COLLEGE 

OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT ON LOCAL CHICKEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM,

MARKETING OPPORTUNITY AND CONSTRAINTS IN ARBA MICH
ZURIA WOREDA,GAMO ZONE SNNPR ETHIOPIA

A THESIS RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO UNDER TAKE

RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR BSc. DEGREE IN ANIMAL SCIENCE.

BY:

GEZU DEBELE……(ID .RAS/300/11)

HAYMNOT MOLA……(ID .RAS/336/11)

ADVISOR: MR SENA F.(Msc)

JUNE, 2021

ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Above all, I would like thanks to almighty 'GOD 'for giving me patience throughout the review
of this seminar.

My special and sincere gratitude goes to my Advisor MR SENA F. who advice me without
hesitating me in a good manner and gave me suggestion, and comments.

I would like also to express my truthful appreciation to Arba Minch University Kulfo Campus
for giving this fantastic seminar paper preparation and giving internet accesses and library
service.

Moreover, I would like to thank my friends, for their encouragement morally and for facilitating
every resource required for my work.

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ABBREVIATIONS

CSA Central statics agency

EC Ethiopian calendar

FAO Food and agriculture organization

ILRI International livestock research institute

NCD New castle diseases

RIR Rhode Island Red

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TABLE CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................i
ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLE........................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................vi
1. INTRODACTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background Of The Study.................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement Of The Problem................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives....................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective........................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives.......................................................................................................................3
1.4 Research Questions............................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the study...................................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................................4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Village Chicken Production In Ethiopia............................................................................................5
2.2 Importance Of Village Chicken Production.......................................................................................6
2.3 Production Performance Of Village Chicken.....................................................................................8
2.4 Constraints Of Village Chicken Production System..........................................................................8
2.5 Marketing systems of village chicken and egg in Ethiopia................................................................9
2.6 Role Of Rural Women In Village Chicken Production System.......................................................10
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................................................12
3.1 Description of the study area...............................................................................................................12
3.2 Study Design and study periods.......................................................................................................12
3.3 Sampling Techniques.......................................................................................................................13
3.4 Methods of data collection...............................................................................................................13
3.5 Methods Of Data Analysis...............................................................................................................13
4. WORK PLAN.......................................................................................................................................14
5. BEDGET BREAK DOWN....................................................................................................................15

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 5.1. Stationary Cost...............................................................................................................................15
5.2. Miscellaneous Expenses.................................................................................................................15
5.3. Budget Summery............................................................................................................................16
6. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................17
7 APPENDANCE......................................................................................................................................21

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 work plan………………………………………………………………………………14

Table 2: stationary cost…………………………………………………………………………..15
Table 3: miscellaneous expense…………………………………………………………………15
Table 4: Budget summary……………………………………………………………………….16

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1. INTRODACTION

1.1 Background Of The Study

Animal production in general and chicken production in particular play important socioeconomic
roles in developing countries (Alders 2004; Kondombo 2005) and the importance of village
poultry production in the national economy of developing countries and its role in improving the
nutritional status and incomes of many small farmers and landless communities has been
recognized by various scholars and rural development agencies for the last few decades (Aberra
and Tegene, 2011).
The total chicken population in Ethiopia is estimated at 51 million (CSA, 2014). The majority
(98%) of these chickens are maintained under traditional system with little or no input for
feeding (Mushi, et al., 2005). The primary objective in feeding poultry is to secure the most
economical gains in weight during growth and fattening, and the most economical production of
eggs throughout the laying period (Nigussie, et al., 2010). The feed resource for rural chicken
production in Ethiopia is scavenged, and consists of household waste, anything edible found in
the immediate environment, and small amounts of grain supplements provided by the women
Tadelle and Peters 2003)
Poultry of all types require housing that will protect them from the predator, wind and rain, as
well as the effects of rapid changes in temperature. The house should be dry at all times, and
provide good ventilation while being free from draughts. Village chicken housing system in
Ethiopia is mostly perch in the house, perch in the kitchen, perch in the veranda and separate
shelter Melkamu, 2013) and Melkamu, 2013).
Agricultural sector is the corner stone of the economic and social life of the people. The sector
employs 80-85% of the population and contributes 40% of the total growth domestic product.
According to Halima et al., 2007 b, Animal production in general and chicken production as the
one component of agriculture covers 40% of the agricultural output playing an important role in
the national economy as it contributes 13-16%of the total GDP. Rural poultry in Ethiopia
represents a significant part of the national economy in general and the rural economy in
particular and contributes 98.5% and 99.2% of the national egg and chicken meat production,
respectively Tadelle et al., 1996, Aberra, 2000).

