Outline

 Antiderivatives
 The Indefinite Integral
 Basic Integration Rules
 Differential Equations
 Integration by Substitution

1
Antiderivatives

2
Antiderivatives

• Thus, an antiderivative of a function f is a function F

whose derivative is f.
• For example, F(x) = x2 is an antiderivative of f (x) = 2x
because

• and is an antiderivative of
because

3
Antiderivatives

4
Example 3
• Prove that the function is an antiderivative of
the function Write a general expression for the
antiderivatives of f.

• Solution:
• Since , we have shown that is an
antiderivative of

• By Theorem 1, every antiderivative of the function

has the form where C is some constant.

5
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

The graphs of a few of the antiderivatives of f are shown in

Figure 3.

The graphs of some antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x

Figure 3

6
The Indefinite Integral

7
The Indefinite Integral
• The process of finding all antiderivatives of a function is
called antidifferentiation, or integration.
• We use the symbol ∫, called an integral sign, to indicate
that the operation of integration is to be performed on
some function f.

• Thus,

• [read “the indefinite integral of f of x with respect to x

equals F of x plus C”] tells us that the indefinite integral of
f is the family of functions given by where

8
The Indefinite Integral
• The function f to be integrated is called the integrand, and
the constant C is called a constant of integration.

• The expression dx following the integrand f(x) reminds us

that the operation is performed with respect to x.

• If the independent variable is t, we write ∫ f(t) dt instead. In

this sense, both t and x are “dummy variables.”

9
Basic Integration Rules

10
Basic Integration Rules

11
Example 4
• Find each of the following indefinite integrals:

• a. b.

• Solution:
• Each of the integrands has the form , where k is
a constant.

• Applying Rule 1 in each case yields

• a.

• b.
12
Basic Integration Rules

• An antiderivative of a power function is another power

function obtained from the integrand by increasing its
power by 1 and dividing the resulting expression by the
new power.

13
Example 5
• Find each of the following indefinite integrals:

• a. b. c.

• Solution:
• Each integrand is a power function with exponent n  –1.
Applying Rule 2 in each case yields the following results:

• a.

• b.
14
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

c.

These results may be verified by differentiating each of the

antiderivatives and showing that the result is equal to the
corresponding integrand.

15
Basic Integration Rules
• The next rule tells us that a constant factor may be moved
through an integral sign.

• The indefinite integral of a constant multiple of a function is

equal to the constant multiple of the indefinite integral of
the function.

16
Example 6
• Find each of the following indefinite integrals:

• a. b.

• Solution:
• Each integrand has the form cf(x), where c is a constant.
Applying Rule 3, we obtain

• a.

17
Example 6 – Solution cont’d

where C = 2K.

From now on, we will write the constant of integration as C,

since any nonzero multiple of an arbitrary constant is an
arbitrary constant.

18
Example 6 – Solution cont’d

b.

19
Basic Integration Rules

• The indefinite integral of a sum (difference) of two functions

is equal to the sum (difference) of their indefinite integrals.

20
Example 7
• Find the indefinite integral

• Solution:
• Applying the extended version of Rule 4, we find that

21
Example 7 – Solution cont’d

22
Basic Integration Rules

• The indefinite integral of the exponential function with base

e is equal to the function itself (except, of course, for the
constant of integration).

23
Example 8
• Find the indefinite integral

• Solution:
• We have

24
Basic Integration Rules

25
Example 9
• Find the indefinite integral

• Solution:
Integration by Substitution

26
Exercises: Find the following indefinite integrals.
5 1 7 3
2 10

2
x ( x  5) dx  ( x 2  5 x 2 ) dx 
（1）
 7
x2 
3
x2  C

( x  1) 3 3

2
   
（2）  x 2
dx (
2
x 3
x
x )dx
x 1
  3 x  3 ln | x |   C
2 x 2x
2 x
(e ) e
 e dx   ( e ) d x  ln( e 2 )  C  2  C
2x 2 x
（3）
4
x 1 x3
（4）  2
dx   ( x 2  1)dx   xC
1 x 3 27
Exercises
• P418-419 1-50

28
Differential Equations

29
Differential Equations
•Suppose we are given the function

•and we wish to find f(x).

• From what we now know, we can find f by integrating both
sides of Equation (1).

•Thus,

•where C is an arbitrary constant.

•Thus, infinitely many functions have the derivative f , each
differing from the other by a constant.
30
Differential Equations
•Equation (1) is called a differential equation.

• In general, a differential equation is an equation that

involves the derivative or differential of an unknown function.
[In the case of Equation (1), the unknown function is f.]

•A solution of a differential equation is any function that

satisfies the differential equation.

•Thus, Equation (2) gives all the solutions of the differential

Equation (1), and it is, accordingly, called the general
solution of the differential equation
31
Differential Equations
•The graphs of for selected values of C are
shown in Figure 4.

The graphs of some of the functions having the

derivative f(x) = 2x – 1. Observe that the slopes of
the tangent lines to the graphs are the same for a
fixed value of x.
Figure 4

32
Differential Equations
•These graphs have one property in common: For any fixed
value of x, the tangent lines to these graphs have the same
slope.

•This follows because any member of the family

must have the same slope at x—namely, 2x – 1!

•Although there are infinitely many solutions to the differential

equation , we can obtain a particular solution by
specifying the value the function must assume at a certain
value of x.

