Doppler Shift

 The Doppler effect in satellite communications is the change

in
frequency of an electromagnetic signal that results from the
relative speed of the satellite and the Earth terminal.
 When transmitter is moving towards the receiver, the
received
frequency will be higher than true transmitting frequency.
 When transmitter is moving away from the receiver,
the
received frequency will be lower than true transmitting
frequency.
Solar Eclipse
  A satellite is said to be in eclipse when earth prevents
sunlight from reaching it.

For GEO satellites, eclipses occur during two
periods that begin 23 days before the equinoxes and
end 23
days after the equinoxes. (About march 21 and
September 23).
 During eclipse, satellite does not receive any
power and rely fully on batteries.
 Batteries are designed to operate with maximum
depth of discharge.

The Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a
battery determines the fraction of power
that can be
 withdrawn from the battery.
 Ground controllers perform battery conditioning prior
to eclipse operation to ensure best
battery performance.
 In eclipses not only main power source is
withdrawn, but also the rapidity with which
satellite enters and
exits
powerthe shadow
and can
heating cause extreme change in
effects.
Sun Transit Outage
 A Sun-transit outage occurs due to the
particularly
strong interference that results when the geometry of 
an orbit is such that the beam of an Earth station
antenna is pointed directly at the Sun.
 The sun temperature is about 6000 to 10000 K,
which

will add noise to our signal and hinders the

communication.
 The days on which maximum solar interference
occurs varies according to the latitude of the Earth
station; the time of day on which the interference
occurs depends on the longitude of the Earth
station.
  Noticeable interference may be experienced for as
long as ten minutes a day for several days, during
which time the receiving Earth station can do nothing
except wait for the Sun to move out of the
antenna’s main lobe.

 Although the time lost may seem insignificant

(approximately 0.01% of the year), Sun-transit
outages always occur in the daytime during peak 
traffic loads.
 In the northern hemisphere, sun outages occur
before the March equinox (February,
March) and after
the September
in the southernequinox (September
hemisphere and October),
the outages occur afterand
the
March equinox and before the September equinox.
Range Variations
 Even with best station keeping system available,
the
 position of satellite w.r.t earth exhibits a cyclic daily
variation.
 This will led to variation in range between
satellite
and user terminals.

If TDMA is used, special attention needed so that
 particular frames reach their requisite destination.