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House hold simple rearing in backyard is with inadequate feeding and health care. However; the
population number of chicken flock is small Tadelle et al., 2003b, Melkamu (2013).Such
production system may result in slow growing and poor layer of egg. The indigenous chickens
are good scavengers and foragers well adapted to harsh environmental conditions and their
minimal space requirements make chicken rearing a suitable activity Bishop et al., 1995. Modern
poultry production stetted in Ethiopia some year ago mainly in research stations and colleges.
The activities of these institutions mainly produced on the introduction of exotic breeds to the
country and distribution of these breeds to the farmers including management, feeding housing
and health care practices Gueye et al., 2005. The production of indigenous village chickens is
characterized by many advantages such as good egg and meat flavor, hard shells, high dressing
percentages and especially low cost. In tropical areas village chickens health problems is high
due to environmental factors like high temperature and humidity, topography structure of sloppy
area exposed to flood so easy to infect soil born diseases, stress factor and air born diseases and
the other major reason is the lack of animal health services (Assegid et al., 2000).
Identification and better understanding of village chicken production environments, constraints
and opportunities have paramount importance in designing, planning and implementing
community based and agro-ecologically friendly holistic breeding and performance
improvement programmers in order to ensure sustainable improvement, utilization and
conservation of local chicken genetic resources so as to boost their contribution to national rural
based development strategies. Several studies on production system, marketing opportunities and
constraints of village chicken production have been done in different parts of Ethiopia. However,
little or no research on assessing production system, marketing opportunities and constraints of
village chicken production had been done in Gamo zone and in particular in Arbaminch Zuria
woreda. Therefore, this study will be designed to assess the production system, marketing
opportunities and constraints of village chicken production in Arbaminch Zuria

1.2 Statement Of The Problem

In Ethiopia chickens are the most widespread and almost every rural family owns chickens,
which provide a valuable source of family protein and income (Tadelle et al., 2003). The total
chicken population in the country is estimated to be 51 million (CSA, 2014). The most dominant

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chicken types reared in Ethiopia are local ecotypes, which show a large variation in body
position, plumage color, comb type and productivity (Teketel, 1986; Tadelle et al., 1996;
Halima et al., 2007). Most consumers in Ethiopia prefer to buy local chicken from village
producers, since they are considered to be tasty and better suited for preparation of the traditional
chicken sauce. As a result, free ranging local chicken are in higher demand and fetch higher
market prices in urban markets (Nigussie et al., 2010). However; the economic contribution of
the sector is not still proportional to the huge chicken numbers, attributed to the presence of
many productions, reproduction and infrastructural constraints (Aberra, 2000).

The general indications are that the health status of the backyard poultry production system is
very poor and risky, since scavenging birds live together with people and other species of
livestock. Study on the current chicken production and productivity as well assessing hindering
factors which might be an essential prerequisite to bring the indigenous production system to
more productive conditions is not well dealt at south Omo Zone in Malle Woreda. This study
was to assess chicken production system, marketing opportunity and constraints of chicken in the
study area.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objective

 To assess chicken production system, marketing opportunity and constraints in Gamo
zone,Arba minch zuria woreda.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To assess chicken production system in study area.

 To assess marketing opportunity and constraints in study area.

1.4 Research Questions

 How is chicken production system in the study area?

 What are the marketing opportunities and constraints?