33
Differential Equations
•For example, suppose we stipulate that the function f
under consideration must satisfy the condition f(1) = 3 or,
equivalently, the graph of f must pass through the point (1, 3).
Then, using the condition on the general solution
we find that

•and C = 3. Thus, the particular solution is

(see Figure 4).

•The condition f(1) = 3 is an example of an initial condition.

More generally, an initial condition is a condition imposed
on the value of f at x = a. 34
Initial-Value Problems

35
Initial-Value Problems
•An initial-value problem is one in which we are required to
find a function satisfying (1) a differential equation and (2)
one or more initial conditions.

36
Example 10
•Find the function f if it is known that

• and

•Solution:
•We are required to solve the initial-value problem

•Integrating the function f, we find

37
Example 10 – Solution cont’d

Using the condition f(1) = 9, we have

Therefore, the required function f is given by

38
Exercises
• P419 51-62

39
Integration by Substitution

40
Integration by Substitution
• In this section, we introduce a method of integration
called the method of substitution, which is related to
the chain rule for differentiating functions.

• When used in conjunction with the rules of integration

developed earlier, the method of substitution is a
powerful tool for integrating a large class of functions.

41
How the Method of Substitution Works

42
How the Method of Substitution Works
• Consider the indefinite integral

• One way of evaluating this integral is to expand the

expression 2(2x + 4)5 and then integrate the resulting
integrand term by term.

• As an alternative approach, let’s see whether we can

simplify the integral by making a change of variable.
• Write

• with differential
43
How the Method of Substitution Works
• If we formally substitute these quantities into the integral
(3), we obtain

• Now, the last integral involves a power function and is

easily evaluated.
• Thus,

• Therefore, using this result and replacing u by u = 2x + 4,

we obtain

44
How the Method of Substitution Works
• We can verify that the foregoing result is indeed correct
by computing

Use the Chain Rule.

• and observing that the last expression is just the

integrand of the integral (3).

45
The Method of Integration by
Substitution

46
The Method of Integration by Substitution

• The steps involved in integration by substitution are

given below.

47
Example 1
• Find

• Solution:
• Step 1 Observe that the integrand involves the
composite function (x2 + 3)4 with “inside
function” g(x) = x2 + 3. So we choose u = x2 + 3.

• Step 2 Find du = 2x dx.

• Step 3 Use the substitution u = x2 + 3 and du = 2x dx to

obtain

• an integral involving only the variable u. 48

Example 1 – Solution cont’d

• Step 4 Find the resulting integral:

• Step 5 Replacing u by x2 + 3, we obtain

49
Example 2

3 x 1
Find e dx
Solution:
Let u = –3x+1, so that du = –3dx.

Substitute to express the integrand in terms of u:

1 1
(  3dx )    e du
u
e e
 3 x 1  3 x 1
dx  
3 3
1 u 1 u
Evaluate the integral: 
3  e du  
3
e C

Replace u by –3x+1 to find the solution:

1  3 x 1

 3 x 1
e dx   e C
3 50
Example 3
x
Find  3x 2
1
dx

Solution: Let u = 3x2 + 1, so that du = 6xdx,

x 1 1
 3x 2
1
dx   2
6 3x  1
( 6 xdx )

1 1 1
6u
 du  ln | u |  C
6
1
 ln( 3 x 2  1)  C
6
51
Example 4
(ln x ) 2
Find  x
dx

Solution: Let u = ln x, so that du = 1/x dx,

(ln x ) 2 1
 x
dx   (ln x ) 2 ( dx )
x
1 3
  u du
2
 u C
3
1
 (ln x ) 3  C
3

52
Example 5. Find
Sol: Let .
Then ,and

1 1 1 1
a  ax  b ( adx )  
a u
du

1 1
 ln | u |  C  ln | ax  b |  C
a a

1 1
 ax  b dx  a ln | ax  b |  C
53
Example 6. Find
Sol: Let .
Then ,and
1
2
x 2  1 ( 2 xdx )

1
2
 u du
3
1
 u2  C
3
3
1 2
 ( x  1) 2  C
3
54
Example 7. Find

sin x
Sol:  cos x d x d cos x   sin xdx

1
  d cos x
cos x

55
Example 8. Find

1 1 1 1 dx dx
Sol:   2a (  ) dx  [  ]
xa xa 2a xa xa
1
 [ln | x  a |  ln | x  a |]  C
2a
1 xa
 ln C
2a xa

1 1 xa
x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
ln
xa
C

56
 Example9. Find

Sol: 1 1
 (  ) dx
x2 x3
1 1
  x2 dx  
x3
dx

1 1
  x2 d ( x  2)  
x3
d ( x  3)

 ln x  2  ln x  3  C
57
 *Example10. Find
Sol:
1
Method1: Let u  x +1 , thus du  dx ,
2 x
so

58
 *Example10. Find

Method 2: Let x  u , thus x  u 2 , and dx  2udu ,

so

59
Exercises: Evaluate the following integrals
( x  1) 2 4 1
(1)  dx ln x   C
x2 x x
x2 2 1
(2)  ( x  1) dx ln | x  1 |   C
3
x  1 2( x  1) 2

1 1
( 3)  x (1  ln x ) 2
dx 
1  ln x
C

x 1 1
(4) x 2
 2x  3
dx
2
ln | x 2  2 x  3 |  C

x 2x x
( 5)  x 1
dx
3
 x  2 x  2 ln( x  1)  C
60
Exercises
• P430 1-50

61