we get
a2 exp(2η) + a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = , (54)
b2 exp(2η) + b0 + b1 exp(η) + b−1 exp(−η)
where a2 , b0 , a0 and b−2 are given by Eq. (52).
836 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

2.3. The generalized regularized long wave (RLW) equation

In this case, we consider the generalized RLW equation [36] reads

 
ut + ux + α up x − βuxxt = 0, (55)
where p is a positive integer and α, β are positive constants. Eq. (55) was first put forward as a model for small amplitude long
waves on the surface of water in a channel by Peregrine [37], and later by Benjamin [38]. In physical situations such as unidirectional
waves propagation in a water channel, long crested waves in near shore zones, and many other, the generalized regularized long
wave (RLW) equation serves an alternative model to the KdV equations. Using the transformation η = kx + wt, then Eq. (55)
becomes

[w + k]u + αkuu − βk 2 wu = 0. (56)

Proceeding as before, the Exp-function method, assume that the solution of Eq. (39) can be expressed in the form
ac exp(cη) + · · · + a−d exp(−dη)
u(η) = , (57)
bp exp(pη) + · · · + b−q exp(−qη)
where c, d, p and q are positive integers which are unknown to be determined later.
To determine values of c and p, we balance the linear term of the highest order in Eq. (56) with the highest order nonlinear
terms u and uu , we have
c1 exp[(c + 4p)η] + · · ·
u = , (58)
c2 exp[5pη] + · · ·
c3 exp[(2c + 3p)η] + · · ·
uu = , (59)
c4 exp[5pη] + · · ·
where ci are coefficients for simplicity. By balancing highest order of Exp-function in Eqs. (58) and (59), we have

4p + c = 3p + 2c, (60)
which leads to

p = c. (61)
In the same manner, we can determine values of d and q. Balancing the linear term of lowest order in Eq. (56)
· · · + d1 exp[−(4q + d)η]
u = , (62)
· · · + d2 exp[−5qη]
· · · + d3 exp[−(3q + 2d)η]
uu = , (63)
· · · + d4 exp[−5qη]
where di are determined coefficients only for simplicity, we have

−(4q + d) = −(3q + 2d),

which leads to

q = d. (64)

Case 1. p = c = 1 and d = q = 1.
For simplicity, we set p = c = 1 and d = q = 1, then Eq. (57) yields
a1 exp(η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η)
u(η) = . (65)
b1 exp(η) + b0 + b−1 exp(−η)
Substituting Eq. (65) into Eq. (56), yields a set of algebraic equations for a0 , b0 , a1 , a−1 , b−1 , k and c. Solving the system of
algebraic equations, we obtain

1 1 (β − wk 2 − w − k)b02 (β − wk 2 − w − k)
k = k, w = w, b0 = b0 , b−1 = b02 , a−1 = , a1 = ,
4 8 αk 2αk
(k + w + 5βwk 2 )b0
a0 = . (66)
αk
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Substituting Eq. (66) into (56), we have exact solution of Eq. (55) as follows

(β−wk 2 −w−k) η (k+w+5βwk 2 )b0 (β−wk 2 −w−k)b02 −η

2αk e + + 18 e
u(η) = αk αk
, (67)
eη + b0 + 4 b0 e−η
1 2

where η = kx + wt.
As long as k and w are imaginary numbers, the obtained solitary solution (67) reduces to the periodic solution in the form

P cos[Kx + W t] − (5βW KαK+K−W )

2

u(x, t) = , (68)
2 cos[Kx + W t] + 2
−K − W + βW K 2
P= , (69)
αK
where b0 = ±2.

Case 2. p = c = 2 and d = q = 2.
As mentioned above the values of c and d can be freely chosen, we set p = c = 2 and d = q = 2, then trial function, Eq. (57)
becomes
a1 exp(η) + a2 exp(2η) + a0 + a−1 exp(−η) + a−2 exp(−2η)
u(η) = . (70)
exp(2η) + b0 + b−2 exp(−2η)
By using Eq. (70) with (56), we determine two cases for coefficients, namely,

case i:
1 α 2 − a12 −w − k + βwk 2 1 α 4 a4
w = w, a1 = a 1 , k = k, b0 = − , a2 = , b−2 = ,
18 β 2 w 2 k 2 2αk 1269 β 4 w 4 k 4
1 (−w − k + βwk 2 )α 3 a14 1 (w + k + 11βwk 2 )αa12 1 α 2 a13
a−2 = , a0 = , a−1 = ; (71)
1269 k5 β 4 w4 36 k3 β 2 w2 36 w 2 k 2 β 2
case ii:
4βwk 2 − w − k 1 α 4 a14
a2 = , b−2 = , w = w, k = k, b0 = 0, a0 = 0,
2αk 1269 β 4 w 4 k 4
1 (4βwk 2 − w − k)α 3 a14
a−1 = 0, a1 = 0, 2, a−2 = . (72)
2592 k5 w4 β 4