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Village Chicken Production In Ethiopia

The total chicken population in Ethiopia is estimated at 51 million (CSA, 2014). The majority
(98%) of these chickens are maintained under traditional system with little or no input for
feeding (Mulugeta and Tebkew, 2013.The primary objective in feeding poultry is to secure the
most economical gains in weight during growth and fattening, and the most economical
production of eggs throughout the laying period (Nigussie et al., 2010). The feed resource for
rural chicken production in Ethiopia is scavenged, and consists of household waste, anything
edible found in the immediate environment, and small amounts of grain supplements provided by
the women (Tadelle and Peters, 2003).
The term poultry applies to a wide variety of birds of several species including; chicken, guinea
fowls, pigeons, ducks, geese, turkeys, swans, peafowl, ostriches, pheasants, quails and other
game birds. Chickens were originated in South-East Asia and introduced to the rest of the world
by sailors and traders. According to Pedersen (2002); village chickens were the result of
centuries of cross-breeding with exotic breeds and random breeding within the flock and these
different types are found in the smallholder chicken production systems of Africa, defined as
family poultry.
According to Halima, et al., (2007) a substantial amount of phenotypic diversity for various traits
in the indigenous chicken genetic resources of Ethiopia was expected because of presence of
diverse agro-ecology, ethnic groups, socio-economic, religious and cultural considerations. In
many developing countries the local gene pool still provides the basis for the poultry sector
(Yakubu et al., 2008). Estimate on livestock in Africa shows that chicken population was the
highest (Assefa, 2007). Ethiopia is one of the few African countries with a significantly large
population of chickens (Besbes, 2009). In sub-Saharan Africa, 85% of all households keep
chicken under free range system, with women owning 70% of it, providing scarce animal protein
in the form of meat and eggs as well as being a reliable source of cash income (Guéye, 1998;
Assefa, (2007); Besbes, 2009; and Aklilu, 2007).

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According to Solomon (2007), Temesigen, et al., (2013) and Assefa, (2007) there are three
chicken management systems in the world namely: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive,
which are differentiated on the basis of flock sizes and input-output relationships. Alternatively,
Bessei (1987) reported that family chicken were kept under a wide range of conditions, which
could be classified into four broad production systems: free-range extensive, backyard extensive,
semi-intensive and Intensive systems. In many developing countries, chicken production is based
mainly on traditional extensive production systems with local chicken ecotypes and low
purchased-inputs (Gueye, 1998; Gueye, 2000 and Garcia, 2007). The extensive chicken
production system in Africa, where birds are kept on free range, is different from the more recent
extensive free range system coming up in developed countries, due to the hot chicken welfare
issues (Thear, 1997).
In most part of Ethiopia, village chicken represents a significant component of the rural
household livelihood as a source of cash income and nutrition. The birds scavenge in the vicinity
of the homestead during daytime where they may be given cereal grains, cereal bran, broken
grains and other house waste products as supplementary feed (Aklilu et al., 2007). The number
of chicken flocks per household of most Ethiopian rural community is small in number and
containing birds from each age group with an average of 7-10 mature birds, consisting of 2-4
adult hens, a male bird (cock) and a number of growers of various ages (Tadelle and Ogle, 2001).

2.2 Importance Of Village Chicken Production

The impact of village chicken in the national economy of developing countries and its role in
improving the nutritional status and income of many smallholders has been very significant
(FAO, 1997). According to Solomon (2007) chicken were among the most adaptable
domesticated animals and more people were directly involved in chicken production throughout
the world than in any other single agricultural enterprise. The local chicken sector constitutes a
significant contribution to human livelihood and contributes significantly to food security of poor
households and can be considered an initiative enterprise owing to its low cost (Gondwe, 2004;
Abdelqader, 2007).
According to Moreki (2001) family chicken is rarely the sole means of livelihood for the family
but is one of a number of integrated and complementary farming activities contributing to the
overall well-being of the household. Village chickens were regarded as a walking bank by many

