388 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

6.1 I N T E G R AT I O N B Y S U B S T I T U T I O N
■ Use the basic integration formulas to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use substitution to find indefinite integrals.
■ Use substitution to evaluate definite integrals.
■ Use integration to solve real-life problems.

Review of Basic Integration Formulas

Each of the basic integration rules you studied in Chapter 5 was derived from a
corresponding differentiation rule. It may surprise you to learn that, although you
now have all the necessary tools for differentiating algebraic, exponential, and
logarithmic functions, your set of tools for integrating these functions is by no
means complete. The primary objective of this chapter is to develop several
techniques that greatly expand the set of integrals to which the basic integration
formulas can be applied.

Basic Integration Formulas

1. Constant Rule:  k dx
kx  C

2. Simple Power Rule n  1:  x n dx

x n1
n1
C

3. General Power Rule n  1:  un

du
dx
dx
 un du

u n1

C
n1

4. Simple Exponential Rule:  e x dx
e x  C

5. General Exponential Rule:  eu

du
dx
dx
 eu du

eu  C

6. Simple Log Rule:  1

x


dx
ln x  C

7. General Log Rule:  dudx

u
dx
 1
u
du

ln u  C

As you will see once you work a few integration problems, integration is not
nearly as straightforward as differentiation. A major part of any integration prob-
lem is determining which basic integration formula (or formulas) to use to solve
the problem. This requires remembering the basic formulas, familiarity with
various procedures for rewriting integrands in the basic forms, and lots of practice.
 SECTION 6.1 Integration by Substitution 389

Integration by Substitution STUDY TIP

There are several techniques for rewriting an integral so that it fits one or more of When you use integration by
the basic formulas. One of the most powerful techniques is integration by substitution, you need to realize
substitution. With this technique, you choose part of the integrand to be u and that your integral should contain
then rewrite the entire integral in terms of u. just one variable. For instance,
the integrals
EXAMPLE 1 Integration by Substitution

Use the substitution u
x  1 to find the indefinite integral.

 x
x  12
dx


and
x

SOLUTION
x  12
dx

From the substitution u
x  1,

 u1
u2
du

are in the correct form, but the

du
x
u  1,
1, and dx
du. integral


dx
x
By replacing all instances of x and dx with the appropriate u-variable forms, you dx
u2
obtain

 
is not.
x u1
dx
du Substitute for x and dx.
x  12 u2

 u
u
2
1

 2 du
u
Write as separate fractions.


TRY IT 1


1

u u2
1
du Simplify. Use the substitution u
x  2
to find the indefinite integral.
1




ln u   C
u
1
Find antiderivative.
 x
x  22
dx




ln x  1 
x1
 C. Substitute for u.

The basic steps for integration by substitution are outlined in the guidelines
below.

Guidelines for Integration by Substitution

1. Let u be a function of x (usually part of the integrand).
2. Solve for x and dx in terms of u and du.
3. Convert the entire integral to u-variable form and try to fit it to one
or more of the basic integration formulas. If none fits, try a different
substitution.
4. After integrating, rewrite the antiderivative as a function of x.
390 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

D I S C O V E RY EXAMPLE 2 Integration by Substitution


Suppose you were asked to eval-
uate the integrals below. Which Find xx2  1 dx.
one would you choose? Explain
your reasoning. SOLUTION Consider the substitution u
x2  1, which produces du
2x dx.

  x 2  1 dx or
To create 2x dx as part of the integral, multiply and divide by 2.
u12 du

 x x 2  1 dx  xx 2  1 dx

1
2  x2  112 2x dx Multiply and divide by 2.

1
2  u12 du Substitute for x and dx.

1 u32

C Power Rule
2 32
1

u32  C Simplify.
3
1

x2  132  C Substitute for u.
3
You can check this result by differentiating.

TRY IT 2

Find  xx2  4 dx.

EXAMPLE 3 Integration by Substitution

Find  e 3x
1  e 3x
dx.

SOLUTION Consider the substitution u
1  e3x, which produces du
3e3x dx.

To create 3e3x dx as part of the integral, multiply and divide by 3.
1u du

 e3x
1e 3x dx

1 1

3 1  e3x
3e3x dx Multiply and divide by 3.

1 1
3 u
du  Substitute for x and dx.

1

ln u  C
3

Log Rule

TRY IT 3
1



ln1  e3x  C Substitute for u.
e2x 3
Find dx.
1  e2x Note that the absolute value is not necessary in the final answer because the quan-
tity 1  e3x is positive for all values of x.
 SECTION 6.1 Integration by Substitution 391

EXAMPLE 4 Integration by Substitution

Find the indefinite integral.

 xx  1 dx

SOLUTION Consider the substitution u
x  1, which produces du
dx and

x
u  1.

 xx  1 dx
 u  1u12 du Substitute for x and dx.

 u32  u12 du Multiply.

u52 u32

 C Power Rule
52 32
2 2

x  152  x  132  C Substitute for u.
5 3
This form of the antiderivative can be further simplified.
2 2 6 10
x  152  x  132  C
x  152  x  132  C
5 3 15 15
2

x  132 3x  1  5
 C
15
2

x  132 3x  2  C
15
You can check this answer by differentiating.