In view of Eqs. (71) and (72), we obtain the following new exact solution of Eq. (55) as follows
2 2 2 3
4βwk 2 −w−k 2η 1 (w+k+11βwk )αa1 1 α a1 −η
2αk e + a1 e η + 36 k 3 β 2 w2
+ 36 w 2 k 2 β 2 e
u(η) = , (73)
1 α −a1
2 2
α 4 a4 2η
e2η − 18 β 2 w 2 k 2 + 1
1269 β 4 w 4 k 4 e

1 (4βwk −w−k)α a1 −2η

2 3 4
4βwk 2 −w−k 2η
2αk e + 2592 k 5 w4 β 4
e
u(η) = . (74)
α 4 a14 −2η
e2η + 1
1269 β 4 w 4 k 4 e

For k and w imaginary numbers, the obtained solitary solutions (73) and (74) reduce to the periodic solutions of Eq. (55) in the
following form
−K−W +βW K 2
cos[2Kx + 2W t] + K+W +11βW K 2 12βW K
+ cos[Kx + W t]
u(x, t) = 2αK α α
, (75)
2 cos[2Kx + 2W t] − 2
P cos[2Kx + 2W t] − K+W +20βW K 2

u(x, t) = αK
, (76)
2 cos[2Kx + 2W t] + 2
−K − W + 4βW K 2
P= . (77)
αK
838 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

3. Conclusion

In this Letter, the Exp-function method with a computerized symbolic computation system Maple is used for finding the gener-
alized solitary solutions and periodic solutions to nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics.
The validity of this method has been tested by applying it successfully to the nonlinear partial differential (BBMB) equation,
generalized RLW equation and generalized shallow water wave equation.
The main advantage of this method over the other methods is that it can be applied to a wide class of nonlinear evolution
equations including those in which the odd- and even-order derivative terms are coexist.
Finally, it is worth noting that, the Exp-function method can be easily extended to all kinds of nonlinear equations.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express sincerely thanks to the referees for their useful comments and discussions.

Appendix A
2
ca0 b−1 + ka0 b−1
2
− ka−1 b03 − 3ka−1
2
b0 − ca−1 b03 + 23k 2 ca0 b−1
2
+ ca0 b−1 b02 + 5ca1 b−1
2
b0 − 6ca−1 b−1 b0 + k 2 ca−1 b03
− k 2 ca0 b−1 b02 − 5k 2 ca1 b−1
2
b0 − 18k 2 ca−1 b−1 b0 + ka0 b−1 b02 + 5ka1 b−1
2
b0 − 6ka−1 b−1 b0 + 3ka0 a1 b−1
2
− 2ka0 a−1 b−1
− ka0 a−1 b02 + ka02 b−1 b0 + 2ka−1 a1 b−1 b0 = 0,
− ca0 b−1 − ka0 b−1 − 23k 2 ca0 b−1 + 6ca1 b−1 b0 − k 2 ca1 b03 + k 2 ca0 b02 + 18k 2 ca1 b−1 b0 + 5k 2 ca−1 b0 + ka1 b03 − ka0 b02
− 5ka−1 b0 − ka02 b0 + 6ka1 b−1 b0 − 3ka0 a−1 + ca1 b03 − ca0 b02 − 5ca−1 b0 + ka0 a1 b02 + 3ka12 b−1 b0
− 2ka1 a−1 b0 + 2ka0 a1 b−1 = 0,
ka02 b−1
2
+ 2ca0 b−1
2
b0 + 2ka0 b−1
2
b0 + 8k 2 ca−1 b−1
2
+ 2ka−1 a1 b−1
2
− 4k 2 ca−1 b02 b−1 − 2ka−1 b02 b−1 − 2ca−1 b−1
2

