EXPERIMENT-5

Passband transmission using QAM using a correlator receiver with and without
noise. Also generate P e vs SNR curve using code and compare it with the curve
generated using the Q-function.

1. Description of the input

A random 4000 bits are generated using ‘randn’ inbuilt command. For 16-ary
QAM signal, each symbol has 4 bits is represented in constellation diagram to
know the in-phase and quadrature phase amplitude levels.

2. Description of the output

For NOISELESS receiver, the bit error rate was found to be zero. In the
presence of AWGN channel, the plot of Simulated BER vs Theoretical BER is
NOT exact in line. There is some deviation observed from the plot.

3. All required waveforms or numerical results

In absence of noise, the ber is found to be zero.

In presence of NOISE channel , the plot of Pe vs SNR is below.

4. How the waveforms or numerical results were obtained briefly

 A random 4000 bit sequence is generated
 A loop is written to consider each 4 bits mapped to particular coordinate
in the constellation signal space representation.
 It has 2 – dimensional signal basis vector, so it requires two basis signal :
cosine and sine which indicates the part of in-phase and quadrature phase
component.
 For 16-ary QAM signal, it will be mapped to corresponding four
amplitude levels : -3, -1, 1, 3
 For instance: if the initial input bit sequence is 0 0 1 0 , it will be mapped
to (-3,3) in the signal constellation diagram, similarly if the next bit
sequence is 0 1 1 0 , it will be mapped to (-1,3).
 Two orthogonal basis function is defined for cosine and sine signals.
 In order to normalize the bit energy, it is divided by the factor .
 A separate transmitted complex bit sequence is defined for all 16
coordinate space.
 At the receiving end, after the correlation receiver and sampling, the
output is subtracted with all the transmitted bit sequence and the current
error obtained will be compared with the 16 sequences of error elements
and based on minimum distance, it will indicate the indices i.e. location
of the element in the transmitted sequence.
  At the decoding part, all the amplitude level will be compared with the
transmitted sequence. For instance: if the first element will be

X(3,-3) = will be decoded back to bit sequence [1 0 0 0]

Here, 3 = in-phase amplitude level and -3 = quadrature phase amplitude level

 By this, all the decoded bits are stored under x_cap variable in the code.
 When the original x and x_cap is compared , bit error rate was found to
be zero.
 For addition of noise,
 EbN0 = 10^(EbN0dB/10);
 n=(1/sqrt(2))*[randn(1,length(yy))+sqrt(-
1)*randn(1,length(yy))];%Complex gaussian noise
 sigma = sqrt(1/((log2(M))*EbN0)); %Noise standard deviation
 r = yy+sigma*n; %Received signal
 For theoretical BER the following probability of error formula was used
in terms of Q function to plot :

The SNR is varied from -35 to 20 dB in the plot shown above.