BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

STORAGE MEDIA

 includes the main memory and external devices on which programs and data are stored.
 MOST COMMON STORAGE DEVICES: ---- hard drive and diskettes and CD-ROMs.
 Hard drive and diskettes are magnetic storage media.
 CD-ROMs are forms of optical storage.
 read by a laser “eye” rather than a magnet.

STORAGE MEDIA

(Hard Drive)

 is a peripheral that has a very high speed and high density.

 has a large storage capacity

(Diskettes)

 a round magnetic disk encased in a flexible or rigid case.

 allows the user to transport data and programs from one computer site to another.

(CD-ROM)

 A rigid disk that holds much higher density of information than a diskette.
 Has much higher speed compared to a diskette
 PHILLIPS CORPORATION
 developed the CD-RW

(USB)

 the Universal Serial Bus

 A form of a small and removable hard drive that is inserted into the USB port of the computer.

•OTHER STORAGE MEDIA

(Zip Drive)

 The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system that was introduced by
Iomega in late 1994.
 Originally, Zip disks launched with capacities of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first
250 MB and then 750 MB.

(Jaz Drive)

•The Jaz drive was a removable disk storage system, introduced by the Iomega company in 1995.

•The Jaz disks were originally released with a 1 GB capacity.

(Computer Power)

 refers to how the machine stores information at the lowest or closest to machine registers and
memory level.
 Computer handles information in bytes
 –a byte is made up of 8 bits.

Computer Speed

 Basic operations of the CPU are called cycles.

(fetch, decode, execute, store)

 Speed is measured in cycles per second.

“CLOCK SPEED”

 One million cycles per second ---- 1 megahertz (MHz)

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

 COLOSSUS MARK I – first true digital computer built in 1943.

 ENIAC – first vacuum tube computer by Eckert and Mauchly
 UNIVAC I – first large scale commercial computer system
 EARLY COMPUTERS – are called FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS.
 Late 1950’s - Second Generation Computers were introduced.

Speed in microseconds. (millionths in a second)

Speed in nanoseconds. (billionths of a second)

 November, 1972 – rise of modern personal computer

 INTEL CORPORATION (INTEL 8008) – first commercial microprocessor.

- gave way to the development of PC or microcomputers.

 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak – started with $25 microprocessor

 May, 1976 – “humble start”
 APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY and the first PC was born.

CLASSES OF COMPUTERS

 ANALOG – operates on continuous physical or electrical magnitudes measuring ongoing

continuous quantities like voltage, current, temperature and pressures.
 HEART AND FETAL MONITORS
 DIGITAL – operates on discrete discontinuous numerical digits.
 DATA ARE REPRESENTED BY NUMBERS, LETTERS AND SYMBOLS RATHER THAN WAVEFORMS.

• HYBRID – contains features of both analog and digital computers.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

 SUPERCOMPUTER

–largest type of computer

–found primarily in areas such as defense, weaponry, weather forecasting and scientific
research.

 MAINFRAMES

–fastest, largest and most expensive.

–used in corporate US; has large memory capacity, fast operating and processing time.

 PERSONAL COMPUTERS (MICROCOMPUTERS)

–used for independent applications.

–Like: hospital nursing departments, educational and research settings.

–Available in varied forms: laptop, notebooks and handheld computers.

 HANDHELD COMPUTERS

–are palm-sized computers including personal digital assistants (PDA); smallest handheld
computer.

–“handy”
COMMON HARDWARE PERIPHERALS

 KEYBOARD - is a typewriter-style keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to

act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.
 MONITOR - a screen that displays output from a computer.
 TRACKBALL - a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect
a rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding
ball. The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers, or the palm of the hand to move a pointer.
 FLOPPY DISKS (DISKETTE) - a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible
magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes
dust particles.
 LIGHT PEN/TOUCH SCREEN - a light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-
sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's display.
 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION - OCR, is the mechanical or electronic conversion of
scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text.
 MAGNETIC-INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION - MICR, is a character recognition technology used
primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheque and makes up the
routing number and account number at the bottom of a cheque.
 VOICE SYNTHESIZER - the artificial production of human voice. A computer system used for this
purpose is called a voice synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware.
 IMAGING - the representation or reproduction of an object's outward form; especially a visual
representation (i.e., the formation of an image).
 DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK (DVD) - van optical disc storage format, invented and developed by
Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact
Discs while having the same dimensions.v
 PRINTERS - a peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic
form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies.

• COMMODEMS - (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to

encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information.

• COMPUTER SOFTWARE and SYSTEMS - general term applied to the instructions that direct the
computer’s hardware to perform work.

• Programs – organized instruction sets

• Package – set of related programs

• Purposes:

– It translates instructions created in human language into machine language. (binary numbers)

– Packaged or stored software is needed to make the computer an economical work tool.

BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING and SOFTWARE

 Augusta Ada Byron – “Countess of Lovelace” and Charles Babbage

- first described the concept of a stored computer program

- an engine that uses automatic repetitious arithmetic steps to solve a problem

 Charles Babbage – invented (never built) the analytical machine.

- build mathematical functions

 Robert Von Newmann – “data and instructions” can be stored in the computer; instructions can
be easily carried out.

 Joseph Jacquard – invented the “Jacquard loom”

 - a device that uses block of wood with holes for weaving

 Herman Hollerith – inspired by Jacquard; developed a machine that could read punched cards
and tabulate the results.