TRY IT 4

Find the indefinite integral.

 xx  2 dx

Example 4 demonstrates one of the characteristics of integration by substi-

tution. That is, you can often simplify the form of the antiderivative as it exists
immediately after resubstitution into x-variable form. So, when working the exer-
cises in this section, don’t assume that your answer is incorrect just because it
doesn’t look exactly like the answer given in the back of the text. You may be able
to reconcile the two answers by algebraic simplification.

T E C H N O L O G Y

If you have access to a symbolic integration utility, try using it to

find an antiderivative of f x
x 2x  1 and check your answer
analytically using the substitution u
x  1. You can also use the utility
to solve several of the exercises in this section.
392 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

Substitution and Definite Integrals

The fourth step outlined in the guidelines for integration by substitution on page
389 suggests that you convert back to the variable x. To evaluate definite integrals,
however, it is often more convenient to determine the limits of integration for the
variable u. This is often easier than converting back to the variable x and evaluat-
ing the antiderivative at the original limits.

EXAMPLE 5 Using Substitution with a Definite Integral

Evaluate  5

1
x
2x  1
dx.

SOLUTION Use the substitution u
2x  1, which implies that u2
2x  1,

2 u 1, and dx
u du. Before substituting, determine the new upper and
1 2
x

lower limits of integration.
Lower limit: When x
1, u
21  1
1.
Upper limit: When x
5, u
25  1
3.
y x
y Now, substitute and integrate, as shown.
2x 1
5
Integration limits for x
4 Integration limits for u

 
3 5 3
1 u2  1
2
x
2x  1
dx

u 2
u du  Substitute for x, dx, and
limits of integration.
( 5, )
5


1 1
(1, 1) 3 3
1
1

u2  1 du Simplify.
2 1
x

 
−1 1 2 3 4 5 1 u3 3

u Find antiderivative.
−1 2 3 1

FIGURE 6.1 Region Before

1
2 
9  3 
1
3
1   Apply Fundamental Theorem.
Substitution
16

Simplify.
3
f )u)
u2 1
f (u)
2
5 (3, 5) TRY IT 5
4

3
Evaluate  2

0
x4x  1 dx.

2
(1, 1)
1
STUDY TIP
u
−1 1 2 3 4 5 In Example 5, you can interpret the equation
−1

FIGURE 6.2 Region After


1
5
x
2x  1
dx
1
3
1 u2  1
u 2
u du
Substitution graphically to mean that the two different regions shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2
have the same area.
 SECTION 6.1 Integration by Substitution 393

Application
Integration can be used to find the probability that an event will occur. In such an Researchers such as psychologists
application, the real-life situation is modeled by a probability density function f, use definite integrals to represent
and the probability that x will lie between a and b is represented by the probability that an event will

 b
occur. For instance, a probability of
0.5 means that an event will occur
Pa ≤ x ≤ b
f x dx.
a about 50% of the time.

The probability Pa ≤ x ≤ b must be a number between 0 and 1.

EXAMPLE 6 Finding a Probability

A psychologist finds that the probability that a participant in a memory experi- ALGEBRA REVIEW
ment will recall between a and b percent (in decimal form) of the material is

 b
For help on the algebra in
28 3 Example 6, see Example 1(a) in
Pa ≤ x ≤ b
x1  x dx, 0 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ 1.
a 9 the Chapter 6 Algebra Review on
page 446.
Find the probability that a randomly chosen participant will recall between 0%
and 87.5% of the material.
SOLUTION Let u

3 1  x.
Then u3
1  x, x
1  u3, and dx
3u2 du.
Lower limit: When x
0, u
3 1  0
1.
y
Upper limit: When x
0.875, u
3 1  0.875
0.5.
28 3
y 9 x 1 x
To find the probability, substitute and integrate, as shown. 1.5

 0.875
28 3
9
x 1  x dx
12

 289 1  u u3u  du
3 2
1.0

283  u  u  du
0 1
12

6 3
0.5
1

  
7 4 12
28 u u
3 7 4 1
x
0.5 1.0 1.5
0.865 0.875

So, the probability is about 86.5%, as indicated in Figure 6.3. FIGURE 6.3

TRY IT 6

Use Example 6 to find the probability that a participant will recall between
0% and 62.5% of the material.

TA K E A N O T H E R L O O K

Probability
In Example 6, explain how you could find a value of b such that P0 ≤ x ≤ b 
0.5.
394 CHAPTER 6 Techniques of Integration

P R E R E Q U I S I T E The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections. You will
R E V I E W 6 . 1 use these skills in the exercise set for this section.

In Exercises 1–8, evaluate the indefinite integral.

1.  5 dx 2.  1
3
dx

3.  x32 dx 4.  x 23 dx

5.  2xx2  13 dx 6.  3x 2x 3  12 dx

7. 
6e6x dx 8.  2
2x  1
dx

In Exercises 9–12, simplify the expression.