+ 2ka1 b−1
3
− 2ka−1
2
b−1 − ka−1
2 2
b0 + 2ca1 b−1
3
+ 4k 2 ca0 b−1
2
b0 − 2ca−1 b02 b−1 − 8k 2 ca1 b−1
3
− 2ka−1 b−1
2
= 0,
8k 2 ca−1 + 2ca1 b02 − 2ca0 b0 + 2ca1 b−1 + 2ka1 b02 − 2ka0 b0 + 2ka1 b−1 + 2ka12 b−1 − 2ka1 a−1 − ka02 − 4k 2 ca0 b0
− 8k 2 ca1 b−1 + ka12 b02 + 4k 2 ca1 b02 − 2ca−1 − 2ka−1 = 0,
−k 2 ca1 b0 + ka1 b0 + ka12 b0 − ka1 a0 + ca1 b0 + k 2 ca0 − ka0 − ca0 = 0,
2
ka−1 a0 b−1 − ka−1
2
b0 b−1 − k 2 ca0 b−1
3
+ k 2 ca−1 b0 b−1
2
− ka−1 b0 b−1
2
− ca−1 b0 b−1
2
+ ka0 b−1
3
+ ca0 b−1
3
= 0.

Appendix B

−3ca−1 b−1
2
+ ca0 b−1 b02 + 5ca1 b−1
2
b0 + ka0 b−1 b02 + 3ka−1 a2 b−1
2
− ka−1 b03 + 3ka2 b−1
3
− ca−1 b03 + 23k 2 ca0 b1 b−1
2

− 18k 2 ca−1 b1 b−1 b0 − 27k 2 ca2 b−1

3
− 3ka−1 b−1
2
+ 27k 2 ca−1 b−1
2
+ 5ka1 b−1
2
b0 + k 2 ca−1 b03 − 6ca−1 b1 b−1 b0
− k 2 ca0 b−1 b02 + ca0 b1 b−1
2
+ ka0 b1 b−1
2
+ ka02 b−1 b0 − 3ka−1
2
b1 b0 + 2ka−1 a1 b−1 b0 − 6ka−1 b1 b−1 b0 − 5k 2 ca1 b−1
2
b0
+ 3ka0 a1 b−1
2
− ka0 a−1 b02 − 2ka0 a−1 b1 b−1 − 3ka−1
2
b−1 + 3ca2 b−1
3
= 0,
2
3ka1 b−1 − ka0 b1 b02 − 5ka−1 b12 b0 + 6ka1 b−1 b1 b0 + ka1 b03 − ka02 b−1 − 5ka−1 b02 − 6ka0 a−1 b0 + 7ca2 b1 b−1
2

− 2ka0 b0 b−1 − ka0 b12 b−1 − 110k 2 ca−1 b1 b−1 − 5ca−1 b02 − 3ka0 a−1 b12 + ka0 a1 b02 + 3ka12 b−1 b0 + 7ka2 b1 b−1
2

+ 3ca1 b−1
2
− 23k 2 ca0 b12 b−1 − 10ka−1 b1 b−1 + 26k 2 ca0 b0 b−1 + 7ca2 b−1 b02 − 5ka−1
2
b1 + ca1 b03 + 2ka0 a1 b−1 b1
− ka02 b1 b0 + 93k 2 ca1 b−1
2
+ ka2 a−1 b02 + 2ka2 a−1 b1 b−1 − 2ca0 b0 b−1 − ca0 b1 b02 − 2ka1 a−1 b−1 + 17k 2 ca2 b1 b−1
2

− 2ka1 a−1 b1 b0 + 5ka2 a1 b−1

2
− ca0 b12 b−1 + k 2 ca0 b1 b02 − k 2 ca1 b03 + 5k 2 ca−1 b02 + 5k 2 ca−1 b12 b0 + 7ka2 b−1 b02
+ 6ka0 a2 b−1 b0 − 5ca−1 b12 b0 + 6ca1 b−1 b1 b0 − 31k 2 ca2 b−1 b02 − 10ca−1 b1 b−1 + 18k 2 ca1 b−1 b1 b0 = 0,
−2ca−1 b02 b−1 + 2ca0 b−1
2
b0 + 8k 2 ca−1 b1 b−1
2
− 2ka−1 b1 b−1
2
+ 2ka0 b−1
2
b0 − 2ka−1
2
b1 b−1 − ka−1
2 2
b0 + 2ka1 b−1
3

