5/19/2021

Antiderivatives

Think About It
f '(x)
Suppose this is
the graph of the
derivative of a function
What do we know about
the original function?
• Critical numbers
In this chapter we will
• Where it is increasing, decreasing
learn how to determine
the original function when
What do we not know? given the derivative.
We will also learn some
applications.
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Anti-Derivatives
Derivatives give us the rate of change of a
function
What if we know the rate of change …
• Can we find the original function?

If F '(x) = f(x)
• Then F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)
Example – let F(x) = 12x2
• Then F '(x) = 24x = f(x)
• So F(x) = 12x2 is the antiderivative of f(x) = 24x
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Finding An Antiderivative
Given f(x) = 12x3
• What is the antiderivative, F(x)?
Use the power rule backwards
• Recall that for f(x) = xn … f '(x) = n • x n–1

That is …
• Multiply the expression by the exponent
• Decrease exponent by 1
Now do opposite
12 4
(in opposite order) F ( x) = x = 3x 4
4
• Increase exponent by 1
• Divide expression by new exponent
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Family of Antiderivatives
Consider a family of parabolas
• f(x) = x2 + n
which differ only by value of n
Note that f '(x) is the same for
each version of f
Now go the other way …
• The antiderivative of 2x must be different for each of
the original functions
This indicates that
So when we take an antiderivative multiple
antiderivatives
• We specify F(x) + C
could exist from
• Where C is an arbitrary constant one derivative
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Indefinite Integral
The family of antiderivatives of a function f
indicated by

 f ( x)dx
The symbol is a stylized S to indicate
summation

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Indefinite Integral
The indefinite integral is a family of
functions 1 4
 x dx = 4 x +C
3

 ( 3x + 4 ) dx = −3 x −1 + 4 x + C
−2

The + C represents an arbitrary constant

• The constant of integration

Properties of Indefinite Integrals

The power rule
1 n +1
 x dx = x + C , n  −1
n

n +1

The integral of a sum (difference) is the

sum (difference) of the integrals

  f ( x) + g ( x) dx =  f ( x)dx +  g ( x)dx

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Properties of Indefinite Integrals

The derivative of the indefinite integral is
the original function d
dx 
f ( x)dx = f ( x)

A constant can be factored out of the

integral
 k  f ( x)dx = k   f ( x)dx
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Try It Out
Determine the indefinite integrals as
specified below

 6 dx

 ( 3x + 5) dx

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Try It Out
Determine the indefinite integrals as
specified below
 (12 y + 6 y − 8 y + 5) dy
3 2

t
1/ 4
dt
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Indefinite Integrals of Exponential

Functions

e dx = e x + C
x

e kx
 e dx = k + C
kx

ax
 a dx = ln a + C
x

a k x
 a dx = k ( ln a ) + C
kx

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Try These
Use the exponential rules to determine
these integrals
 − 2v
4 e dv

 (v − e3v ) dv
2

 dx
2x
3
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Indefinite Integral of x -1
1
 x dx = 
−1
The rule is dx = ln x + C
x

Try it out …

9 −0.4 z 
 z
 − 3e  dz


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