Stem, prefixes, and suffixes

Stem = pay (V) kata dasar

Prefix = repay (V) awalan re-,…..
Suffix = repayment (N) akhiran –ment,…..

A. Macam-macam prefix (awalan) dan fungsinya:

1. Membentuk kata kerja: en- , ex: light – enlighten
2. memaknai tidak: dis-, un-, in-, im-, ir-, non-, mis-, ex: rational – irrational, etc
3. bersama dengan : com-, con-, col-, cer-, co-, ex: operate – cooperate
4. kecil : micro-, ex: microbiology
5. mundur, kembali: re-, retro-, ex: pay – repay
6. sebelum: ante-, ex: antecedent
7. termasuk dalam/ di bawah: sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sus-, ex: subdivision
8. diatas/melampaui: super-, ex: supermarket
9. berlawanan: contra-, anti-, ex; contradict
10. diantara/antar: inter-, international
11. di dalam: intro-, ex: introspect
12. setelah: post-, ex: postgraduate

B. Macam-macam suffix (akhiran)

1. Inflectional = tidak merubah makna/part of speech, contoh: -ing, s/es, ed (she
is cooking, she cooks, she cooked)
2. Derivational = merubah makna / part of speech, contoh : produce (V) –
production (N)

Macam-macam derivational suffixes dan fungsinya:

1. Merubah kata kerja (V) menjadi kata benda (N)

-ment : advertise – advertisement
-ion, -tion : act – action
-cation, -ition, -ation : classify – classification
-ance, -ence : confidence
-t : give - gift
-er, or, -ar, ist, ant, ent : produce- producer, beg- beggar, collect-collector
-al : Approve - approval
-ure, -ture, -ature : depart-departure
-y, -ery, -ary :bribe- bribery, delivery, boundary
-age : carriage
-ing : making

2. Merubah kata benda (N) menjadi kata kerja (V)

-en : fright - frighten
-ze/ize : apology- apologize/ memory-memorize
 3. Merubah kata benda (N) menjadi kata sifat (adj)
-y : anger - angry
-ly : love-lovely, day-daily
-ful, -less : beautiful, careless
-ous, -ious : courage-courageous, mysterious
-al, -tal, -ial, -tial, -cal : accidental, coastal, colonial, confidential, critical.
-ic, -etic, -atic : artistic, sympathetic, systematic
-ish : childish
-like : business like
-ed, -en : diseased, golden
-ious : ambitious, anxious

4. Merubah kata kerja (V) menjadi kata sifat (adj)

-ent, -ant : confide – confident
Please – pleasant
-able, -ible : agree – agreeable
Sense – sensible
-ive, -tive : act – active
-ed, -en : advance –advanced
Swell – swollen
-ing : amuse - amusing
-itive : sense – sensitive

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 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS FOLLOWED BY IT + INFINITIVE OR A

EXPRESSIONS GERUNDS OR GERUND SUBJECT
FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
GERUNDS
be accustomed to admit mind
be accused of advise need
in addition to afford offer
be afraid agree permit
apologize (to someone) for ask persuade
believe in avoid plan
blame (someone) for beg postpone
be capable of begin prefer
be committed to consider prepare
complain about continue pretend
dream of convince promise
forgive (someone) for decide quit
be excited about demand recall
be guilty of deny refuse
instead of discuss regret
be interested in dislike remember
look forward to encourage remind
be opposed to enjoy risk
prevent (someone) from expect seem
be scared of fail start
stop (someone) from force stop
succeed in forget struggle
take advantage of hesitate suggest
thank (someone) for hope threaten
think of invite wait
be tired of learn want
be worried about like warn
manage