− 2ca−1 b1 b−1
2
+ 4k 2 ca0 b−1
2
b0 + ka02 b−1
2
− 2ka−1 b02 b−1 − 8k 2 ca1 b−1
3
+ 2ka−1 a1 b−1
2
− 4k 2 ca−1 b02 b−1 + 2ca1 b−1
3
= 0,
3ka22 b−1
2
− 2ka02 b0 − 6ca−1 b−1 − 12ka−1 b0 b1 + 2ca1 b−1 b12 − 4ka1 a−1 b0 − 6ka−1 b−1 − ka02 b12 + 6ka2 b−1
2
+ 108k 2 ca2 b−1
2

+ 8ka2 a1 b0 b−1 + 2ca2 b03 + 4ka0 a2 b−1 b1 − 108k 2 ca−1 b−1 + 80k 2 ca1 b0 b−1 − 2ka−1 b13 − 12ca−1 b0 b1 − 8k 2 ca1 b−1 b12
− 2ka0 b02 + 4k 2 ca1 b02 b1 + 8k 2 ca0 b02 + 4ca1 b−1 b0 + 8k 2 ca−1 b13 + 2ca1 b02 b1 − 2ca0 b12 b0 − 2ka1 a−1 b12 + 2ka0 a2 b02
+ 2ka1 b02 b1 − 4k 2 ca0 b12 b0 + 6ca2 b−1
2
− 8k 2 ca2 b03 − 4ca0 b1 b−1 + 12ca2 b0 b1 b−1 + 2ka1 b−1 b12 + 4ka1 b−1 b0
 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840 839

− 2ca−1 b13 + ka12 b02 + 2ka2 b03 − 2ca0 b02 − 2ka0 b12 b0 + 2ka12 b−1 b1 − 8ka0 a−1 b1 − 80k 2 ca0 b1 b−1 + 12ka2 b0 b1 b−1
− 4ka0 b1 b−1 − 3ka−1
2
= 0,
− 6ka0 b0 b1 + 5ca2 b−1 b12 − k 2 ca1 b0 b12 + ca1 b0 b12 − 93k 2 ca0 b−1 − 17k 2 ca−1 b0 + 10ca2 b−1 b0 − 3ka0 b−1 − 5k 2 ca2 b02 b1
− 26k 2 ca1 b1 b−1 + 2ka0 a2 b0 b1 + 5ca2 b02 b1 − 3ka02 b1 + 5ka22 b0 b−1 − ka2 a−1 b12 + 31k 2 ca−1 b12 − 5ka0 a−1
+ ka1 b02 − 6ca0 b0 b1 − ka1 a0 b12 + ca1 b02 + 6ka2 a1 b−1 b1 + 2ca1 b1 b−1 + 2ka0 a2 b−1 + 23k 2 ca1 b02 − 18k 2 ca0 b0 b1
− 7ca−1 b12 − ka0 b13 + ka12 b−1 − 3ca0 b−1 − ca0 b13 − 7ca−1 b0 − 7ka−1 b12 + ka12 b0 b1 + 5ka2 b−1 b12 − 5k 2 ca2 b−1 b12
− 6ka1 a−1 b1 + 3ka2 a1 b02 − 2ka1 a0 b0 + ka1 b0 b12 + 110k 2 ca2 b−1 b0 + 10ka2 b−1 b0 − 7ka−1 b0 − 2ka2 a−1 b0
+ k 2 ca0 b13 + 5ka2 b02 b1 + 2ka1 b1 b−1 = 0,
3
ka0 b−1 − ka−1 b0 b−1
2
− ca−1 b0 b−1
2
+ ka−1 a0 b−1
2
− k 2 ca0 b−1
3
+ k 2 ca−1 b0 b−1
2
+ ca0 b−1
3
− ka−1
2
b0 b−1 = 0,
44k 2 ca−1 b1 + 2ka22 b02 + 8ca2 b−1 b1 + 4k 2 ca0 b12 − 8ka−1 b1 − 4ka1 a−1 + 4ca2 b0 b12 − 32k 2 ca0 b0 + 16k 2 ca2 b−1 b1
− 2ka02 − 4ka0 b0 − 4ca0 b12 − 4ca0 b0 + 4ca2 b02 − 8ca−1 b1 − 60k 2 ca1 b−1 − 4ka1 a0 b1 − 4ka2 a−1 b1 + 4ka22 b−1 b1
+ 4ka2 b0 b12 + 8ka2 b−1 b1 + 4ka2 b02 − 4k 2 ca2 b0 b12 + 4ka2 a1 b−1 + 32k 2 ca2 b02 + 4ka2 a1 b0 b1 − 4ka0 b12 = 0,
−3ka−1 − 3ca−1 − 5ka0 b1 − ka1 b12 + 2ka2 a1 b0 + 3ka2 b−1 + k 2 ca1 b12 + ca2 b13 + ka2 b13 + 27k 2 ca−1 − 5ca0 b1 − ca1 b12
+ 3ca2 b−1 − 3ka2 a−1 − ka12 b1 + 6ka2 b0 b1 − ca1 b0 + 3ka22 b−1 − 27k 2 ca2 b−1 + 6ca2 b0 b1 + 5k 2 ca0 b1
− k 2 ca2 b13 + ka1 a2 b12 + 3ka22 b0 b1 − ka1 b0 − 2ka2 a0 b1 − 23k 2 ca1 b0 − 3ka1 a0 + 18k 2 ca2 b0 b1 = 0,
−2ca1 b1 + 2ca2 b12 − 2ka1 b1 + 2ka2 b12 − 2ca0 − 2ka2 a0 + ka22 b12 − 2ka0 + 4k 2 ca2 b12 + 2ka2 b0 + 8k 2 ca0 − 4k 2 ca1 b1
+ 2ka22 b0 − 8k 2 ca2 b0 − ka12 + 2ca2 b0 = 0,
ka2 b1 + k 2 ca1 − ka1 − k 2 ca2 b1 + ca2 b1 − ca1 + ka22 b1 − ka2 a1 = 0.