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families and were often sold to meet emergency cash needs. Rising income and urbanization in
many parts of the developing world caused a growing demand for alternative food resources like
animal products. There are only few alternative animal protein sources available in the tropics
including chicken and chicken products (Solomon, 2007). The per capita chicken meat
consumption in the Ethiopia is reported to be 2.85kg per annum and chicken meat was relatively
cheap, available and affordable source of animal protein in the country (Alemu and Tadelle,
1996; Kenea et al., 2003). However, the prices of chicken is showing an increasing trend time to
time like other livestock products and could not be easily affordable by the poor if the situation
continues. According to Alam (1997) family chicken meat & eggs were estimated to contribute
20–30% of the total animal protein supply in low-income and food-deficit countries. Both
chicken meat and eggs were affordable sources of protein and contribute to a well-balanced diet
to satisfy human needs. Village chicken could be particularly important in improving the diet of
young children in Sub-Saharan Africa (Alam, 1997). Chicken provide major opportunities for
increased protein production and incomes for smallholder farmers because of presence of small
generation interval, high rate of productivity, the ease with which its products can be supplied to
different areas, the ease with which its products can be sold due to their relatively low economic
values, its minimal association of with religious taboos and its complementary role play in
relation to other crop-livestock activities (Muchenje, et al., 2000).
Village chicken keeping has a symbolic importance with the context of many economic, social
and cultural activities and/or religious ceremonies. A specific sex and color of chicken were
prescribed for most of these socio-cultural activities and cocks were the most popular sacrificial
animals for religious purposes in many African countries (Gueye, 2000).
Furthermore; chickens and eggs came in small packages and could be stored in hot climates
under local conditions more easily than most foods of animal origin. Eggs keep their quality at
room temperature without spoilage for at least 10 days to 2 weeks if stored in cool places.
Refrigeration is also not required for preserving chicken meat, as individual chickens can be
easily kept alive until slaughtered for consumption (Meseret, 2010).
According to Anders (1997), some of the important factors contributing in the continuing growth
of the chicken industry in many countries included: the ease and efficiency of chicken to convert
vegetable protein into animal protein, the attractiveness and acceptability of its meat, their

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competitive cost and the relative ease with which new technologies such as, health care systems
can be transferred between countries and between farmers.

2.3 Production Performance Of Village Chicken

The productivity of village chickens production systems in general and the traditional/free range
system in particular is known to be low (Kondombo, 2005). The productivity of local scavenging
hens is low not only because of low egg production but also due to high chick mortality
(Nigussie et al., 2003). Zemene, 2011 and Aberra (2000) also reported that the low productivity
of local chicken was expressed in terms the following parameters; low egg production
performance, production of small sized eggs, slow growth rate, late maturity, small clutch size
with long laying pauses, an instinctive inclination to broodiness and high mortality of chicks.
The productive potential of indigenous chickens under an improved nutritional regime and
disease free situation is well unknown (Zemene, 2011).

According to Temesigen, et al., (2013); scavenging hens lay only 30 eggs/year while
industrialized battery cage hens lay up to 300 eggs/year. Furthermore, it may take up to 12
months to raise a chicken for consumption. In Ethiopia native chicken produced 40 eggs/year
(Tadelle and peters, 2003). Bessei (1987) also reported that village chicken, in Nigeria, produced
20-30 eggs/year under scavenging system with poor night shelter and no regular feed and water
supply. The average egg weight of local hens around Arsi, Ethiopia, was reported to be 38g
(Brannang and Persson, 1990). Egg production and feed conversion comparisons between local
and improved exotic breeds have shown the superiority of the later even when tested under the
climatic and management conditions of the local breeds (Temesigen, et al., 2013). Zemene,
(2011) reported that the introduction of high yielding exotic chicken breeds and their crosses into
the scavenging and semi scavenging system resulted in a higher egg yield of exotic breeds
compared to indigenous hens under both scavenging and semi scavenging conditions, but this
was accompanied by a high mortality rate in the scavenging situation.

2.4 Constraints Of Village Chicken Production System

The most striking problem in relation to village chicken production system is high mortality rate
of birds, which might be as high as 80-90% within the first few weeks after hatching, due to

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diseases & predation (Wilson, et al., 1987). Newcastle disease (NCD) is highly infectious and
causes more losses than any other diseases in the tropics which spread rapidly through the flock
and mortality can reach up to 100% (Meseret, 2010).
Newcastle disease (NCD) is believed to be the most devastating chicken disease in free-range
systems and the main cause of the high chicken mortality irrespective of age and sex, which
occurs almost any time of the year (Deneke, 2013); Nigussie, et al., 2003; Serkalem, et al., 2005
and Nwanta et al., 2008). Among the infectious diseases NCD, salmonelloses, coccidioses and
fowl pox are considered to be the most important causes of mortality to local chickens while
predators are an additional causes of loss (Eshetu and Nigussu, 2019).