-1884- it was patented

-gave rise to a company called “TABULATING MACHINE”

-later called International Business Machines (IBM)

 Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper

-“Mother of Computing”

-worked with the first digital computer “Mark I and its successor Mark II.

-“World’s Most Expert Programmer of Early Computers”

 Debugging – checking the program to ensure that it is FREE FROM ERRORS.

- coined the word from a moth that caused the machine to crash and get the system worked
again.

 Admiral Hopper – formed the foundation for the first truly English-like computer language.

- Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL

- first universal programming language

WWW and WEB BROWSERS

- A sort of network system utility program for the internet.

- Provides a protocol for document transfer across the internet.

FTPs – (File Transfer Protocol)

- allows files to be ported from one computer to another and from one network to another

TIM BERNERS LEE – released the first www software in August, 1991.

HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Hypertext – refers to the facility that permits a standard text-linking command to be incorporated into
documents.

URL – Universal Resource Locator

- standard addressing system

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

- language developed for the internet

- Allows document creators to format their text.

COMPUTER SYSTEM

- It describes the set of peripherals, computer “box”, and software that together perform
computing functions for one or more users.

- A vague term and may refer to anything from a handheld personal computer to an
organization’s entire network of computers.

Nursing, HIS.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)

- an organized system for managing the flow of information in an organization in a timely

manner.

- can be integrated with HIS

- supports strategic planning, management control and operations support.

 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS

- Generally, refers to bibliographic data, document information or literature.

- Primarily used to store and retrieve data.

Examples: CINAHL MEDLINE

 STAND ALONE, DEDICATED or TURNKEY SYSTEMS

- A special purpose system

- Are described by their purpose

Examples: Patient classification system, pharmacy or the laboratory systems, imaging systems

 TRANSACTION SYSTEM

- Designed for repeated operations using fixed list.

- From the list displayed on a computer terminal, the user selects the transaction to be
processed.

Examples: Ateneo student transaction system for student accounts; BPI transaction terminals

 PHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING SYSTEM

- Widely used in hospital patient care units, in surgery and private homes.

 OSCILLOSCOPE

- an electronic device that senses electric impulse and converts them into waveforms on a
monitor screen.

 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

- It supports some aspects of the human decision making process.

- It does not intend to replace human judgment.

Example: Staffing

 EXPERT SYSTEM

- An expert to non-expert strategy or assistance

- Designed to stimulate cause and effect reasoning that an expert should use if confronted with
challenging situations.

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

- Attempts to model human reasoning processes.

- Symbolic inference is concerned with deriving new knowledge from known facts and the use of
logical inference rules.

 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

 - Open source software (OSS) refers to software that is developed, tested, or improved through
public collaboration and distributed with the idea that the must be shared with others, ensuring an open
future collaboration.

- The main principle and practice of open-source software development is peer production.

- by bartering and collaboration, with the end-product, source-material, "blueprints", and

documentation available at no cost to the public.

- This is increasingly being applied in other fields of endeavor, such as biotechnology.

 FREE SOFTWARE

- These are programs whose source code is freely available to anyone to use for any purpose,
including studying, copying, modifying, extending and giving away.

- It means software that respects users' freedom and community.

- With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and
what it does for them.

- Source code (also referred to as just code) is the version of software as it is originally written
(i.e., typed into a computer) by human in plain text

- Source code is converted into executable (i.e., compiled or runnable) programs through the
use of specialized programs called compilers.

FOUR ESSENTIAL FREEDOMS OF FREE SOFTWARE

•The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).

•The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you
wish (freedom 1).

•The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).

•The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3).

Standardized Nursing Terminologies

Background

A.Historical

1.Events

a. Terminological work within the nursing professions has been ongoing for many years

b. As early as 1859, Florence Nightingale named her six canons of care as ‘what nurses do’ in her text
Notes on Nursing (1859).

c. Followed by several nurse theorists

d. In 1970, the American Nurses Association (ANA) approved the nursing process as the standard of
professional nursing practice

Health Terminologies

A. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

1.Was being used internationally for the reporting of mortality and morbidity statistics

2.Was also being used by the U.S. federal government for payment of healthcare services

Nursing and Computers

 - In 1985, the ANA initiated the Council on Computer Applications in Nursing (CCAN) which
promoted the nursing profession to become involved in the integration of computer-based applications

- In 1992, the name changed to Database Steering Committee -- recognized first nursing
terminologies

A. NANDA’s Classification of Nursing Diagnoses

B. Home Health Care Classification (HHCC) [now Clinical Care Classification (CCC) System]

C. Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC)

D. The Omaha System

Recognized terminologies that exist today:

A. Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC)

B. Perioperative Nursing Data Set (PNDS)

C. International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)

D. ABC Codes

E. Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)

F. Systematic Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT) (Dykes, DaDamio & Hyeoun-
eui, 2014; Thede & Schwirian 2013)

Nursing terminologies vary in scope, structure and content.

A. They were:

1. Developed by different organizations

2. With different funding sources

3. For different purposes

4. With different foci

5. With different copyright privileges

Most of the early terminologies were initially developed for paper-based documentation of nursing
care

A. The CCC System was designed specifically for computer-based documentation and processing (Saba,
2012)

Coding Structure and Terminology

A.A standardized nursing terminology requires a tree structure that allows for the data to be:

1.Aggregated upward

2.Parsed downward to the atomic level data elements

B. The coded data might also be organized to document and link the nursing process phases together:

1.Assessment
2.Diagnosis
3.Expected outcome
4.Planning
5.Implementation
6.Evaluation of the actual outcomes