Appendix C

−2ka1 a−2 b−2 + 5ka1 b−2 b02 + 5ca1 b−2 b02 − 5k 2 ca1 b−2 b02 + 5ka1 b−2
2
+ 5ca1 b−2
2
− ka1 a−2 b02 + 6ka0 a1 b−2 b0
+ 6ka−1 a2 b−2 b0 + k 2 ca−1 b03 + 235k 2 ca1 b−2
2
+ 7ka2 a1 b−2
2
− 90k 2 ca−1 b0 b−2 − 6ca−1 b0 b−2 − ka0 a−1 b02
− 2ka0 a−1 b−2 − 10ka−1 a−2 b0 − 6ka−1 b0 b−2 − ca−1 b03 − ka−1 b03 = 0,
2ka1 a0 b−2 + 5k 2 ca−1 b02 − 5ca−1 b−2 + 90k 2 ca1 b−2 b0 + 6ka1 b−2 b0 − 235k 2 ca−1 b−2 + 6ca1 b−2 b0 + 2ka2 a−1 b−2
+ ka2 a−1 b02 + ca1 b03 − 5ka−1 b−2 − 7ka−1 a−2 + ka1 b03 + ka0 a1 b02 − 5ca−1 b02 − 5ka−1 b02 − k 2 ca1 b03 − 6ka0 a−1 b0
− 6ka1 a−2 b0 + 10ka1 a2 b−2 b0 = 0,
2ca0 b−2 b02 − 144k 2 ca−2 b−2 b0 + 2ka02 b−2 b0 − 8k 2 ca0 b−2 b02 − 4ka0 a−2 b−2 − 12ca−2 b0 b−2 + 4ka−1 a1 b−2 b0 + 8k 2 ca−2 b03
+ 6ka2 a0 b−2
2
− 12ka−2 b0 b−2 + 10ka2 b0 b−2
2
− 2ka0 a−2 b02 + 10ca2 b−2
2
b0 + 184k 2 ca0 b−2
2
+ 4ka−2 a2 b−2 b0 + 2ka0 b−2 b02
− 2ca−2 b03 − 2ka−2 b03 + 3ka12 b−2
2
− ka−1
2 2
b0 + 2ka0 b−2
2
− 6ka−2
2
b0 + 2ca0 b−2
2
− 2ka−1
2
b−2 − 40k 2 ca2 b−2
2
b0 = 0,
−8k 2 ca2 b03 + 40k 2 ca−2 b0 + 4ka0 a2 b−2 − 184k 2 ca0 b−2 + 2ka0 a2 b02 + 12ka2 b−2 b0 − 3ka−1
2
+ 12ca2 b−2 b0
+ 144k 2 ca2 b−2 b0 − 4ka−1 a1 b0 + 6ka22 b0 b−2 + 8k 2 ca0 b02 − 4ka2 a−2 b0 + ka12 b02 − 2ca0 b02 − 2ca0 b−2 − 6ka−2 a0
− 2ka0 b−2 + 2ca2 b03 − 10ka−2 b0 + 2ka12 b−2 − 10ca−2 b0 − 2ka02 b0 − 2ka0 b02 + 2ka2 b03 = 0,
ka1 b−2 + ca1 b−2 + ca1 b02 − 5ka−1 a0 − 5ka1 a−2 − 7ca−1 b0 + ka1 b02 + 3ka2 a1 b02 − 2ka2 a−1 b0 − 121k 2 ca1 b−2
+ 23k 2 ca1 b02 − 17k 2 ca−1 b0 + 6ka2 a1 b−2 − 2ka1 a0 b0 − 7ka−1 b0 = 0,
−ka−1 b−2
2
− ca−1 b02 b−2 − 6ka−2 a−1 b−2 − ka−1 b02 b−2 + 7ka1 b−2
2
b0 + 5ka2 a−1 b−2
2
+ 5ka1 a0 b−2
2
+ 17k 2 ca1 b0 b−2
2