In Ethiopia chicken disease is considered to be the most important factor responsible for
reducing both the number and productivity of village chickens. According to Tadelle and petrrs
(2003) high mortality of chicks due to diseases, parasites, predation, lack of feed, poor housing
and insufficient water supply was the major constraints on village chicken production in the
central highlands of Ethiopia. Poor availability of feed resources, in terms of both quantity and
quality, is the other major constraints affecting production and productivity livestock including
village chicken (Deneke, 2013). In addition to above mentioned constraints; Singh (1990)
reported other vital problems affecting the productivity of village chicken including: low
productivity of local breeds (attributed to low genetic potential, disease and poor chicken
management practices), poor extension services and inadequate credit facilities, availability of
few or limited research activities and lack of organized marketing and processing facilities.

2.5 Marketing systems of village chicken and egg in Ethiopia

The term marketing referred to all activities from the producer to the final consumer including
processing and distribution systems. The type and amount of product, the size of producers, the
marketing infrastructure and the policy/institutional environments all determine the type of
marketing system and the effectiveness with which it operates (ILRI, 1995).
In Ethiopia selling of chickens and eggs is one of the functions of keeping free-range chickens by
smallholder farmers. Village birds and eggs were taken by producer farmers to the local and
urban markets and sold to traders (collectors) or directly to consumers depending on the location

9
of the farm dwelling. Aklilu (2007) reported that market access was low with increased distance
to the market for poorer households.
According to Assefa (2007) and Halima (2007); small holder chicken owner farmers found in
different parts of Ethiopia sell chicken and eggs for the following objectives: to purchase food
items, to cover school fees, grain milling services, purchase improved seeds and adjust the flock
size. Tadelle and peters, (2003) also reported that few chicken owner farmers, in central
highlands of Ethiopia, exchanged their free-range chickens for food and household items.
Most consumers in Ethiopia prefer to buy eggs and chickens from producers of indigenous birds,
since they are considered to be tasty and better suited to preparation of the traditional “Doro wot”
(chicken sauce) and the deep yellow colored egg yolks were commonly favored. On the other
hand, free-ranging local chickens were claimed to be on demand and fetch high market prices in
urban markets of the country (ILRI, 1995). According to Halima (2007); the prices of chicken
products was highly related to supply & demand, plumage color, size, age, sex, market site and
the health status of the chicken.

2.6 Role Of Rural Women In Village Chicken Production System

Chicken production in most developing countries is based mainly on scavenging systems and
rural women and children are traditionally believed to play an important role (Meseret, 2010).
They are generally in charge of most chicken husbandry practices, since small-scale animal
production does not require heavy manual labor (Besbes, 2009). According to Deneke (2013);
family poultry could be easily managed within homesteads and the management has been
associated with women for various historical and social factors. A Survey result in four African
countries; Ethiopia, Gambia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, showed that women dominated on most
activities of village chicken husbandry except for shelter construction and marketing. The result
also showed that various gender based constraints such as; poor access to information and heavy
workloads on women should be addressed to meet the needs and opportunities of this gender
category in this sector (Melkamu and Wube, 2013). According to Abubakar et al. (2007), in a
study conducted on village chicken production in some parts of Nigeria and Cameroon; all
gender categories were involved in village chicken management, with children having the
highest responsibility of shutting down the birds at night and let them out in the morning. Based
on the result of the study; women owned the majority of birds (52.7%) followed by children
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(26.9%) and lastly men (20.4%) in the Province of Cameroon; unlike the situation in Borno state,
Nigeria, where majority of the birds are owned by men (55.6%) followed by women (38.9%) and
lastly children (11.1%).

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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Description of the study area

The study will be conducted in Arba Minch town. Arba Minch town is one of the large urban
centers in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPRS). Geographically, Arba
Minch is situated between the Gamo highlands and the two known rift valley lakes: Abaya and
Chamo. Presently, the town serves as the capital city of Gamo Zone (GZ) and Arba Minch Zuria
Woreda (AZW). The naming of the town is linked to the ‘forty springs’ which literally means a
group of forty magnificent springs that are situated in the scenic natural forest of Arba Minch at
the base of the western side of the Great East African Rift Valley. The town is situated about
505 km and 275 km south of Addis Ababa (National Capital) and Hawassa (Regional Capital)
respectively. The town is surrounded by Arba Minch Zuria woreda in the North, West and South
and Nech-Sar National park (including Abaya and Chamo lakes) in the East(AMTM 2015).