9. 2 xx  12  xx  1 10. 6x x  43  3x2 x  42
11. 3x  712  2 x x  712 12. x  513  5x  523

E X E R C I S E S 6 . 1

In Exercises 1–38, find the indefinite integral.

 ex
 ex

 
25. dx 26. dx
ex 2 1  ex
x  24 dx x  532 dx
 
1. 2.
x x2

 
27. dx 28. dx
2 4 x  14 x  13

 
3. dt 4. dt
t  92 1  t 3 x 5x

 
29. dx 30. dx
2t  1 2y 3 3x  12 x  43

 
5. dt 6. dy
t2  t  2 y4  1 1 1

 
31. dt 32. dx
t  1 x  1
1  x dx 3  x52 dx
 
7. 8.
2t  1 6x   x

 
33. dt 34. dx
12x  2 6x 2  2 t x

 
9. dx 10. dx
3x 2  x x3  x x x2

 
35. dx 36. dx
1 1 2x  1 x  1

 
11. dx 12. dx
5x  13 3x  12

 
37. t 21  t dt 38. y 2
3
y  1 dy
1 1
13. dx 14. dx
x  1 5x  1

 
In Exercises 39–46, evaluate the definite integral.

 
e3x 4e 2x 4 4
15. dx 16. dx
1  e3x 1  e 2x 39. 2 x  1 dx 40. 4 x  1 dx

17.  2x
e 3x
2 dx 18.  e x1

x  1
dx
41. 
0
1
3xe x dx
2
42.
2

2
e2x dx

19.  x2
x1
dx 20.  2x
x4
dx
43. 
0
4
x
dx 44.
0

1
x x  54 dx

  0 x  42 0

 
t
21. xx 2  4 dx 22. dt 0.5 0.5
1  t 2 45. x1  x3 dx 46. x 21  x3 dx

23.  e5x dx 24. 

te t
2
1 dt
0 0
 SECTION 6.1 Integration by Substitution 395

In Exercises 47–54, find the area of the region bounded by the 63. Probability The probability of recall in an experiment is
graphs of the equations. Then use a graphing utility to graph the modeled by
region and verify your answer.
47. y
xx  3, y
0, x
7 P
a ≤ x ≤ b

b

a
15
4
x 1  x dx

48. y
x2x  1, y
0, x
4 where x is the percent of recall (see figure).

49. y
x21  x, y
0, x
3 (a) What is the probability of recalling between 40% and
50. y
x2x  2, y
0, x
7 80%?
x2  1 (b) What is the median percent recall? That is, for what
51. y
, y
0, x
1, x
5 value of b is P
0 ≤ x ≤ b
0.5?
2 x  1
2x  1 1 y
52. y
, y
0, x
, x
6 y
y
15
x 1 x
x  3 2 4
y 1155 3
3 2 x (1 x) 3 2
3
53. y
x
3
x  1, y
0, x
0, x
7 2
P(a x b)
P(a x b)
54. y
x x  2, y
0, x
2, x
10

3 2
1
In Exercises 55–58, find the area of the region bounded by the 1

graphs of the equations. x

a b 0.5 1 x
a b 1
55. y
xx  2, y
0 56. y
x
3 1
 x, y
0 0.5

y y Figure for 63 Figure for 64

64. Probability The probability of finding between a and b
2 percent iron in ore samples is modeled by
0.5
1

x x
P
a ≤ x ≤ b

b

a
1155 3
32
x
1  x32 dx
2 1 0.5 1.0
(see figure). Find the probabilities that a sample will con-
tain between (a) 0% and 25% and (b) 50% and 100% iron.
57. y 2
x 2
1  x 2 58. y
1
1  x ,
65. Meteorology During a two-week period in March in a
(Hint: Find the area of y
0, x
0, x
4
y
small town near Lake Erie, the measurable snowfall S (in
the region bounded by
inches) on the ground can be modeled by
y
x1  x 2 and y
0.
Then multiply by 4.) 3 S
t
t14  t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 14
y 2 where t represents the day.

1
1 (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the function.
x (b) Find the average amount of snow on the ground during
x
1 2 3 4
−2 2 the two-week period.
−1
(c) Find the total snowfall over the two-week period.
66. Revenue A company sells a seasonal product that gen-
In Exercises 59 and 60, find the volume of the solid generated by erates a daily revenue R (in dollars per day) modeled by
revolving the region bounded by the graph(s) of the equation(s)
about the x-axis. R
0.06t 2
365  t12  1250, 0 ≤ t ≤ 365
59. y
x1  x 2 where t represents the day.
60. y
x
1  x 2,
y
0 (a) Find the average daily revenue over a period of 1 year.
(b) Describe a product whose seasonal sales pattern resem-
In Exercises 61 and 62, find the average amount by which the bles the model. Explain your reasoning.
function f exceeds the function g on the interval.
1 , x In Exercises 67 and 68, use a program similar to the Midpoint Rule
61. f
x
g
x
, 0, 1
program on page 366 with n
10 to approximate the area of
x1
x  12
the region bounded by the graph(s) of the equation(s).
62. f
x
x4x  1, g
x
2x3, 0, 2
67. y
x 4  x,
3 
y
0
68. y
x
1  x 
2 2 2