− 3ka−1 a−2 b02 + 121k 2 ca−1 b−2

2
+ 2ka0 a−1 b0 b−2 − 23k 2 ca−1 b02 b−2 + 7ca1 b0 b−2
2
+ 2ka−2 a1 b−2 b0 − ca−1 b−2
2
= 0,
−4ka−2 + 32k 2 ca2 b02 − 4ka2 a−2 + 4ka22 b−2 − 4ka0 b0 + 4ka2 b−2 + 4ka2 b02 + 4ca2 b02 + 64k 2 ca−2 − 4ka1 a−1 + 4ca2 b−2
+ 2ka22 b02 − 4ca0 b0 − 32k 2 ca0 b0 − 64k 2 ca2 b−2 − 2ka02 − 4ca−2 = 0,
3
4ca2 b−2 + 4ka1 a−1 b−2
2
+ 32k 2 ca0 b−2
2
b0 + 4ka0 b−2
2
b0 − 32k 2 ca−2 b02 b−2 − 64k 2 ca2 b−2
3
+ 64k 2 ca−2 b−2
2
+ 4ca0 b−2
2
b0
− 4ka−2 b02 b−2 + 4ka−2 a2 b−2
2
− 4ka−2 b−2
2
− 4ka−2
2
b−2 − 4ca−2 b02 b−2 + 4ka2 b−2
3
+ 2ka02 b−2
2
− 2ka−2
2 2
b0 − 4ca−2 b−2
2

= 0,
840 S.A. El-Wakil et al. / Physics Letters A 372 (2008) 830–840

2ka2 a1 b0 − 3ca−1 − 3ka−1 − ka1 b0 − ca1 b0 − 23k 2 ca1 b0 + 27k 2 ca−1 − 3ka2 a−1 − 3ka1 a0 = 0,
3
3ca1 b−2 + 23k 2 ca−1 b0 b−2
2
+ ka−1 b0 b−2
2
+ 3ka0 a−1 b−2
2
− 2ka−2 a−1 b−2 b0 + 3ka−2 a1 b−2
2
+ ca−1 b0 b−2
2
+ 3ka1 b−2
3

− 27k 2 ca1 b−2

3
= 0,
−2ka0 − 2ca0 − ka12 − 8k 2 ca2 b0 + 8k 2 ca0 − 2ka2 a0 + 2ka22 b0 + 2ka2 b0 + 2ca2 b0 = 0,
−8k 2 ca0 b−2
3
+ 2ka0 b−2
3
+ 2ka−2 a0 b−2
2
− 2ka−2
2
b0 b−2 − 2ca−2 b0 b−2
2
− 2ka−2 b0 b−2
2
+ 8k 2 ca−2 b0 b−2
2
+ 2ca0 b−2
3

+ ka−1
2 2
b−2 = 0,
−ca1 − ka1 + k 2 ca1 − ka2 a1 = 0,
2
ka−2 a−1 b−2 − k 2 ca−1 b−2
3
+ ka−1 b−2
3
+ ca−1 b−2
3
= 0.

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