Currently, it consists of four administrative sub-cities namely; Secha, Sikella, Abaya and

Nechsar, and each sub-city holds 3 kebeles except Abaya which has two kebeles (AMTM 2015).
Economically, Arba Minch is highly endowed with banana plantation and other cash crops
produced in the Gamo highland. Currently, the economy of Arba Minch is further boosted with
the expansion of service giving sectors: academic institutions, financial institutions, hotels and
restaurants. (Amene and Tesfaye, 2020).

3.2 Study Design and study periods

The study will be conducted from June 2021 to August 2021 using a cross sectional household
questionnaire survey and focused group discussion. A total of 138 house hold questionnaires will
be asked to collected during the study period. The information regarding age, breed, body
condition, management, and housing type of chicken was gathered by short interview of owners.
The study chickens will be grouped into sex (male and female), breeds, and ages classified as

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young (less than or equal to 2 months) and adult (older than 2 months) based on (Oljira et al.,
2012).
Chickens will be kept under floor and a cage husbandry system, and no medication given for the
prevention of the disease in the farms including anticoccidial drugs except when chickens get
sick.

3.3 Sampling Techniques

A simple random sampling technique was applied to choose three kebeles of low land kebeles.
From each kebeles 10 respondents and total of 30 respondents was interviewed using a pre-tested
structured questionnaire for this study.

A total of 100 households will be included in the study according to the formula given by
Arsham (2002), N=0.25/SE2,
Where, N= Sample size,
SE= Standard error. As a standard error of 0.05 was taken to calculate the total
households to be involved in the questionnaire survey. N=0.025/ (0.05)2 =100. Selection of
households will be in collaboration with Arba minch town district at list of 138 households were
used as sampling frame. Then, using simple random sampling 1 households will be selected to be
included in the study.

3.4 Methods of data collection

Data will be selected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data will be collected
intensively through personal and house to house interviews using a well-organized and pre-tested
structured questionnaire. And secondary data will be collected from various reports and sources
including; Arba minch zuria woreda office of agriculture & rural development.

3.5 Methods Of Data Analysis

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A data base will be developed to store quantitative data from the cross sectional study using
Microsoft office Excel 2007 software. STATA version 11 will be used to compute descriptive
statistics of variables collected during the study. The associations between the explanatory
variables and the outcome variables (disease occurrence and crude mortality) will be further
assessed using chi-square test and a pairwise correlation matrix. All independent variables which
will be significantly associated with each of the outcome variables at P < 0.05 were considered
for regression analysis.

4. WORK PLAN

Table 1 work plan

April May June July August September
Title 
selection
Research 
proposal
writing
Presentation 
proposal
Data   
collection 

Organized  
data
Data  
analysis
Writing up 
the pepper

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5. BEDGET BREAK DOWN

5.1. Stationary Cost

Table 2: stationary cost
No Material Quantity Price(birr per Total(ETB)
item)
1 Pepper 50 0.50 25
2 Pen 2 10 20
3 Pencil 2 5 10
4 Note book 1 15 15
5 Ruler 1 10 10
6 Flash 1, 16GB 200 200
Total 280

5.2. Miscellaneous Expenses

Table 3: miscellaneous expense

No Item /service requires Price Cents

1 Photocopy and printing 150 00

service

2 Document binding 30 00

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3 Transport and other 1200 00
services during data
collect

4 Telephone card 250 00

computer and internet
service
1630 00

5.3. Budget Summery

Table 4: Budget summary

No Items Birr

1 Stationary cost 280

2 Miscellaneous expense 1630
Grand Total 1910

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6. REFERENCES

Aberra Melesse and Tegene Negesse, 2011. Phenotypic and morphological characterization of
indigenous chicken populations in southern region of Ethiopia. Animal Genetic
Resources, 2011, 00, 1–13. © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
2011 doi:10.1017/S20786336 11000099
Aberra Melesse. 2000. Comparative studies on performance and physiological responses of
Ethiopian indigenous (”Angete-melata”) chicken and their F1 crosses to long term
heat stress. Ph.D Thesis. Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Berlin. pp: 4-
5.
Aklilu, H.A., 2007. Village poultry in Ethiopia: socio-technical analysis and learning with
farmers, (unpublished PhD Thesis, Wageningen University).
Alders R. 2004. Poultry for profit and pleasure. FAO Diversification Booklet 3. FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Arsham H (2002). Descriptive sampling data analysis. statistical thinking for managerial
decision making. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from
http://ubmail.ubalt.edu/harsham/Businessstat/ opre504.htm#rwhyrssm
Asefa, T. 2007.Poultry management practices and on farm performance evaluation of Rhode
Island Red (RIR), Fayoumi and local chicken in Umbullo Wachu water
shed.M.Sc.thesis. Department of animal and range sciences, Hawassa College of
agriculture, Awassa, Ethiopia.

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Assefa Tadesse. 2007 Poultry management practices and on Farm Performance Evaluation of
Rhode Island Red (RIR), Fayoumi and Local chicken in Umbullo Wachu Watershed.
MSc. Thesis, Hawassa College of Agriculture, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
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Ethiopia: Policy implications. DVM Thesis, FVM, AAU, Debre Zeit,mEthiopia.
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Bell, J.G., Kane, M. & Le Jan, C. 1990. An investigation of the disease status of village poultry
in Mauritania, preventive veterinary medicine, 8(4): 291–294.\
Besbes B (2009). Genotype evaluation and breeding of poultry for performance under
suboptimal village conditions. World’s Poultry Sci. J., 65:260-27.
Bishop, J.P. Chickens Improve Small Scale Production Echo Technical Note. 1995; Pp,1.
Bourzat, D. & M. Saunders. 1990. Improvement oftraditional methods of poultry production in
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7 APPENDANCE

Appendixes 1: Questionnaire format for respondent’s interview

Part I: General Information
Date__________________________

Region SNNP, Zone _________________________, Woreda_______________________

Name of the respondent__________________________ age______ sex_______

Level of education: Illiterate: Yes, Primary school: _____ secondary school & above: _____

Part II: Information related to the research purpose

1. Do you raise the following animals? Say yes or No

Animal species Yes No

Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Horse
Mule
Donkey
Local chikens
Exotic chickens

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2. Housing of poultry, Say yes or No

2.1. They live in family house? a. Yes b. No

2.2. They live with other animals in same house? a. Yes b. No

2.3. They live in separate house? a. Yes b. No

If the answer is yes for question number 2.3, then go to 3

3. Type house used for poultry, Say yes or No

Type of house used Yes, No

3.1. protected but on the ground
3.2. protected but in ordinary cage
3.3. protected and in modern cage
3.4. protected and on wooden bars

4. Feeding of poultry, Say yes or No

feeding of poultry yes No

4.1.grains
4.2.vegetables
4.3.greengrass
4.4.animal products
4.5. mixture of all above stated
4.6.freely scavenging only
5. How often you feed daily your poultry, Say yes or No

5.1 Once (in the morning), a. Yes b. No

5.2. Twice (in the morning and in the evening), a. Yes b. No

5.3. No feeding but they are scavenging only, a. Yes b. No

6. Do your poultry have free access to clean water? a. Yes b. No

7. Do you know any diseases that affect poultry in your farm? a. Yes b. No

8. If yes, can you mention them?

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Name of Major diseases Affected Affected Affected Affecting Season
(Local Name) Age Sex Breed

9. Which age groups are more affected? a. Chicken b. adult

10. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of the diseases is observed? a. Yes b. No

11. In which season diseases cause high losses in your poultry/Farm?

11.1. in wet seasons? a. Yes b. No

11.2. in dry seasons? a. Yes b. No

12. Which in your poultry are more affected?

12.1. Exotic? a. Yes b. No

12.2. Local? a. Yes b. No

13. Is there any interaction of the chicken with other species of wild birds? a. Yes b. No

14. What are the major losses of the poultry disease?

14.1. Losses due to low production a. Yes b. No

14.2. Loss due to Mortality a. Yes b. No

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15. Do you know that poultry diseases can be prevented using vaccination? Yes/No

If yes did you used it? Yes/No

16. How do you remove dead poultry carcass if poultry die?

16.1. Through away a. Yes b. No

16.2. Burn and burry a. Yes b. No

16.2. Feed cats and dogs a. Yes b. No

24